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| موضوع: كتاب Industrial Pigging Technology السبت 05 أكتوبر 2013, 12:23 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب
Industrial Pigging Technology Fundamentals, Components, Applications G. Hiltscher, W. MUhlthaler, J. Smits
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
I Fundamental Principles of Pigging Technology 1 1 Introduction to Pigging Technology 3 1.1 Historical Development and Definition 3 1.2 Fields of Application of Pigging Technology 6 2 Pigging Units and Pigging Systems 9 2.1 Definitions 9 2.2 Selection and Design Criteria 12 2.3 Pigging Units 13 2.3.1 Pigging Units without Branches 13 2.3.2 Pigging Units with Branches 14 2.3.3 Pigging Units with Switches 14 2.4 Pigging Systems 15 2.4.1 Sequence Tables 15 2.4.2 One-Pig Systems 17 2.4.3 Two-Pig Systems 18 II Components 21 3 Pigs 23 3.1 Pigs for Industrial Pigging Units 23 3.1.1 Function 23 3.1.2 Fields of Application 23 3.2 Materials Selection 24 3.2.1 Pig Materials 25 3.2.2 Tests for the Selection of Pig Materials 25 3.2.3 Shear Strength of the Pig Material 32 3.2.4 Deformation of a Solid Cast Pig under Pressure 34 3.3 Pig Designs 36 3.3.1 One-Piece Pigs 37 3.3.2 Multicomponent Pigs 41 3.3.3 Special Pigs 43 3.4 Fabrication of Pigs 44 3.5 Quality Assurance 45 4 Valves 49 4.1 Function of Piggable Valves 49 4.2 Classification of Piggable Valves 50 4.3 Examples of Standard Valves 50 4.3.1 Stations 50 4.3.2 Branches 54 4.3.3 Pig Traps 58 4.3.4 Switches 59 4.4 Examples of Commercially Available Special Valves 62 4.4.1 Crossing of Two Piggable Pipes 63 4.4.2 Manifolds 64 4.4.3 Piggable Loading Facilities 67 4.4.4 Drum-loading Valves 68 4.5 Pressure Drop in Piggable Valves 70 4.6 Stress on Pig Traps 71 5 Pipework 75 5.1 Requirements for Piggable Pipes 75 5.2 Materials for Piggable Pipes 76 5.3 Piping Elements 78 5.3.1 Pipes 78 5.3.2 Pipe Bends 83 5.3.3 Tees 85 5.4 Pipe Joints 86 5.4.1 Flange Connections 86 5.4.2 Welded Pipe Joints 89 5.5 Example of a Pipe Specification 94 5.6 Construction of Piggable Pipes 95 5.7 Piggable Hoses 96 6 Additional Equipment 99 6.1 Pressure-Relief Vessel 99 6.2 Propellant Tank 100 6.3 Filters 102 6.4 Pumps 102 7 Propellants 105 7.1 Gaseous Propellants 105 7.1.1 Speed Behavior of Gas-Driven Pigs 107 7.1.2 Remedial Actions 109 7.2 Liquid Propellants 110 7.2.1 Properties of Liquid Propellants 110 7.2.2 Dimensioning of Liquid-Propelled Pigging Units 111 8 Control System 113 8.1 Components of the Control System 113 8.1.1 Sensors 114 8.1.2 Permanent Magnets and Magnet Sensors 116 8.1.3 Actuators 119 8.2 Operating Modes of the Sequence Control 120 8.2.1 Manual Operation 120 8.2.2 Enhanced Manual Operation 120 8.2.3 Touch-Controlled Operation 120 8.2.4 Automatic Operation 121 8.3 Examples of Sequence Control 121 8.3.1 Sequence Control of a One-Pig System 121 8.3.2 Sequence Control of a Two-Pig-System 128 8.3.3 Sequence Control of a Cleaning Procedure 134 III Applications 139 9 Decision Criteria for Pigging 141 9.1 General Criteria 141 9.1.1 Product – Infrastructure – Technology 141 9.1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Products 142 9.2 Economic Criteria 143 9.2.1 Long Pipeline without Cleaning Procedures 144 9.2.2 Omission of Tracing 146 9.2.3 Multiproduct Pipe 148 9.2.4 Evaluation of the Examples 150 9.3 Quality Criteria 151 9.4 Environmental Criteria 151 10 Cleaning Degree after Pigging 153 10.1 Qualitative Classification 153 10.2 Precalculation for the Cleaning Degree 153 10.3 Concept 155 10.3.1 Inner Surface Roughness of Pipes and Valves 155 10.3.2 Welding Seams 157 10.3.3 Flange Connections 158 10.3.4 Dead Spaces 159 10.3.5 Residual Film of the Pigged Pipe 161 10.4 Exemplary Calculation for Residual Concentration in a Plant 166 10.5 Errors 169 11 Pig Wear 173 11.1 Fundamentals 173 11.2 Wear Characteristics and Service Life of Pigs 176 11.3 Minimum Permissible Pig Diameter 177 11.4 Wear Inspection 179 11.5 Operating Mode 180 12 Medium-Specific Characteristics 181 12.1 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics 181 12.2 Classification of Fluids with Examples 182 12.2.1 Viscosity Curves 183 12.2.2 Principles of Calculation 185 12.3 Examples and Applications 186 12.3.1 Newtonian Behavior 186 12.3.2 Non-Newtonian Behavior 187 13 Checks before Start-up 189 13.1 Checking Equipment 189 13.1.1 Piggable Pipes 189 13.1.2 Pigs 190 13.1.3 Additional Equipment 190 13.2 Function Checks 190 13.2.1 Test Pigging 190 13.2.2 Concentration Measurement 192 13.2.3 Test Pigging: a Practical Example 192 14 Experiences with Pigging Units 197 14.1 Experiences before Start-up 197 14.1.1 Decision-Making 197 14.1.2 Planning 198 14.1.3 Procurement 198 14.1.4 Installation 199 14.2 Experiences after Start-up 200 14.2.1 Equipment Defects 200 14.2.2 Malfunctions during Operation 201 14.2.3 Documentation of Rare Events 203 15 Applications in the Chemical Industry 205 15.1 Polymer Dispersions 205 15.1.1 Production Plant 205 15.1.2 Product Properties 205 15.1.3 Purpose of the Pigging Unit 206 15.1.4 Technical Data of the Pigging Lines 206 15.1.5 Description of the Function 208 15.2 Urea–Formaldehyde Resins 209 15.2.1 Production Plant 209 15.2.2 Product Properties 209 15.2.3 Purpose of Pigging 210 15.2.4 Technical Data of the Pigging Lines 210 15.2.5 Description of the Function 211 15.3 Dispersion Adhesives 213 15.3.1 Production Plant 213 15.3.2 Product Properties 214 15.3.3 Purpose of Pigging 214 15.3.4 Technical Data of the Pigging Lines 214 15.3.5 Description of the Function 215 15.4 Fragrances 216 15.4.1 Production Plant 216 15.4.2 Product Properties 217 15.4.3 Purpose of Pigging 217 15.4.4 Technical Data of the Pigging Line 217 15.4.5 Description of the Function 219 15.5 Raw Materials 220 15.5.1 Production Plant 220 15.5.2 Product Properties 220 15.5.3 Purpose of Pigging 221 15.5.4 Technical Data of the Pigging Line 221 15.5.5 Description of the Function 222 16 Pigging Units for Sterile Technology 225 16.1 Characteristics of Sterile Technology 225 16.2 Terms in Hygienic Design 227 16.3 Materials for Sterile Technology 229 16.4 Elements of Sterile Pigging Technology 230 16.4.1 Pigs 230 16.4.2 Pig Cleaning Stations 231 16.4.3 Pipelines 232 16.4.4 Pipe Joints 232 16.5 Example 234 17 Pipeline Pigging 237 17.1 Distinction from Industrial Pigging Units 237 17.2 Pipes and Fittings 240 17.2.1 Pipes 240 17.2.2 Tolerances 241 17.2.3 Fittings 243 17.3 Function of Pigs in Pipelines 244 17.4 Pigs for Pipelines 247 17.4.1 Mechanical Pigs 247 17.4.2 Smart Pigs 249 17.4.3 Gel Pigs 255 17.5 Pig Launchers and Receivers 255 18 Pigging of Pneumatic Conveying Lines for Bulk Materials 259 18.1 Pneumatic Conveying of Bulk Materials 259 18.2 Structure of Pneumatic Conveying Systems 260 18.2.1 Basic Structure of Pneumatic Conveying Systems 260 18.2.2 Structure of a Pigging System for Bulk Conveying Lines 265 18.3 Cleaning of Pneumatic Conveying Lines 267 18.3.1 Purging 267 18.3.2 Cleaning Pellets 267 18.3.3 Wet Cleaning 267 18.4 Pigs for Pneumatic Conveying Lines 268 18.4.1 Soft Pigs 268 18.4.2 Turbo Pig 269 18.4.3 Notch Pigs 270 18.4.4 Jet Pigs 271 IV Law and Regulation 273 19 Legal Requirements 275 19.1 Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines 275 19.2 Required Permissions and Examinations 276 19.2.1 Pressure Hazard 276 19.2.2 Ground Water Contamination 277 19.2.3 Explosion-Hazard Areas 278 20 Safety and Occupation Health 279 20.1 Kinetic Energy of the Pig 279 20.2 Energy of the Propellant 280 20.3 Definition of Explosion Hazard Terms 283 20.3.1 Ignitibility and Ignition Temperature 283 20.3.2 Explosion Protection of Environment and Off-Gas 284 20.3.3 Protection against Electrostatic Charging 285 20.3.4 Accident Prevention in Explosion-Hazard Plants 285 20.4 Ignition Hazard with Compressed Air as Propellant 286 20.4.1 Explosive Mixture Properties 286 20.4.2 Calculation of the Explosive Composition and Volumetric Concentration in a Pipeline 287 20.4.3 Electrostatic Charge 291 20.4.4 Accident Prevention for Equipment 292 20.4.5 Remedial Measures for Hazardous Operating Conditions 293 20.5 Evaluation of Operation Safety and Explosion Hazard Classification 293 List of Chemical Resistances 301 Description of Material Codes 302 Properties of Solvents 324 Buyer’s Guide 325 Suppliers Names and Adresses 327 Index
أتمنى أن تستفيدوا منه وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط تنزيل كتاب Industrial Pigging Technology - Fundamentals, Components, Applications
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