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| موضوع: كتاب Printing on Polymers - Fundamentals and Applications الإثنين 22 مايو 2023, 3:04 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Printing on Polymers - Fundamentals and Applications Joanna Izdebska , Sabu Thomas
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Preface 1. Printing on Polymers: Theory and Practice 1.1. Introduction—The Impact of Printing 1.2. Printing Techniques 1.3. Printing Bases 1.4. Printability 1.5. Surface Wettability 1.6. Print Quality 1.7. Plastic Printing Industry 2. Polymeric Materials—Structure, Properties, and Applications 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Structure of a Polymer 2.3. Properties of Polymers 2.4. Application of Polymers 2.5. Conclusion 3. Printing Ink Formulations 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Individual Ink Components 3.3. Inks Manufacture 3.4. Selected Inks for Individual Printing Processes 3.5. Functional Inks 3.6. Summary 4. Additives for Ink Manufacture 4.1. Definition of an Additive 4.2. Surfactants: Wetting and Dispersing Agents 4.3. Adhesion Promoters 4.4. Waxes 4.5. Driers 4.6. Rheology Modifier 4.7. Other Additives 4.8. Additives for Radiation-Curing Inks 4.9. Performance Additives 5. Advanced Nanoscale Materials for Ink Manufacture 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Nanoscale Materials for Ink Manufacture 5.3. Conclusions and Outlook 6. Rheology of Printing Inks 6.1. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids 7. Low-Pressure Plasma-Assisted Polymer Surface Modifications 7.1. Low-Pressure Oxygen Plasma 7.2. Reactive Plasma Species and their Interaction with Polymers for Printing 7.3. Flowing Afterglow 7.4. Peculiarities of Particular Polymers 7.5. Etching, Nanostructuring, and Wettability 7.6. Concluding Remarks 8. Corona Treatment 8.1. Corona Discharge Treatment: Introduction 8.2. Surface Changes, Film Wettability, and Printability 8.3. Peculiarities of Particular Polymers 8.4. Aging Process of Corona-Treated Films 8.5. Concluding Remarks 9. Polymer Surface Modifications by Coating 9.1. Organic Modifications of Polymer Surface 9.2. Inorganic Coating 9.3. Metallurgical Coating 10. Other Methods of Polymer Surface Modifications 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Laser Beam Processing for Polymer Surface Modifications 10.3. Micromachining 10.4. Other Energy Beam Processing Techniques 11. Flexographic Printing 11.1. Fundamentals of Flexographic Printing 11.2. Production Materials 11.3. Flexographic Printing Benefits 11.4. Flexographic Market and its Future 12. Gravure Printing 12.1. Market of Gravure Printing 12.2. Printing Process 12.3. Gravure Printing Inks 12.4. Gravure Cylinder Manufacturing 12.5. Structure of Gravure Printing Presses 12.6. Applications and Further Developments 13. Offset Printing 13.1. Fundamentals of Offset Printing 13.2. Offset Inks 13.3. Construction of Printing Presses for Offset Printing 13.4. Print Quality Control in Waterless Offset on Polymer Materials 14. Inkjet Printing 14.1. Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing Technology 14.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Inkjet Printing Inks 14.3. Droplet Ink Behavior on the Substrate 14.4. Polymer in Inkjet Ink Formulation 14.5. Polymers as Inkjet Printing Substrate 14.6. Future in Inkjet Printing 15. Screen Printing 15.1. Fundamentals of Screen Printing 15.2. Stencil/Plate Making 15.3. Imaging, Hand-Cut Stencils, Photostencils, Computer to Screen Systems 15.4. Printing Process 15.5. Screen Printing Industry 16. Pad Printing 16.1. History 16.2. Basics of Pad Printing 16.3. Basic Elements of Pad Printing 16.4. Application of the Pad Printing 17. Embossing Process 17.1. Fundamentals of Embossing 17.2. Hot Embossing Modes 17.3. Influence of Polymer Performance on Embossing Features 17.4. Application Example: R2R Hot Embossing Holographic Images on BOPP Shrink Film 17.5. Outlook 18. 3-D Printing 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Fundamentals of 3-D Printing 18.3. Applications 18.4. 3-D-Printing Process 18.5. 3-D Printable Materials 18.5. Electrically Conductive Polymers 18.6. 3-D Bioprinting 18.7. Conclusions 19. Theory, Modeling, and Simulation of Printing 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Measuring and Modeling Reflection Properties for Color Prediction 19.3. Light Scattering and Absorption 19.4. Spectral Reflectance Prediction Models for Colored Halftones 19.5. Multilayer Constructions 19.6. Surface and Interface Reflections 19.7. Transparent and Translucent Substrates 19.8. Conclusions 20. Characterization of Print Quality in Terms of Colorimetric Aspects 20.1. Colorimetric Aspects 20.2. Characterization of Print Quality 21. Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Prints 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Ink Abrasion Resistance of Polymer Substrates 21.3. Scratch Resistance of Polymer Substrates 21.4. Summary 22. Aging and Degradation of Printed Materials 22.1. Aging and Degradation: Definitions 22.2. Models of Artificial Aging 22.3. Degradation of Polymer Materials 22.4. Methods of Testing the Aging Process and Degradation 22.5. Polymeric Substrate Degradation 22.6. Impact of Radiation Artificial Aging on Print 22.7. Summary 23. Applications of Printed Materials 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Packaging 23.3. Labels 23.4. Printed Electronics 23.5. Household Equipment 23.6. Promotional Gifts and Materials 23.7. Others 24. Microcapsules in Printing 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Microcapsules and Microspheres 24.3. Types of Release Mechanism 24.4. Microencapsulation 24.5. Application of Microcapsules in Graphic and Paper Industry 25. Environmental and Safety Issues of Polymers and Polymeric Material in the Printing Industry 25.1. Introduction 25.2. Sustainable Development 25.3. Life-Cycle Assessment 25.4. LCA and Toxic Risk Assessment 25.5. Printing Industry and Sustainability 25.6. Assessment of Polymers and Polymeric Materials 25.7. Summary Index Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively. A Abrasion process, 348, 348f Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 3, 36, 301 Additives, 203 adhesion promoters, 59e60 alkalis, 62 antioxidants and antiskinning agents, 62 biocides and fungicides, 62 chelating agents, 62 definition, 57e58 deodorants, 62 driers, 61 performance, 63e65 hyperbranched polymers, 63e65, 64fe65f ionic liquids (ILs), 63, 64f rheology modifier, 61 surfactants antifoaming agents, 59 wetting and dispersing agents, 57e58, 59f waxes, 60e61 Aging process artificial aging, models of chemical aging, 356 complex aging, 356 radiation, 355e356 thermal aging, 356 defined, 353e354 print, radiation artificial aging on, 366e368, 367f testing methods, 359e362 polymeric materials tests, 359e361 prints tests, 361e362 Aluminum oxide, 219 Aluminum printing forms, 270 Ammonium ion, 45e46 Antioxidants, 62 Antiskinning agents, 62 Atmospheric pressure plasma (APP), 123e124 Atomic force microscope (AFM), 116e117 B Ballard copper skin, 201e202 Benzophenone (BP), 144, 144f Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), 144 Binding agents, 203e204 Biodegradation, 358e359 Biomedical applications, 37 Bis (4-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl sulfone (BHEPS), 148e149 Block copolymers, 27 BOPP shrink film, R2R hot embossing holographic images on, 284e289, 285f, 287f, 288t Brookfield viscometers, 92 C Carbonless copy paper, 393 Cellaxy, 208, 208f Central impression printing press, 187e188, 187f Ceramics, 302 printing forms, 269e270 Chemical degradation, 357 Chloromethylated polymer film, 147e148 Chrome plating, 214 Chrome printing forms, 270 CIJ printing systems. See Continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing systems Circumferential pad, 277 Coating methods inorganic coating, 149e153 diamond-like carbon/SiOx and oxide coatings, 150e151, 150f industrial applications, wettability and properties for, 151e153, 151f magnetron sputtering, 150, 150f plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, 149e150, 149fe150f metallurgical coating chemical electro-less plating techniques, 153, 153f polymers, additional properties on, 153e154, 154f vapor plating techniques, 153, 153f polymer surface, organic modifications, 143e149 applications, 148e149 initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), 146, 146f photo-iniferters layer, photo-grafting polymerization from, 147e148, 147fe148f photo-initiators, photo-grafting polymerizations by, 144e146, 144f UV-curable polymer coating, 146e147 Coefficient of viscosity, 87e88 Colored halftones, spectral reflectance prediction models for, 314e320 cellular implementation, 317e318 dot surface coverage and ink spreading, 319e320, 319f fluorescence, 318e319 Murray-Davis model, 314 probabilistic models, 316e317, 316f Spectral Neugebauer model, 315, 315f Yule-Nielsen model, 315, 315f Colorimetric aspects CIE lab data, spectral data to, 335e336, 336f color deviation formulas, 336e337, 337t color measurement, 333e335, 333fe335f color perception, 329e333, 330fe332f print quality, characterization of, 337e344 continuous quality control, inline spectral measurements for, 343e344, 344t different materials, different perception, 343, 343f ink transfer, influence of, 338e343, 338fe342f unprinted substrate, homogeneity of, 338 417Color measurement, 16, 333e335 Commercial antifoaming agents, 59 Commodity polymers polyethylene, 34 polypropylene, 34e35 polystyrene, 35 polyvinylchloride (PVC), 35 Compatibilization, 32e33 Computer numerical control (CNC), 170e171 Computer to screen systems, 257e258 Condensation reactions, 25 Conductive inks, 50e51 Conductivity sheen, 153e154 Configuration, 25e26, 25fe26f Conformation, 26 Contact angel, 13e14, 130e132 Continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing systems, 232, 233f Cylinder cell, 209 Conventional procedure, 266 Conventional wet offset printing, 218, 218f Copolymers block, 27 graft, 27 random, 27 Copper-based inks, 51 Copper engraving, 201e202 Copper phthalocyanine, 43 Corona treatment aging process, 138e139 course and effectiveness, factors influencing, 126e127 particular polymers, peculiarities of, 133e138 ethylene vinyl acetate, 137 polyethylene (PE), 135e136 polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 136 polylactide (PLA), 137e138 polypropylene (PP), 133e135 polystyrene (PS), 137 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 136e137 printability, 132e133, 133f surface changes and film wettability, 129e133 contact angle, 130e132, 131fe132f surface chemistry, 130, 130f, 130t topography and morphology, 129, 129f treatment, 125e126, 125f upper layer changes in, 127e128, 128f methods controlling correctness of, 128e129 CtP technology, 219e220 Cylindrical steel printing forms, 269 D Decoration technology, 3 Degradation defined, 353e354 polymeric substrates, 362e366 biodegradable polymers, 365e366 polyethylene terephthalate, 364 polyvinyl chloride, 365 polyamide, 364 polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer, 365 polyethylene, 362e363 polypropylene, 363e364 polystyrene, 364e365 polymer materials, 356e359 biodegradation, 358e359 chemical degradation, 357 mechanical degradation, 358 oxidative degradation, 357e358 radiation degradation, 356e357 thermal degradation, 358 testing methods, 359e362, 361f polymeric materials tests, 359e361 prints tests, 361e362 Dendritic polymers, 63 Diamond-like carbon (DLC), 150e151 Diamond microchiselling (DMC), 174e175, 174f Diamond stylus, 206, 207f Dielectric barrier discharged (DBD), 123e124 DigiLas pico system, 208e209 Dirac points, 52 Direct laser system, 209 DMC. See Diamond microchiselling (DMC) Doctor blade, 212 Drop on Demand inkjet printing systems acoustic inkjet printing, 236, 236f electrostatic inkjet printing, 234e235, 235f piezoelectric inkjet printing, 233e234, 235f thermal inkjet printing, 233, 234f Drying system, 212 Dyes, 203 Dynamic mechanical properties, 32 Dynamic viscosity. See Coefficient of viscosity E Electron beam (EB), 50 machining, 177 Electron energy, 102 Electronic applications, 37 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), 130 Electrophotography, 6 Electrostatic assist (ESA), 200e201 Embossing process BOPP shrink film, R2R hot embossing holographic images on, 284e289, 285f, 287f, 288t fundamentals, 279e280, 279fe280f hot embossing modes, 280e282, 281f P2P mode, 280e281, 281f R2P mode, 281e282, 281f R2R mode, 281f, 282 polymer performance, influence of, 282e284 polymer deformation, 283e284 polymeric materials, thermal behavior of, 282e283, 282f Emulsion polymers, 45 Energy beam processing techniques, 177 Engineering polymers acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 36 polyamides, 35 polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 36 polyoxymethylene/polyacetals, 36e37 Epoxy amphiphilic block copolymer blend systems, 32e33 Epoxy-based azo-polymers, 166f, 167 Epoxy-based precursor polymers, 167 Ethylene molecule, different confirmations of, 26, 26f F Femtosecond laser, 162e166 laser-induced surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity laser-induced wettability modification, mechanism of, 163e164, 163f, 163t, 164f wettability modification, 162, 162f, 163t laser-induced wettability modification, fluid flow control microfluidic channels, 164e166 liquid flow effect, 164fe165f, 165e166 microchannels, fabrication of, 164e165, 164f 418 INDEXFinite difference time domain (FDTD), 169 Fixed-axle cylinders, 214 Flatbed screen printing, 258e259, 259f Flat-to-flat method, 247e249, 249f Flexible packaging, 372e375, 373f Flexographic inks, 49e50, 50t Flexographic printing fundamentals, 179e189 anilox rollers, 183e186, 183fe184f, 185t principle, 179, 179f printing machines, 187e189, 187fe189f printing plates, 179e183, 180fe181f printing units, 186e187, 186f production materials, 189e193 inks. See Inks plastic substrates. See Plastic substrates Flexography, 49e50. See also Flexographic printing Flexural testing, 32 Foam, 59 Food packaging, 376e377, 376f, 377t Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 129 Free radicals, 128 Functional ceramic oxides, 73e74 Functional inks, 50e52 G Gaseous plasma, 105 Glass transition, 28e29, 30t Glycerol, 46 Graft copolymers, 27 grafting chemical vapor deposition (gCVD), 146 Graphene, 52 nanosheet inks, 78e80 Gravure printing applications and developments, 213e215 cylinder costs, 199e200, 200f cylinder manufacturing, 204e210, 206f electromechanical engraving, 206e208, 206fe207f etching and laser-made masks, 210, 210f pulsed laser, copper with, 208e209, 208f zinc layer, direct laser system with, 209e210, 209f innovations, 214 market of, 199e200, 199f principle of, 200, 200f printing inks, 202e204, 203t printing process, 200e202, 200f structure of, 210e213, 211fe213f Gypsum, 302 H Hand-cut stencils, 255, 255f HDPE. See High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Heat-shrinkable wrapping, 374 Heterogeneous surface recombination, 104 Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), 151 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 34 HLB. See Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) Homopolymers, 27 Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB), 58e59 Hydrophobic coatings, 152 Hyperbranched azo-polymers, 167e168 I Impression roller, 212 Imprinted solegel surface textures, 168, 170f Indirect relief printing, 5 Indium tin oxide (ITO), 80e81, 151e152 Industrial packaging, 379 initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), 146, 146f Ink abrasion resistance polymers abrasion resistance testing, different methods of, 348e349, 348fe349f printed polymers abrasion resistance, evaluation methodology of, 349e351, 349f, 350t, 351f Ink formulation components, individual ink additives, 47 pigments, 42e44, 43f polymers/resins, 44e46, 45f, 45t solvents, 46e47 functional inks, 50e52 individual printing processes, selected inks for, 48e50 flexographic inks, 49e50, 50t inkjet ink, 48e49, 48t inks manufacture, 47 Inking system, 274e275 closed inkwell system, 274e275, 274fe275f open inkwell system, 274, 274f Inking unit, 212, 224e225 Ink-jet ink, 48e49, 48t Ink-jet printing, 6 fundamentals, 231e236 CIJ printing systems, 232, 233f Drop on Demand inkjet printing systems. See Drop on Demand inkjet printing systems future aspects, 241 inkjet ink formulation, polymer in, 240 physical and chemical properties, 236e239 particle size, 237e238 solute properties, 238e239 surface tension, 237 viscosity, 236e237 substrates droplet ink behavior on, 239e240, 239f polymers as, 240e241 Inks, 189e191, 271e273 manufacture additives. See Additives nanoscale materials. See Nanoscale materials types of, 189, 202, 272e273 solvent-based ink, 190e191 UV-curable ink, 191 water-based ink, 190 In-line printing press, 188, 189f In-mold decoration (IMD), 3 In-mold labeling (IML), 3 Inorganic nonmetallic inks, 72e80 carbon family nano-inks, 76e80, 77fe79f ceramic nano-inks, 73e74, 74f MOF inks, 76, 76f semiconductor quantum dot inks, 74e75, 75f Inorganic thickeners, 61 Instant wetting agents, 60 Internal friction, 32 Intersystem crossing (ISC), 143e149 Isopropylthioxanthone (ITX), 144 L Labels, 380e382 glue applied, 381 in-mold labels, 381e382 pressure sensitive, 381 sleeve labels, 382 INDEX 419Laminate printing, 10, 10f Laser beam polymer surface modifications, 162e169 azo-polymers, Ar+ laser-induced surface relief gratings on, 166fe168f, 167e168 polymer surface replication, laser micromachining silicon surface for, 168e169, 169fe172f wettability modification, femtosecond laser textured PMMA surfaces for, 162e166 Laser engraved cells, 204e206 LCA. See Life cycle assessment (LCA) LDPE. See Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Life cycle assessment (LCA), 401e403 opportunities and limitations, 403 structure, 401e403, 402f toxic risk assessment. See Toxic risk assessment Light emitting diode (LED), 223 Light scattering/absorption, 308e314 bulk scattering, 310e312 fluorescence, 312e314, 312f Monte Carlo methods, 314 surface scattering, 309e310, 309f, 311t Lithography, 4 inks, 41 printing, 217 Living radical-graft polymerizations, 144e145 LMWOM. See Low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM) Long-term mechanical properties, 32 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 34 Low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM), 125, 127, 133e134 Low-pressure oxygen plasma, 101e104 M Master screen, 209e210 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, 101e102 Mechanical degradation, 358 Mechanical engraving, 266 Metaleorganic frameworks (MOFs), 72e73 Metallic sheen, 153e154 Metallic thin films, 153 Metal nanomaterials, 80e82 metal nanoparticle inks, 80e81, 80fe81f metal nanowire inks, 81e82, 82f Metal screen printing frames, 251e252, 252f Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 190e191 MIBK. See Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) Microcapsules graphic and paper industry, application in, 393e394, 393f microencapsulation, 392e393 microspheres, 389e391, 390f release mechanism, types of, 391e392, 392f singlecore and multicore, 390 thermally expandable microcapsules, 393, 394f Microgrooving. See Microshaping Micromachining conventional CNC, 170e171, 173f defined, 170e176 ultra-precision machining (UPM), 171e176, 173fe176f Micromilling, 176 Microshaping, 173e174, 176f Modern packaging, 2 Monomers, 25, 45e46, 45f Monte Carlo methods, 314 Multicolor pad printing machines carousel, 275, 276f CNC, 275e276, 276f linear, 275, 275f Multilayer films, 10, 193 Murray-Davis model, 314 N Nanoparticles, 44 Nanoscale materials functional polymer inks, 68e72 monodispersed polymer nanoparticle latexes, 68e70, 69fe70f semiconductive and conductive polymer suspensions, 70e72, 71fe73f inorganic nonmetallic inks, 72e80 carbon family nano-inks, 76e80, 77fe79f ceramic nano-inks, 73e74, 74f MOF inks, 76, 76f semiconductor quantum dot inks, 74e75, 75f metal nanomaterials, 80e82 metal nanoparticle inks, 80e81, 80fe81f metal nanowire inks, 81e82, 82f Natural polymers, 44e45 Natural waxes, 61 Nitrocellulose, 202 Nonimpact printing (NIP), 48e49 Nonluminous color, 329e330 Normalized absorption curves, 330 O Offset printing fundamentals conventional wet offset printing, 218, 218f principle, 217e218, 217f printing plates. See Printing plates waterless offset printing, 218, 218f inks, 220e223 oxidation dried inks and drying method, 221e222 wet offset/waterless offset inks and drying method, 222e223 printing plates, 219 printing presses, construction of. See Printing presses, construction of waterless offset, print quality control in, 226e228 Optimal application, 16 Organic pigments, 43 Organic thickeners, 61 Overlying silicone layer, 219 Oxidative degradation, 357e358 Oxidation dried inks, drying method, 221e222 Oxidation level (O/C), 130 Oxidative dried inks, 221 Oxygen, 225 Ozone, 128 P Packaging trends, 379e380 Pad printing, 5 application, 277e278 basic elements, 265e277 printing form. See Printing form printing inks. See Printing inks printing machines, technology of. See Printing machines, technology of printing pad. See Printing pad basics, 264e265 machines, 265 pad, 264 printing form, 264 printing ink, 264e265 history, 263 Petroleum waxes, 61 Photo-curable resins, 301 Photoelectric effect, 108e109 Photo-iniferter method, 147 420 INDEXPhoto-initiators, photo-grafting polymerizations by, 144e146, 144f Photonic crystals, 69 Photopolymer printing forms, 268e269, 268fe269f Photosensitive layer (polymer), 219 Photostencils, 255e257, 256f Pigment red (PY 57), 43, 43f Pigment yellow (PY12), 43, 43f Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), 149e150 Plastic substrates, 191e193 benefits, 193e194 films, 9, 192, 192f laminates, 10, 192e193, 193f market and future, 194e195 plastic sheets, semirigid and rigid, 10 requirements for, 193 synthetic papers and polymer-coated boards, 11 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 151e152 Polyamides, 35, 301 Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 36 Polyethylene, 34 waxes, 61 Polyisoprene, cis and trans forms of, 26, 26f Polylactic acid bioplastic, 301 Polymer blends, 32e33 Polymer composites, 33 Polymeric materials, 356e359 application, 33e37 commodity polymers. See Commodity polymers engineering polymers. See Engineering polymers specialty applications. See Specialty applications biodegradation, 358e359 chemical degradation, 357 classification of, 26e27 crystalline and amorphous polymers, 26 homopolymers and copolymers, 27 thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, 26e27, 27f mechanical degradation, 358 oxidative degradation, 357e358 properties electrical properties, 32, 32t mechanical properties, 31e32, 31f polymer blends, 32e33 polymer composites, 33 polymer nanocomposites, 33 thermal properties. See Thermal properties radiation degradation, 356e357 structure of, 25e28 configuration, 25e26, 25fe26f conformation, 26 designing, 27e28 thermal degradation, 358 Polymerization reactions, 22, 25 Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), 70e71 Polymer nanocomposites, 33 Polymer substrates. See also Plastic substrates biodegradable polymers, 365e366 ink abrasion resistance, 347e351 polymers abrasion resistance testing, different methods of, 348e349, 348fe349f printed polymers abrasion resistance, evaluation methodology of, 349e351, 349f, 350t, 351f polyethylene terephthalate, 364 polyvinyl chloride, 365 polyamide, 364 polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer, 365 polyethylene, 362e363 polypropylene, 363e364 polystyrene, 364e365 scratch resistance, 351e352, 351fe352f Polymer surface etching/nanostructuring and wettability, 116e118, 117fe118f flowing afterglow, 107e108, 107f organic modifications, 143e149 peculiarities, 108e116, 109f polyamide, 115e116, 115f, 115t, 116f polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 109e110, 109fe110f, 110t, 111f polypropylene and polyethylene, 113, 114f polystyrene, 112e113, 112f polyvinyl chloride, 114e115, 114f, 114t Polyoxymethylene/polyacetals, 36e37 Polypropylene, 34e35 Polystyrene, 35 Polystyrene (PS), 68 microspheres, 68 Polyurethane (PUR) thickeners, 61 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 35, 222 Porosity, 12 P2P mode, 280e281, 281f Printed materials household equipment, 384 labels, 380e382 glue applied, 381 in-mold labels, 381e382 pressure sensitive, 381 sleeve labels, 382 packaging, 372e380, 373t flexible packaging, 372e375, 373f food packaging, 376e377, 376f, 377t industrial packaging, 379 packaging trends, 379e380 pharmacy and personal care packaging, 377e379, 378f rigid packaging, 375e376 printed electronics, 382e384 promotional gifts and materials, 384 Printability, 11e12, 129e133 Printing bases, 7e11, 191 films, 9e10 injection moldings, 11 multilayer films, 10 semirigid and rigid plastic sheets, 10 synthetic papers and polymer-coated boards, 11 colored halftones, spectral reflectance prediction models for, 314e320 cellular implementation, 317e318 dot surface coverage and ink spreading, 319e320, 319f fluorescence, 318e319 Murray-Davis model, 314 probabilistic models, 316e317, 316f Spectral Neugebauer model, 315, 315f Yule-Nielsen model, 315, 315f color prediction, measuring and modeling reflection properties for, 308, 308f cylinders, 5 impact, 1e2, 2f light scattering and absorption, 308e314 bulk scattering, 310e312 fluorescence, 312e314, 312f Monte Carlo methods, 314 surface scattering, 309e310, 309f, 311t multilayer constructions, 320e321, 320f plastic printing industry, 17e18, 18f plates CtP technology, 219e220 structure, 219 INDEX 421Printing (Continued) printability, 11e12 process, 2e7, 4f, 258e260 3-D printing (three-dimensional printing), 7, 307e308 digital printing, 2e7 electrophotography, 6 ink-jet, 231e236 termal-transfer, 6 flat printing, 3e4 litography, 4 offset printing, 217e220 gravure (intaglio), 5 rotogravure, 200e202 pad printing, 264e265 hybrid printing, 7 relief printing, 4e5 flexography, 179 typography, 5 typoofset, 5 stencil printing, 247 flatbed screen printing, 258e259, 259f rotary screen printing, 259e260, 259f quality, 15e17 factors, 15 impact, 15 parameters used, 16e17 substrates, surface free energy of, 13e15 contact angle, devices for measurement of, 13e14, 14f measurement liquid/pens, 14e15 surface and interface reflections, 321e322 surface wettability, 12e15, 12f inks, surface tension of, 12e13, 13f printing substrates, surface free energy of. See Printing substrates, surface free energy of techniques, 2e7, 3f digital printing, 4f, 6 division of, 3, 4f flat printing, 3e4, 3f gravure printing, 3f, 5 hybrid printing, 7 polymer decoration, various printing techniques for, 7, 8t relief printing, 3f, 4e5 stencil printing, 3f, 5e6 three-dimensional printing, 7 transparent and translucent substrates, 322e323, 323fe324f Printing form engraving, 265e266, 266f screen ruling, use of, 266e267, 267f types, 267e270 aluminum printing forms, 219, 270 ceramics printing forms, 269e270 chrome printing forms, 270 cylindrical steel printing forms, 269 photopolymer printing forms, 180, 268e269, 268fe269f thick steel printing form, 267e268, 267fe268f thin steel printing forms, 268, 268f Printing industry life cycle assessment (LCA), 401e403 opportunities and limitations, 403 structure, 401e403, 402f toxic risk assessment. See Toxic risk assessment polymers and polymeric materials, assessment of, 408e411 polymeric films, LCA of, 408e410 UV printing varnishes, risk assessment, 410e411, 411f sustainable development, 398e401, 406e408, 406f complex/simple information, 401 ecological/economic methods, 399e401, 400f energy, 406e407 hazardous waste, 408 materials, 407e408 model, 398e399, 399f Printing machines, technology of, 273e277 accessories, 277 drive type, 274 inking system, 274e275 closed inkwell system, 274e275, 274fe275f open inkwell system, 274, 274f multicolor pad printing machines. See Multicolor pad printing machines special machine designs. See Special machine designs Printing pad, characteristics of, 270e271 hardness, 271 shape, 270 size, 270e271 surface finish, 271 Printing presses, construction of, 187e189, 210e213, 223e226, 224f sheet-fed offset printing presses, 224e226 feeding unit/transport of substrate and delivery unit, 224 inking unit, 224e225 UV-curing systems, 225 waterless offset presses, 225e226 sheet-fed gravure printing presses, 5, 211 sheet-fed flexographic printing presses, 189 web-fed offset printing presses, 226 web-fed gravure printing presses, 212 web-fed flexographic printing presses, 187e189 with central impression cylinder (IC), 187e188 stack printing presses, 188 inline printing presses, 188 Propagation process, 22 Publication gravure presses, 211e212 PVC. See Polyvinylchloride (PVC) R Radiation degradation, 356e357 RAFT. See Reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) Random copolymers, 27 Reactive plasma species free electrons and negatively charged ions, 105 metastables and ozone, 105e106 neutral oxygen atoms, 105 polymer surface, fluxes/reactive particles onto, 106, 106f, 107t positively charged molecular and atomic ions, 105 UV radiation, 104 Reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT), 27e28 Rheology defined, 87 flow behavior and printability, 98 flow behavior, measurements of, 90e93 concentric cylinder geometry, rational rheometers with, 92 cone to plate geometry, rational rheometers with, 92e93 flow curve, 91e92, 92f flow time, 91, 91t low-viscosity printing inks, 93e97, 94t flexographic printing inks, 93e96, 96f gravure printing inks, 96 inkjet printing inks, 97 Newtonian fluids, 87e88, 88f, 88t non-Newtonian fluids, 88e90, 89f power-law model, 89 shear-thickening flow behavior, 89, 89f shear-thinning flow behavior, 88, 89f shear viscosity, 89, 90f thixotropy, 89e90, 90f viscoelasticity, 90, 91f 422 INDEXpaste inks offset printing inks, 97 pad printing inks, 98 screen printing inks, 97e98 paste inks, tack of, 93 Rheology modifier, 61 Rigid packaging, 375e376 Roll-to-roll printing techniques, 67 Rotary gravure pad, 277, 277f Rotary printing. See Round-to-round method Rotary screen printing, 259e260, 259f drying equipment, 259e260 Rotogravure printing process, 41, 201 Round-to-round method, 249, 249f R2P mode, 281e282, 281f R2R mode, 281f, 282 S Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 116e117 Scratch resistance, 351e352, 351fe352f Screen printing computer to screen systems, 257e258 on a curved surface, 249, 249f emulsion, 254 frame, 251e252 metal screen printing frames, 251e252, 252f wooden screen printing frames, 251, 251f fundamentals, 247e249 hand-cut stencils, 255, 255f imaging, 254e258, 254fe255f industry, 260e261 mesh, 249e250 photostencils, 255e257, 256f printing inks, 260 printing process, 258e260 flatbed screen printing, 258e259, 259f polymer substrates and inks, 260 rotary screen printing, 259e260, 259f screen printing industry, 260e261 squeegee, 252e254 types, 253e254, 253f stencil/plate making, 248f, 249e254 screen printing emulsion, 254 screen printing frame. See Screen printing frame screen printing mesh, 249e250 screen printing squeegee. See Screen printing squeegee Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), 130 Segmented polyurethane (SPU) film, 147e148 Semicrystalline polymers, 26 Sensor applications, 37 Shear forces, 97 Sheppers DigiLas laser engraving system, 208 Silver-based inks, 51 Sleeve labels, 382 Small molecule surface modification (SMSM), 47 SMSM. See Small molecule surface modification (SMSM) Solvents, 203e204 Special pad printing machine designs circumferential pad, 277 rotary gravure pad, 277, 277f total color pad, 276e277, 276f Specialty applications, 37 biomedical applications, 37 electronic applications, 37 sensor applications, 37 Spectral Neugebauer model, 315, 315f Spectrophotometricmeasurements,16,333 Specular gloss, 17 Squeegee, 247 SRGs. See Surface relief-gratings (SRGs) Stable inkjet inks, 236 Stack printing presses, 188, 188f Stainless steel, 302 Steel engraving printing, 5 Stencil/plate making, 248f, 249e254 screen printing emulsion, 254 screen printing frame. See Screen printing frame screen printing mesh, 249e250 screen printing squeegee. See Screen printing squeegee Super-half-autotypical cell, 209 Superwide-format printers, 49 Surface free energy, 13e15 Surface oxidation, 43e44 Surface relief-gratings (SRGs), 166f, 167 Surface tension, 12e13, 218 Surfactant molecules, 58 Synthetic waxes, 61 T Taber device, 348, 348f Tacticity, 25e26 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 393 Temperature-sensitive substrates, 225 Tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), 238 Thermal degradation, 358 Thermally expandable microcapsules, 393 Thermal properties, 28e31 thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, coefficient of, 29e31, 31t thermal stability, 29 thermal transitions of, 28e29, 30t Thermal transfer printing, 6 Thermoshrink films, 9 Thickeners, 61 Thick steel printing form, 267e268, 267fe268f Thin steel printing forms, 268, 268f 3-D-bioprinting basis of, 302e303 concepts, 302e303 Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) proteins, 305 importance, 302 step-by-step process, 303e304 3-D printing applications, 299e300, 299f bioprinting, 302e305, 303fe304f components, 293, 294f defined, 293e295 electrically conductive polymers, 302, 302f fundamentals, 295e298 fused deposition manufacturing (FDM), 295e296, 295fe296f selective laser sintering (SLS), 298, 298f stereo lithography (SLA), 296e298, 296fe297f materials, 301e302 micro-channels, 293e294, 294f process, 300e301, 300fe301f Titanium, 302 Titanium indium zinc oxide (TIZO), 154 Toluene/tetrahydrofuran (THF), 238 Total color pad, 276e277, 276f Toxic risk assessment methods, 404e405 opportunities and limitations, 405 Traditional inks, 41e42 Typography, 5 U Ultra-precision machining (UPM), 171e176 Unsaturated monomers, 22 UV-curable inkjet inks, 49 UV-curable flexographic inks, 191 UV-curable offset inks, 222e223 UV-curable pad printing inks, 273 UV-curable screen printing inks, 260 INDEX 423UV-curable polymer coating, 146e147 UV-curing systems, 225 V Vinyl ether-oxirane, 49 Viscosity, 237 Visual assessment, 16 Volatile solvents, 96 W Water-based flexography inks technology, 50, 190 Water-based inks, 45, 65 Waterless offset presses, 225e226 Waterless offset printing, 218, 218f Web-fed gravure printing, 212 Web-fed flexographic printing, 187e188 Web-fed offset printing, 226 Weissenberg effect, 90, 91f, 92 Wettability, 12e15, 129e133 WolfeWilburn pencil hardness tester, 351, 351f Wooden screen printing frames, 251, 251f X X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 108e109 Xtreme engraving method, 207e208 p-xylene bis(N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamate) (XDT), 148 Y Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), 209 Yule-Nielsen model, 315, 315f Z Zinc oxide (ZnO), 152e153
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