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| موضوع: كتاب Design Principles of Metal Cutting Machine Tools الجمعة 23 ديسمبر 2022, 1:10 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Design Principles of Metal Cutting Machine Tools by F. Koenigsberger D.Sc, M.I.Mech.E., M.I.Prod.E., Mem.A.S.M.E. Professor of Machine Tool Engineering The Manchester College of Science and Technology University of Manchester
و المحتوى كما يلي :
PART I Introduction 4 CALCULATION DATA PART II DESIGN PRINCIPLES Table of Contents Preface SI Units 1. What is Total Energy? 2. Principal Prime Movers used in Total Energy Production 3. Steam Turbines and Total Energy 4. Governor Systems for Industrial Steam Turbo-Alternators 5. Open-Cycle Gas Turbines and Total Energy 6. Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines and Total Energy 7. Diesel and Gas Engines and Total Energy 8. The Fuel Cell and Total Energy 9. Refrigeration and Total Energy 10. District Heating and Total Energy 11. Existing Total Energy Schemes in North America 12. Economic Assessment of Total Energy Bibliography Index Subject Index Accelerations 203 Acceptance tests 210 Air inclusions 125, 126, 132 Angles of rotation 196 errors 196, 197 due to wear 197 pitch error (of lead screw) 196, 197 Apertures 46, 47, 48, 58 Arbors, milling 268 Automatic alignment 211 error compensation 211 control 161-211 machines 185-211 measuring instrument 197 "Milwaukee-Matic" boring and milling 208 operational movement 197 setting movements 69 work programme 185 magnetic disc 195 magnetic drum 195, 201, 203 magnetic tape 185, 194, 195, 205, 206 photographic film 195 punched card 185, 194, 195, 201 punched tape, 185, 194, 195, 201, 207, 208 "reader" 201, 208 operations 161 "Automation" 162 "Back-bending" effects 273 moments 273, 281 Backlash 16, 193, 201, 204, 207 automatic elimination 149 Balance weight 271 Bearings 52 anti-friction 256 axial thrust 271 "back-bending" effect 52 ball 273 alignment errors 273 ball-and-roller 273 carrying structures 51 cylindrical roller 274 double-taper roller 274 expansion 281 "Filmatic" 281 " G A M E T " arrangement 274 "Hydrauto" 279, 280 hydrostatic 266 lathe spindle 274 Mackensen 280 main 68 main journal 271 multiple arrangement 273 misalignment 273 multi-surface 280 needle roller 277 plain 278,281 friction resistance of 278 play in the bearing 52 play adjustment 278 pre-loads 52 pressure lubricated 53 roller 273 load carrying capacity 273 self-aligning 273, 281 S K F double-row cylindrical roller 275 taper roller 273 under load 51 Belt speeds 285 Bending stiffness 44, 46, 50 Boring machine horizontal type 231, 232, 233, 267, 271, 294, 295 Lindner jig 300 Plauert-Wetzel 253, 254 spindle 267 vertical tvpe 276 table 277 Broaching 21-3 cutting resistance 21 maximum force 22 specific cutting resistance 22 Bull-wheel 290 Cam 173 control 175 feed 183 Cam-and-crank, linkage combination 141 Cam-and-rack unit 141 Cam-operated devices 141 Camshaft, master 176 Change points 206 Chatter 55, 216 Chip disposal 225 removal 225, 229, 230 section 29, 30 Clamping 185, 305, 308 collet 183 devices 164, 220, 221 magnetic 164 positive 164 forces 164, 165 mechanisms 165, 307 moment 52 motorized 309 operation 166, 183 power operated 307 Clutches 109, 162 disengagement 178 dog 162, 163, 178 electromagnetic 282 slipping 181 Coding rings 208 322 S U B J E C T I N D E X Damping 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 capacity 62 Datum point 202, 207 Deflexion of the spindle (see Spindle deflexion) Deformations of the bearing 51 of a spindle 51 of a wall panel 47 Diameter range 75 range ratio 70 Diametral error 215 Differential transformer 197, 200 Disturbances 204 Drilling 6-9 axial thrust 7 cutting forces 7 cutting speed 8 feed rate, 7, 8 specific cutting resistance 7 torque 7 Drilling machines 172, 213, 216 cutting edge force symmetry 217 pillar 294 feed drive 294 Raboma radial 302 radial 213, 217, 233, 235, 305 axial force \P' 217 base plate deformation 213 spindle head 217 Collet clamping 183 feed 183 Computer, electronic 205, 206, 207 Constant torque 98,118 Constructional elements 211-38 cast iron 44, 45, 222 beam 45 rolled steel 44 steel-casting 225 welded steel 222 Control devices 201 interpolator 205 "numerical control" 194 two-dimensional 192 engineering 193 equipment 193 information 194 binary system 194, 195 decimal/binary system 195 loop 194, 203 operations 43 signals 192, 195, 197 amplification 204 error 204 "false" 201 systems 99, 193 analogue/digital converter 196 analogue method 196, 200, 205 British Thompson-Houston 201 continuous path 203 devices 154 digital method 196, 197 electro-optical (Ferranti) 197 digital principle 197 E.M.I. 205 energy 175, 177, 182 equipment 95-109, 199 error signals 174, 195 feedback 298 Ferranti 198, 199, 206, 207 change points 206, 207 points of inflexion 206, 207 reflecting scale 198 transparent glass scale 198 hydraulic 184 operations 171, 203 positioning movement 174 pressure compensation 184 programme 175 sequence 173 shaft 174, 182 auxiliary 182 master 182 signal 171, 182 switching operations 176 valve 188 Controls 162 Coordinate setting 202 Copying device 187 slide 190 systems 193 dynamic behaviour 193 force amplification 193 instability 193 stability 194 static behaviour 193 threshold 193 velocity amplification 193 velocity error 194 Counting device, electronic 198 direction of movement 198 photo-electric cells 198 displacement 198 frequency 198 velocity 198 mechanism 205 Couplings 109 elastic 109 Cover plates 46, 58 Cross roller chain 258 Cross slides, 168, 183 Cutter head 268 Cutting force 30 pulsating 43 movement 1, 70 speed 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 29, 69, 282 constant 178 economic 2 feeds 3, 9 permissible 2 range ratio 70 recommended 6 Cutting tool cooling 29 feed rate, geometric influence 27 lubrication of 29 materials 6 high-speed steel 6, 8 cutting speeds and feeds 9 carbide 6 Cylinders 154 SUBJECT I N D E X spindle inclination 271 spindles 271,272 "Webo" pillar 284, 285 Driver one-sided 25 twin 25 Drives 95-161 belt 109 flat 109 cam 142 operated 137 chain 109 clutch-type 113 gear 115, 116 composite 117 crank 137 cutting 282-300 rectilinear 287 efficiency 125 volumetric 178 electric 95-109 feed 291 feed reversing 296 friction 119, 120, 124 friction coefficient 69 gear 29, 67 helical 142 Heynau 120 hydraulic 125, 126, 150, 184 advantages 125 "Meander" 111 mechanization of 162 motor 29, 30 non-composite gear 118 nylon belt 109 phase lag 67 pinion-and-rack 142 piston-and-cylinder 152 P.I.V. 122-4 efficiency 123 planing machine 37 planing machine table 288, 289 Pry mm 121 rack-and-pinion 149, 152 backlash 150 backlash elimination 150 rectilinear reciprocating 136 reversing 290 rotational movement 109 Ruppert-type gear 115 screw 148, 149 backlash 148 efficiency 148 stiffness 148 screw-and-nut 149, 152 efficiency 149 single-motor 95 sliding gear 116,291 slip 125 spindle 285, 286 static friction 69 stepless 70, 119, 124 stepped 70, 109 stepping motor, 299 surfacing 297 two-axes 75, 76 Vee-belt 109 wheel-segment and rack 142 winding gear 115 Driving motors, electric 95, 96 braking 99 solenoid-operated brakes 97, 99 reverse current 97 direction of rotation 97 efficiency 97-9, 133 high frequency 97 high-speed 109 interlock-devices 100, 101, 107 low-speed 109 minimum speed 99 stick-slip 99 motor speed 99 pole-changes 73 power factor 97 reversing of 99, 107 shunt-wound 97 slip ring 96 speed adjustment 97 squirrel-cage 96 nominal torque 96 starting torque 96 standard speeds 97 starting 107 current 96 resistance 97 torque 96 under load 96-8 stopping 107 Dwell 184 Dynamic bending lines 65 deflexions 61 performance 43 rigidity 43, 55-69 shapes 63 spring constant 55 stiffness 56 of oil film 62 Effective stiffness 53 Efficiency 23, 30, 37-9 lever layout 39 overall 37 reciprocating machines 37 Electric starters, star delta 96 Electrical controls 99 single-lever 101 Electrical interlocking 103 Electro-mechanical equipment 102 Elongation of fastening bolts 50 Energy, transmission 182 Exciting frequency 56 Facing 8 Fatigue 39 Feed bar 183 collet 183 drive 204, 291, 294 accessibility 271 mechanisms 74 movement 1, 184, 203, 291 rate 2, 29, 30, 69, 74, 76 screws 231, 235 standard 74 velocity 203 323 3 2 4 S U B J E C T I N D E X Filters 154 Finishing operations 26, 27 roughing 26, 27 Fixtures, milling 167 Fly-wheels 68, 69 Forst-Enor vane pump 128 Free-wheel 177 coupling 100 feed 177 rapid traverse 177 Friction clutches 116 Frictional resistance 204 Gearbox clutch type 76 draw-key type 76, 291 eighteen speed 191 speed diagram 191 idling resistance of 96 lathe feed 291 layout diagram 79 Norton-type 76, 291 speed range 111 number of steps of 77 output speeds 95 pre-selector 113 sliding gear 76 standard 82 standard speed ranges of 95 "Varia 25" type 284,285 Gears centre distances of 85 combinations 88 conversion 110 drives (see Drives, gear) -hobbing machine 203 dividing accuracy 203 intermediate reduction 77 part drive 78 P.I.V. 294 pumps 127, 132 ratio 75-8, 82, 83 reduction 75 layout of 75 teeth numbers of teeth 75, 83, 87, 89 calculation of the 86 difference between numbers of teeth of 2 adjacent gears 87 minimum possible sum of the 85, 87, 92 sum of the 8 5 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 2 , 9 3 General requirements 23-30 accuracy 27 of shape 23 deviations from circular shape 25 from cylindrical form 25 from required dimensions 25 workpiece shape 24 dimensional accuracy 23, 27 economy 29 feed rates, 30 productivity 23, 29 rate of metal removal 23 separation of measuring and driving elements 27 spindle speeds 30 surface finish 23 Geneva mechanism 303, 304 Germar tables 93, 95 Gratings 207 (see also Optical gratings) Grinding 19-21 accuracy of ground workpiece 186 circumferential speed of workpiece 21 correcting device 186 costs 69 cutting speed 20 cylindrical 19, 20 depth setting 20 dressing diamond 186 external cylindrical 21 feed rate 20 forces 19 internal 21 instantaneous chip section 20 longitudinal feed rate 21 machines 214, 233 bed 2 1 4 , 2 3 3 centreless 256 Churchill 280 "Diskus" 233 feed drive layout 142 "Fulcro-Sizer" cylindrical 185, 186 internal 186 surface 233 power requirements 20 surface 21 wheel 19, 20 bond hardness 19 bond strength 20 boron carbide 19 carbide 19 circumferential speed 21 corundum 19 cutting-of 20 emery 19 grain size 19 silicon 19 soft 19 wear 20, 21 workpiece, arc of contact 21 Hydraulic copying device 190 driving units 132 efficiency 157 equipment 190 motor 126, 132, 150, 152, 207 cylinder and piston 150 variable speed 152 pre-selection 302 device 303 unit 190 "Inchworm" unit 300 Inertia forces 96, 289 loads 43 Interchangeability of finished components 28 Internal grinding spindle 125 Jig boring machine 199 Schwartzkopf 199 block gauge system 199 length scales 199 S U B J E C T I N D E X Joining elements 50 Joints 50 flanged 50 pre-load 50 "rubbing" effect 61 Jones and Lamson machine 228 Kienzle diagram 58, 63 Lathe 24 alignment 227 automatic 175, 182, 185 bed 61 centre 30-3, 215, 227 apron 293 nomogram 31, 32 working accuracy 246 Churchill-Fay 166 copying 189, 283 loading device 189 deformations 24 diametral error 246-50 "Frontor" 277 "Heycomat" 229 horizontal deviation 250 caused by wear 246, 247 "Neomat" 227 roll turning 228 "Waldrick" 229 Schaerer 148, 178, 229, 267 spindle 267, 274 head gearbox 282 turret 169, 282 Lead-screws 292 interlocking 292 metric 110 Lightweight construction 56 Lubrication (see also Oil) 29, 308, 311 central 309, 310 point 309 film stiffness 53 film thickness 53 hydrodynamic 273, 278, 280, 281 pressure 53 pump 311 Machine tools bearings 29 load carrying capacity 43, 46 manufacturing limits 210 materials cast iron 45 rigidity 43 slideways 29, 203 spindle speeds 29, 30 stiffness 27, 29, 43, 44, 46, 220, 221 strength 29 testing 210 torsional stiffness 220 wear 229 Machining marks 193 Machines friction of 193 natural frequencies of 193 reversing action of 137, 141 semi-automatic 185 single-purpose 69 tracer-controlled 186 Magazine 208 Magnetostriction 300 "Magnetostrictor" 300 Maintenance 37, 39 Mandrell, centring 270 Master's (see Templates) Material consumption 45, 46 damping 58 Maximum cutting force 13 Mean power 13 Measuring devices 195, 200 scales 200 length scales 199 magnetic scales 200 sensing head 200, 201 Measuring systems 201 Mechanical interlocking 103 Mechanism driving 178 stiffness 178 "dropping worm" 178 Geneva 183 latch 179 Middle chip thickness 13 Mild steel 45 Milling 10-19 average force required 19 chatter 16 chip section 10, 11 chip thickness 10, 16, 17 climb milling 16 copy milling 187 cutter head 17 cutting force 11 components 14 periodicity 17 pulsation 10 resistance 11, 12 cutting resistance specific 12, 15, 16 variations 10 cutting speed, feet/min. 15 depth of cut 10,11 down-cut 16, 17 face 10 milling 17 nomogram 18 feed per minute 12 per tooth 12 rate 173 force pulsation frequency 16 instantaneous chip thickness 10 load conditions 17 maximum chip thickness 12 middle chip thickness 12, 17 nomogram maximum and average cutter force 14 operations 36 power determination 19 profile 191, 192 slab 10, 12 milling 17 spindle drive 87, 90 tool life 16 up-cut 16 325 326 S U B J E C T I N D E X Milling (continued) vibrations 10 width of cut 10, 11 Milling machines 33-9, 102, 233 cylindrical 233 efficiency of drive 35 Fairey-Ferranti, special 209 input power 35 modes of vibration 62 net cutting power 35 net feed-drive power 35 nomogram 34, 35 numerically controlled 205 piano 233, 253 power balances 35 production 237 profile 204 rate of metal removal 35 recommended cutting speeds 35 single-purpose 107 spindle 269,275 nose 268 taper spindle 268 total power 35 vertical 286, 287 Model experiments 60 Motor adjustment 178 eccentricity 178 Motors {see also Driving motors) pump piston type 133 vane type 133, 152 oscillating 154 Moving masses friction 203 stiffness 203 Movement, operating handles, wheels etc. 37 Natural frequency 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62 Oil 125 (see also Lubrication) compressibility 125 coefficient 126 flow 152,263 circuit design 154 circuit efficiency 158 "closed" circuit 159 counter-pressure 157, 159 delivery 156 hydraulic circuit 155 leakage losses 159 pressure drop 156, 157 throttle adjustment 152 throttle resistance 156 throttle valve 156, 157 hydraulic 125 velocities 126 viscosity 125, 263 Operating devices 300-12 control levers 304, 305 hand-wheels 304 hydraulic pre-selection 303 locking 303, 304 measuring 300 optical instruments 300 positioning 304 speed change 301 switching 303 Operational accuracy 210 accuracy 210 speeds 29 Optical gratings 196, 197, 203 Moire interference pattern 196, 197, 199 Optimum cutting conditions 27 Overload 181 device 182 protection 125, 164 relay 119 valve 135 Pantograph 194 Parabolic interpolation 205 Patterns 224 Permissible deformations 43 maximum deflexion 45 maximum stress 45 Phase angles 61 Pipes 154 flexible 190 pipe connexions 190 Pistons 154, 190 rod 152 velocity 155, 156 Pitch circle diameters 83, 87 Planing 21 intermittent feed movement 21 machines 220, 289 Plungers 152 Points of inflexion 206 Positioning movement 203 operation 202 Power 30 constant 98, 118, 119 feed 102 idling 36 input 36 net 30 reversing and return movement 37 Profiling operations 203 Programme 203, 205, 209 Pulley cone 76, 83, 84 diameters 75, 83 jockey 83, 84 Pump/motor unit output torque 135 range of output speeds 135 total efficiency 134 Pumps adjustment 178 auxiliary 159 axial piston 131 constant delivery 127, 156, 159 delivery 127, 128, 131 pulsations 132 eccentricity 134, 178 efficiency 132 Forst-Enor 128 gear 127, 132 Jahns-Thoma 131 Lauf-Thoma 130 S U B J E C T I N D E X leakage losses 127, 131, 134 loss adjustment 128 lubricating 311 mechanical efficiency 134 motor eccentricity 134 oil gear 131 piston 131, 132 power output 132, 133 pressure drop 133 screw conveyor 128 vane type 128, 129, 132 vanes 130 thickness 129 variable delivery 128,152 volumetric efficiency 127 Quadrant 109 Quick-return mechanisms 138 braking 146 efficiency 148 friction losses 147, 148 heat losses 146, 147, 148 infinitely variable speed 122, 152 irreversibility 148, 152 reducing heat losses 147 reversing action 138, 148, 162, 221, 289 reversing operation 184 reversing speed 184 speed-range ratio 139 starting action 147 velocity curves 138 Whitworth 137 Radial drilling machine 50 Rapid switching movement 183 Rapid traverse 100, 101, 102 Rate of metal removal 13 Reaming 8 cutting speeds and feeds, high-speed steel reamers 9 Recirculating ball nut 148, 149, 207, 300 pre-load 149 cages 258 elements 258 Rectilinear movements 196 Reference point 202 Repair work 37, 39 Resonance 57, 58 Restrictor 266 Roller chain 258 (see also Cross roller chain) "Rubbing faces" 60 Safety factors 119 Safety of the operator 97 Screw and nut efficiency 148 Screwcutting 292, 294 Screw-thread inch 110 metric 110 Servomechanism 200, 203, 204 Shafts 67 power 83 standard speeds 83 under load 83 torques 82, 83 Setting movement 201, 291 Shaping 21 intermittent feed movement 21 Shear deflexions 45 stresses 45 Signal transmission 191 "Signal trip dog discs" 183 Sizing device 174 Slides 220 (see also Slideways) Slideways 220, 226, 230, 231, 235, 239-66 adjustable strip 240 air lubricated 259 ball-bearing 208 ball slide 258 chip accumulation and removal 239 cover plates 254 telescopic 254 covering belts 254 covers 229 cylinder 239 cylindrical grinding elements 242 dirt 252 dovetail 239, 241, 242 ease of assembly 239 felt seals 254 film thickness 259 flame-hardened 244 flat 239 friction coefficient 255 conditions 239, 255 resistance 255, 256, 259 guiding accuracy 239 elements 239 rail 258,259 hardened steel 228 hardened surfaces 244 holding strips 241 hydrodynamic lubrication 256 hydrostatic 259 hydrostatically lubricated 207 layout 226 load-carrying capacity 239, 260, 264 lubrication 239 lubrication grooves 256 mean specific pressure 244 mean surface pressure 252 needle bearing arrangement 257 negative damping 255 oil film thickness 259, 260, 266 overdetermined, design 233 play adjustment 241 pressure distribution 252 protection 253 rates of wear 244 restraint 239 -free guiding device 243 roller-bearing 257 roller-slide 256, 258, 259 rubber seals 254 "running in" 244 saddle 229 scrapers 255 seals 252,254 semi-fluid friction 256 sliding speeds 256 specific surface pressures 245, 248, 252 spring-loaded rollers 257 327 328 S U B J E C T I N D E X Slideways (continued) stability 241, 252 steel tape 255 "stick-slip" 255 stiffness 252, 259, 264 surface pressure 244 surface roughness of sliding surfaces 244 taper strip 241 Vee 239, 240, 249, 250 wear 228, 239, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 255, 259 compensation 239 wedged strip 242 Slip gears 76, 109 Slipping clutch 119 Slow feed 293 Spacers 167 "Sparking out" 184 Speed change 208 infinitely variable 284 motorised 302 Speed ranges 56, 57, 69, 70, 74 ratio 70 Speed values 109 Spindles 266,270 balancing 270 bayonet fixing 268 bearings 266-81 boring machine 267 centring accuracy 269 centring elements 266 concentricity of location 268 deflexion 51, 52 drilling machine 271 drives 67 lathe 267 length 271 main 266 milling 268, 269 machine 268 nose 267, 268 number of steps 74, 75 preferred numbers 72 quick change device 269 ratio 74 speed 74, 76 range 71, 74 arithmetic progression 72 saw diagram 72 geometric progression 71, 72, 73 saw diagram 71, 72 logarithmic progression 72 saw diagram 72 ratio 75 standardization 69-95 variation 69 standard geometric progression 83 speeds 73 steps 73 step ratio 75 tapered 279 unit 270 Spring constant 44 Stability diagrams 55 Standards 3 7 Static behaviour 193 Static friction 204 stiffness 43-55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62 Statistical methods 211 Stick-slip 193, 300 phenomena 201, 275 Stifleners 45,46,47,48 Stiffness 43, 193 cumulative 43 Stroke 136 limitation 178 rigid stop 178, 182 Structures 211-38 accessibility of welded seams 238 adjustable wedge units 214 anchor bolts 213 apertures 220, 224, 235 assembly of 213 ball-bearing housing 225 beds 211,231 long type 213 box section 230, 238 cellular construction (in Germany) 225, 235 centre lathe 215 deformations of the bed 215 diametral error 215 closed-box section 44, 228, 233, 234 columns 211 deformations 213, 215 diagonal stifleners 228 direction of forces 213 drilling machine 216 spindle axes inclinations 217 drilling operation concentricity 217 ease of manufacture 213 economy of material 224 finished weight 224 foundations 213 frames 211 heat treatment 224 inertia forces 215 installation 213 internal stresses 224 layouts of design 213 levelling 213,214 light-alloy castings 225 lightening holes 224 lightweight construction 233 loading conditions 213 machining allowance 224 maintenance 213 materials 213 material consumption 223, 224 milling machine 222, 233, 234, 237 arbor support 220 bed 235,236 column 219 knee 219,220 milling arbor 219, 220 overarm 219 saddle 219 spindle 219 table 219,220 welded design 237 outer stay 231 planing machine 220, 221 bed 221 core displacements 223 cross-beam 220, 221 bending stiffness 221 stability 221S U B J E C T I N D E X deflexion of the bed 221 weight of the table 221 points of application 213 power requirements 213 shell construction (in Germany) 225 slideway layout 226 sliding properties 223 spindle-bearing housing 225 static stiffness 233 stiffening 228 Peters arrangement 228 stiffness 213, 215 stresses 213, 215 stress relieving heat treatment 223 supporting wedges 211 three-point support 213 torsional stiffness 221 tubular section 44 vibration conditions 215, 217 vibration rigidity 233 weld assembly 238 welded construction 224, 225 weldment 223, 224 Surface roughness 28 waviness 28, 66 theoretical 66 Surfacing 168, 177 Swarf barrow 230 conveyor five-spindle automatic machine 226 Synchro-resolves 196, 197 "Inductosyn" 196, 197 analogue principle 197 error voltage 197 "hair-comb' winding 197 moving scale 197 reference scale 197 servo motor 197 slider 197 Table feed 208 Taper turning attachment 176, 177 turning device 187 Tapping 8 cutting speeds, high speed steel taps 9 Taylor constant 1 equation 2 Temperature rise 26, 27 Templates 187, 189, 192, 194, 209 Threads (see Screw threads) Three-dimensional copying 193 device 191, 192 Tool 2, 69 changes 269 holders 167 life 2, 69, 204 Torque constant 69 variation 69 Torsional stiffness 44, 46, 50, 67 Tracer 190, 191 control 187 increased amplification 188 mechanism 187 error 188 natural frequency 188 stability 188 working accuracy 188 lever 192 Transducer 189 Transmission elastic 109 errors 93 positive 125 load 124 torque 123 power 109 ranges 82 ratio 75, 76, 78, 82-95 layout diagram 82 overall 78 small 86 speed diagram 82, 83 standard range 76, 87 Traverse, rapid 177 Turbine, compressed air 125 Turning 3-6 chatter 5 chip section 4 cutting force 3, 5 components 4 cutting speed 4, 5 depth of cut 3 external copy 191 operations 191 facing operations 294 feed force component 5 feed rate 5 forced vibration 4 heat conduction 5 internal copy operations 191 main cutting force component 5 operations 35 power requirements 4, 5 radial component 5 specific cutting resistance 4, 5 tool approach angle 6 life 5 negative rake 5 rake angles 3, 4 vibrations 3 Turret head 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 183,H84 slide 183 square 168 Twist drill 6, 7, 8 cross edge 6 pointing 7 effective rake angle 6, 7 helix angle 6, 7 relief angle 6 Universal milling head 287, 288 Valves 154 balancing 159 differential 158 "Cincinnati" 160 electro-hydraulic 207 329330 S U B J E C T I N D E X Valves (continued) overload 159 pre-selector 302 reduction 157 spool 190, 264, 266 dynamic response 266 leakage 266 stiction 266 throttle 159, 184 Velocity amplification 193 Vertical boring machine 61, 171 Vibrations 28 amplitudes 61 forced 55, 63 free 55 problems 55 self-excited 55 tests 60 torsional 67 Wall panels 43, 47, 48 Wall thicknesses 45 Ward-Leonard 192 control 148 sets 96,98,119 Washers, C-shaped 110 Welded joints 61 Welding fixtures 224 labour costs 224 Whitworth quick-return mechanism 137 Width of cut 13 Working accuracy 43, 53, 193 Workpiece clamping 164 measurements 27 Worm disengaging movement 181 dropping 181 tilting axis 181 Wulfel-Kopp Tourator 121 ^ x. s - iTu/mtn rin. 28aQ-ZSO 0-160 0100- 0-0S3 , 0-OWA—|—+- ^ «i > *S» < « » > Q -e <>, <>, Ci, ^ s •• » in./min 5 5 90F I G . 28aF I G . 22bDiam«ter(d), in. F I G . 22b W i d t h ( b ) , in.^ , degrees Diameter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22b 9F I G . 22bDiomtter(d), in. W i d t h (b). in. F I G . 22b M I^ , dtgret* Diamtter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22b M e C4 3 2'5 2 I ' i-S 2 2-5 ' 3 3-i Dtam« t e r ( d h in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22bj, dtgrtts Diomtttr(d), in. W i d t h(b). in. F I G . 22b#, dtgrtts Diom« t e r ( d ) , in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22bj , dtgrttt Diomtttf(d). in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22b m I or, dtgrttt 3 2-5 2 i-5 l 5 2 2T~~ F I G . 22b I! 8 0 iQQ 120 4Q i6Q Oiomtttr(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.f , d t g r t M Diamtter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22b^ , degrees Diometer(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in, F I G . 22b, degrees Diameter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . . in. F I G . 22b M 9^ , d e g r e e s 0 20 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 :4Q i60 180 Diameter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in. F I G . 22b
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