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| موضوع: كتاب Power Plant Engineering الإثنين 16 يناير 2023 - 23:28 | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Power Plant Engineering by BLACK & VEATCH Lawrence F. Drbal Managing Editor Patricia 0. Boston Associate Editor Kayla L. Westra Associate Editor R. Bruce Erickson Art Editor
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CoNTENTS Foreword Preface Authors Contributors Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Lawrence F. Drbal Chapter 2 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS John M. Wynne Chapter 3 THERMODYNAMICS AND POWER PLANT CYCLE ANALYSIS Mark F. McClernon Chapter 4 FOSSIL FUELS Kenneth E. Carlson Chapter 5 COAL AND LIMESTONE HANDLING Richard H. McCartney Chapter 6 COMBUSTION PROCESSES G. Scott Stallard and Todd S. Jonas Chapter 7 STEAM GENERATORS Benjamin W Jackson Chapter 8 STEAM TURBINE GENERATORS Stanley A. Armbruster Chapter 9 STEAM CYCLE HEAT EXCHANGERS Jay F. Nagori and Samuel Tarson Chapter 10 FANS Kris A. Gamble Chapter 11 PUMPS Lawrence J. Seibolt Chapter 12 CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS 353 David J. Brill Chapter 13 CYCLE PERFORMANCE IMPACTS 385 Michael J. Eddington Chapter 14 POWER PLANT ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS CONTROL 418 Lloyd L. Lavely and Alan W Ferguson Chapter 15 WATER TREATMENT 464 Richard G. Chapman Chapter 16 LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 521 Kenneth R. Weiss Chapter 17 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 551 Lloyd Wade Sherrill Chapter 18 PLANT CONTROL SYSTEMS 599 Augustine H. Chen Chapter 19 SITE/PLANT ARRANGEMENTS 642 Roger M. Prewitt Chapter 20 GAS TURBINES 659 Jeffrey M. Smith Chapter 21 FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION 689 Kenneth E. Habiger Chapter 22 RESOURCE RECOVERY 710 Mitchell N. Bjeldanes and Gordon V. Z. Beard Chapter 23 NUCLEAR POWER 733 Lawrence F. Drbal Chapter 24 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 781 Larry E. Stoddard Chapter 25 POWER PLANT PLANNING AND DESIGN 809 Stephen M. Garrett Chapter 26 PERMITTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW REQUIREMENTS 829 Anne F. Harris, Amy L. Carlson, Douglas C. Timpe, and Lesley A. Wallingford APPENDIX CONVERSION TABLE Permitting and Environmental Review Requirements 853 Law/Regulations Citations Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 CAAA, Title IV CAAA, Title V Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1978, sec. 11 Clean Water Act (CWA), sec. 404 Clean Water Act (NPDES program), sec. 402 Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) Energy Policy Act of 1992, sec. 711 (Amended the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1932 (PUHCA)) Federal Aviation Act of 1958, sec. 1101 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (CWA) of 1972 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958 (FWCA) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) (for wastewater discharges from steam electric power generating stations): CWA, sec. 306 Powerplant & Industrial Fuel Use Act (FUA) of 1978 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) under CAA Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) Law/Regulations Pub. Law 101-549, 104 Stat. 2399 42 USC 7651 et seq.; 40 CFR 72, 40 CFR 73, 40 CFR 74, 40 CFR 75, 40 CFR 76, 40 CFR 77, 40 CFR 78 42 USC 7661 et seq. 33 USC 1251 et seq.; 40 CFR 112 42 USC 1344; 40 CFR 230, 40 CFR 231, 40 CFR 233, 33 CFR 330 40 CFR 70 42 USC 1342 et seq.; 40 CFR 122, 40 CFR 123, 40 CFR 125 16 USC 1531 et seq.; 33 CFR 322 42 USC 13201 et seq. 42 USC 1101; 14 CFR 77 33 USC 1251; 40 CFR 112 16 USC 742 et seq.; 40 CFR 1500-1508 42 USC 4371 et seq.; 42 USC 7609 16 USC 470 33 USC 1311 etseq., 33 USC 1361; 40 CFR 423.15 42 USC 8301 et seq.; 10 CFR 500 through 516 33 USC 1326; 40 CFR 52.21 16 USC 79 et seq. Section 32—40 CFR 365 Citations Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) PURPA (Federal Register [FR]) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, sec. 10 Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act of 1987 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 16 USC 791, 16 USC 2601 et seq., 42 USC 7101, 31 USC 9701; 18 CFR 292 57 FR 55176 (11/24/92) 42 USC 6901 et seq. 42 USC 403; 33 CFR 322 26 USC 4611 etseq; 42 USC 9601 et seq.; Pub. Law 99-499 16 USC 1278 et seq. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code. Standard Industrial Classification Manual. National Technical Information Service. Executive Office of the President. Office of Management and Budget. APPENDIX 26A: SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (DETAILED ANALYSIS OF PREFERRED AND ALTERNATE SITES) 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 NEED FOR THE PROJECT 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Site Description 3.1.1 Preferred Site 3.1.2 Alternative Site 3.2 Description of Proposed Facility 3.2.1 Site Layout 3.2.1.1 Site Arrangement 3.2.1.2 Water Supply Pipeline Corridor 3.2.2 Power Generation Equipment 3.2.2.1 Combustion Turbine Generator 3.2.2.2 Heat Recovery Steam Generator 3.2.2.3 Steam Turbine Generator 3.2.3 Air Quality Control 3.2.4 Heat Rejection System 3.2.5 Fuel Supply and Storage 3.2.5.1 Fuel Types and Quantities 3.2.5.2 Fuel Supply Sources 3.2.5.3 Fuel Storage Facilities854 Power Plant Engineering 3.2.6 Water Supply and Treatment 3.2.6.1 Facility Water Uses and Quantities 3.2.6.2 Water Supply Pipeline and Intake Structure 3.2.6.3 Water Treatment 3.2.7 Chemical Supply and Storage 3.2.7.1 Chemical Types and Uses 3.2.7.2 Chemical Storage and Handling 3.2.8 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 3.2.8.1 Wastewater Sources and Quantities 3.2.8.2 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 3.2.9 Solid Waste Management 3.2.9.1 Solid Waste Sources and Types 3.2.9.2 Solid Waste Disposal 3.2.10 Electric Transmission Facilities 3.2.11 Transportation Facilities 3.2.12 Cost of Facility 3.3 Analysis of Alternatives 3.4 Regulatory Requirements 4.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT OF PREFERRED SITE 4.1 Air Quality 4.1.1 Existing Climatological Conditions 4.1.2 Existing Air Quality Conditions 4.2 Geology and Soils 4.3 Water Resources 4.3.1 Existing Water Supplies and Uses 4.3.1.1 Ground Water 4.3.1.2 Surface Water 4.3.2 Existing Water Quality 4.3.2.1 Ground Water 4.3.2.2 Surface Water 4.4 Terrestrial Resources 4.4.1 Botanical Resources 4.4.1.1 Species Composition and Community Types 4.4.1.2 Wetlands 4.4.1.3 Species of Special Concern 4.4.2 Wildlife Resources 4.4.2.1 Habitat Types 4.4.2.2 Species Composition 4.4.2.3 Species of Special Concern 4.5 Aquatic Resources 4.5.1 Aquatic Habitat 4.5.2 Fish Communities 4.5.3 Invertebrate Communities 4.5.4 Species of Special Concern 4.6 Transportation 4.6.1 Existing Traffic ways 4.6.2 Existing Traffic Volumes and Patterns 4.7 Land Use 4.7.1 Existing Land Uses and Land Use Plans 4.7.2 Existing Zoning Restrictions 4.8 Recreation 4.8.1 Existing Facilities 4.8.2 Existing Usages 4.9 Socioeconomics 4.9.1 Demographics 4.9.2 Housing 4.9.3 Wages and Employment 4.9.4 Existing Public Facilities and Services 4.10 Cultural Resources 4.10.1 Archaeological Resources 4.10.2 Historic Resources 4.11 Aesthetics 4.12 Noise 4.13 Hazardous Wastes 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 5.1 Air Quality 5.1.1 Construction 5.1.2 Operation 5.2 Geology and Soils 5.2.1 Construction 5.2.2 Operation 5.3 Water Resources 5.3.1 Construction 5.3.2 Operation 5.4 Terrestrial Resources 5.4.1 Botanical Resources 5.4.1.1 Construction 5.4.1.2 Operation 5.4.2 Wildlife Resources5.4.2.1 Construction 5.4.2.2 Operation 5.5 Aquatic Resources 5.5.1 Construction 5.5.2 Operation 5.6 Transportation 5.6.1 Construction 5.6.2 Operation 5.7 Land Use 5.7.1 Construction 5.7.2 Operation 5.8 Recreation 5.8.1 Construction 5.8.2 Operation 5.9 Socieconomics 5.9.1 Construction 5.9.2 Operation 5.10 Cultural Resources 5.10.1 Construction 5.10.2 Operation 5.11 Aesthetics 5.11.1 Construction 5.11.2 Operation 5.12 Noise Permitting and Environmental Review Requirements 5.12.1 Construction 5.12.2 Operation 5.13 Hazardous Wastes 6.0 MITIGATION 6.1 Air Quality 6.2 Geology and Soils 6.3 Water Resources 6.4 Terrestrial Resources 6.5 Aquatic Resources 6.6 Transportation 6.7 Land Use 6.8 Recreation 6.9 Socioeconomics 6.10 Cultural Resources 6.11 Aesthetics 6.12 Noise 6.13 Hazardous Wastes 7.0 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS 8.0 AGENCY CONSULTATION PROCESS 9.0 LITERATURE CITEDAPPENDIX: CONVERSION TABLE To convert from CLASSIFIED LIST OF UNITS1 to Multiply by Acceleration ft/s2 Angle degree Area acre ft2 mi2 (U.S. statute)»' Bending moment or torque dyne-cm lbf-in») lbf-ft Electricity and magnetism ampere hour faraday (chemical) gauss maxwell ohm centimeter Energy (Includes Work) British thermal unit (mean) calorie (mean) electronvolt erg ft-lbf kilocalorie (mean) kW-h therm (U.S.) Energy per unit area time Btu (International Table)/(ft2-s) Force dyne kilogram-force pound-force (lbf) Heat Btu (International Table)-ft/(h-ft2- Btu (International Table)-in/(h-ft2' Btu (International Table)-in/(s-ft2- Btu (International Table)/ft2 Btu (International Table)/(h-ft2-°F) (thermal conductance) Btu (International Table)/(s-ft2-°F) Btu (International Table)/lb Btu (International Table)/(lb-° F) (heat capacity) Btu (International Table)/ft3 °F-h-ft2/Btu (International Table) (thermal resistance) ° F-h-ft2/[Btu (International table>in] (thermal resistivity) Length angstrom foot inch micron (micrometer) 5 F) 0 F) (thermal conductivity) °F) meter per second squared (m/s2) 3.048 000*E—01 radian (rad) 1.745 329 E-02 square meter (m2) 4.046 873 E+03 square meter (m2) 9.290 304*E-02 square meter (m2) 2.589 998 E+06 newton meter (N-m) 1.000 000*E-07 newton meter (N-m) 1.129 848 E-01 newton meter (N-m) 1.355 818 E+00 coulomb (C) 3.600 000*E+03 coulomb (C) 9.649 57 E+04 tesla (T) 1.000 000*E-04 weber (Wb) 1.000 000*E-08 ohm meter (Q-m) 1.000 000*E-02 joule (J) 1.055 joule (J) 4.190 joule (J) 1.602 joule (J) 1.000 joule (J) 1.355 joule (J) 4.190 joule (J) 3.600 joule (J) 1.054 watt per square meter (W/m2) 1.135 653 E+04 newton (N) 1.000 000*E-05 newton (N) 9.806 650*E+00 newton (N) 4.448 222 E+00 watt per meter kelvin [W/(m-K)] 1.730 735 E+00 watt per meter kelvin [W/(m-K)j 1.442 279 E-01 watt per meter kelvin [W/(m-K)] 5.192 204 E+02 joule per square meter (J/m2) 1.135 653 E+04 watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2-K)] 5.678 263 E+00 watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2-K)] 2.044 175 E+04 joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.326 000*E+03 joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg-K)j 4.186 800*E+03 joule per cubic meter (J/m3) 3.725 895 E+04 kelvin square meter per watt (K-m2/W) 1.761 102 E-01 kelvin meter per watt (K-m/W) 6.933 471 E+00 meter (m) 1.000 000*E-10 meter (m) 3.048 000*E-01 meter (m) 2.540 000*E-02 meter (m) 1.000 000*E-06 87 E+03 02 E+00 19 E-19 000*E-07 818 E+00 02 E+03 000*E+06 804*E+08 856Conversion Table 857 To convert from to Multiply by Length {continued) mile (international nautical) mile (U.S. nautical) mile (international) mile (U.S. statute2) yard Light footcandle Mass grain gram kgf-s2/m (mass) ounce (avoirdupois) pound (lb avoirdupois) ton (long, 2240 lb) ton (short, 2000 lb) tonne Mass per unit area lb/ft2 Mass per unit time lb/h lb/s ton (short)/h Mass per unit volume lb/ft3 lb/gal (U.S. liquid) ton (long)/yd3 ton (short/yd3) Power Btu (International Table)/h Btu (International Table)/s ft lbf/min horsepower (electric) foot of refrigeration (= 12000 Btu/h) Pressure or stress (Force per unit area) atmosphere, standard foot of water (39.2° F) inch of mercury (60° F) inch of water (60° F) kip/in2 (ksi) lbf/ft2 lbf/in2 (psi) Radiation units curie rad rem roentgen Temperature degree Celsius degree Fahrenheit degree Fahrenheit degree Rankine kelvin Time day hour minute year (365 days) Velocity ft/h ft/min ft/s knot (international) mi/h (international) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) lux (lx) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) kilogram per second (kg/s) kilogram per second (kg/s) kilogram per second (kg/s) kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) watt (W) watt (W) watt (W) watt (W) watt (W) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) becquerel (Bq) gray (Gy) sievert (Sv) coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) kelvin (K) degree Celsius (° C) kelvin (K) kelvin (K) degree Celsius (° C) second (s) second (s) second (s) second (s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) 1.852 000*E+03 1.852 000*E+03 1.609 344*E+03 1.609 347 E+03 9.144 000*E-01 1.076 391 E+01 6.479 891*E-05 1.000 000*E-03 9.806 650*E+00 2.834 952 E-02 4.535 924 E-01 1.016 047 E+03 9.071 847 E+02 1.000 000*E+03 4.882 428 E+00 1.259 979 E-04 4.535 924 E - 0 1 2.519 958 E-01 1.601 846 E+01 1.198 264 E+02 1.328 939 E+03 1.186 553 E+03 2.930 711 E-01 1.055 056 E+03 2.259 697 E-02 7.460 000*E+02 3.517 E+03 1.013 250*E+05 2.988 98 E+03 3.376 85 E+03 2.488 4 E+02 6.894 757 E+06 4.788 026 E+01 6.894 757 E+03 3.700 000*E+10 1.000 000*E-02 1.000 000*E-02 2.580 000*E-04 TK = tc + 273.15 tc = (tf - 32)/1.8 Tk = (tf + 459.67)/l TK = TR/1.8 tc = T K - 2 7 3 . 1 5 8.640 000*E+04 3.600 000*E+03 6.000 000*E+01 3.153 600*E+07 8.466 667 E-05 5.080 000*E-03 3.048 000*E-01 5.144 444 E-01 4.470 400*E-01858 Power Plant Engineering To convert from to pascal second (Pa-s) square meter per second (m2/s) square meter per second (m2/s) pascal second (Pa-s) pascal second (Pa-s) pascal second (Pa-s) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic meter per second (rn3/s) Multiply by 1.000 000*E-03 1.000 000*E-06 9.290 304*E-02 4.133 789 E - 0 4 1.488 164 E+00 6.894 757 E+03 1.233 489 E+03 1.589 873 E - 0 1 2.831 685 E-02 3.785 412 E - 03 2.957 353 E-05 4.719 474 E-04 6.309 020 E-05 Viscosity centipoise (dynamic viscosity) centistokes (kinematic viscosity) ft2/s lb/(ft-h) lb/(ft-s) lbf-s/in2 Volume acre foot barrel (oil, 42 gal) ft3 gallon (U.S. liquid) ounce (U.S. fluid) Volume per unit time ft3/min gallon (U.S. liquid) per minute WASTM Standard, E-380-93, "Standard Practice for Use of the International System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)," ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1994). 2<>1 statute mile = 5,280 feet. 3< >lbf = pound force, lb = pound mass.INDEX Above-grade reclaim systems, 141 Absolute pressure, 41, 315 Absolute zero, 40 Absorbers, for wet limestone FGD systems, 442-44 Absorption spectroscopy, 454 Accelerated depreciation, 16 Access ways, and plant arrangement, 658 Accumulator tank (AT), 769 Acid gases, 682, 730 Acid rain, 181, 842^3. See also Emissions control Acid waste, 524 Acoustical soot removal systems, 207-208 Activated carbon pressure filters, 479 Activated coke emissions control process, 452-53 Active coal storage, 143^14 Adjustable speed motor, 307, 395 Administrative costs, 16 Advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR), 759-60 Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), 737 Advanced light water reactor (ALWR), 758, 759 Advanced liquid metal reactor (ALMR), 774-78 Advanced passive pressurized water reactor, 766-70 Advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR), 760-62 Advanced Reactor Corporation, 759 Advanced Reactor Policy (DOE-NRC), 770 Aeolian Vibration, 593 Aeration, of water, 475 Aeroderivative gas turbines, 685-86 Aesthetics, and environmental review, 850-51 Affinity Laws, 316-17 Africa, oil production and consumption in, 88 Agricultural waste, as alternate fuel, 85. See also Biomass Ahlstrom Co., 698 Air. See also Air quality; Emissions control combustion and composition of, 166 combustion and excess of, 172 as perfect gas, 49 specific heats of, 70 steam generator design and excess of, 192 Air-to-cloth (A/C) ratio, 423 Air-cooled condensers, 267 Air-door bottom dump railcars, 126, 127-28 Air-drying, of fuels, 85, 105 Air extraction, of condensers, 261, 265 Air flow, control of, 612-13 Air/gas flows, calculation of for combustion, 177-78 Air gasification, 712 Air heaters air motor drive of, 203 cold end temperature control of, 620 fiuidized bed combustion and, 695, 702 leakage of, 173, 305-306 plant arrangements and, 653 preheat coils of, 203-206, 216 soot blowers and, 207 steam generators and, 201-203, 216, 437 Air inlet louvers, 375 Air permits, state government, 840-43 Air pollution. See Emissions control Air preheat, and cycle performance, 390-91 Air pulse type fabric filter, 157-58 Air quality. See also Emissions control control systems and design of power plants, 823 environmental reviews for, 850 Air separation unit (ASU), 783 Air-side control, of cooling tower airflow, 380-81 Air-side seal oil system, 247 Air staging, 430 Air-standard Brayton cycle, 660-62 Air-ventilated dry-type transformers, 560 Alabama, coal deposits in, 86 Alabama Electric Cooperative, Inc., 802 Alarm displays, 636-37 Alkali metals, 435 Alkaline precipitation, 540 Alkalinity, of water, 466, 499-500 All-aluminum conductors (AAC), 593 Allochthonous (drift) theory, of coal formation, 76-78 Allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), 16-17, 32, 36, 372-73 Alstrom (Finland), 705 Alternate fuels capability certification of, 835 fossil fuels and, 81-86 renewable energy and, 789-801 Alternating current (ac), 222 Alternative depreciation system (ADS), 15-16 Alum, 474 Aluminum, as fan blade material, 288-89 Aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced (ACAR), 593 Aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), 592-93 Aluminum lagging, 216 Ambient monitoring, 841 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), 155 American Boiler Manufacturers' Association (ABMA), 176 American Concrete Institute (ACI), 375 American Electric Power, 705, 707 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 284, 590, 593 American Petroleum Institute (API), gravity of oils, 86,108 American Railway Engineering Association (AREA), 156 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 48, 284, 618, 679 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 102, 108, 113, 123, 153, 683, 720, 829 American Water Works Association (AWWA), 517, 518 Ammonia, and emissions control, 432, 433, 434 Ammonia injection grid (AIG), 434 8 5 9860 Index Ammonia injection systems, for fluidized bed combustion, 702 Ammonia wet scrubber, 447-48 Ammonium bisulfate, 432 Ammonium salts, 431-32 Anaerobic digestion, of biomass, 712, 797 Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, 622 Angular displacement, of transformers, 561-62 Anhydrous ammonia, 432-33, 434 Anion resins, 480-89 Annapolis Royal tidal energy plant (Canada), 798 Annual input data report, pro forma, 30-31 Annual price nomination, 122 Annuities. See Uniform series Anthracite coal, 79, 80 Apparent power, 552 Aquatic resources environmental reviews, 850 seawater scrubbing and, 447 Aqueous ammonia, 434 Aquifers, ground water, 464 ARCO Solar, 792 Area surface mining, 93 Argonne National Laboratory, 77, 78, 776 Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), 621 Army Corps of Engineers, 86, 469, 831, 835, 844 Arrhenius equation, for chemical reaction rates, 78 Arsenic, 435 Artificial intelligence, 634 ASEA (Sweden), 705 As-fired costs, prediction of, 181-84 As-fired sampling system, 152 Ash, coal. See also Emissions control; Fly ash fluidized bed combustion and, 694, 700 fusion temperatures for, 107 mineral analysis of, 106-107, 114-15 properties of, 105 Ash hoppers, for steam generators, 215, 216, 653-54 Ash ponds, 524, 527, 537 Ash sluice pumps, 653-54 Ash transport water, 526 Asia-Pacific region, production and consumption of oil in, 88 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 275 Aspect ratio, of ESP, 420 Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC), 691-704 Atmospheric pressure, 41, 315 Atomic bombs, 733 Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), 737, 759, 762 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 734 Atoms for Peace program, 734 Australia coal deposits in, 75, 76, 77 international market for coal and, 91 oil and gas deposits in, 78 Autochthonous (swamp) theory, of coal formation, 76, 77-78 Automated sampling and analysis systems, 113-14 Automatic depressurization system (ADS), 753, 769 Automatic on-off, for pump recirculating control systems, 324 Automatic shutoff valves, for feedwater heaters, 284-85 Auxiliary systems control loops and, 618-20 cooling water and, 472, 502 electrical systems and, 570-76 gas turbines and, 670-72 nuclear reactors and, 746-47, 752 plant arrangements and, 654 steam turbine generators and, 243-48 Availability analysis, 45, 46, 821 Average cold end temperature (ACET), 203-204 Axial fans, 286-89, 299-301 Axial flow pump, 310, 313 Babbitt metal, 235 Babcock & Wilcox Company, 439, 691, 697, 734, 743, 746 Backward curved blades, 286 Backwashing of condensers, 265-66 of water, 478, 479 Bacteria, in coal pile wastewater runoff, 528 Bagasse, 85 Baghouse filters, 731 Ball-and-race pulverizers, 210, 213, 612 Ball-and-tube pulverizers, 612-13 Ballast resistors, 570, 571 Bar charts, 635, 825 Barges, coal transportation by, 100, 125, 131-33, 645-46 Barns, for coal storage, 144 Barometric pressure, 70, 315, 676 Base option, 21 Basic insulation level (BIL), 558-59 Batteries recycling of, 730-31 sizing of for electrical systems, 578-79 storage of energy, 801-802 Bearings for motors and generators, 566-67 for steam turbines, 234-35 Beer-Lambert law, 454 Belgium, nuclear power in, 740 Below-grade conveyors, 152 Below-grade reclaim systems, 141 Belt conveyors, 150-52 Belt Conveyors for Bulk Material (СЕМА, 1988), 150 Belt feeder, 142-43 Belt scales, 152-53, 154-55 Beneficiation, of coal, 114-16 Bentonite, 78 Best available technology economically achievable (BAT), 522-23, 679- 80, 842, 844 Best management practices plan, 845 Biased firing, of burners, 194 Bid analyses, 7, 24 Binary cycle systems, 800-801 Biochemical conversion processes, for biomass, 797 Biological control, of cooling water, 499 Biomass fuels advantages of, 85 development of new technologies for, 796-97 Bisector design, of air heaters, 202-203 Bituminous coal, 79, 80 Black Hills Power and Light Company, 449 Black & Veatch, 4, 24, 445, 715 Black Warrior Basin (Alabama), 86 Blade pitch, 299-301 Blade rings, 233 Blast cleaning, of water storage tanks, 519 Blowdown control, of cooling water systems, 500, 526 Blowers, for fluidized bed combustion, 695, 702 Boiler blowdown tank, 654 Boiler circulating pumps, 200, 216 Boiler control systems, 608-609 Boiler efficiency, methods of calculating, 173-77 Boiler feed pumps cavitation protection, 285 cycle performance and, 393-97Index 861 design of power plants and, 822 materials for construction of, 318 plant arrangements and, 654-55 recirculation control, 619-20 selection of, 341-47 turbines and, 395-97 Boiler follow, 609 Boiler pressure, and Rankine cycle, 57 Boiler soot blowing control, 606 Boiler trip, 607-608 Boiling water nuclear reactors (BWR), 507, 735-36, 748-54 Booster pump, 246 Bottom ash, 524, 653-54, 730 Bottom dump railcars, 126-28, 130 Boucherot, Paul, 797-98 Bowl-and-roller pulverizer, 209-10, 612 Box trusses, 152 Brayton cycle, 65-70, 660-62 Breakeven analysis, 22 Breeder reactors, 735, 738, 774-78 Brine concentrators, 542, 543 British Coal, 708 British Gas Lurgi (BGL) process, 784 British Sea Clam, 798 British Thermal Units (Btu), 41 Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) combustion, 689-91, 706, 725-26 Bucket wheel stacker-reclaimer, 136-37, 141 Buffer zones, 645 Building permits, 848 Building support column rows, 656-57 Burner control systems, 605-606 Burners, for steam generators, 210-12, 216 Busbar costs, 14 Bus duct, 567-68 Bushings, transformer, 560 Bypass regulation, of pumps, 323 Bypass switch, 588 Bypass valves, 229 Cables, for underground transmission lines, 597-98 Calandria reactor, 736-37 Calcium carbonate, conversion factors, 470 Canada nuclear reactors in, 736, 737, 759, 762, 764 tar sands in, 86 tidal energy sites in, 798 Candidate sites, selection of for power plants, 814 CANDU reactors (Canada deuterium uranium), 737, 762, 764 Capacity control, of pumps, 322-23 Capesize class, 100, 101 Capital, weighted cost of, 10, 15, 33 Capital equivalent cost method, 20-21, 24 Capital recovery period method, 22 Capping, of coal piles, 161 Carbon dioxide neutralization system, for wastewater, 537 Carboniferous period, 76 Carbon monoxide, 172, 681-82 Carnot cycle, 53-54, ,56, 60, 61, 353, 354, 385 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), 624-25 Cartridge filtration, 479, 534 Cascade control, 602-603 Cash flow report, pro forma, 26-29, 817-18 Casing, of cooling tower, 375 Catalyst management plan (CMP), 435 Catalytic oxidation, 681-82 Cathode ray tubes (CRT), 595 Cation resins, 480-89 Caustic soda softening, 476 Caustic waste, 524 Cavitation, of pumps, 317-18 Celsius measurement system, 40 Central Electricity Generating Board (United Kingdom), 705 Central processing unit (CPU), 621 Central receiver, solar thermal, 793-94 Centrifugal fans, 286, 287, 292, 298-99, 303 Centrifugal pumps, 323 Centrifuge-type oil conditioner, 247 Ceramic linings, for coal pipes, 210 Certificate of Occupancy, 848 Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity laws, 6, 840 Chadwick, Sir James, 733 Chemical balance, of power plant, 522 Chemical cleaning wastewater, 529 Chemical dust suppressants, 160 Chemical Engineer's Handbook (Perry and Chilton, 1973), 179 Chemical stabilization, of coal storage piles, 160 Chemical wetting agents, 160 Chemiluminescence, 455-56 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, accident at, 738, 779 Chicago pile, 733 Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, 728 Chlorine, in coals, 106 Circuit breakers, 588 Circulating dry scrubber (CDS), 449-50 Circulating fluidized bed (BFB) combustors, 689-91, 697-98, 706 Circulating water piping, 357 Circulating water pumps, 326-35 Circulating water systems basic principles of, 353 components and arrangements of, 355-61 cooling ponds and, 355 cooling towers and, 361-84 once-through cooling and, 353-55 recirculating cooling systems, 355 water treatment and, 498-500 Clamshell bucket unloader, 130, 132 Clarification, and water treatment, 474-75 Class I analyses, PSD program, 842 Claude, George, 797-98 Clean Air Act (1955, amended 1990), 121, 181, 418, 453, 459, 521, 704, 835, 842, 843 Clean Coal Technology Program (DOE), 698, 786 Clean Water Act (CWA), 642, 831, 843. See also Federal Water Pollution Control Act Clinch River Breeder Reactor (CRBR), 774, 775 Closed cooling water heat exchangers, 656 Closed cycle cooling water system, 618 Closed feedwater heaters, 60-61, 271-78, 284, 388, 389 Closed loop cooling system (CLCS), 752 Closure, of landfills, 549-50 Coagulation, of water, 474-75 Coal. See also Coal piles; Fossil fuels; Pulverizer systems beneficiation of, 114-16 classification of, 103 coalification, 75, 78 combustion of, 168-69, 180-81 ESP size variance for types of, 422-23 geological formation of, 74-78 handling systems for, 124-64 international markets for, 91-92 international production of, 91 long-term supply agreements for, 121-22 markets for in U.S., 918 6 2 Index mining technologies for, 92-96 as percentage of U.S. energy needs, 73 power plants fueled by compared to gas-turbine plants, 665 production and consumption patterns of, 87, 88 production of in U.S., 89, 90 properties of, 102, 104-108 reserves of in U.S., 79-80 sampling and reporting of laboratory results on, 111-14 transportation systems for, 98-101 Coalbed methane, 86 Coal burners, for steam generators, 210-12 Coalescer-type heat exchanger, 247 Coalescing-type oil separators, 536 Coal feeders, for steam generators, 208-209, 216, 649, 653 Coal Fired Flow Facility, 787-88 Coal jig, 115, 116 Coal piles. See also Storage management and arrangement of, 144-45 site arrangement and, 645-46 wastewater runoff from, 527-28 Coal piping, for steam generators, 210-12, 216 Coal Quality Impact Model (CQIM), 182-84 Coal slurry pipelines, 101 Coastal Zone Management Act, 852 Coast Guard marine transportation-related facility response plan, 839-40 Coating, of water storage tanks, 518 Cofiring, of solid waste with other fuels, 711-12, 727, 729, 730 Cogeneration, and gas turbines, 664-65 Coke, manufacture of from coal, 78. See also Petroleum coke Cold fusion, 806 Cold tests, of pumps, 347 Colorado, coalbed methane deposits in, 86 Colorado-Ute Electric Association, 698 Column row spacing, for building support, 656 Combined cycle, 70, 663-664, 782-786 Combined cycle gas turbines, 664, 672 Combustion calculations for, 170-78 complexities of, 178-84 constants for hydrocarbon-based fuels, 167 definition of, 165 fundamentals of, 165-70 gas turbines and, 668-69 nitrogen oxide emissions from, 428-31 product quantities for, 190 Combustion Engineering, Inc., 691, 694, 696, 697, 698, 743, 746, 759, 760-61 Combustion Fossil Power Systems (Singer, 1991), 187 Combustion gas turbine (CGT), 65 Combustion reactions, chemical principles of, 165-66 Combustion turbines (CTs), 65, 70 Combustion wastes, disposal of, 524-25, 646 Common systems operation, 638-39 Commonwealth of Indepedent States (CIS), 83 Communication, relaying methods, 586-87 Competition, public utilities and economic, 6-7 Component Development and Integration Facility, 787 Compounding, of interest, 9, 32, 33, 34 Compressed air energy storage (CAES), 802-803 Compressors, for gas turbines, 668, 671-72 Computer models, for prediction of as-fired costs, 181-84 Computers, and plant control functions, 604, 620-40 Conceptual design engineering, 819-23 Concrete, and cooling tower construction, 375 Condensate polishing, 508-11 Condensate pumps, 335-41, 655 Condensate subcooling, 391 Condensate system controls, 618-19 Condensers circulating water systems and, 356 hotwell level control loop for, 618-19 Rankine cycle and, 56-57 steam cycle heat exchangers and, 250-67 Condensing heat exchangers, 454 Conditional use permit, 847 Conductors, spacing of in transmission lines, 593 Constant efficiency method, and turbine expansion line, 65 Constant percentage cost increases, 13-14 Constant pressure operation, of steam generators, 194 Construction, of power plants, 649, 823, 824-25 Consumers, and fuel prices, 118 Consumption, of capital by depreciation, 15 Containment systems, for nuclear reactors, 747, 752-53 Containment water cooling tank (CWCT), 769-70 Containments, Use of ponds and, 531 Continuous bucket ladder unloader, 130-31, 132 Continuous control, for pump recirculating control systems, 324 Continuous emissions monitoring (СЕМ) technologies, 454-62 Continuous mining, 95, 96 Contour mining, 93 Controlled air furnace, 711, 718-19, 721 Control mass, in thermodynamic analysis, 44 Control point, 192 Control rods, nuclear, 750 Control room, 638-40 Control systems, for power plants basic functions of, 599-604 computer hardware and software for, 620-34 computers and operator interface, 634-40 for fluidized bed combustion, 697-98, 703 future of, 640 for gas turbines, 672-74 modulating control applications and, 608-20 on-off control applications and, 604-608 planning of power plants and systems for, 656, 827-28 Control valves, 229-30 Control volume, in thermodynamic analysis, 44-45, 46 Convection pass performance, fuel effects on, 190 Conveyor belt scale, 154-55 Conveyor systems, transportation of coal by, 100, 125, 133-34, 150-52 Cooling air systems, for gas turbines, 670-71 Cooling ponds, 355 Cooling systems, for transformers, 559 Cooling Tower Institute (CTI), 369, 374 Cooling towers blowdown of, 526 circulating water systems and, 356, 361 crossflow, 365-66 counterflow, 366-67 dry and wet-dry types of, 381-84 fan-assisted natural draft, 365 intake structure of, 359 materials for, 375-78 mechanical draft, 361-63, 645 natural draft, 363-64 performance criteria and design features of, 378-81 sizing of, 367-73 spacing and orientation of, 373-74, 645 water treatment and, 471-73 Cooling water intake structures, 844-45 Cool Water IGCC Plant (California), 785 Coordinated control, 609-11 Copper, in cooling water systems, 500, 506 Core makeup tank (CMT), 769Index 863 Corner fired boiler, cross section of, 187 Corona, of electrical conductor, 596 Corrosion, protection of condensers from, 261 Cost of coal mining, 92 computer models for prediction of as-fired, 181-84 cooling tower design and, 371-72, 383 design of power plants and, 812-13, 820-21, 826-27 of fuel transportation, 98 of fossil fuels, 71-73, 119-20 minimization of, 5 of ocean transportation, 101 pump selection and, 334 Cost accounting, methods of analysis, 14-18, 33-38 Cost-benefit analysis, 820-21 Counterflow cooling towers, 366-67, 380 Counterflow hyperbolic natural draft towers, 363-64 Coupled-in-motion scales, 156 Critical Path Method (CPM), 825-26 Critical pressure, for steam generators, 216 Cross-compound turbine, 224 Cross-country transmission lines, 592-98 Crossflow natural draft cooling tower, 363, 364, 365-66, 380 Crude oil, 118-119,683 Crashing, of coal, 146-50, 164 Crusting agents, for coal storage piles, 160 Crystallizer processes, for wastewater, 542-43 Cultural resources, and environmental review, 829, 850 Cumulative present worth method, 22, 23, 24, 32 Curtis stage, 218, 219 Curtiss-Wright, 704 Cutter stock, 110 Cycle chemistry, and water control, 502-16 Cycle conditioning, of feedwater, 505-507 Cycle heat balance, calculations for feedwater cycle, 279-83 Cycle heat rejection, 822-23 Cycle makeup water, 501, 517 Cycle performance impacts air preheat and, 390-91 boiler feed pumps and, 393-97 condensate subcooling and, 391 cycle makeup and, 390 design steam conditions and, 388 extraction line pressure drop, 390 feedwater heaters and, 388-89, 392-93 heat balance and, 397 reheater system pressure drop and, 389, 390 steam power cycle efficiency and, 385-88 superheat and reheat spray flows, 391-92 turbine exhaust pressure and, 390 turbine thermal kit and, 397-407 wet-bulb temperature, 392 Cycle time, in unit train operation, 99-100 Cyclone collectors, 427 Cyclone furnace unit, 711, 726-27, 729 Cyclone reburn system, 430 Cyclone separators, 538 Cyclothems, 77-78 Dairyland Power Cooperative, 705 Dakota Gasification Company, 447, 785 Dalton's Law, 50, 269 Dampers, for steam generators, 215 Data Communication Equipment (DCE), 625 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), 625 Day bin fill system, 149-50 Deaerators open heater construction and, 269-71 plant arrangement and, 283-84, 655 pressure control of, 673 storage tanks for, 618-19 Dechlorination, of wastewater, 538-40 Deep well injection, 532 Delayed coke, 83 DELSOL, computer program, 793 Delta-delta windings, 561, 562 Demand-side management, 811 Demineralization, of water, 480-98 Demineralizer operation, control of, 606-607 Demonstration-scale plants, 781 Density, and specific volume, 40 Department of Energy (DOE), 691, 734, 741-42, 759, 765, 767, 770, 774, 781, 804, 806, 835 Department of State, 835 Department of Transportation, 524 Depositional basin, 74 Depreciation, 15-16, 32, 36-37 Desalination, of water, 494-98 Design, of power plants. See also Plant arrangements: Site arrangements conceptual engineering and, 819-23 detailed engineering and, 823-24 fuel supply and, 809-11 Design coal, for steam generators, 189, 191 Desulfurization solid waste, 524 Detailed design engineering, 823-24 Detroit Edison, 774 Deutsche Babcock, 705 Dewatering, and flue gas desulfurization, 444 Diesel cycle, 65 Differential capital equivalent method, 21 Differential relays, 581, 582-83 Diffuser centrifugal pumps, 310, 313 Dilution extractive СЕМ systems, 457-58, 459 Dioxin, 728 Direct air-cooled condensers, 267 Direct combustion technologies, for biomass, 796-97 Direct current (dc), 564, 576-79 Direct gasifiers, 712 Direct normal insolation (DNI), 789 Discharge dampers, 298-99 Discharge throttling, of pumps, 322-23 Discount rate, 10, 32 Dissolved gases, in water, 466 Distance relay, 583 Distillate oils, 168 Distributed control and information system (DCIS), 672, 673 Distributed control system (DCS), 629-31 Divided convection pass, 193 Division valve system, for variable pressure operation, 195 Double bus, 588 Double-flow turbines, 224 Double reheat cycle turbine, 222, 223, 224 Double-suction pumps, 320 Double-width double-inlet (DWDI) fans, 286 Dow Syngas Project (Louisiana), 785 Draft environmental impact statement, 849 Draft systems, and emissions control, 437 Drain Cooler Approach (DCA), 61, 388-89 Drain system, turbine, 244-45 Dravo Lime Company, 445 Drift eliminators, for cooling towers, 377 Drift mine, 93, 94 Drift theory, of coal formation, 76-788 6 4 Index Drive shafts, of fans, 377-78 Drums, for steam generators, 199, 216 Drum reclaimer, 141-42 Drum-type steam generator, 216, 503-504, 512 Dry-bulb temperature, and cooling towers, 370 Dry cooling towers, 381-82 Dry disposal systems, for solid wastes, 546-48 Dry dust collection system, 156-58 Dry extractive СЕМ systems, 456-59 Dry flue gas scrubbers, 731 Dry well containment systems, 752-53 Dual-flow screens, 359-60 Duct vibrations, fan-induced, 301-302 Ductwork, for steam generators, 215, 216 Dulong formula, 105 Dummy rings, 233 Dust control systems for coal, 144-45, 156-60, 164 for landfills, 548 Eastern Europe, natural gas reserves in, 80, 89 Econometric load forecasting models, 811 Economics. See also Cost analysis methods for, 19-24, 33-38 auxiliary electrical systems and, 572 of coal beneficiation, 116 evaluation of in power plant design and planning, 5-7, 817 of fossil fuels, 116-20 fuel cost savings from improving net plant heat rate, 71-73 least-cost options, 32 of longwall mining, 95 present value studies, 7-14 renewable energy sources and, 789 supply-side alternatives for fuel, 812 of synfuel production, 86 utility cost accounting methods, 14-18 of wood waste as fuel, 85 Economizers, for steam generators, 201, 216 Edison, Thomas, 73 Effective projected radiant surface (EPRS), 199 Efficiency, 66ff, 173-174, 219, 238 Einstein, Albert, 733 Electricity coal consumption in U.S. for generation of, 91 fuel-related impacts on cost of, 181-84 generation of by turbines, 220, 222 sociological significance of, 1 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 182, 246, 344, 440, 511, 691, 758, 765, 781 Electric systems auxiliary systems for, 570-76 basic principles of, 551-55 direct current systems, 576-79 grounding of, 568-70 motors and generators, 562-68 primary power supply system and, 587-92 protective relaying of, 579-87. transformers and, 555-62 transmission lines and, 592-98 Electric utilities. See Public utilities Electroanalytical techniques, for emissions monitoring, 456 Electrodialysis, for water treatment, 492-94 Electro-hydraulic control unit, 654 Electromagnetics, of transmission lines, 595-96 Electronically erasable PROM (EEPROM), 622 Electronics Industry Association (EIA), 625 Electrostatic precipitators (ESP), 419-23, 426, 437, 454, 731 Elevated conveyors, 152 Elevated reversing shuttle conveyor, 137-38 Elevation, and gas turbine performance, 676 Emergency backup oil pump (EBOP), 246 Emergency core cooling system (ECCS), 752, 764 Emergency feedwater storage tank (EFSRT), 761-62 Emergency governors, for turbines, 284 Emissions control. See also Nitrogen oxide; Sulfur dioxide combination nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide removal processes, 451-53 design of power plants and, 823 fluidized bed combustion and, 708 future regulations and design of systems for, 418 gas turbines and, 679-82 hazardous materials and, 453-54 monitoring systems for, 454-62 paniculate control, 418-27 systems for reduction of nitrogen oxides, 427-38 systems for reduction of sulfur dioxide, 438-51 Enclosure systems, for conveyor supports, 152, 153 Endangered Species Act, 853, 851 End-use forecasting models, 811 Enelco precipitator, 422 Energy Information Administration (EIA), 117 Energy Policy Act of 1992, 6, 7, 32, 839 Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA), 734 Energy storage, 801-803 English Engineering system of units, 39 En masse chain conveyor, 149 Enthalpy, as property of thermodynamics, 41—42, 49 Entrained flow gasifiers, 785 Entropy, and second law of thermodynamics, 43-44 Environmental analysis, state government, 849-51 Environmental assessment (EA), 848, 853-55 Environmental impact statement (EIS), 848-49 Environmentally sensitive areas, 829 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 110, 419, 522, 560, 595, 642, 679, 682, 729, 731, 835-38, 840, 843, 846 Environmental review. See also Regulation federal permits and, 831-40 local permits and approvals, 847-48 preliminary considerations in, 829-31 requirements for, 848-52 state permits and approvals, 840-46 suggested outline for, 853-55 Environment Canada, 731 Equipment procurement, 824-25 Equivalent uniform annual cost, See levelization Erasable PROM (EPROM), 622 Erosiveness, of coal or ash, 107 Escalation rates, 9-10, 32, 33-34, 35, 38 Ethanol, 797 Ethernet, 624 Ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), 528 Ethylene glycol system, for air preheat coils, 204, 206 Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), 597 Europe, production and consumption of natural gas in, 89 Evaluation, economic for power plant design and planning, 5-7 Evaporation/distillation processes, for wastewater, 542 Evaporation ponds, 532 Evaporative cooling cycle, 685 Event log, 637 Evergreen contract, 122 Excess air in combustion, 172 fan sizing requirements and, 304 nitrogen oxide emissions and reduced, 431 steam generator design and, 192Excitation systems, 564-65 Exciter response ratio, 1AX-M Exempt wholesale generators (EWGs), 6-7, 839 Exhaust gas turbines and, 669, 676-77, 679-82 steam power cycle efficiency and pressure of, 386-87, 390 steam turbine generator and loss of, 238-39, 404 steam turbines and conditions of, 224 Exhauster fans, 210 Expansion line end point (ELEP), 239, 251, 401 Expansion lines, of steam turbines, 238, 399-403 Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR I), 774 Exploration programs, for fossil fuels, 79, 87 External drain cooler, 279 Externally fired combined cycle (EFCC), 786 Extraction flows, in steam cycle, 241 Extraction line pressure drop, 390 Extraction stage shell pressure, 398 Extraction types, of turbines, 224 Extractive СЕМ systems, 456-59 Fabric filters, for emissions control systems, 157-58, 427, 454 Faceplates, of CRT displays, 637 Fahrenheit measurement system, 40 Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), 821 Fan-assisted natural draft cooling towers, 365 Fans boiler requirements for, 177-78 cooling towers and, 377-78 cylinders, 376 design considerations for, 301-303 drives of, 307-309 fluidized bed combustion and, 695, 702 operating characteristics of, 298-301 performance of, 291-97 plant arrangements and, 653 selection of, 303 sizing of, 304-306 system geometry change and, 291 system resistance and, 289-90 types of, 286-89 Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTE), 774 Fault tree analysis (FTA), 822 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 838 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 121, 835, 838-39 Federal Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA), 375 Federal Register, 839 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA, 1972), 521, 522-23, 837 Feedback control loop, 602 Feedforward control, 602-603 Feedwater, quality of for steam generators, 195-96 Feedwater heaters cycle performance impacts of, 388-89, 392-93 flow control for, 616-17 level control for, 618 plant arrangements and, 655 for steam cycle heat exchangers, 268-85 steam power cycle efficiency and, 387-88 Fermentation, and fuel production, 712 Fermi, Enrico, 733 Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans, 528 FGD Chemistry and Analytical Methods Handbook (Electric Power Research Institute), 440 Fiberoptic communications, 587 Field windings, 220 Fill, for cooling tower construction, 376-77 Index 865 Film fill design, for cooling towers, 366-67, 376 Filtration emissions control systems and, 157-58, 427, 454 gas turbines and, 667-68 high-efficiency paniculate (HEPA) filters and, 753 of water and wastewater, 477-80, 534-36 Finance. See Cost; Cost accounting; Economics Financial pro forma models, 817 Finding of insignificant impact (FONSI), 848 Fineness, of pulverizer product, 191-92 Fines, 108 Fire protection for cooling towers, 372, 381 for gas turbines, 671 local approvals of, 848 storage of water for, 516-17 Firing rate control, 195, 611-12 First-of-a-Kind Engineering (FOAKE) program, 759, 767 First law of thermodynamics, 42, 43, 45 First-stage impellers, 337-38 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 851 Fish and Wildlife Service, 844 Fissioning, discovery of, 733 Fixed bed gasifiers, 712 Fixed boom conveyor, 135 Fixed carbon, in coal, 105 Fixed charge rate, 15-18, 32 Fixed costs, 15-18, 32, 35-36 Fixed roof tanks, 518 Fixed tripper conveyor, 147-48 Flame photometry, 456 Flame scanners, for steam generators, 216 Flash point, 110 Flash systems, geothermal, 800 Flexible membrane liners (FML), 549 Float/sink washability tests, 115 Floor heights, of buildings, 657-58 Florida Power Corporation, 161 Flow designation, turbine, 224 Flow margins, and fan sizing, 304-305 Floyd Myers Marsh Power Plant (California), 720, 723-24 Flue gas combustion calculations for, 173 emissions for pulverized coal boilers, 195 resource recovery and, 728-31 velocity of, 420 Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies, 439-48, 526-27, 543 Fluid bed combustion scrubbing, 439 Fluid coke, 83, 98 Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) atmospheric, 691-704 pressurized, 704-708 principles of operation, 689-91 resource recovery and, 711, 725-26, 727, 728 Fluidized bed gasifiers, 712, 784-85 Fly ash ammonia content of, 432 disposal of, 524 electrostatic precipitators and, 423 resource recovery and, 730 Foam dust suppressants, 159 Fog dust suppressants, 159 Force majuere, 121 Forced-cooled transformer, 559 Forced draft cooling towers, 361-63 Forced draft (FD) fans, 215, 216, 302, 303, 304-305, 306 Forced oxidation wet limestone FGD, 441-44866 Index Forest harvest residue, 85 Fort St. Vrain Nuclear Plant (Colorado), 755, 770 Fossil fuels. See also Coal; Fuels alternate types of, 81-86 commercial considerations, 120-22 cost of, 71-73 definition of, 71 development of new technologies, 782-89 economics of, 116-20 formation of, 74-79 pipelines, 101-102 production and consumption of, 86-98 properties of, 102-11 quality and procurement of, 120 reserves of, 79-81,82, 83, 84 transportation systems for, 98-102 use of by fuel type, 73-74 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, 691, 692, 697, 698, 700, 768 Fouling, and coal combustion, 180-81 Four flow low-pressure turbine cycle, 223 480-V auxiliary electrical systems, 575-76 Four-unit plant supply systems, 147 France nuclear power in, 740, 774 tidal energy plant in, 798 Francis and Lloyd formula, 105 Free Swelling Index, 104 Friction head, 315 Friedman, Heller, and Boyd, 703 Frish, Otto, 733 Frozen coal, unloading systems for, 129-30 Fuel cells, new technologies for, 788-89 Fuel feed systems, for fluidized bed combustion, 692-93, 699 Fuel nitrogen oxide, 181 Fuel rods, nuclear, 750, 756-57 Fuels. See also Fossil fuels cofiring of solid waste with, 711-12 design of power plants and evaluation of, 809-11 fluidized bed combustion and, 693, 699-700, 707 gas turbines and, 671, 677, 682-84 steam generators and characteristics of, 189-90 Fuel staging, for emissions control, 430 Fuel Use Act (1988), 119 Full startup systems, for steam generators, 198 Furnace controlled air, 711,718-19, 721 cyclone unit, 711, 726-27, 729 draft control of, 614-15 refractory, 711,715-16, 717 rotary kiln, 711,716-17, 718 for steam generators, 199, 216 tangentially fired, 211-12 temperature of exit gas, 180, 199 typical mass balance of, 168 wall-fired, 211 water-cooled rotary combustor, 711, 717-18, 719, 720 waterwall, 710-11, 713-15, 716 Furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT), 180 Furnace sorbent injection (FSI), 438-39, 440 Fusion energy systems, 803-806 Fusion temperatures, for coal ash, 107 Future value, 8-10, 32 Gantt charts, 825 Gas-cooled reactors (GCRs), 735, 737, 754 Gases. See also Gasification; Liquefied natural gas; Natural gas byproducts of refinery operations as alternate fuel source, 85 monitoring of as emissions, 454-59 thermodynamic properties of, 48-50 velocity of and boiler efficiency, 178 Gas-filled transformers, 560 Gasification biomass and, 797 development of new technologies for, 783-85 gas turbines and coal, 677 resource recovery and, 712 Gasification combined cycle (GCC), 782-85 Gas power cycle, 54 Gas recirculation (GR) fans, 303 Gassy seams, 86 Gas turbine-modular helium reactor (GT-MHR), 770-74 Gas turbines. See also Turbines applications for, 659-60, 663-65 components and systems of, 666-74 cycle variations, 684-88 exhaust emissions of, 679-82 fuels for, 682-84 generator performance and, 674-79 manufacturers of, 666 thermodynamics of, 660-63 types of, 666 use of term, 65 Gas Turbine World Handbook , 666, 675 Gauge pressure, 315 General Electric Company, 397, 405, 447, 452, 734, 748, 752, 758, 764 General permits, 831, 845 Generation Building, 647, 648 Generators. See also Steam turbine generators compressed gas equipment for, 247-48 cooling and purge, 247-48 differential relay, 582 electrical systems and, 562-68 frame for, 235-36 gas turbines and, 669, 674-79 motoring of, 608 plant arrangements and, 655 relays and protection of, 582-84 system grounding and, 569-70 transformers for, 556-58 trips of, 608 turbine efficiency losses, 240, 404 winding coils for, 552 Geology environmental reviews and, 850 formation of fossil fuels, 74-79 Geopressurized conversion technology, 801 Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL), 549 Geothermal energy, 800-801 Germany, coal mining in, 91 Geysers, the (California), 800, 801 Gibbs Equation, 43^14 Gilbert/Commonwealth, 708 Gland condenser, 654 Gland leakage, turbine, 398 Glen Cove Plant (New York), 716 Glycol system, and air preheat coils, 206 Governing control, 242 Government. See Environmental review; Regulation Governor system, for turbines, 248 Governor valves, 229-30 Gradual in situ theory, of coal formation, 77 Granular media filtration, 477-79 Graphic displays, 635Graphite-moderated, light water-cooled reactors, 738-39 Gravimetric feeders, 208-209 Gravity-driven cooling pool (GDCS), 766 Gravity filters, for water and wastewater, 477-79, 535, 536 Gravity thickener, 539 Great Lakes, coal shipping on, 100 Great Lakes FBC Demonstration Plant, 696 Greenhouse gases, 781. See also Acid rain Gross calorific value, 104-105 Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (GNPIPD), 116, 117 Gross plant heat rate (GPHR), 170 Grounding of electrical systems, 568-70, 575-76 of transmission lines, 596-97 Ground water, 469, 531-32, 846 Group permits, 845 Guarantees, and pump selection, 334-35, 340-41, 346-47, 351 Gulf Oil Company, 698 Gypsum, 444 Hague International, 786 Haldor-Topsoe/ABB SNOX Process, 451-52 Hand/Auto control station, 601 Handling systems, for coal and limestone characteristic features of, 161 composite facility arrangements for, 160-64 control systems for, 607 conveyor sizing, design, and support systems, 150-52 crushing and plant supply systems, 146-50 dust control systems, 156-60 sampling and weighing systems, 152-56 stockout, reclaim, and storage systems, 134-46 transportation and unloading systems, 124-34 Handysize class, 100, 101 Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI), 107, 216 Hard iron, and pump construction, 349 Hardware, and cooling tower construction, 376 Harvesting, of peat, 86 Hawaii, and ocean thermal energy, 798 Hazardous materials. See also Health hazards emissions control standards and technologies for, 453-54 regulation of waste disposal and, 524 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and, 435 wastewater treatment and neutralization of, 536-37 Head pressure, 315 Health hazards, of electric and magnetic fields, 595-96. See also Hazardous materials Heaped landfills, 547^48 Heat, as thermodynamic quantity, 41 Heat balance calculation of, 408-17 cycle performance and, 397 thermodynamic analysis, 62-63, 64 turbine cycle, 188-89 Heat engine, 51-54 Heater drain disposal, and feedwater cycle design, 278-79 Heat Exchange Institute (HEI), 250, 254, 261, 275 Heat exchangers, for fluidized bed combustion, 701. See also Steam cycle heat exchangers Heating values in combustion calculations, 170-71 of fuel oils, 108, 110 Heat input per furnace plan area (HIPA), 180, 199 Heat load condenser design and, 251 cooling tower design and, 368 Heat-loss method, of calculating boiler efficiency, 174-77 Heat rate comparisons, of steam cycle, 243 Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) combined cycle of combustion turbine and, 70 deaerator pressure control and, 673-74 evaluation of alternative design concepts and, 823 gas turbines and combined cycle, 663, 664, 672 Heat transfer, in fluidized bed combustion, 689-90, 694, 701 Heavy media cyclone, 115, 117 Heavy metals, 540-41, 730. See also Metals; Trace metals Heavy oils, 97-98 Heavy water reactors (HWRs), 735, 736 Helper tower cooling system, 355 Henry's law, 269 High-density crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), 597 High-efficiency electrostatic precipitators, 454 High-efficiency paniculate (HEPA) filters, 753 Higher heating value (HHV), 104-105, 170-71 High-fire-point liquid-filled transformers, 560 High-pressure feedwater heaters, 274, 276, 388-89, 655 High-pressure-intermediate-pressure turbine, 231-33 High-purity water, 472, 473, 501 High-speed attrition mill, 210, 214 High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR), 737-38, 754-58 High-voltage auxiliary electric systems, 573-74 High-voltage cable transmission lines, 597-98 High-voltage switchgear, 656 Hogger capacities, for steam cycle heat exchangers, 265 Hollow fiber configuration, 491, 492 Horizon planning analysis, for transmission systems, 816 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Program (NASA), 795 Horizontal dry pit pumps, 328, 336 Horsepower conveyor drive design and, 151-52 of fan brake, 292 Hot dry conversion technology, 801 Hot gas cleanup, and fluidized bed combustion, 707 Hot primary air (PA) fans, 210 Hot tests, of pumps, 347 Hot water air preheating coils, 205 Hot water distribution system, for cooling towers, 377 Humid air turbine cycle, 686 Humus, and formation of coal, 76 Hybrid variable pressure, of steam generators, 194, 242-43 Hydrated lime, 448 Hydraulic coupling, of boiler feed pumps, 394 Hydraulic Institute Standards, 310, 314, 318-20, 331, 333 Hydraulic oil system, in gas turbine, 670 Hydraulics, of boiler feed pump, 343 Hydroclones, 538 Hydroelectric power, 74 Hydrogasification, 712 Hydrogen fuel cell, 788 Hydrogen seal oil unit, 654 Hydrogen sulfide, 110 Hydrokinetic fluid coupling, 308 Hydrothermal conversion technologies, 800 Hydroviscous fluid coupling, 308-309, 394 Hyperbolic cooling towers, 363-64 Ice control, for cooling towers, 379-80, 381 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 774 Ideal gas, 48-50 Ignitors, for steam generators, 212-15, 216 Illinois Basin, coals deposits of, 76, 77, 91, 106 Illustrative analyses, for fuel oils, 109 Impedance and impedance relays, 553-54, 581, 585 Impellers, pump, 313-14868 Index Impulse stage, turbine, 218-20 Income taxes, federal and local, 16 Incompressible liquids, 51 In-containment refueling water storage tank (IR-WST), 769 Independent power producers (IPPs), 6-7, 32 Indirect costs, 16, 32 Indirect fired combined cycle, 785-86 Individual permits, 831, 845 Indonesia, as producer of liquid natural gas, 82 Indoor transformers, 560 Induced draft cooling tower, 361-63 Induced draft (ID) fans, 216, 302, 303, 304-305, 306, 823 Induction machines, 565-66 Industrial process waste fuels, 85 Inertial confinement, of fusion energy, 805-806 Inflation, economic analyses and, 9, 116, 117 Initial deformation (ID) temperature. 107 Initial investment, fixed charges as j , rcent of, 17 Inlet air system, of gas turbine, 666-68 Inlet box vortex, 301-302 Inlet cone vortex, 301 Inlet dampers, 298-99, 302 Inlet ducts, of fans, 302 Inlet pressure loss, in gas turbine, 676-77 Inorganic constituents, in water, 465 Input-output method, of calculating boiler efficiency, 173-74 Input/output (I/O) unit, of computer, 621, 622 In situ СЕМ systems, 456, 458 In situ refining, of shale oil, 86 Insolation, solar, 789-90, 791 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 568, 590, 593, Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, 779 Instrumentation, of steam turbine generator, 248 Insulation for motors and generators, 566 steam generators and, 216 transformers and, 558-59 of underground transmission lines, 597-98 Insurance, as fixed cost, 16 Intake pumping structures, 358-61 Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) fuel cycle, 776, 778 Integration gasification combined cycle (IGCC), 783 Interactive steam tables, 56 Intercept valves, 230 Intercooled cycle, of gas turbine, 685, 686-87, 688 Intercooled reheat steam-injected gas turbine (IR-STIG), 687-88 Interest during construction (IDC), 36 Interference, cooling tower design and, 368-69 Interfuel competition, 119 Intermountain Power Agency (Utah), 161-64 Internal energy (u), as property of thermodynamics, AX-A2 Internal rate of return (IRR), 24, 818 Internal sealing systems, of turbines, 220 International business, economic opportunities for utility engineers and firms, 7 International Conference of Clean Air Companies (ICAC), 420 International Energy Agency, 705 International Fuel Cell Company, 788 International Standards Organization (ISO), 102, 113, 675 International Thermonuclear Engineering Test Reactor (ITER), 805 Investor-owned utility (IOU), 35 Ion exchange process, 480-89 Ionic compounds, water as solvent for, 465 Iowa Power Co., 705 Ireland, peat-fueled power plants in, 85 Iron, coagulants in water, 474 Iron/manganese removal, from water, 480 Isentropic process, 50, 55, 64 Isolated phase bus duct, 567-68 Isolation valves, 515-16 Israel, compressed air energy storage facility in, 803 Italy, geothermal energy in, 801 Japan compressed air energy storage facility in, 803 nuclear power in, 740, 759, 764, 775 tests of solid oxide fuel cells, 789 turbine designations, 225 Jar testing, of wastewaters, 532 Jersey Central Power and Light Company, 734 Jet condensers, 267 Joint European Tokamak, 805 Journal bearings, 234-35 Kelvin scale, 40 Kennebunk Test Facility (Pennsylvania), 786 Kerogens, in shale oil, 86 Kilovolt amperes (kVA), 222, 553 Kilovolt amps reactive (kVAR), 222 Kinetic energy (KE), 42 Kinetic pumps, 310-14 Kirchhoffs law, 551,581 Kvaerner wave-energy plant (Norway), 798 Ladder tracks, 645 Lagging, for steam generators, 216 Lake evaporation rates, 532 Lake vessels, 100. See also Barges; Shipping Land disposal systems, onsite, 545-56 Landfills closure of, 549-50 combustion waste disposal and, 524-25 dry disposal systems and, 546-48 EPA standards for sanitary, 524 gas recovery from, 712 leachate control for, 548-49 liner systems for, 549 methane from as fuel, 111 monitoring of, 550 for municipal waste, 84 permits for, 846 Land use permits, 847, 850 Lardello system (Italy), 801 Latent heat, 47 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 521 Leachate control, for landfills, 548-49 Lead Agency System, 848^9 Leak detection, in condensers, 265 Least-cost plan, and planning of power plants, 813 Levelization, economic, 32 Levelized annual cost method, 19-20, 24, 32, 38 Levelized annual fixed charges, 18 Levelized fixed charge rate, 18, 19, 32 Levelized values, 12-14, 34, 35 Lightning, and transmission lines, 597 Lignin, 77 Lignite coal, 79, 80 Lihue Plantation Co., 721 Lime-soda ash softening, 476 Lime softening, of water, 476 Lime spray dryer/absorber, 450-51 Limestone, handling systems for, 124-64 Limestone injection and dry scrubbing (LIDS) system, 439, 440 Limestone injection furnace activation of calcium (LIFAC), 439Index 8 6 9 Limestone injection multistage burners (LIMB), 438 Liner systems, for landfills, 549 Liquefaction, and resource recovery, 713 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 81-83 Liquid-filled transformers, 559 Liquid fuel oil, 682-83 Liquid/gas fuel conversion technologies, 712-13, 727-28 Liquid immersed transformers, 559 Liquid transient analysis, of circulating water systems, 357-58 Liquid waste. See Wastewater Lissajous Ellipse, 593 Lithuania, nuclear power in, 740 Ljungstrom air heater, 201-202 Load current duty requirements, 572 Load demand control, 609-10 Load flow studies, for transmission lines, 592, 815-16 Load forecasting, 811 Local distribution company (LDC), 121 Local permits, 847^t8 Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD), 382 Logs, control system, 637 Long-term coal supply agreements, 121-22 Longwall mining, 95 Loop design, for breeder reactor, 775 Loss-of-coolant (LOCA) events, 765, 766 Loss-of-field relay, 583 Loss of injection seal water test, 347 Lower heating value (LHV), 105, 170-71 Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER), 680 Low-nitrogen oxide burners, 428-29 Low Nitrogen Oxide Concentric Firing System (LNCFS), 429 Low-pressure exhaust pressure, 241 Low-pressure feedwater heaters, 274, 275, 388-89, 655 Low-pressure turbines, 224, 232, 233-34 Low-speed ball tube mill, 209, 210 Low-volume wastewater sources, 529 Lubrication of gas turbines, 670 of motors and generators, 566-67 plant arrangements and, 654, 656 of steam turbines, 245-41 Luminescence spectroscopy, 455-56 Lurgi, CFB Technolgoy, 697 Luz Solar Electric Generation Systems (SEGS), 793 Lyell, Charles
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