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| موضوع: كتاب Reverse Osmosis - Design, Processes, and Applications for Engineers الإثنين 07 نوفمبر 2022, 11:10 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Reverse Osmosis - Design, Processes, and Applications for Engineers Jane Kucera
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface xvii PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 Introduction and History ofDevelopment 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 Uses of Reverse Osmosis 3 1.1.2 History of Reverse Osmosis Development 5 1.1.3 Recent Advances in RO Membrane Technology 9 1.1.4 Future Advancements 12 References 12 2 Reverse Osmosis Principles 2.1 Osmosis 2.2 Reverse Osmosis 2.3 Dead-End Filtration 2.4 Cross-Flow Filtration 3 Basic Terms and Definitions 3.1 3.2 Recovery 3.3 Rejection 3.4 Flux 3.5 Concentration Polarization 3.6 Beta 3.7 Fouling 3.8 Scaling 3.9 Silt Density Index 3.10 Langelier Saturation Index Reverse Osmosis System Flow Rating References viiviii CONTENTS 4 Membranes 4.1 Transport Models 4.1.1 Solution-Diffusion Model (non-porous model) 4.1.2 Solution- Diffusion Imperfection Model (porous model) 4.1.3 Finely-Porous Model (porous model) 4.1.4 Preferential Sorption- Capillary Flow Model (porous model) 4.1.5 Phenomenological Transport Relationship (Irreversible thermodynamics) 4.2.1 Cellulose Acetate Membranes-Asymmetric membranes 4.2.2 Polyamide and Composite Membranes 4.2.2.1 Linear Aromatic Polyamide 4.2.2.2 Composite Polyamide Membranes 4.2.3 Improvements to Polyamide, Composite Membranes 4.2.4 Other Membrane Materials 4.3.1 Plate and Frame Modules 4.3.2 Tubular Modules 4.3.3 Spiral Wound Modules 4.3.4 Hollow Fine Fiber Membrane 4.3.5 Other Module Configurations 4.4 Commercially-Available Membranes 4.4.1 Seawater Membranes 4.4.2 Brackish Water Membranes 4.2 Membrane Materials Membranes 4.3 Membrane Modules Modules 4.4.2.1 Low-Energy Membranes 4.4.2.2 High-Rejection Membranes 4.4.2.3 Low-Fouling Membranes 79 CONTENTS ix 4.4.2.4 Low-Differential-Pressure Membrane Modules 4.4.2.5 High-Productivity Membrane Modules 4.4.2.6 Other Membrane/Module TYPes References 5 Basic Flow Patterns 5.1 Arrays 5.2 Recycle 5.3 Double Pass 5.4 Multiple Trains 6 Reverse Osmosis Skids 6.1 Cartridge Filters 6.2 Reverse Osmosis Feed Pumps 6.3 Pressure Vessels 6.4 Manifolding-Materials of Construction 6.5 Instrumentation 6.6 Controls 6.7 Data Acquisition and Management 6.8 Reverse Osmosis Skid 6.9 Auxiliary Equipment 6.10 Other Design Considerations 6.10.1 Access to Profile and Probe RO Membranes 6.10.2 Interstage Performance Monitoring Instrumentation 6.10.3 Stage-by-Stage Membrane Cleaning References PART 2 PRETREATMENT 7 Water Quality Guidelines 7.1 Suspended Solids 7.2 Microbes 7.3 Organics 7.4 Color 129 X CONTENTS 7.5 Metals 7.6 Hydrogen Sulfide 7.7 Silica 7.8 Calcium Carbonate 7.9 Trace Metals-Barium and Strontium 7.10 Chlorine 7.11 Calcium 7.12 Exposure to Other Chemicals References 8 Techniques and Technologies 8.1 Mechanical Pretreatment 8.1.1 Clarifiers 8.1.1.1 Solids-Contact Clarifiers 8.1.1.2 Inclined-Plate Clarifiers 8.1.1.3 Sedimentation Clarifiers 8.1.1.4 Chemical Treatment for Clarifiers 8.1.2 Multimedia Pressure Filters 8.1.3 High-Efficiency Filters 8.1.4 Carbon Filters 8.1.5 Iron Filters 8.1.5.1 Manganese Greensand Filters 8.1.5.2 BIRM@Filters 8.1.5.3 Filox Filters 8.1.5.4 Other Iron Removal Media 8.1.6 Sodium Softeners 8.1.7 Spent Resin Filters 8.1.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation 8.1.9 Membrane 8.2 Chemical Pretreatment 8.2.1 Chemical Oxidizers for Disinfection of Reverse Osmosis Systems 8.2.1.1 Chlorine 8.2.1.2 Ozone 8.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide 8.2.2 Antiscalants 8.2.3 Sodium Metabisulfite 8.2.4 Non-Oxidizing Biocides 8.2.4.1 Sodium Bisulfite 182 CONTENTS xi 8.2.4.2 DBNPA 8.2.4.3 Other Non-Oxidizing Biocides 8.3 CombinationMechanical Plus Chemical Pretreatment-Lime Softening 8.3.1 Cold Lime Softening 8.3.2 Warm Lime Softening 8.3.3 Hot Process Softening 8.4 Sequencing of Pretreatment Technologies References PART 3 SYSTEM DESIGN 9 Design Considerations 9.1 Feed Water Quality 9.1.1 Feed Water Source 9.1.2 Total Dissolved Solids 9.1.3 Calcium and Natural Organic Matter 9.1.4 Chemical Damage 9.2 Temperature 9.3 Pressure 9.4 Feed Water Flow 9.5 ConcentrateFlow 9.6 Beta 9.7 Recovery 9.8 pH 9.9 Flux References 10 RO Design and Design Software 10.1 ROSA Version 6.1 10.2 TorayDS Version 1.1.44 10.3 Hydranautics IMS Design Version 2008 10.4 Koch Membranes ROPRO Version 7.0 Reference PART 4 OPERATIONS 11 On-Line Operations 11.1 Reverse Osmosis Performance Monitoring 11.2 Data Collection 11.3 Data Analysis and Normalization 239 xii CONTENTS 11.3.1 Data Normalization 11.3.1.1 Normalized Product Flow 11.3.1.2 Normalized Salt Passage 11.3.1.3 Normalized Pressure Drop 11.3.2 Normalization Software 11.4 Preventive Maintenance References 12 Performance Degradation 12.1 Normalized Permeate Flow 12.1.1 Loss of Normalized Permeate Flow 12.1.1.1 Membrane Fouling 12.1.1.2 Membrane Scaling 12.1.1.3 Membrane Compaction 12.1.2 Increase in Normalized Permeate Flow 12.1.2.1 Membrane Degradation 12.1.2.2 Hardware Issues 12.2 Normalized Salt Rejection 12.2.1 Loss of Salt Rejection 12.2.1.1 Membrane Scaling 12.2.1.2 Membrane degradation 12.2.1.3 Hardware Issues 12.2.2 Increase in Salt Rejection 12.3.1 Loss in Pressure Drop 12.3.2 Increase in Pressure Drop 12.3 Pressure Drop References 13 Off-Line Operations 13.1 System Flush 13.1.1 Off-Line Flush 13.1.2 Return to Service Flush 13.1.3 Stand-by Flush 13.2.1 When to Clean 13.2.2 How to Clean 13.2.3 Cleaning Chemicals 13.2 Membrane Cleaning 13.2.3.1 High-pH cleaners 271CONTENTS 13.2.3.2 Neutral-pH Cleaners 13.2.3.3 Low-pH Cleaners 13.2.3.4 Cleaners for Specific Foulants and Scale 13.2.4 Cleaning Equipment 13.2.4.1 Cleaning Tank 13.2.4.2 Cleaning Recirculation Pump 13.2.4.3 Cartridge Filter 13.3 Membrane Lay-Up 13.3.1 Short-Term Lay-Up 13.3.2 Long-Term Lay-up References PART 5 TROUBLESHOOTING 14 Troubleshooting 14.1 Mechanical Evaluation 14.2 General Performance Issues 14.3 System Design and Performance Projections 14.3.1 System Design 14.3.2 Performance Projections 14.4 Data Assessment 14.5 Water Sampling 14.6 Membrane Integrity Testing 14.7 Profiling and Probing 14.8 Membrane Autopsy 14.8.1 Visual Inspection 14.8.2 Pressure Dye Test-Rhodamine B 14.8.3 Methylene Blue Test 14.8.4 Fujiwara Test 14.8.5 Spectroscopy 14.8.6 Other Tests References PART 6 SYSTEM ENGINEERING 15 Issues Concerning System Engineering 15.1 Sodium Water Softening 15.1.1 Sequencingof the Sodium Softenersand RO 15.1.2 Sodium Softening and Antiscalants Case 1: High Hardness Well Water 310xiv CONTENTS Sodium Softener Antiscalant Summary Case 2: Low Hardness Surface Water Sodium Softener Antiscalant Summary Case 3: Well Water with Iron and Manganese Sodium Softener Antiscalant 15.2 Reverse Osmosis Sizing and Capacity 15.3 Membrane Cleaning: On-Site versus Off-Site 15.3.1 Off-Site Membrane Cleaning 15.3.2 On-Site Membrane Cleaning 15.4 Reverse Osmosis Reject Disposal Options 15.4.1 Discharge to Drain or Sewer 15.4.2 Discharge to Cooling Tower 15.4.3 Zero Liquid Discharge References 16 Impact of Other Membrane Technologies 16.1 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 16.1.1 Microfiltration 16.1.2 Ultrafiltration 16.2 Nanofiltration 16.3 Continuous Electrodeionization 16.4 HERO Process References PART 7 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 17 Frequently Asked Questions 17.1 General 17.1.1 What is Reverse Osmosis Used for? 17.1.2 What is the Difference Between Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis? 17.1.3 What is Data Normalization? 17.1.4 How Do SDI and Turbidity Correlate? 366 CONTENTS xv 17.1.5 Why Does the pH Drop from the RO Feed to the RO Permeate? 366 17.2 Operational 367 When is it Time to Clean an RO Membrane? How Long Does it Take to Clean an RO System? What Temperature Cleaning Solution Should Be Used to Clean Membranes? Can Extended Soak Time Compensate for Cleaning at Lower Temperature, for Example, When the Heater is Not Working? Should the Low or High pH Cleaning Be Conducted First? What Should Be Done if Cleaning Does Not Return Performance to Baseline? If the Clean-In-PlacePump Cannot Provide the Required Flow Rate, Can the Pump Be Run at Higher Pressure to Compensate? What Should Be Done with Permeate that is Generated During Membrane Cleaning? Why is the Permeate Conductivity High After Cleaning the Membranes? 17.2.10 Why is Chlorine Both Added and then 17.2.11 What Chemicals Can Be Used to Disinfect 17.2.12 Why Does the RO Trip Off on Low 17.2.13 Should RO Feed Water Be Heated? 17.2.14 What Limits Recovery by an RO? 17.2.15 How Do I Start up an RO? 17.2.16 Do RO Membranes Need to Be Preserved When Taken Off Line? 17.2.17 Is there a Shelf Life for Reverse Osmosis Membranes? Removed Prior to the RO? RO Membranes Directly? Suction Pressure? 374 xvi CONTENTS 17.2.18 What is the Difference Between Membranes that Have Been Wet Tested and those that are Dry? 375 17.2.19 What is the Impact on the RO If the Pretreatment System Fails, for Example, If the Softener Leaks Hardness? Be Used in an RO Unit? 375 376 17.3.1 What is the Footprint for an RO System? 377 17.3.2 What is a Variable Frequency Drive Used for? 377 17.3.3 What is the Difference Between Pleated, String-Wound, and Melt-Blown Cartridge Filters? 378 17.3.4 What is the Correct Way to Install Shims and the Thrust Ring? 379 17.3.5 How should the Cleaning Pump Be Sized? 379 References 379 17.2.20 Can Different Types of Membranes 17.3 Equipment 377 Unit Equivalent and Conversions 381 Index 383 Preface The use of revers Index Acid feed, 189 Actiflo@ clarifier, 144-145,146 AD26 (AdEdgeTechnologies),163 Aerobic bacteria, microbial testing, 303 Anaerobic bacteria, microbial testing, 303 Anti-telescopingdevices (ATDs),63 Antiscalants, 177-180 acid feed, 178-1 79 dosages, 179 feed, 189 methods, 177 normal crystalsand crystals, Aromatic interfacial composite Arrays, 85-89 modified, 178 membrane,8 2-stage array with 3pressure concentrationchanges, 88 concentration changes per LSI increaseswith increasing vessels, 86 module, 88 recovery,89 Assimilableorganiccarbon test, 127 Automated SDIkits, 121 Auxiliary equipment, 120-121 Barium and strontium, scaling control, 136 Beta (concentration polarization factor),29-30 concentration polarization minimization,203-204 definition, 29,202 effect on flux and salt passage, 203-204 Hydranautics’ recommended beta values, 204 BIRM@filters, iron and manganese removal, 162-1 63 Bisulfite feed, 189 Boron rejection membranes, 81 Brackish water membranes, 78-82 modules, 81 high-productivity membrane high-rejection membranes, 79 low-differential-pressure membrane modules, 80 low-energy membranes, 79 low-fouling membranes, 79-80 test conditions, 78 Brackish water RO (BWKO),9,77 BW30-365membrane, 211 BW30-400membrane, 211 BW30-400-34i,80,211 B-10 (seawater)Permeators, 74 B-10 membranes,8 B-9 (brackish water)Permeators. 74 Calcium carbonate, scalingcontrol, Calcium fluoride, scaling 134-135 - , ~ -~~~ I - - control,138 383 384 INDEX Calaum phosphate, scaling Calcium sulfate, scalingcontrol, Capillary flow model (preferential Capped, in-floor immersionwell, 8 Carbon filters control, 138 137-138 sorption),45-46 backwashing, 159 chloramineremoval, 158,175 chlorineremoval, 158 flow rates, 159 influent water requirements, 159 TOC removal, 158 Carbon filtration, 189 Cartridge filters,97-100 back-washable, limitations,98 disposable, construction, 98 end cap styles,99 Cationic polymeric coagulants, 150 Cellulose acetate membranes,5,8, 47-51 characteristics,50 chemical structure,48 cross section, 48 effect of pH, 207-209 improvements in flux and lifetime, 51 smooth surfacemorphology, 50 tubular membranes, 7,51-52 durability., 5-7 Centrifugal pumps, 100 Chemical feed, 189 Chemical pretreatment, 170-183 disinfection chemicaloxidizers chlorine, 171-176 hydrogen peroxide, 177 ozone, 176177 ondation-reduction potential, 171 techniques and species treated, 170 Chloramines,136-137,174-175 Chlorine, 136-137 clarifier, 150-151 dechlorinationofRO feed water, 137 degradation of polyamide composite membrane, 136-137 disinfection, 149,171-176 Chlorine dioxide, disinfection, 175 Clarifiers,142-151 chemicaltreatment chlorine, 150-151 coagulation, 149-150 flocculation,150 design characteristics, 143-144 inclined plate, 145-148 sedimentation, 148-149 solids-contact, 142-145 Cleaningpump, sizing, 379 Cleaning skid, 120 Coagulants, 149-150 Coagulation,149-150 Color, 129-130 control, 129 measure of, 129 poly-DADMACS, 149 Composite polyamide membranes, 52-56 characteristics,55-56 chemical structure, 54 cross-sectiun, 54 interfacial polymerization,53 Concentrateflow, 202 Concentrationfactor,22 Concentration polarization, 27-29 definition, 28 hydraulic boundary layer, 28 Continuous eledrodeionization, 344-357 cleaners, 354 costs, 356 Dow module, 350 evolution,355INDEX 385 feed water quality requirements,353 manufacturers,356 process flow diagram, 347,349,351 recovery, 351 Controls, 116-118 Cross-flow filtration, 18-19 Current US industrial RO concentrateflow control valve, 19 membrane manufacturers,77 Data acquisition and management, HMI status indicators,118-119 human-machineinterface, 119 normalization software, 119 118-119 Data analysis, 239 Data assessment, 287-290 Data collection, 237-239 Data normalization,239-241,366 DBNPA, biocide, 182-183 Dead end filtration, 17-18 Delamination, 298 Delaware River Water (casestudy), primary monitoring variables, 238 normalized product flow, 240-241 241-247 actual raw data, 242 different axial loads, 246 normalized pressure drop, normalized raw data, 242 normalized salt passage, 243-245 pressure drop, 245 Designing RO system beta, 202-205 concentrateflow rate per pressure vessel, 202 design software, 212 feed flow rate per pressure vessel, 201 scaling indexes, 35 245-247 US membrane manufacturers water flux, 26-27,211 and design programs, 213 Dewatering, 3 Disposablecartridge filters, 98 DMI65 (Itochu Chemicals America), 163 Double pass, 90-93 Dow Water and Process SolutionsFilmTec Technical Manual, 212 3D TRASAR" system, 179,180 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA),303 Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence(EDXRF), 302-303 Exposure to other chemicals, 139 Feed water flow, 201 Feed water quality calcium and NOM, 197-198 chemicaldamage, 198 feed water source, 193-196 concentrateflow rates, 196 feed water flow rate, 195 flux rates, 194 total dissolved solids, 196-197 effect on flux and salt flux and cross flow rate, 198 rejection, 197 FilmTec, 9 Filox filters, iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfite removal, 163 Filtration spectrum, 4 Finely-porous model, 45 Flocculants, 150 Flocculation, 150 Fluid Systems", 9,77 Flux, 2627,209 definition, 26 operating variables, 209386 INDEX recommended, 27 specific, 27 Fouling, 30-33 barrier layer, 31 definition, 30 membrane, 32 species, 30 water quality guidelines for FT-30 membrane, 8,9,43,53,56, Fujiwara test, 302 Fungi, microbial testing, 303-304 minimizing, 30 136,211 General performance issues, 285 Greensand filtration, 189 High efficiency reverse osmosisTM (HERO) process, 133, 358-360 additional pretreatment, 359 advantages, 359 features, 358 limitations, 359-360 process flow diagram, 357 process steps, 358 raising pH, 358-359 High flux/high capacity membranes, 173 High hardness well water (case study) antiscalant, 311-312 sodium softener, 311 High-efficiency filters (HEF), 153-157 advantages, 157 cooling water particle size distribution, 155 multimedia pressure filters us., 157 top-over-bottom design, 155 turbidity and SDI removal, 153-1 57 vortex design, 156 High-pH cleaners effecton removal of biofilm, 273 sample high-pH cleaning formulations, 272 target species, 271 Hollosep@ cellulose triacetate Hollow fine fiber membrane hollow fine fiber, 74 modules, 8,9,52,58,72-74, 328,330-337 characteristics, 72 cross section, 74 Humic substances, 129 Hydranautics CPA3-LD, 80 Hydranautics IMS Design Version 2008,224-230 help contents, 226 numbered inputs, 226,227 primary design input screen, 227 recommended flux decline per year, 228 recommended salt passage increase per year, 229 screen inputs, 228,229 summary report output screen, water analysis input screen, 227 229 Hydranautics low-fouling composite LFC3-LD membrane, 79 Hydrogen peroxide, disinfection, 177 Hydrogen sulfide, 131-132 treatment recommendations, 131 ILECTM(Interlocking End Cap) membrane module, 65, 66,108 clarifiers), 145-148 Inclined-plate clarifiers (Lamella0 advantages, 148 treatment zones, 147 Inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP),303INDEX 387 Infrared spectroscopy, 303 Instrumentation, 114-1 16 alarms and shutdowns, basic recommended, 115 Inter-pass caustic injection,91 Interstage performance monitoring instrumentation, 121 Iron filters, 160-164 BIRM@' filters, 162-163 filox filters, 163 iron removal media, manganese greensand filters, properties of manganese 115-116 163-1 64 161-162 greensand, BIRM@,and Filox, 160461 Isothiazolone,biocide, 183 Koch Membranes ROPRO Version 7.0,230-234 231,232 array configurationinput screen, feed analysis screen, 231 flowrates and recovery input screen,231,232 input screens, 230 output screen, 233 primary input screen, 231 printed output, 234 project informationscreen,231 LangelierSaturationIndex, 35, LayneOx (LayneChristensen),163 Lead membrane modules, 32 Lime softening, 183-187 cold, 184-185 downflow hot process softener, 187 effluentfrom cold, warm, and hot, 184 38-39 hot, 185-187 sludge-blanket hot process warm, 185 softener,186 Linear aromatic polyamide membranes, 8,51-52 Loeb-Sourirajan method, 52 Low fouling membranes, 57 Low hardness surface water (case study) antiscalant, 313-314 sodium softener,313 hydrogen peroxide, precautions, specificfoulants and scale, 274 Low-pH cleaners 273-274 preferred cleaning solutions,275 Low-pressure membranes, 57 LSI see Langelier Saturation Index Lyotropic liquid crystals(LLCs), 11-12 Magnum@module, 69 Manganese greensand filters, 161-162 backwashing, 162 iron, manganese and hydrogen regeneration, 162 sulfite removal, 161-162 Manifolding, 114 Mechanical evaluation,284-285 Mechanical pretreatment, 142-170 target species, 143 Media filtration, 189 MegaMagnum@module, 69,70 Melt-blown cartridge.filter, Membrane autopsy, 294 Membrane cleaning 378-379 visual inspection, 295-301 CIPpump flowrate, 369 cleaning chemicals for foulants and scale, 274 high-pH cleaners, 271-272388 INDEX low-pH cleaners, 273-274 neutral-pH cleaners, 272 cleaning procedure, 267-269 different membranes, 376-377 factorsaffecting cleaning efficacy, 269-270 fail to return performance, 368 generation of permeate prevention, 369 heating RO feed water, advantages, 371 high pH, 368 low suction pressure, 370-371 non-oxidizing biocide, 370 on-site versus off-site, 317-319 permeate conductivity,369 preserve in off line, 372-374 shelf life, 374-375 temperature and pH, 367-368 time to clean, 266-267,367 wet versus dry, 375 Membrane cleaning equipment cartridge filter, 277 cleaning tank, 275 recirculation pump, 277 Membrane compaction, 256 Membrane degradation, Membrane fouling, 255-256 Membrane integrity testing, 291 Membrane lay-up long-term, 278 short-term,277 256-257,259 Membrane materials, 46-58 Membrane modules, 58-76 comparisonof basic forms, 58 Membrane pretreatment, 170 Membrane scaling, 256,258-259 Membrane technology developments in, 9 recent advances, 9-12 Metal fouling, 130-131 MethyleneBlue test, 301-302 MF see microfiltration Microbial fouling, 127-128 bacteria and biofilm control, 128 culture technique, 127-128 total bacteria count, 128 Microfiltrationand ultrafiltration, 325-338 advantages and limitations outside-in and inside-out service flow designs, 330 tubular, spiral wound and hollow fiber module configurations,334 advantages of MF, 339 applications of MF, 339 asymmetricand uniform, 328,329 flux decline, 333 hollow fiber MF system, 332 improvements,328 microbes and algae removal, 170 polymers used, 326 pressurized VS.submerged hollow fiber, 336,337 spiral wound UF system,331 strength and elongation characteristicsof polymers, 327 tubular UF system, 332 wettability/ hydrophilic properties, 327 Microporous membranes, 325 Microprocessor, 116 Module configurations, 74-76 Multimedia pressure filters, 151-153 horizontal filter, 153 turbidity and colloids removal, vertical filter, 152 151-1 53 Multiple trains, advantages and disadvantages, 93 Nanofiltration,342-344 applications,344 hardness and color removal, 170INDEX 389 rejection of species between NF structure, 342 versus reverse osmosis, 365-366 and RO membranes, 343 Nanostructured polymer membranes, 11-12 Nanotechnology,11 Natural organic matter (NOM),138 Neutral-pH cleaners,272-273 NOM see natural organic matter Non-oxidizing biocides, microbial fouling prevention DBNPA, 182-183 isothiazolone, 183 sodium bisulfite, 182 normalized differential pressure, 249 normalized permeate flow, 249 normalized salt rejection, 249 outputs, 250 typical data inputs, 248 Normalized permeate flow increase in Normalization software, 247-250 hardware issues, 257 membrane degradation, 256-257 loss in membrane compaction, 256 membrane fouling, 255-256 membrane scaling,256 Normalized salt rejection increase in, 259 loss in hardware issues, 259 membrane degradation, 259 membrane scaling, 258-259 O-ring leaks and permeate tubes, 257 breaches, 259 advantages of, 318 shortcomings, 318 Off-site cleaning, 317-318 On-site membrane cleaning advantages of, 319 shortcomingsof, 319 Organicfouling, 128-129 contol methods, 129 Osmosis, 15-16 concentration equilibrium, 16 definition, 15 Osmotic pressure, 16 Ozone, disinfection, 176-1 77 PermasepTMB-9 and B-10 PermasepTMB-9 membranes, 8 pH, effect on flux and salt rejection, 207-209 Phase inversion method, 47 Phenomenologicaltransport relationships, 46 PID controllers, 117 Plate and frame membrane membranes,51 modules, characteristics, 59-60 PLC see programmablelogic controller Pleated cartridge filters, 378 Polyacrylate-HEDP,178 Polyamide compositemembranes, 11,51-58 characteristics,56 degradation, 136 effect of pH, 207-209 improvements,56-57 rough surfacemorphology, 57 Polyether urea (PEU),58 Positive displacement pumps, 100 Pressure, 200-201 effect on flux and rejection, 201 Pressure drop, 245,259 increase/decrease in, 260-261 301 Pressure dye test-Rhodamine B,390 INDEX Pressure vessels, 106-114 adaptor, 110 cone, 111 113 elliptical end cap with end elliptical end cap with thrust elliptical head with thrust cone, end cap with snap ring, 113 end cap with thrust ring, 112 sequence of module removal, shims, 110,114 side entry of feed water, 106,107 spiral-wound modules, 107 thrust rings/cones, 108,110 RO and process flow diagram, 188 system failure, impact on RO, 375-376 technologies, 189 items, 252-253 schedule, 251 109 Pretreatment, 141 Preventative maintenance, 250-253 Process flow diagram, 96 Product blending kits, 121 Profiling and probing, 121, Programmablelogic controller, 116 291-294 Recovery,21-23,205207 concentrateconcentration, 23 concentrationfactor, 22 definition, 21 effecton flux and salt rejection, 205 individual membrane modules and rejection, 206 instantaneous permeate concentration,23 Recycle, 89-90 array with concentrate recycle,90 disadvantages, 90 Reject disposal options dischargeto cooling tower, dischargeto drain or sewer, 320 zero liquid discharge, 321-323 Rejection, 23-26 characteristics,24 definition, 23 polyamide composite Reverseosmosis,16-17 applications,3-4 components, 95,97 definition, 3,15 flow rate, 21 future advancements, 12 history and development, 5-9 time line in development of uses of, 34,365 320-321 membranes, ability of, 25 technology, 5 ReverseOsmosisPurification Apparatus, 9 RO feed pumps, 100-106 centrifugal pumps, 100 concentrateflow control valve, 104 factors responsiblefor low pressure and volume, 106 outside and inside of VFD control panel, 103,104 pressure control valve, 104 pump curves, 101 water hammer prevention, 105 RO membranes chlorine-tolerant, 11 costsof, 10 development, 10 fouling resistant, 11 low pressure, 11 RO performance monitoring, 237 ROsee Reverse osmosis ROCHEM RO-Wasserbehandlung ROCHEMST module, 75 GmbH (ROCHEM),75INDEX 391 ROSA Version 6.1,53,214-221 actual and projected water configuration input screen, quality,219 215,216 215,216 warnings, 220 inputs and features, design and solubility feed data screen, 214 overview report, 221 primary design output, 218 design inputs and outputs, 217 project info screen,214 projected performance of each element, 219 projected scaling indexes, 220 report screen,215 scaling screen,214-215 Sanitary membrane modules, 81-82 SCADAsystem, 117 Scaling, 33-35 index, 35 performance issues, 34 species, 33 water guidelines for minimizing, 33 Scanning electron microscopy (SEMI, 302 SDIsee Silt density index Seawatermembranes, 76-78 Koch Membrane Systems, 78 test conditions, 76 Sedimentationclarifiers, treatment zones, 148-1 49 Sequencingof pretreatment technologies, 187-189 Shimsand thrust ring, installation,379 Silica fouling/scaling control, 132-1 34 Silt density index, 35-38 and turbidity, 37,366 apparatus, 36 definition, 35 pads, 37-38 procedures, 35-37 Sizing and capacity, 316-317 Sizing process, 57 Skids, 120 Sodiumbisulfite, biocide, 182 Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium metabisulfite, Sodium softener, 189 Sodium softeners, 166167 approximate size, 378 WIMP), 178 dechlorination,180-1 82 feed water guidelines, 167 hardness leakageand resin regeneration of softenerresin, softening reaction for calcium soluble hardness removal, 164 styrene-divinylbenzenegel capacity, 166 166-1 67 exchange, 165 cation resin, 164 Sodium water softening advantages, 308-309 and antiscalants, 309-310 issues, 308 sequencing, 307-309 operating cost issues, 310 Solids-contact clarifiers(upflow clarifiers),144-145 treatment zones, 144 Solution-diffusiontransport model, 7,41,42-44 flux and salt rejection, 43,44 nonporous, 42 SolutionAiffusion imperfection models, 44-45 Spent resin filters, 167-168392 INDEX Spiral wound membrane modules, 9,61-72 advantages, 61-62 ATDs and iLEC ATD, flow characteristics, 68 characteristics, 71 cross section, 62 cut-away of pressure Dow Water Solutions-FilmTec multi-leaf, 9,62 placement of module interconnector adaptor, 66 vessel, 71 iLEC ATDs, 66 pressure vessel end caps, 73 pressure vessel without end caps, 72 strap wrench with iLEC membranes, 67 styles of standard ATDs, 65 two-train MegaMagnum U cup brine seal, 69,70 uniform telescoping,64 Stage-by-stage membrane cleaning, 122 Starting up RO, 372 Stiff-DavisSaturation Index, 35 String-wound filters, 378 Suspended solids, 125-127 modules, 70 fouling of membranes, 127 measure of, 125 System design, 285-286 System flush off-line flush, 263-264 return to service flush, stand-by flush, 265-266 264-265 System performance projections, 286-287 Taper/ Christmastree configuration,85 Temperature, feed water effect on water flux and salt rejection, 199 operating pressure, 200 TFC@membranes, 52 Thin-film nanocomposite membrane (TFN) technology, 11 Top-over-bottomhigh efficiency filter, 155,156 TorayDS Version 1.1.44,221-224 Auto- Design/Auto - Element, data inputs, 221-222 design output screen, 225 primary input screen, 223 TEACHMODE,221 Transport models, 41-46 Trihalomethanes,173 Troubleshooting,283 data assessment, 287-290 Fujiwara test, 302 general performance issues, 285 matrix, 288 mechanical evaluation, 284-285 membrane autopsy,294-301 membrane integrity testing, 291 methylene blue test, 301-302 other tests, 303-304 performance projection, pressure dye test, 301 profiling and probing, 291-294 spectroscopytests, 302-303 system design, 285-286 water sampling, 290-291 Tubular casting equipment, 7 Tubular cellulose acetate membranes, 9 Tubular membrane modules, 60-61 applications, 61 characteristics,61 221 286-287 TW30, tap water membrane, 9INDEX 393 UF see ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration,339-342 Ultrafiltration applications,341 microbesand algae removal, 170 water treatment process flow Ultraviolet irradiation, 168-169 diagram, 340 advantages, 169 destruction of bacteria, chlorine and chloramines,169 limitation, 169 organic compounds reduction, water conditions, 169 168 Variablefrequency drives, 101-103, 377-378 Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP) membrane, 76 Vortex high efficiency filter, 154,156 Vortisand@ filters, 154 Water hammer, 257 Water quality guidelines, 125-139 Water sampling, 290-291 Well water with iron and antiscalant,31 4-31 6 sodium softener,314 manganese (casestudy) X-Ray diffraction, 303 Zero liquid discharge,321-323
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