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عدد المساهمات : 18956 التقييم : 35374 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Cold and Hot Forging - Fundamentals and Applications الخميس 22 مارس 2012, 8:37 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Cold and Hot Forging - Fundamentals and Applications Edited by Taylan Altan, ERC/NSM, Ohio State University Gracious Ngaile, North Carolina State University Gangshu Shen, Ladish Company, Inc.
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface viii Chapter 1 Metal Forming Processes in Manufacturing .1 1.1 Classification of Manufacturing Processes .1 1.2 Characteristics of Manufacturing Processes 2 1.3 Metal Forming Processes in Manufacturing 4 Chapter 2 Forging Processes: Variables and Descriptions .7 2.1 Introduction .7 2.2 Forging Operation as a System 7 2.3 Types of Forging Processes .9 Chapter 3 Plastic Deformation: Strain and Strain Rate 17 3.1 Introduction . 17 3.2 Stress Tensor 17 3.3 Properties of the Stress Tensor . 18 3.4 Plane Stress or Biaxial Stress Condition 19 3.5 Local Deformations and the Velocity Field 20 3.6 Strains . 20 3.7 Velocities and Strain Rates 21 3.8 Homogeneous Deformation . 21 3.9 Plastic (True) Strain and Engineering Strain . 23 Chapter 4 Flow Stress and Forgeability 25 4.1 Introduction . 25 4.2 Tensile Test 27 4.3 Compression Test 29 4.4 Ring Test . 35 4.5 Torsion Test . 36 4.6 Representation of Flow Stress Data 36 Appendices (CD-ROM only) 4.1 Determination of Flow Stress by Compression Test at Room Temperature 4.2 Determination of Flow Stress at High Temperature 4.3 Forgeability and Damage Factor in Cold Forging Chapter 5 Plastic Deformation: Complex State of Stress and Flow Rules . 51 5.1 State of Stress . 51 5.2 Yield Criteria 52 5.3 Flow Rules 55 5.4 Power and Energy of Deformation . 56 5.5 Effective Strain and Effective Strain Rate 57 Chapter 6 Temperatures and Heat Transfer 59 6.1 Introduction . 59 6.2 Heat Generation and Heat Transfer in Metal Forming Processes 59 6.3 Temperatures in Forging Operations . 60 6.4 Measurement of Temperatures at the Die/Material Interface 60 6.5 Measurement of Interface Heat Transfer Coefficient 62 6.6 Influence of Press Speed and Contact Time on Heat Transfer 64 Appendices (CD-ROM only) 6.1 Upset Forging of Cylinders Chapter 7 Friction and Lubrication . 67 7.1 Introduction . 67 7.2 Lubrication Mechanisms in Metal Forming 68 7.3 Friction Laws and Their Validity in Forging . 69 7.4 Parameters Influencing Friction and Lubrication . 69 7.5 Characteristics of Lubricants Used . 70 7.6 Lubrication Systems for Cold Forging 70 7.7 Lubrication Systems for Warm and Hot Forging . 73 7.8 Methods for Evaluation of Lubricants . 74 Appendices (CD-ROM only) 7.1 Ring Compression Test 7.2 Double Cup Extrusion Test Chapter 8 Inverse Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Flow Stress and Friction 83 8.1 Introduction . 83 8.2 Inverse Analysis in Metal Forming . 83 8.3 Flow Stress Determination in Forging by Inverse Analysis . 85 8.4 Inverse Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Flow Stress and Friction 86 8.5 Example of Inverse Analysis . 86 Chapter 9 Methods of Analysis for Forging Operations 91 9.1 Introduction . 91 9.2 Slab Method of Analysis 93 9.3 Upper Bound Method and Its Application to Axisymmetric Upsetting . 97 9.4 Finite Element Method in Metal Forming 98 Chapter 10 Principles of Forging Machines .107 10.1 Introduction .107 10.2 Interaction between Process Requirements and Forming Machines 10.3 Load and Energy Requirements in Forming .108 10.4 Classification and Characteristics of Forming Machines .110 10.5 Characteristic Data for Load and Energy .111 10.6 Time-Dependent Characteristic Data 112 10.7 Characteristic Data for Accuracy .112 Chapter 11 Presses and Hammers for Cold and Hot Forging .115 11.1 Introduction .115 11.2 Hydraulic Presses .115 11.3 Screw Presses 131 11.4 Hammers 135 Chapter 12 Special Machines for Forging 141 12.1 Introduction .141 12.2 Transverse or Cross-Rolling Machines .142 12.3 Electric Upsetters .142 12.4 Ring-Rolling Mills 143 12.5 Horizontal Forging Machines or Upsetters 144 12.6 Rotary or Orbital Forging Machines .145 12.7 Radial Forging Machines .145 Chapter 13 Billet Separation and Shearing 151 13.1 Introduction .151 13.2 Billet and Sheared Surface Quality 151 13.3 Shearing Force, Work, and Power 154 13.4 Shearing Equipment 154 Chapter 14 Process Design in Impression Die Forging .159 14.1 Introduction .159 14.2 Forging Process Variables 160 14.3 Shape Complexity in Forging .164 14.4 Design of Finisher Dies .165 14.5 Prediction of Forging Stresses and Loads 169 14.6 Design of Blocker (Preform) Dies .171 Appendix A Example of Load for Forging of a Connecting Rod .177 A.1 Introduction 177 A.2 Estimation of the Flow Stress 178 A.3 Estimation of the Friction Factor 181 A.4 Estimation of the Forging Load 181 A.5 Comparison of Predictions with Data from Actual Forging Trials .181 Appendices (CD-ROM only) 14.1 Preform Design in Closed Die Forging 14.2 Flash Design in Closed Die Forging Chapter 15 A Simplified Method to Estimate Forging Load in Impression-Die Forging 185 15.1 Introduction .185 15.2 Effect of Process ParamAppendices (CD-ROM only) 15.1 ForgePAL: A Computer Program for Estimating Forces in Hot Forging with Flash Chapter 16 Process Modeling in Impression-Die Forging Using Finite-Element Analysis 193 16.1 Introduction .193 16.2 Information Flow in Process Modeling .194 16.3 Process Modeling Input .194 16.4 Characteristics of the Simulation Code .196 16.5 Process Modeling Output .197 16.6 Examples of Modeling Applications 200 Chapter 17 Cold and Warm Forging .211 17.1 Introduction .211 17.2 Cold Forging as a System 213 17.3 Materials for Cold Forging .213 17.4 Billet Preparation and Lubrication in Cold Forging of Steel and Aluminum .214 17.5 Upsetting 215 17.6 Load Estimation for Flashless Closed-Die Upsetting .216 17.7 Extrusion 218 17.8 Estimation of Friction and Flow Stress .221 17.9 Prediction of Extrusion Loads from Selected Formulas 222 17.10 Prediction of Extrusion Loads from Model Test .224 17.11 Tooling for Cold Forging .225 17.12 Punch Design for Cold Forging .227 17.13 Die Design and Shrink Fit 228 17.14 Process Sequence Design .229 17.15 Parameters Affecting Tool Life 230 17.16 Warm Forging 233 Appendices (CD-ROM only) 17.1 Examples of Forging Sequences 17.2 Forward Rod Extrusion 17.3 Backward Rod Extrusion Chapter 18 Process Modeling in Cold Forging Using Finite-Element Analysis 237 18.1 Introduction .237 18.2 Process Modeling Input .237 18.3 Process Modeling Output .239 18.4 Process Modeling Examples .239 Chapter 19 Microstructure Modeling in Superalloy Forging 247 19.1 Introduction .247 19.2 Experiments for Microstructure Model Development 247 19.3 Microstructure Model Formulation 248 19.4 Prediction of Microstructure in Superalloy Forging .254 19.5 Nomenclature of Microstructure Model 254 Chapter 20 Isothermal and Hot Die Forging 257 20.1 Introduction .257 20.2 Isothermal Forging 257 20.3 Hot-Die Forging .258 20.4 Benefits of Isothermal and Hot-Die Forging 258 20.5 High-Temperature Materials for Isothermal and Hot-Die Forging 259 20.6 Equipment and Tooling .263 20.7 Postforging Heat Treatment 269 20.8 Production of Isothermal/Hot-Die Forging 271 20.9 Economic Benefits of Isothermal and Hot-Die Forging 272 20.10 Summary 273 Chapter 21 Die Materials and Die Manufacturing 277 21.1 Introduction .277 21.2 Die and Tool Materials For Hot Forging .277 21.3 Heat Treatment 285 21.4 Die and Tool Materials for Cold Forging 285 21.5 Die Manufacture 289 21.6 Surface Treatments .292 Chapter 22 Die Failures in Cold and Hot Forging 295 22.1 Introduction .295 22.2 Classification of Die Failures 295 22.3 Fracture Mechanisms 296 22.4 Wear Mechanisms .296 22.5 Analytical Wear Models .297 22.6 Parameters Influencing Die Failure 297 22.7 Prediction of Die Fatigue Fracture and Enhancement of Die Life in Cold Forging Using Finite-Element Modeling (FEM) 307 22.8 Prediction of Die Wear and Enhancement of Die Life Using FEM 311 Chapter 23 Near-Net Shape Forging and New Developments .319 23.1 Introduction .319 23.2 Tolerances in Precision Forging 319 23.3 Advances in Tool Design .323 23.4 Advances in Forging Machines .326 23.5 Innovative Forging Processes 328 23.6 Future of Forging Technology in the Global Marketplace 331 Index
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عدد المساهمات : 18956 التقييم : 35374 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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