Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning الجمعة 14 نوفمبر 2014, 4:33 pm | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning [For the Students of B.E.; UPSC (Engg. Services) UPSC (Civil Services); Section *B’ of AMIE (India) and Diploma Courses] (S.l. UNITS) R.S. KHURMI, J.K. GUPTA
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents ( h.tplvr No. Pages t Introduction 1-37 1.1 Definition 1.2 Fundamental Units 1.3 Derived Units 1.4 System of Units 1.5 S.l. Units (International System of Units) 1.6 Metre 1.7 Kilogram 1.8 Second 1.9 Kelvin 1.10 Presentation of Units and their Values 1.11 Rules for S.l. Units 1.12 Mass and Weight 1.13 Force 1.14 Absolute and Gravitational Units of Force 1.15 Thermodynamic Systems 1.16 Properties of a System 1.17 State of a System 1.18 Temperature 1.19 Absolute Temperature 1.20 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 1.21 Equality of Temperature 1.22 Pressure 1.23 Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure 1.24 Normal Temperature and Pressure (N.T P.) 1.25 Standard Temperature and Pressure (S.T.P.) 1.26 Energy 1.27 Types of Stored Energy 1.28 Heat 1.29 Sensible Heat 1.30 Latent Heat 1.31 Specific Heat 1.32 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 1.33 Work (v)1.34 Heat and Work - A Path Function '6 1.35 Comparison of Heat and Work 17 1.36 Power ' 7 1.37 Laws of Thermodynamics 18 1.38 Perfect Gas 19 1.39 Laws of Perfect Gases 19 1.40 General Gas Equation 20 1.41 Joule's Law 21 1.42 Characteristic Equation of a Gas 2 1 1.43 Specific Heats of a Gas 21 1.44 Enthalpy of a Gas 23 1.45 Ratio of Specific Heats 23 1.46 Entropy 24 1.47 Thermodynamic Processes 25 1.48 Work done During a Non-flow Process 26 1.49 Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to a Non-flow Process 27 1.50 Classification of Non-flow Processes 27 1.51 Thermodynamic Cycle 33 1.52 Reversibility and Irreversibility of Thermodynamic Processes 35 1.53 Flow Processes 35 1.54 Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to a Steady Flow Process 36 2. Air Refrigeration Cycles 38-76 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Units of Refrigeration 39 2.3 Coefficient of Performance of a Refrigerator 39 2.4 Difference Between a Heat Engine, Refrigerator and Heat Pump • 40 2.5 Open Air Refrigeration Cycle 41 2.6 Closed or Dense Air Refrigeration Cycle 41 2.7 Air Refrigerator Working on Reversed Carnot Cycle 41 2.8 Temperature Limitations for Reversed Carnot Cycle 43 2.9 Air Refrigerator Working on a Bell-Coleman Cycle (or Reversed Brayton or Joule Cycle) 51 3. Air Refrigeration Systems 77-124 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Merits and Demerits of Air Refrigeration System 78 3.3 Methods of Air Refrigeration Systems 78 3.4 Simple Air Cooling System 78 3.5 Simple Air Evaporative Cooling system 98 3.6 Boot-strap Air Cooling System 102 3.7 Boot-strap Air Evaporative Cooling System 105 3.8 Reduced Ambient Air Cooling System 109 3.9 Regenerative Air Cooling System 116 3.10 Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft 120 (vi)4. Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems 125-193 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System over Air Refrigeration System 126 4.3 Mechanism of a Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration System 126 4.4 Pressure - Enthalpy (p-h) Chart 127 4.5 Types of Vapour Compression Cycles 128 4.6 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Dry Saturated Vapour after Compression 128 4.8 4.7 Theoretical Theoretical Vapour Vapour Compression Compression Cycle Cycle with with Superheated Wet Vapour after Vapour Compression after Compression '1 5'47 4.9 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cycle with Superheated Vapour before Compression ; 1 4.10 Theoretical Vapour Compression Cy< Ie with Under-coiding or Subcooling of Refrigerant 147 4.11 Actual Vapour Compression Cycle 173 4.12 Effect of Suction Pressure 175 4.13 Effect of Discharge Pressure 175 4.14 Improvements in Simple Saturation Cycle 1'8 4.15 Simple Saturation Cycle with Flash Chamber 1 78 4.16 Simple Saturation Cycle with Accumulator or Pre-cooler 180 4.17 Simple Saturation Cycle with Sub-cooling of Liquid Refrigerant by Vapour Refrigerant 18 1 4.18 Simple Saturation Cycle with Sub-cooling of Liquid Refrigerant by Liquid Refrigerant 1 86 5. Compound Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems 194- 233 5.1 Introduction 194 5.2 Advantages of Compound (or Multi-stage) Vapour Compression with Intercooler 195 5.3 Types of Compound Vapour Compression with Intercooler 195 5.4 Two Stage Compression with Liquid Intercooler 196 5.5 Two Stage Compression with Water Intercooler and Liquid Sub-cooler 201 5.6 Two Stage Compression with Water Intercooler, Liquid Sul>cooler and Liquid FlashChamber 5.7 Two Stage Compression with Water Intercooler, Liquid Sub-cooler and Flash Intercooler 2 11 5.8 Three Stage Compression with Water Intercoolers 216 5.9 Three Stage Compression with Flash Chambers 219 5.10 Three Stage Compression with Flash Intercoolers 223 5.11 Three Stage Compression with Multiple Expansion Valves and Flash Intercoolers 227 6. Multiple Evaporator and Compressor Systems 234-272 6.1 Introduction 234 6.2 Types of Multiple Evaporator and Compressor Systems 6.3 Multiple Evaporators at the Same Temperature with Single Compressor and Expansion Valve 6.4 Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures with Single Compressor. Individual Expansion Valves and Back Pressure Valves tviii6.5 Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures with Single Compressor, MultipleExpansion Valves and Back Pressure Valves 6 6 Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures with Individual Compressors and Individual Expansion Valves 6.7 Multiple Evaporators at Different Tem|>eratures w ith Individual Compressors andMultiple Expansion Valves 6.8 Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures with Compound Compression and Individual Expansion Valves 6.9 Multiple Evaporators al Different Temperatures with Compound Compression, Individual Expansion Valves and Flash Intercoolers 6.10 Multiple Evaporators at Different Temperatures w ith Compound Compression.Multiple Expansion Valves and Flash Intercoolers 7. Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems 273- 293 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Simple Vapour Absorption System 7.3 Practical Vapour Absorption System 7.4 Thermodynamic. Requirements of Refrigerant-Absorbent Mixture 7.5 Properties of Ideal Refrigerant Absorbent Combination 7.6 Comparison of Refrigerant-Liquid Absorbent Combination isay NH. - water) with Refrigerant Solid Absorbent - Combinationtsay NH, - CaCI > 7.7 Advantages of Vajxiur Absorption Refrigeration Sxstem over Vapour Compression Refrigeration System 7.8 Coefficient of Performance of an Ideal Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System 7.9 Domestic Electrolux (Ammonia Hydrogen) Refrigerator 28 . 7.10 Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigeration System 2«* 8. Refrigerants 294-315 8.1 Introduction 294 8.2 Desirable Properties of an Ideal Refrigerant 295 8.3 Classification of Refrigerants 295 8.4 Halocarbon Refrigerants 295 8.5 Azeotrope Refrigerants 299 8.6 Inorganic Refrigerants <0 1 8.7 Hydro-carbon Refrigerants 302 8.8 Designation System for Refrigerants 303 8.9 Substitutes for Chloro-Fluro-Carbon (CFC) Refrigerants <04 8.10 Comparison of Refrigerants <05 8.11 Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants 306 8.12 Chemical Properties of Refrigerants 309 8.13 Physical Properties of Refrigerants 8.14 Secondary Refrigerants Brines9. Refrigerant Compressors 316-357 9.1 Introduction 316 9.2 Classification of Compressors 317 9.3 Important Terms 317 9.4 Reciprocating Compressors 318 9.5 Work Done by a Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor h i 9.6 Work Done by a Single Stage, Single Acting Reciprocating Compressor without Clearance Volume 9.7 Power Required to Drive a Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor 9.8 Work Done by a Reciprocating Compressor with Clearance Volume 9.9 Volumetric Efficiency of a Reciprocating Compressor 9.10 Factors Effecting Volumetric Efficiency of a Reciprocating Compressor 9 11 Overall or Total Volumetric Efficiency of a Reciprocating Compressor 9 12 Multi-stage Compression 9.1 3 Advantages of Multi-stage Compression 9 14 Two Stage Reciprocating Compressor with Intercooler 9. 1 5 Assumptions in Two Stage Compression with Intercooler 9 16 Intercooling of Refrigerant in a Two Stage Reciprocating Compressor 9 1 7 Work Done by a Two Stage Reciprocating Compressor with Intercooler 9.18 Minimum Work Required for a Two Stage Reciprocating Compressor 9 19 Performance Characteristics of Refrigerant Reciprocating Compressor 9.20 Hermetic Sealed Compressors 9.2 1 Rotary' Compressors 9 22 Centrifugal Compressors 9.23 Advantages and Disadvantages of Centrifugal Compressors over Reciprocating Compressors 350 9.24 Capacity Control of Compressors 351 9.25 Capacity Control for Reciprocating Compressors 351 9.26 Capacity Control of Centrifugal Compressors 352 9.27 Comparison of Performance of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors 354 10. Condensers 356- 375 10.1 Introduction 358 10.2 Working of a Condenser 359 10.3 Factors Affecting the Condenser Capacity 360 10.4 Heat Rejection Factor 360 10.5 Classification of Condensers 360 10.6 Air Cooled Condensers 361 10.7 Types of Air Cooled Condensers 362 10.8 Water Cooled Condensers 362 10.9 Types of Water Cooled Condensers 363 10.10 Comparison of Air Cooled and Water Cooled Condensers 165 10.11 Fouling Factor 366 10.12 Heat Transfer in Condensers 366 10.13 Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficient 368 10.14 Air-side Coefficient 369 fix)10.15 Water-side Coefficient 10.16 Finned Tubes 10.17 Evaporative Condensers 10.18 Cooling Towers and Spray Ponds 10.19 Capacity of Cooling Towers and Spray Ponds 10.20 Types of Cooling Towers 10.21 Natural Draft Cooling Towers 10.22 Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers 10.23 Forced Draft Cooling Towers 10.24 Induced Draft Cooling Towers It Evaporators 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Working of an Evaporator 11.3 Capacity of an Evaporator 11.4 Factors Affecting the Heat Transfer Capacity of an Evaporator 11.5 Heat Transfer in Evaporators 1 1.6 Heat Transfer During Boiling 11.7 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Nucleate Pool Boiling 1 1.8 Fluid Side Heat Transfer Coefficient 11.9 Types of Evaporators 11.10 Bare Tube Coil Evaporators 11.11 Finned Evaporators 11.12 Plate Evaporators 11.13 Shell and Tube Evaporators 11.14 Shell and Coil Evaporators 11.15 Tube-in-Tube or Double Tube Evaporators 11.16 Flooded Evaporators 11.17 Dry Expansion Evaporators 11.18 Natural Convection Evaporators 11.19 Forced Convection Evaporators 11.20 Frosting Evaporators 11.21 Non-frosting Evaporators 11.22 Defrosting Evaporators 11.23 Methods of Defrosting an Evaporator 11.24 Manual Defrosting Method 11.25 Pressure Control Defrosting Method 11.26 Temperature Control Defrosting Method 11.27 Water Defrosting Method 11.28 Reverse Cycle Defrosting Method 11.29 Simple Hot Gas Defrosting Method 11.30 Automatic Hot Gas Defrosting Method 11.31 Thermobank Defrosting Method 11.32 Electric Defrosting Method (x)12. Expansion Devices 398-407 12.1 Introduction 398 12.2 Types of Expansion Devices 399 12.3 Capillary Tube 12.4 Hand-operated Expansion Valve 4(H) 12.5 Automatic (or Constant Pressure) Expansion Valve 401 12.6 Thermostatic Expansion Valve 402 12.7 Low-side Float Valve 404 12.8 High-side Float Valve 405 13. Food Preservation 408- 421 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Advantages of Food Preservation 409 13.3 Causes of Food Spoilage 409 13.4 Methods of Food Preservation 411 13.5 Food Preservation by Refrigeration 413 13.6 Domestic Refrigerators for Food Preservation 413 13.7 Commercial Refrigerators for Food Preservation 413 13.8 Cold Storages for Food Preservation 414 13.9 Frozen Storages for Food Preservation 416 13.10 Methods of Food Freezing 417 14. Low Temperature Refrigeration (Cryogenics) 422- 449 14.1 Introduction 422 14.2 Limitations of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems for Production of Low Temperature 423 14.3 Cascade Refrigeration System 424 14.4 Coefficient of Performance of a Two Stage Cascade System 426 14.5 Solid Carbon Dioxide or Dry Ice 430 14.6 Manufacture of Solid Carbon Dioxide or Dry Ice 430 14.7 Liquefaction of Gases 435 14.8 Linde System for Liquefaction of Air 438 14.9 Claude System for Liquefaction of Air 441 14.10 Advantages of Claude System over Linde System 443 14.11 Liquefaction of Hydrogen 444 14.12 Liquefaction of Helium 445 14.13 Production of Low Temperature by Adiabatic Demagnetisation of a Paramagnetic Salt 446 15. Steam Jet Refrigeration System 450-4M 15.1 Introduction 450 15.2 Principle of Steam Jet Refrigeration System 451 15.3 Water as a Refrigerant 451 15.4 Working of Steam Jet Refrigeration System 452 15.5 Steam Ejector 4)2 Analysis of Steam jet Refrigeration System Efficiencies used in Steam Jet Refrigeration System Mass of Motive Steam Required Advantages and Disadvantages of Steam Jet Refrigeration System 16. Psychrometry i167-533 16.1 Introduction 467 16.2 Psychrometric Terms 468 16.3 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 470 16.4 Psychrometric Relations 470 16.5 Enthalpy (Total heat) of Moist Air 474 16.6 Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature or Adiabatic Saturation Temperature 481 16.7 Psychrometric Chart 484 16.8 Psychrometric Processes 488 16.9 Sensible Heating 488 16.10 Sensible Cooling 489 16.11 By-pass Factor of Heating and Cooling Coil 490 16.12 Efficiency of Heating and Cooling Coils 492 16.13 Humidification and Dehumidification 498 16.14 Methods of Obtaining Humidification and Dehumidification 499 16.15 Sensible Heat Factor 500 16.16 Cooling and Dehumidification 500 16.17 Cooling with Adiabatic Humidification 506 16.18 Cooling and Humidification by Water Injection (Evaporative Cooling) 507 16.19 Heating and Humidification 512 16.20 Heating and Humidification by Steam Injection 513 16.21 Heating and Dehumidification -Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification 520 16.22 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Air Streams 524 17. Comfort Conditions !134-543 17.1 Introduction 534 17.2 Thermal Exchanges of Body with Environment 535 17.3 Physiological Hazards Resulting from Heat 537 17.4 Factors Affecting Human Comfort 538 17.5 Effective Temperature 538 17.6 Modified Comfort Chart 540 17.7 Heat Production and Regulation in Human Body 540 17.8 Heat and Moisture Losses from the Human Body 542 17.9 Moisture Content of Air 542 17.10 Quality and Quantity of Air 543 17.11 Air Motion 543 17.12 Cold and Hot Surfaces 543 17.13 Air Stratification 544 17.14 Factors Affecting Optimum Effective Temperature 544 17.15 Inside Summer Design Conditions 545 17.16 Outside Summer Design Conditions 546 (xii)18. Air Conditioning Systems 549- 596 18.1 Introduction 549 18.2 Factors Affecting Comfort Air Conditioning 549 18.3 Air Conditioning System 550 18.4 Equipments Used in an Air Conditioning System 550 18.5 Classification of Air Conditioning Systems 550 18.6 Comfort Air Conditioning System 551 18.7 Industrial Air Conditioning System 552 18.8 Winter Air Conditioning System 553 18.9 Summer Air Conditioning System 555 18.10 Year-Round Air Conditioning System 561 18.11 Unitary Air Conditioning System 561 18.12 Central Air Conditioning System 561 18.13 Room Sensible Heat Factor 565 18.14 Grand Sensible Heat Factor 567 18.15 Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor 568 19. Cooling Load Estimation 597- 640 19.1 Introduction 597 19.2 Components of a Cooling Load 598 19.3 Sensible Heat Gain through Building Structure by Conduction 599 19.4 Heat Gain from Solar Radiation 603 19.5 Solar Heat Cain (Sensible) through Outside Walls and Roofs 603 19.6 Sol Air Temperature 606 19.7 Solar Heat Gain through Glass Areas 607 19.8 Heat Gain due to Infiltration 607 19.9 Heat Gain due to Ventilation 610 19.10 Heat Gain from Occupants 610 19.11 Heat Gain from Appliances 611 19.12 Heat Gain from Products 612 19.13 Heat Gain from Lighting Equipments 615 19.14 Heat Gain from Power Equipments 615 19.15 Heat Gain through Ducts 6 16 20. Ducts 641-898 20.1 Introduction 641 20.2 Classification of Ducts 642 20.3 Duct Material 642 20.4 Duct Construction 643 20.5 Duct Shape 644 20.6 Pressure in Ducts 644 20.7 Continuity Equation for Ducts 645 20.8 Bernoulli's Equation for Ducts 646 20.9 Pressure Losses in Ducts 649 20.10 Pressure Loss due to Friction in Ducts 649 20.11 Friction Factor for Ducts 650 20.12 Equivalent Diameter of a Circular Duct for a Rectangular Duct 654 (xiii)20.13 Friction Chart for Circular Ducts 664 20.14 Dynamic Losses in Ducts 666 20.15 Pressure Loss due to Enlargement in Area and Static Regain 666 20.16 Pressure Loss due to Contraction in Area 669 20.17 Pressure Loss at Suction and Discharge of a Duel 670 20.18 Pressure Loss due to an Obstruction in a Duct 671 20.19 Duct Design 679 20.20 Methods for Determination of Duct Size 6BO 20.21 System Resistance 693 20.22 Systems in Series 694 20.23 Systems in Parallel 21 Fans 699-725 21.1 Introduction 699 21.2 Types of Fans 700 21.3 Centrifugal Fans 21.4 Axial Flow Fans 21.5 Total Pressure Developed by a Fan 21.6 Fan Air Power 21.7 Fan Efficiencies 21.8 Fan Performance Curves 21.9 Velocity Triangles for Moving Blades of a Centrifugal Fan 21.10 Work Done and Theoretical Total Head Developed by a Centrifugal Fan for Radial Entry of Air 21.11 Specific Speed of a Centrifugal Fan 21.12 Fan Similarly Laws 21.13 Fan and System Characteristic 21.14 Fans in Series 21.15 Fans in Parallel 22. Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 726-745 22.1 Introduction 726 22.2 Domestic Refrigerator and Freezer 727 22.3 Defrosting in Refrigerators 728 22.4 Controls in Refrigerator 729 22.5 Room Air Conditioner 730 22.6 Water Coolers 731 22.7 Capacity of Water Coolers 733 22.8 Applications of Air Conditioning in Industry 734 22.9 Refrigerated Trucks 736 22.10 Marine Air-conditioning 737 22.11 Ice Manufacture 738 22.12 Cooling of MilkIMilk Processing) 739 22.13 Cold Storages 740 22.14 Quick Freezing 740 22.15 Cooling and Heating of Foods 741 22.16 Freeze Drying 742 22.17 Heat and Mass Transfer through the Dried Material 743 Index 747-754 (xiv)INDEX Absolute humidity, 469, 473 - pressure, 12 - temperature, 10 - units of force, 7 - zero temperature, 11 Actual vapour compression cycle, 173 Adiabatic chemical dehumidification, 520 - index, 23 - mixing of two air streams, 524 - saturation temperature, 481 Advantages of centrifugal compressors over reciprocating compressors, 350 - Claude system over Linde system, 443 - compound vapour compression with intercooler, 195 - food preservation, 409 - multi-stage compression, 331 - steam jet refrigeration system, 457 - vapour absorption refrigeration system over vapour compression refrigeration system, 278 - vapour compression refrigeration system, 126 Air conditioning system, 550 - cooled condensers, 361 - equipment used in, 550 - motion, 543 - refrigeration systems, methods of, 78 - stratification, 544 Air refrigerator working on - Bell-Coleman cycle, 51 - reversed Carnot cycle, 41 Air side coefficient, 369 Ammonia hydrogen refrigerator, 285 Analysis of steam jet refrigeration system, 453 Antifreeze, 314 Application of First law of Thermodynamics to non-flow processes, 27 - of air conditioning in industry. 734 - to steady flow process, 36 Aspect ratio, 656 Assumptions in two stage compression with intercooler, 331 Atmospheric natural draft cooling towers, 372 Automatic expansion valve, 401 - hot gas defrosting method, 394 Axial flow fans, 701 Azeotrope refrigerants, 299 Bare tube coil evaporator, 383 Base mounted air cooled condensers, 362 Bell-Coleman cycle, 51 Bernoulli's equation for ducts, 646 Boot-strap air cooling system, 102 - evaporative cooling system, 105 Brayton cycle, 51 Brines, 313 Boyle's law, 19 8y-pass factor, 490 - of heating and cooling coil, 490 Capacity of cooling towers, 371 - an evaporator, 379748 A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - spray ponds, 371 Capacity control of compressors, 351 - centrifugal compressors, 352 - of water coolers, 733 - reciprocating compressors. 351 Capillary tube, 399 Cascade refrigeration system, 424 Causes of food spoilage. 409 Celsius or centigrade scale. 10 Central air conditioning system. 561 Centrifugal compressors, 350 - fans, 700 - specific s,)eed of, 713 Characteristic equation of a gas, 21 Charle's law, 19 Chemical properties of refrigerants. 309 Classification of air conditioning system, 550 - compressors, 317 - condensers, 360 - ducts, 642 - non-flow processes. 27 - refrigerants. 295 Claude system tor liquefaction of air 441 Clearanc e far tor. 3 1 7 Closed air refrigeration cycle, 41 - system, 8 Coefficient of putormance ol - an ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system, 278 - heat pump. 40 - refrigerator, 39 - two stage cascade system. 426 Cold and hot surfaces, 543 Cold storages, 740 - tor food preservation, 414 Comfort air conditioning system. 551 - chart, 518 Comparison ot heal and work, 1 7 Comparison ot refrigerants. 305 - air c ooled and water cooled c ondensers, 365 - performance of reciproc attng and centrifugal compressors. 354 - refrigerant-liquid absorbent with refriger¬ ant-solid absodxml combination. 277 - various air cooling systems used for air-craft. 120 Complete mlerc exiling, 332 Commercial refrigerators tor food preservation, 413 Components of a cooling load, 598 Compressor c apacity, 318 Compression efficiency, 455 Compression ratio, 117 Compound compression, 194 Condenser, working of, 359 Condensing heat transfer coefficient, 368 Constant pressure expansion valve, 401 - pressure prexess, 29 - temperature process, 30 - volume prexess, 27 Contact factor, 492 Continuity equation for ducts, 645 Controls in refrigerator, 729 Cooling load, 597 - towers, 371 - (apacity of, 371 - of foext, 741 - of milk, 739 - types of, 371 Cooling and dehumidification, 500 Cooling and humidification by water injection, 507 Cooling with adiabatic humidification, 506 Cryogenics. 422 D Dalton s law of partial pressures, 470 Defrosting evaporators, 390 - in refrigerators, 727 Degree of saturation. 468. 472 Dehumidification, 498 - and cooling, 500 - methcxls of obtaining, 499 Derimerits of air refrigeration system, 78 Dense ait refrigeration cycle, 41 Derived units, 2 Designation system for refrigerants, 303 Desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant, 295 Dew point depression, 470 - lemperature, 469 - lines, 485 Difference' between a heat engine, a refrigerator and a heal pump, 40Index 749 Disadvantages of centrifugal compressors over reciprocating compressors, 350 - steam jet refrigeration system, 457 - vapour compression refrigeration system, 126 Discharge pressure, 317 - effect of, 175 Domestic electrolux refrigerator, 285 - refrigerator and freezer, 727 - refrigerators for food preservation, 413 Double tube' condensers, 363 - evaporators, 385 Dry air, 468 Dry bulb temperature, 469 - lines, 485 Dry expansion evaporators, 387 Dry ice, 430 - manufacture of, 430 Duct, classification of, 642 - Bernoulli's equation for, 646 - construction, 643 - continuity equation for, 645 - design, 679 - friction factor for, 650 - material, 642 - pressure in, 653 - pressure losses in, 649 - shape, 644 Dynamic losses in duct, 666 E I Effect of discharge pressure, 175 - suction pressure, 175 Effective room sensible heat factor, 568 - temperature, 538 Efficiency of heating and cooling coils, 492 Efficiencies used in steam jet refrigeration System, 454 Electric defrosting method, 396 Ejector refrigeration system, 450 Energy, 12 - in transition, 1 2 Enthalpy of a gas, 23 - lines, 486 - moist air, 474 Entrainment efficiency, 454 Entropy, 24 Equality of temperature, 11 Equipment used in air conditioning systems, 550 Equivalent diameter of a circular duct for a rectangular duct, 654 Evaporative condensers, 370 - cooling, 507 Evaporators, types of, 382 - capacity of, 379 - working of, 377 Expansion devices, types of, 399 Extended surfee evaporators, 384 Extensive properties, 9 , I Factor affecting the condenser capacity, 360 - the heat transfer capacity of an evaporator, 379 - comfort air conditioning, 549 - the human comfort, 538 - the optimum effective temperature, 544 - the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor, 328 Fahrenheit scale, 10 Fan air power, 703 - and system characteristic, 717 - efficiencies, 703 - in series, 718 - in parallel, 718 - performance curves, 705 - similarity laws, 714 Finned evaporators, 383 Finned tubes, 370 First law of thermodynamics, 18 Float valve, high side, 405 - low side, 404 Flooded evaporators, 386 Flow boiling, 381 Flow process, 26, 35 Fluid side heat transfer coefficient, 382 Food preservation, advantages of, 409 - by refrigeration, 41 3 - cold storages for, 414750 A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - c ommerc ial refrigerators for, 4 1 3 - domestic refrigerators for, 4 1 3 - frozen storages for. 416 - methods ot, 411 I < ere e, 7 forced convection dir ccxded condensers, <62 - draft c exiling towers, 374 - evaporators, 389 hailing taclor, ibb F reeve drying, 742 1 tic tion < hart for c ir< ular duels, 664 factor tor due ts, 650 I rosting evaporators, 389 ( ro/en storages for food preservation, 416 Iundamental units, 2 G | ( *auge pressure, 12 ( ,ay Iussac law, 20 General gas equation, 20 Grand sensible heat factor, 567 Gravitational units of force, 7 H Halo-cadxjn refrigerants, 295 Hand operated expansion valve, 400 Heat, 14 1 teat and work 1b fb'dt gain due to infiltration, 607 due to ventilation, 610 from applianc es, 611 - from ex c upants. bit) - from prexiuc ts. 612 - solar radiation, 603 lighting equipments, 615 - power equipments, 615 through duels, 616 Heat rejection factor, <60 Heat losses from the human Ixxfy, 542 I leaf prcxluction and regulation in human bexfy, 540 Heat transfer in condensers, 366 evapirators, <80 - during boiling, 381 - coefficient for nucleate pool boiling, <81 - through dried material, 74 < Heating and dehumidific ation, 520 - humidilic ation, 5 1 2 - by steam infec tion, 573 - of fexxis, 74 1 Hermetic sealed compressors, <48 High side float valve. 405 Humidilic ation, 498 - methods of obtaining, 499 Humidity, 4b8 - ratio, 471 Humid specific heat, 474, 490 Hydro-c arbon refrigerants, <02 lc c manufacture, 7 <8 ImpTtect interc exiling. <32 Improvements in simple saturation cycle*, 178 Incomplete interc ooling. <32 Indue ed draft c ooling tower, <74 Industrial air conditioning system, 552 Inorganic refrigerants, <01 Inside summer design conditions. 545 Intercooling ol refrigerant in a two stage rec iprex ating c ompressor, 3 32 Intensive prop*rties, 9 Internal energy, I < International system ot units, 2 Irreversible c y( Ie, <4 - process, 25 Isentropic proc ess, <1 Isobaric process, 29 |so< horic process, 27 Isolated system, 9 Isothermal process, <0 joule s ( yc Ie, 5 1 - law 21 joule- 1homson c cx*llic lent, 435Index 751 It IV Kelvin, 4 Kilogram, 3 Kinetic energy, 13 _u Latent heat, 14 Laws of perfect gas, 19 - thermodynamics, 18 Limitations of vapour compression refrigeration for production of low temperature, 423 Linde system for liquefaction of air, 438 Liquefaction of gases, 435 - helium, 445 - hydrogen, 444 Lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system, 287 Low side float valve, 404 Manual defrosting method, 391 Manufacture of solid carbon dioxide or dry ice, 430 Marine air conditioning, 737 Mass, 6 - of motive steam required, 455 - transfer through dried material, 743 Mean radiant temperature, 536 Mechanical draft cooling towers, 373 - equivalent of heat, 1 5 Mechanism of a simple vapour compression refrigeration system, 126 Merits of air refrigeration system, 78 Metre, 3 Methods of air refrigeration system, 78 - defrosting an evaporator, 390 - determination of duct size, €>80 - food freezing, 417 - food preservation, 411 Milk processing, 739 Minimum work required for a two stage reciprocating compressor, 334 Modified comfort chart, 540 Moist air, 468 - enthalpy of, 474 Moisture content, 471 - lines, 485 - losses from the human body, 542 - of air, 542 Multiple evaporators at the same temperature with single compressor and expansion valve, 236 - at different temperatures with single compressor, individual expansion valves and back pressure valves, 239 - compound compression and individual expansion values, 256 - flash intercoolers, 260 - individual compressors and individual expansion valves, 247 - multiple expansion valves, 251 - multiple expansion valves and back pressure valves, 242 - multiple expansion valves and flash intercooler, 265 Multi-stage compression, 194, 330 - advantages of, 331 Natural convection air cooled condensers, 362 - draft cooling towers, 372 - evaporators, 388 Non-equilibrium process, 25 Non-flow process, 26 - classification of, 27 Non-frosting evaporators, 389 Normal temperature and pressure, 12 Nozzle efficiency, 454 Nucleat boiling, 354 Open air refrigeration cycle, 41 - system, 9 Outside summer design conditions, 546 Overall volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor, 330 Percentage humidity, 472752 A Textbook of Refrigeration Perfect gas, 19 - intercooling, 332 Performance characteristics of refrigerant reciprocating compressor, 339 Physical properties of refrigerants, 3 1 1 Physiological hazards resulting from heat, 537 Plate evaporators, 384 Polytropic process, 33 Potential energy, 13 Power, 17 - required to drive a single stage reciprocating compressor, 322 Practical vapour absorption system, 275 Presentation of units and their values, 4 Pressure, 11 - control defrosting method, 391 - enthalpy chart, 1 27 - in ducts, 644 - of water vapour, 473 Pressure losses in ducts, 649 - at suction and discharge of a duct, 670 - due to contraction in area, 669 - due to enlargement in area and static regain, 666 - due to friction in ducts, 649 - due to obstruction in a duct, 671 Principle of steam jet refrigeration, 451 Production of low temperature by adiabatic demagnetisation of a paramagnetic salt, 446 Propeller fan, 701 Properties of a system, 9 - ideal refi gerant absorbent combination, 277 Psychrometer, 470 Psychrometric chart, 484 - terms, 468 - relations, 470 - processes, 489 Quick freezing, 740 Quality and quantity of air, 54 3 Quasi-static process, 25 and Air Conditioning R | Ratio of specific heats, 23 Reciprocating c ompressors, 318 Reduced ambient air cooling system, 109 Refrigerated trucks, 736 Regenerative air cooling system, 1 16 Relative coefficient of performance, 39 Relative humidity, 469, 472 - lines, 486 Remote air cooled condenser, 362 Reverse cycle defrosting method, 393 Reversed Carnot cycle, 4 1 - temperature limitations for, 43 - Brayton cycle, 51 - Joule cycle, 51 Reversible adiabatic process, 31 - reversible cycle, 34 - reversible process, 25 Room air c onditoner, 730 - sensible heat factor, 565 Rotary compressors, 348 Rules for S.l. units, 5 u Saturated air, 422 Second, 4 Second law of thermodynamics, 18 Secondary refrigerants, 3 13 Sensible heat, 14 Sensible cooling, 489 - heating, 488 - heat factor, 500 - heat factor line, 513 Sensible heat gain through building structure by conduction, 599 Shell and coil condensers, 364 - evaporators, 385 Shell and tube condensers, 365 - evaporators, 385 S.l. units, 2 Simple air cooling system, 78 - evaporative cooling system, 98 - hot gas defrosting method, 39.3 - vapour absorption system, 274Simple saturation cycle, improvements in, I 78 - with acc umulator or prec ooler, 180 - with flash chamber, 178 - with sub-cooling of liquid refrigerant by liquid refrigerant, 180 - with subcooling ot liquid refrigerant by vapour refrigerant, 181 Solar heat gain through glass areas, 607 - outside walls and roots, 60 3 Sol air temperature, 606 Solid c arbon dioxide, 4 30 - manufacture of, 4 30 Specific entropy, 25 Specific heat, 14 - of a gas, 2 1 - at constant pressure, 22 - at constant volume, 22 Specific humidity, 471 - lines 485 - speed of a centrifugal tan. 71 3 - volume lines, 486 Spray |x>nds, 371 - capacity of. 371 Standard temperature and pressure. 1 2 State* of a system. 10 Static regain, 599 Steam ejec tor. 452 Steam jet refrigeration system - advantages and disadvantages ot. 4 57 - analysis of. 45 3 - princ iple of. 451 - efficiencies ot, 454 Stored energy, 12 Substitutes for Chloro-Huoro-Carbon <( !(• refrigerants, 304 Suction pressure, 317 - effect of. 1 75 - volume, 317 Summer air conditioning system. 555 System of units, 2 System resistance, 693 - in parallel. 694 - in series. 694 Swept volume. 3 17 Temperature, 10 - control defrosting methexi. 391 Index 753 limitations loi reversed Carnot cycle, 4.3 lheorc4ic.il head developed by a centrifugal tan tor radial entry ol ait, 709 theoretical vapour compression with dry saturated vapoui after c omprosmun. 1 28 with superheated vapour after < (impression, 1 37 - with superheated vapour belore compression. 146 with wet vapour alter compression, I 14 - with undercooling or sub-cooling of letngerant. 147 thermal exchanges ot body with environment. 5 35 thermobank defrosting method. 395 Ihrrmodvnarmc cycle 33 - equilibrium I I - processes. 25 - properties ot refrigerants 30h - requirements <>t refrigerant absorbent mixture*, 277 - s\sh>ms. 8 - wet bulb temperature. 481 thermostatic expansion salve*. 402 three* Mage i ompression with flash chambers, 219 with dash intercoolers. 22 3 - with multiple* expansion salves and flash inpTc oolprs, 227 - with water intercoolers, 21b legal pressure developed by a fan 702 - volumetric efficient \ of a reciprocating < ompre^or. 330 Icann! energy, 1 3 total heat ot moist air, 474 - line’s. 486 tulx* axial fan. 701 IuImmh-IuIx* condensers. 363 - evaporators. 38 5 Iwo stage compression with water intercooler, liquid subcooler and flash intercooler. 21I - with liquid interc ooler. 196 - with water intercooler liquid sub-cooler and liquid flash chamber 204 - with water intercooler and liquid sub¬ cooler. 201 Two stage reciprocating compressor with intercooler, 3 31754 IVXlDOOvi Or nOTriyvrvwvn ar। MM Mr at- UvfMfuOfllnQ •*-- ^ul i- - work done by a, 333 Types of air cooled condensers, 362 - compound vapour compression with intercooler, 195 - cooling towers, 371 - expansion devices, 399 - evaporators, 382 - fans, 700 - multiple evaporator and compressor system, 235 - stored energy, 13 - vapour compression cycles, 128 - water cooled condensers, 363 uI Unitary air conditioning system, 561 Units of refrigeration, 39 V I Vacuum pressure, 11 Vane axial fan, 701 Vapour absorption system, simple, 274 - practical, 275 Vapour compression cycles, types of, 128 - density, 473 - pressure lines, 486 Velocity triangles for moving baldes of a centrifugal fan, 706 Volumetric efficiency of reciprocating compressor, 318, 326 w| Water as refrigerant, 451 - cooled condensers, 362 - coolers, 731 - side coefficient, 370 - defrosting method, 392 Weight, 6 Wet bulb depression, 469 - temperature, 469 - temperature lines, 485 Winter air conditioning system, 553 Work, 15 Workdone by a centrifugal fan for radial entry of air, 709 - during a non-flow process, 26 - single stage, single acting, reciprocating compressor, without clearance volume, 319 - with clearance volume, 324 - two stage reciprocating compressor with intercooler, 333 Working of a condenser, 359 - an evaporator, 377 - steam jet refrigeration system, 452 Y| Year round air conditioning system. 561 Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 18
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
عدل سابقا من قبل Admin في الخميس 10 نوفمبر 2022, 1:42 am عدل 2 مرات |
|