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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Power Plant Engineering الجمعة 20 يناير 2023, 1:59 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Power Plant Engineering A,K, Raja Director and Head, Department of Electrical Engineering Saroj Institute of Technology & Management Lucknow Amit Prakash Srivastava Sr. Lecturer and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering Saroj Institute of Technology & Management Lucknow Manish Dwivedi Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department Saroj Institute of Technology & Management Lucknow
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface . (v) Syllabus . (vii) Chapter 1: Fundamental of Power Plant . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Concept of Power Plants . 1 1.3 Classification of Power Plants . 2 1.4 Energy . 3 1.5 Types of Energy . 4 1.6 Power . 5 1.7 Power Development in India . 5 1.8 Resources for Power Generation . 7 1.9 Present Power Position in India . 9 1.10 Future Planning for Power Generation . 9 1.11 Power Corporations in India . 11 1.11.1 National Thermal Power Corporation . 11 1.11.2 National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation . 11 1.11.3 Rural Electrification Corporation . 12 1.11.4 Damodar Valley Corporation . 12 1.11.5 North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited . 12 1.11.6 Bhakra Beas Management Board and Beas Construction Board . 13 1.11.7 Power Engineers Training Society (PETS) . 13 1.11.8 Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), Bangalore . 13 1.11.9 Nathpa, Jhaicri Power Corporation Limited . 13 1.12 Review of Thermodynamics Cycles Related to Power Plants . 14 1.13 Classification of Power Plant Cycle . 15 1.13.1 Carnot Cycle . 15 1.13.2 Rankine Cycle . 15 1.13.3 Reheat Cycle . 16 1.13.4 Regenerative Cycle (Feed Water Heating) . 16 1.13.5 Binary Vapour Cycle . 17 1.13.6 Reheat-Regenerative Cycle . 17 1.13.7 Formula Summary . 181.14 Fuels and Combustion . 18 1.15 Steam Generators . 18 1.16 Steam Prime Movers . 19 1.17 Steam Condensers . 19 1.17.1 Surface Condensers . 20 1.17.2 Jet Condensers . 22 1.17.3 Types of Jet Condensers . 22 1.18 Water (Hydraulic) Turbines . 23 1.18.1 Impulse and Reaction Turbines . 23 1.19 Scienc Vs. Technology . 25 1.19.1 Scientific Research . 25 1.19.2 Science and Technology Infrastructure . 26 1.20 Facts Vs. Values . 26 1.21 Atomic Energy . 26 1.22 Highlights of the Nuclear Power Programme . 27 1.23 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited . 27 1.24 Ocean Engineering Applications . 28 Chapter 2: Non-Conventional Energy Resources and Utilisation . 33 2.1 Introduction . 33 2.2 Energy Science . 33 2.3 Various Energy Science . 33 2.4 Energy Technology . 35 2.5 Energy Technology and Energy Sciences . 36 2.6 Law of Conservation of Energy . 37 2.7 Facts and Figures about Energy . 37 2.8 Indian and Global Energy Sources . 38 2.8.1 The Sun . 38 2.8.2 etroleum . 39 2.8.3 Natural Gas . 43 2.8.4 Coal . 44 2.8.5 Nuclear Energy . 45 2.8.6 LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) . 46 2.8.7 Alcohol . 46 2.8.8 Gasohol . 46 2.8.9 Hydro Power . 46 2.9 Energy Exploited . 46 2.10 Energy Demand . 48 (viii)2.11 Energy Planning . 49 2.12 Introduction to Various Sources of Energy . 51 2.12.1 Conventional Sources of Energy . 51 2.12.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy . 51 2.13 Introduction to Various Non-Conventional Energy Resources . 52 2.14 Bio-Gas . 53 2.14.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Bio-Conversion Process . 53 2.14.2 Raw Materials . 55 2.14.3 Properties of Bio Gas . 56 2.14.4 Bio Gas Plant Technology . 56 2.15 Wind Energy . 58 2.15.1 Wind Machine Fundamentals . 59 2.15.2 Aerofoil Design . 60 2.15.3 Wind Power Systems . 62 2.15.4 Economic Issues . 63 2.15.5 Selection of Wind Mill . 64 2.15.6 Recent Developments . 65 2.16 Solar Energy . 66 2.16.1 Solar Radiations . 67 2.16.2 Solar Thermal Power Plant . 68 2.16.3 Solar Energy Storage . 70 2.16.4 Recent Developments in Solar Power Plants . 72 2.17 Electrochemical Effects and Fuel Cells . 73 2.17.1 Reversible Cells . 73 2.17.2 Ideal Fuel Cells . 74 2.17.3 Other Types of Fuel Cells . 75 2.17.4 Efficiency of Cells . 76 2.18 Thermionic Systems and Thennionic Emission . 78 2.18.1 Thermoionic Conversion . 79 2.18.2 Ideal and Actual Efficiency . 80 2.19 Thermoelectric Systems . 82 2.19.1 Principle of Working . 82 2.19.2 Performance . 83 2.20 Geo Thermal Energy . 86 2.20.1 Hot Springs . 87 2.20.2 Steam Ejection . 87 2.20.3 Site Selection . 88 (ix)2.20.4 Geothermal Power Plants . 88 2.20.5 Advanced Concepts . 95 2.21 Ocean Energy . 97 2.21.1 Power Plants Based on Ocean Energy . 98 2.22 Other Energy Technology . 101 2.22.1 Liquid Fuel . 101 2.22.2 Fuel Cell Technology . 103 2.22.3 Hydrogen Energy . 104 2.22.4 Hydrogen Energy Technology . 104 2.22.5 Battery Operated Vehicles . 106 2.22.6 Bio Fuel Technology . 107 2.22.7 Hydroelectric Power . 107 2.22.8 Innovative Heat Exchanger to Save Energy . 108 Chapter 3: Power Plant Economics and Variable Load Problem . 120 3.1 Terms and Factors . 120 3.2 Factor Effecting Power Plant Design . 122 3.3 Effect of Power Plant Type on Costs . 122 3.3.1 Initial Cost . 122 3.3.2 Rate of Interest . 123 3.3.3 Depreciation . 123 3.3.4 Operational Costs . 124 3.3.5 Cost of Fuels . 125 3.3.6 Labout Cost . 125 3.3.7 Cost of Maintenance and Repairs . 125 3.3.8 Cost of Stores . 125 3.3.9 Supervision . 126 3.3.10 Taxes . 126 3.4 Effect of Plant Type on Rates (Tariffs or Energy Element) . 126 3.4.1 Requirements of a Tariff . 126 3.4.2 Types of Tariffs . 126 3.5 Effect of Plant Type on Fixed Elements . 129 3.6 Effect of Plant Type on Customer Elements . 129 3.7 Investor’s Profit . 129 3.8 Economics in Plant Selection . 130 3.9 Economic of Power Generation . 131 3.10 Industrial Production and Power Generational Compared . 132 3.11 Load Curves . 132 (x)3.12 Ideal and Realized Load Curves . 133 3.13 Effect of Variable Load on Power Plan Design . 133 3.14 Effect of Variable Load on Power Plant Operation . 134 Chapter 4 : Steam Power Plant . 142 4.1 Introduction . 142 4.2 Essentials of Steam Power Plant Equipment . 142 4.2.1 Power Station Design . 144 4.2.2 Characteristics of Steam Power Plant . 144 4.3 Coal Handling . 145 4.3.1 Dewatering of Coal . 149 4.4 Fuel Burning Furnaces . 150 4.4.1 Types of Furnaces . 150 4.5 Method of Fuel Firing . 151 4.5.1 Hand Firing . 151 4.5.2 Mechanical Firing (Stokers) . 153 4.6 Automatic Boiler Control . 156 4.7 Pulverized Coal . 157 4.7.1 Ball Mill . 158 4.7.2 Ball and Race Mill . 159 4.7.3 Shaft Mill . 161 4.8 Pulverized Coal Firing . 161 4.9 Pulverized Coal Burners . 163 4.9.1 Cyclone Fired Boilers . 166 4.10 Water Walls . 166 4.11 Ash Disposal . 167 4.11.1 Ash Handling Equipment . 168 4.12 Smoke and Dust Removal . 172 4.13 Types of Dust Collectors . 172 4.13.1 Fly Ash Scrubber . 174 4.13.2 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) . 175 4.13.3 Types of FBC Systems . 176 Chapter 5 : Steam Generator . 179 5.1 Introduction . 179 5.2 Types of Boilers . 179 5.3 Cochran Boilers . 181 5.4 Lancashire Boiler . 183 (xi)5.5 Locomotive Boiler . 185 5.6 Babcock Wilcox Boiler . 187 5.7 Industrial Boilers . 189 5.8 Merits and Demerits of Water Tube Boilers over Fire Tube Boilers Mertis . 189 5.9 Requirements of a Good Boiler . 190 5.10 High Pressure Boilers . 190 5.10.1 La Mont Boiler . 191 5.10.2 Benson Boiler . 191 5.10.3 Loeffler Boiler . 192 5.10.4 Schmidt-Hartmann Boiler . 193 5.10.5 Velox Boiler . 193 Chapter 6 : Steam Turbine . 195 6.1 Principle of Operation of Steam Turbine . 195 6.2 Classification of Steam Turbine . 196 6.3 The Simple Impulse Turbine . 200 6.4 Compounding of Impulse Turbine . 201 6.5 Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine . 202 6.6 Simple Velocity-Compounded Impulse Turbine . 203 6.7 Pressure and Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine . 204 6.8 Impulse-Reaction Turbine . 205 6.9 Advantages of Steam Turbine over Steam Engine . 206 6.10 Steam Turbine Capacity . 206 6.11 Capability . 207 6.12 Steam Turbine Governing . 207 6.13 Steam Turbine Performance . 207 6.14 Steam Turbine Testing . 208 6.15 Choice of Steam Turbine . 208 6.16 Steam Turbine Generators . 208 6.17 Steam Turbine Specifications . 209 Chapter 7 : Fuels and Combustion . 217 7.1 Introduction . 217 7.2 Coal . 217 7.3 Coal Analysis . 219 7.3.1 Proximate Analysis . 219 7.3.2 Ultimate Analysis . 219 7.3.3 Heating Value . 219 (xii)7.4 Coal Firing . 221 7.5 Mechanical Stokers . 222 7.6 Pulverized-Coal Firing . 224 7.7 Cyclone Furnaces . 230 Chapter 8 : Diesel Power Plant . 234 8.1 Introduction . 234 8.2 Operating Principle . 236 8.3 Basic Types of IC Engines . 236 8.3.1 Two-Stroke, Spark Ignition Gas Engines/Petrol Engines . 237 8.3.2 Diesel Engines/Heavy Oil Engines . 237 8.3.3 Duel Fuel Engines . 237 8.3.4 High Compression Gas Engines . 238 8.4 Advantage of Diesel Power Plant . 238 8.5 Disadvantage of Diesel Power Plant . 238 8.6 Application of Diesel Power Plant . 238 8.7 General Layout of Diesel Power Plant . 239 8.8 Performance of Diesel Engine . 239 8.8.1 Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) . 239 8.8.2 Indicated Hourse Power (IHP) . 239 8.8.3 Brake Horse Power (B.H.P.) . 240 8.8.4 Frictional Horse Power (F.H.P.) . 240 8.8.5 Indicated Thermal Efficiency . 240 8.8.6 Brake Thermal Efficiency (Overall Efficiency) . 240 8.8.7 Mechanical Efficiency . 240 8.9 Fuel System of Diesel Power Plant . 241 8.10 Lubrication System of Diesel Power Plant . 242 8.10.1 Liquid Lubicricants or Wet Sump Lubrication System . 244 8.10.2 Solid Lubricants or Dry Sump Lubrication System . 246 8.10.3 Mist Lubrication System . 246 8.11 Air Intakes and Admission System of Diesel Power Plant . 246 8.12 Supercharging System of Diesel Power Plant . 247 8.12.1 Types of Supercharger . 248 8.12.2 Advantages of Supercharging . 249 8.13 Exhaust System of Diesel Power Plant . 249 8.14 Cooling System of Diesel Power Plant . 250 8.14.1 Open Cooling System . 251 8.14.2 Natural Circulation System . 251 (xiii)8.14.3 Forced Circulation Cooling System . 251 8.15 Diesel Plant Operation . 252 8.16 Efficiency of Diesel Power Plant . 253 8.17 Heat Balance Sheet . 255 Chapter 9 : Gas Turbine Power Plant . 267 9.1 Introduction . 267 9.2 Classification of Gas Turbine Power Plant . 267 9.2.1 Open Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant . 268 9.2.2 Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant . 269 9.3 Elements of Gas Turbine Power Plants . 272 9.3.1 Compressors . 272 9.3.2 Intercoolers and Heat Exchangers . 273 9.3.3 Combustion Chambers . 274 9.3.4 Gas Turbines . 276 9.4 Regeneration and Reheating . 276 9.4.1 Regeneration . 276 9.4.2 Reheating . 278 9.5 Cogeneration . 279 9.5.1 Cogeneration—Why . 279 9.5.2 Cogeneration Technologies . 280 9.6 Auxiliary Systems . 282 9.6.1 Starting Systems . 282 9.6.2 Ignition Systems . 283 9.6.3 Lubrication System . 283 9.6.4 Fuel System and Controls . 285 9.7 Control of Gas Turbines . 286 9.7.1 Prime Control . 286 9.7.2 Protective Controls 287 9.8 Gas Turbine Efficiency . 289 9.8.1 Effect of Blade Friction . 291 9.8.2 Improvement in Open Cycle . 291 9.9 Operations and Maintenance Performance . 292 9.9.1 Operation . 292 9.9.2 Maintenance Performance . 293 9.10. Troubleshooting and Remedies . 294 9.11 Combined Cycle Power Plants . 295 9.12 Applications of Gas Turbine . 296 (xiv)9.13 Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant . 296 9.14 Disadvantages . 297 Chapter 10 : Nuclear Power Plant . 307 10.1 Introduction . 307 10.2 General History and Trends . 308 10.2.1 Major Events . 308 10.2.2 What Might Change the Current Situation ? . 309 10.2.3 Technical History and Developments . 311 10.2.4 Developments After WW-2 . 311 10.3 The Atomic Structure . 312 10.4 Summary of Nuclear Energy Concepts and Terms . 314 10.4.1 Summary of Features . 314 10.4.2 Fission . 314 10.4.3 Critical Mass . 315 10.4.4 Alpha Radiation . 315 10.4.5 Beta Particles . 315 10.4.6 Gamma Particles . 315 10.4.7 Uramium Fission . 315 10.4.8 Half Life, T . 316 10.5 Ethical Problems in Nuclear Power Regulation . 316 10.6 Chemical and Nuclear Equations . 316 10.7 Nuclear Fusion and Fission . 317 10.7.1 Fusion . 318 10.7.2 Fission . 319 10.8 Energy From Fission and Fuel Burn Up . 320 10.9 Radioactivity . 320 10.10 Nuclear Reactor . 322 10.10.1 Parts of a Nuclear Reactor . 322 10.10.2 Nuclear Fuel . 322 10.10.3 Moderator . 324 10.10.4 Moderating Ratio . 324 10.10.5 Reflector . 325 10.10.6 Reactor Vessel . 325 10.10.7 Biological Shieding . 326 10.10.8 Coolant . 326 10.10.9 Coolant Cycles . 326 10.10.10 Reactor Core . 326 (xv)10.11 Conservation Ratio . 327 10.12 Neutron Flux . 327 10.13 Clasification of Reactors . 327 10.14 Cost of Nuclear Power Plant . 327 10.15 Nuclear Power Station in India . 328 10.16 Light Water Reactor (LWR) and Heavy Water Reactor (HWR) . 331 10.16.1 Importance of Heavy Water . 332 10.17 Site Selection . 333 10.18 Comparison of Nulcear Power Plant and Steam Power Plant . 334 10.19 Multiplication Factor . 334 10.20 Uranium Enrichment . 334 10.21 Reactor Power Control . 336 10.22 Nuclear Power Plant Economics . 336 10.23 Safety Measures for Nuclear Power Plants . 337 10.24 Site Selection and Commissioning Procedure . 338 10.25 Major Nuclear Power Disasters . 338 10.26 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . 339 10.26.1 Reactor Design: RBMK-1000 . 340 10.26.2 Control of the Reactor . 340 10.26.3 Chernobyl Reactor Operations . 340 10.26.4 Accident/Safety Plans . 340 10.26.5 Evacuation . 340 10.27 Safety Problems in Chernobyl Reactor Design . 340 10.27.1 System Dynamics . 340 10.27.2 Another Safety Problem with the Design . 341 10.28 Other, Earlier, Soviet Nuclear Accidents . 341 Chapter 11 : Hydro-Electric Power Plants . 343 11.1 Introduction . 343 11.2 Run-Off . 345 11.3 Hydrograph and Flow Duration Curve . 347 11.4 The Mass Curve 347 11.5 Selection of Site for a Hydro-Electric Power Plant . 348 11.6 Essential Features of a Water-Power Plant . 349 11.7 Calculations of Water Power Plants . 351 11.8 Classification of Hydro-Plant . 352 11.8.1 Storage Plants . 352 11.8.2 Run-of-River Power Plants . 354 (xvi)11.8.3 Pumped Storage Power Plants . 354 11.9 Power House and Turbine Setting . 355 11.9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Power-House . 359 11.10 Prime-Movers . 362 11.11 Specific Speed of Turbine . 367 11.12 Draft Tubes . 370 11.12.1 Methods to Avoid Cavitation . 375 11.12.2 Types of Draft Tubes . 375 11.12.3 Different Types of Draft Tubes . 377 11.13 Models and Model Testing . 378 11.14 Selection of Turbine . 381 Chapter 12 : Electrical System . 386 12.1 Introduction . 386 12.2 Generators and Motors . 386 12.2.1 Rotors . 387 12.2.2 Stators . 389 12.2.3 Ventilation . 390 12.2.4 Hight-Voltage Generators . 392 12.3 Transformers . 392 12.3.1 Constructional Parts . 393 12.3.2 Core Constructions . 393 12.3.3 Windings . 397 12.4 Cooling of Transformers . 402 12.4.1 Simple Cooling . 403 12.4.2 Mixed Cooling . 403 12.4.3 Natural Oil Cooling . 403 12.4.4 Forced Oil Cooling . 405 12.4.5 Internal Cooling . 406 12.5 Bus-Bar . 409 12.5.1 Single Bus-Bar System . 409 12.5.2 Single Bus-Bar System with Sectionalisation . 409 12.5.3 Duplicate Bus-Bar System . 410 12.6 Busbar Protection . 411 12.6.1 Differential Protection . 411 12.6.2 Fault Bus Protection . 412 (xvii)Chapter 13 : Pollution and its Control . 414 13.1 Introduction . 414 13.2 Environment Pollution due to Energy Use . 414 13.3 Environment Pollution due to Industrial Trial Emissions . 415 13.4 Environment Pollution to Road Transport . 415 13.5 Harmful Effects of Emissions . 415 13.5.1 Buildings and Materials . 416 13.5.2 Soil, Vegetation and Animal Life . 416 13.5.3 Human Beings . 416 13.6 Steps Taken so far and their Impact . 416 13.7 Noise Pollution and its Control . 417 13.8 Green House Gases and their Effects . 418 13.9 Fossil Fuel Pollution . 419 13.9.1 Urban Air Pollution . 419 13.9.2 Acid Rain . 420 13.9.3 Global Climate Change . 420 13.9.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion . 420 13.9.4 Acid Fog . 420 13.10 Pollution due to Combustion of Fuel . 421 13.10.1 Gas Fuel . 421 13.10.2 Methane . 421 13.10.3 Alkanes . 422 13.11 Pollution due to Gas Combustion . 422 13.11.1 Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHCS) . 422 13.11.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) . 422 13.11.3 Nitric Oxide (NOx) . 422 13.11.4 Soot . 424 13.12 Pollution due to Liquid Fuel . 424 13.12.1 Atomization . 424 13.12.2 Vaporization . 424 13.12.3 Modes of Combustion . 424 13.13 Pollution due to Solid Fuel . 425 13.14 Air Pollution by Thermal Power Plants . 428 13.15 Water Pollution by Thermal Power Plants . 428 13.16 Environment Concerns and Diesel Power Plants . 429 13.17 Nuclear Power Plant and the Environment . 431 (xviii)13.17.1 The Fuel Cycle . 432 13.17.2 Wastes . 433 13.18 Radiations from Nuclear-Power Plant Effluents . 434 13.19 Impact on Pollution and Air Qality in Delhi . 434 13.19.1 Environmental Concerns . 435 13.19.2 Pollution Levels . 435 13.19.3 Measurs to Combat Pollution . 436 13.20 Method for Pollution Control . 440 13.21 Control of Marine Pollution . 441 Appendix . 443 Glossary . 445 Bibliography . 455 Index . 46 Index A Acid fog 421 Acid vapours 421 Aeroelectric plant 65 Air pollution 415, 429 Alcohol 46 Alkanes 423 Alpha 327 Alpha decay 322 Anaerobic digestion 54 Anderson cycle 100 Anode 74 Anthracites 44 Artificial winds 65 Atmosphere 415, 419, 435, 441 Atmospheric pollution 415 Atom 313 Atomic energy 26 Atomic mass unit 313 Atomic minerals division 339 Atomic number 314 Atomization 425 Auxiliary systems 283 Axial flow compressor 273 B Batch type biogas plant 57 Bearings 285 Beta decay 322 Beta particles 316, 327 Bhakra Beas Management Board 13 Binary cycle power plant 93 Binary vapour cycle 17 Bio-gas engine 238 Biofuels 53 Biological processes 34 Biological sciences 34 Biomass 34, 54 Biomass power 54 Biomass pyrolysis 76 Biopower 53 Bioproducts 53 Bleeding of steam 16 Block rate tariff 128 Bluff body method 276 Boiler 18 Bolts 390 Booms 351 Brake horse power 241 Breaker 411 Breeder reactor 328 Bus-bars 410, 412 Bushings 402 C Camshaft 244 CANDU 333 Capacity factor 313 Carbon monoxide 423 Carburetion 235 Carnot cycle 15 Cased turbines 358 Cathode 74, 78 Cavitation Factor 374 Cell potential 74 Cell voltage 76 Central electricity authority 339 Central Electrochemical Research Institute 103 Central flow condenser 20 Central Power Research Institute 13 Centrifugal compressor 273 Centrifugal force 108 Centrifugal type super chargers 249 Centrifuge 337INDEX 463 Chain reactions 45 Channel systems 97 Chemical energy 4 Chemical reactions 34 Chemo electricity 73 Chernobyl 339, 340 Chlorinated diphenyl 409 Chronological load curves 133 Civilization 33 Clamped 396 Closed cycle gas turbine plant 270 CNG 43 Coal 44, 428 Coal particles 427 Cogeneration 280, 281 Coil design 408 Cold reserve 122 Combined cycle 297 Combustion 326, 237, 275, 424 Combustion chamber 269 Combustion of fuels 415 Combustion of the fuel 18 Common rail injection 242 Compressor 268 Condenser 19 Conductors 399, 402 Conical draft tube 376 Connecting rod 235 Conservators 408 Control rods 326 Converter reactor 328 Coolant 326, 327, 333 Cooling 388, 285 Cooling of transformers 403 Cooling system 406 Core-type transformers 398 Cores 395 Cost of fuels 125 Cost of nuclear power plant 328 Crankshaft 246 Critical mass 316 Cross-over coils 398 Crude oil 102 Current 387 Cylinder 235, 237 Cylindrical concentric helix windings 398 D Damodar Valley Corporation 12 Daughter nucleus 322 Dawn flow condenser 20 Decomposition 44 Deep mining 44 Demand 35 Demand factor 122 Demographic pressure 442 Depreciation 124 Deuterium 313, 314 Diesel 253 Diesel cycle 14 Diesel engine 235, 236, 238, 430 Diesel power plant 131 Direct cooling 393 Direct cycle 327 Disc coils 399 Distributors System 243 Dish/engine system 68 Diversity factor 122 Domestic wastewater pollution 436, 438 Double circuit system 327 Downstream surge tanks 362 Draft tube liners 378 Dry steam power plant 91 Dry sump lubrication system 247 Dual cycle 14 Duel fuel engine 238, 239 Dump power 122 E Economics 297 Economy 132 Effect of variable load on power plant design 135464 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING Efficiency of a diesel engine plant 254 Efficiency of cells 78 Einstein equation 315 Ejector condenser 23 Elbow type draft tube 377 Electric circuits 394 Electric energy 344 Electric vehicles 311 Electrical energy 34 Electrical generator 235 Electricity 4, 5, 311, 335 electrode current density 76 Electrolysis 76 Electromagnetic 34 Electromagnetic 336 Electron 79 Electron volt 317 Emission 79 Empirical formulas 347 Energy 1, 3, 33, 38, 321, 326, 415, 426 Energy conservation process 37 Energy consumed 129 Energy exploited 46 Energy load curve 133 Energy science 33, 34, 36 Energy sources 38 Energy strategies 49 Energy technologies 35, 36 Energy transformations 33 Engines 431 Enrichment 321 Environmental effects 415 Environmental pollution 429 Equinoxes 68 Evaporation condenser 20 Exhaust 237 Exhaust system 250 Exothermic or endothermic 318 Exploitation 28 Exploration 28, 42 F F.H.P. 241 Fact 26 Fans 389, 392 Farakka 50 Fault bus protection 413 Filter 242, 247 Fire point 409 Firm power 122 First law of thermodynamics 14 Fission 315, 318, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327, 335, 338, 435 Fixed cost 123 Fixed dome type digester 57 Fixed element 130 Flame zones 422 Flash point 409 Flash steam power plant 92 Flat demand rate 128 Fossil fuels-oil 46 Float systems 97 Floating gas holder type 58 Flux 394, 399 Forced circulation cooling system 252 Forced cooling 406 Forced ventilation 391 Fossil fuel 37, 421 Fossil-superheat hybrid systems 94 Four stroke engines 237 Francis turbine 365, 367 Fuel 18, 242 Fuel cell 103, 104 Fuel pumps 238 Fuel system 286 Full pressure system 246 Fusion 318, 319, 320 G Gamma 316 Gamma particles 316INDEX 465 Gamma radiation 316, 322 Gas engines 235 Gas power cycles 15 Gas turbine 268, 274, 275, 276, 283, 286, 290 , 293, 297 Gaseous diffusion method 335 Gasoline 46 Gasoline engine 235 Gear 285 Generator 357, 387 Generator cooling 387 Geological resources 45 Geothermal 88 Geothermal-Preheat Hydrid Systems 94 Geysers 89 Glow plug 236 Gravitational potential energy 4 Greenhouse effect 311, 419, 421 H Half life 317 Hazardous waste management 438 Heat 422 Heat balance 419, 256 Heat balance diagram 254 Heat engine 80 Heat exchanger 274, 278 Heat pumps 311 Heavy hydrogen 314 Heavy water 333 Heliostat field 69 Helium 313 High head plants 354 High lube oil temperature 290 High-level jet condenser 22 High-level wastes 434 Homegrown 86 Hopkinson demand rate 129 Hospital waste disposal 439 Hospital waste pollution 437 Hot dry 88 Hot reserve 123 Hybrid 98 Hybrid geothermal power plant-fossil system 94 Hydel power 7 Hydel-power plants 9 Hydracone or moody draft tube 377 Hydraulic accumulator 284 Hydraulic energy 24 Hydraulic power plant 126 Hydraulic turbines 23 Hydro potentials 50 Hydro-plants 353 Hydrocarbons 42, 43 Hydroelectric generation 308 Hydroelectric power 107 Hydrogen 38, 104 Hydrogen-cooled machine 393 Hydrogen cooling 393 Hydrogen cyanide 424 Hydrogen nucleus 314 Hydrogen pressures 392 Hydrogen storage 105 Hydrograph 348 Hydrological cycle 344 Hydropower 107 I I.C. engine 14, 235, 248 Ideal cell potentials 75 Ideal fuel cell potentials 75 Igneous rock 87 Ignition 283 Ignition system 284 Impulse turbine 24, 25, 364 Indian atomic energy programme 27 Indicated horse power 240 Indicated mean effective pressure 240 Individual pump injection 243 Industrial air pollution 437 Industrial non-hazardous waste management 438 Industrial production 133466 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING Industrial wastewater 436 Industrial wastewater pollution 438 Initial cost 123 Injection process 236 Injector 236, 287 Innertkirchen power house 362 Innovative heat exchanger 108 Insulating properties of oil 409 Insulation 400 Integrated duration curve 133 Intercooler 274 Internal combustion engine 78 Investor’s profit 130 Isolators 411 Isotopes 314 J Jet condensers 22 K Kaiga Atomic Power Plant 332 Kakarpar Nuclear Power Plant 332 Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Station 329 Kaplan turbine 366 Kinetic energy 4, 5, 24, 79 Korba 50 Kursh power station 342 L Labour cost 125 Laminations 395 Laws of chemical combination 313 Light water 332 Light water reactors 332 Lliquid fuel 101, 427 Load curve 122 Load demand 133 Load duration curve 122 Load factor 11, 121 Long wall method 44 Low compression gas engine 238 Low head power plants 354 Low level jet condensers 22 Low lube oil pressure 289 Low wind speed turbines 65 Low-level wastes 434 LPG 46 Lubricant 244 Lubrication system 235, 253, 284, 285 Lubrication system of diesel power plant 243 M Magnesium 389 Magnetic circuits 394 Magnetic field 336 Main bus-bar 411 Mass curve 348 Mass numbers 318 Maximum demand 129 Maximum efficiency 250, 384 Mechanical protection 400 Medium head plants 355 Meteorology 347 Methane 422 Microturbines 54 Mnemonic 74 Moderated reactor 433 Moderating ratio 325 Moderator 325, 326, 327, 333 Modular systems 54 Modulating control 290 Molecular theory 313 Mother science 34 Motor 387 Multiplication factor 335 N Naphtha 101 Narora Atomic Power Plant 331 Narora Nuclear Power Station 329 Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-electric Project 14 National Chemical Laboratory 103INDEX 467 National economy 33 National Hydroelectric Power Corporation 11 National Thermal Power Corporation 11 Natural circulation cooling system 252 Natural gas engine 238 Natural uranium 323, 332, 45 Neutron 342 NGRI 96 NHPC 96 Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute 106 Nitric oxide 423 NJPC 13 Noise 418 North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. 12 Nozzles 24, 238 NTPC 51 Nuclear 313 Nuclear energy 4, 308, 309, 310 Nuclear duel 9, 323 Nuclear power 45, 308 Nuclear Power Corporation 339 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited 28 Nuclear power plant 131, 324, 328, 333, 335, 432 Nuclear power reactors 27 Nuclear power stations 10 Nuclear reactions 318 Nuclear reactor 45, 323, 328, 337 O Ocean development 29 Ocean regime 28 Ocean thermal energy 97 Oil 40, 42 Oil engines 235 Oil for transformer 408 Oil formation 41 Oil pressure 247 Onductors 390 OPEC 40, 42 Open cycle gas turbine 269 Open-cycle gas turbine power plant 269 Operational costs 123, 125 Organic wastes 55 Otto cycle 14 Output of reaction turbine 371 Output of reaction turbine with draft tube 371 Over potentials 74 Oxidative pyrolysis 422 P Parabolic-trough systems 68 Part load efficiency 384 Peak load 133 Pelton turbine 364 Percentage method 124 Performance of the diesel engine 240 Petro-geothermal 88 Petrol 46 Petroleum products 47 PHWRs 27 Physics 33 Pilot oil 239 Piston 235 Piston cylinder type 249 Plant capacity factor 121, 123 Plant factor 121 Plant operating factor 121 Plant use factor 123 Polarization 77 Pollution 436 Pollution from thermal power plants 437 Positron 314 Post-flame zone 422 Potential 24 Potential energy 5, 344, 352 Power tower system 68 power 1, 5, 23, 337, 365, 269, 381 Power demand 50 Power engineers training society 13 Power generation 8, 52, 82, 297 Power houses 356468 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING Power industry 49 Power plant 1, 2, 131, 331, 418 Power transformers 418 Precipitation 346 Pressure gauge 246 Pressure ratio 238 Pressure-regulating valve 246 Pressurized-water reactor 433 Primary energies 48 Prime control 287, 288 Prime mover 18, 19, 23, 363 Prime power 122 Process of depletion 46 Propeller turbine 366 Propeller type 61 Protective control 288 Pumped storage plant 108 Pumping plant 355 Pyrolysis 54 R Radiant energy 4 Radiations 67, 435 Radioactive 315 Radioactive decay 315 Radioactivity 318, 321, 322, 435 Radioisotopes 322 Rain fall 346 Ramagundam 50 Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan) Nuclear Station 329 Rankine cycle 14 Rate of interest 124 Rates 127 Reaction turbine 24, 25 Reactor core 327 Reactor plant 329 Reactor vessel 329 Reciprocating oil engines 235 Reflector 326 Reformation of hydrocarbons 76 Regeneration 16, 277 Regenerator type heat exchanger 274 Regenerators 274 Reheat cycle 16, 279 Reheat-regenerative cycle 17 Renewable 3 Renewable energy 52 Renewable energy technology 311 Reserve capacity 121 Reservoir 92, 108, 349, 350, Retention 57 Reversible cell 74 Road transport 436 Road vehicles 416 Rockefeller’s standard oil trust 40 Roots blowers 249 Rotational speed 382 Rotor 388, 389 Rotor winding 388 Run-of-river plant 355 Run-off 347 Rural Electrification Corporation 12 S Safeguard 334 Safety system 338 Sandwich coils 398 Sandwich windings 399 Science 25, 33 Scientific research 26 Second law of thermodynamics 14 Sectional or continuous disc coils 399 Semi-pressure system 245 Shell type transformers 396, 399 Short wave radiation 68 Shut down type control 289 Single bus-bar system 410 Single circuit system 327 Single stage continuous type biogas plant 56 Singrauli 50 Sinking fund method 124 Slip rings 389INDEX 469 Sludging 409 Small end bearings 246 Smoke 417 Solar collector 71 Solar energy 52 Solar farm power plant 69 Solar photovoltaics 72 Solar radiation 68 Solar thermal applications 72 Solar ventilation system 71 Solid fuel 426 Solid Waste Management 438 Soot 425 Soot, dust 432 Space colling 72 Space heating 71 Spare 411 Spare bus-bar 411 Spark plug 236 Special alloy steel 394 Specific speed 368, 383 Spent fuel 434 Spinning reserve 123 Splash system 245, 246 Standardization 310 Stator 390, 392 Stator windings 393 Steam 18 Steam generator 18 Steam power plant 14, 135 Steam turbines 294 Step meter rate 128 Stirling engine 282 Storage plants 353 Straight line meter rate 128 Straight line method 124 Stresses 388 Structural material 326 Sulphur 418 Sun 38, 68 Sun energy 442 Supercharging 248, 249 Supervision 127 Surface condenser 20, 21 Swirl flow method 276 Synthetic oil 409 T Tabbed tank 405 Tanks 408 Tapping switches 394 Tarapur Nuclear Power Station 329 Tariff 127 Taxes 127 Technology 25, 35 Temperature gradient 388 Terminals 394 Thermal conductivity 392 Thermal diffusion 336 Thermal efficiency 131, 277, 278 Thermal energy 4, 33 Thermal generation 51 Thermal neutrons 324 Thermal NO 424 Thermal pollution 441 Thermal power 337 Thermal power plants 429 Thermal power stations 430 Thermal reactor 45 Thermionic converter 78 Thermionic generator 80 Thermodynamics 14, 33 Thermonuclear 319 Third law of thermodynamics 14 Three Mile Island 339 Three Mile Island accident 312 Tidal power 441 Total energy 321 Transformer 394, 403 Transformer cores 395 Transformer tanks 408 Transformers 400470 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING Transformers 363, 395, 397, 406 Turbine 23, 268, 342 Turbine bearings 435 Turbine overspeed 289 Turbine overtemperature 289 Turbo type super chargers 249 Turbo alternators 392 Two state continuous type biogas plant 56 Two stroke cycle engines 247 Two stroke engines 237 Types of tariffs 127 U Underground power house 359 Unit method 125 Unit power 379 Unit quantity 380 Unit speed 379 Uranium 9 Uranium enrichment 335 Uramium fission 316 Utility factor 121 V Valence electron 314 Valence shell 314 Values 26 Valves 251 Vane blower 249 Vaporization 425 Vaporization process 427 Vapour power cycle 15 Variable load 135 Vegetation 347 Vehicular pollution 437 Viscosity 408 Voltage-current density characteristics 77 Volumetric efficiency 250 W Waste water 338, 430 Water coolers 391 Water gas reaction 342 Water pollution 436 Water reactor 433 Water turbine 23, 24 Water vapour 421 Water cooling 393 Waveform 388 Wet sump lubrication 246 Wind turbine 59, 61 Windings 390 Windmill 59, 62 Working fluid 98 World energy production 37 World oil reserves 38 Wrapped conductor 400 Z Zeroth law of thermodynamics 14 Zirconium 337
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