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عدد المساهمات : 19004 التقييم : 35512 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation 4.0 الخميس 03 نوفمبر 2022, 9:31 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation 4.0 Norbert Meyendorf, Nathan Ida, Ripudaman Singh, Johannes Vrana Editors
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Volume 1 Part I Concepts and Trends 1 1 Introduction to NDE 4.0 . 3 Johannes Vrana, Norbert Meyendorf, Nathan Ida, and Ripudaman Singh 2 Basic Concepts of NDE 31 Norbert Meyendorf, Nathan Ida, and Martin Oppermann 3 History of Communication and the Internet . 77 Nathan Ida 4 Creating a Digital Foundation for NDE 4.0 95 Nasrin Azari 5 Digitization, Digitalization, and Digital Transformation 107 Johannes Vrana and Ripudaman Singh 6 Improving NDE 4.0 by Networking, Advanced Sensors, Smartphones, and Tablets 125 Chris Udell, Marco Maggioni, Gerhard Mook, and Norbert Meyendorf 7 Value Creation in NDE 4.0: What and How 151 Johannes Vrana and Ripudaman Singh 8 From Nondestructive Testing to Prognostics: Revisited . 177 Leonard J. Bond 9 Reliability Evaluation of Testing Systems and Their Connection to NDE 4.0 205 Daniel Kanzler and Vamsi Krishna Rentala 10 NDE 4.0: New Paradigm for the NDE Inspection Personnel . 239 Marija Bertovic and Iikka Virkkunen vii11 “Moore’s Law” of NDE 271 Norbert Meyendorf Part II Technical Disciplines . 293 12 Industrial Internet of Things, Digital Twins, and Cyber-Physical Loops for NDE 4.0 . 295 Johannes Vrana 13 Compressed Sensing: From Big Data to Relevant Data . 329 Florian Römer, Jan Kirchhof, Fabian Krieg, and Eduardo Pérez 14 Semantic Interoperability as Key for a NDE 4.0 Data Management 353 Christian T. Geiss and Manuel Gramlich 15 Registration of NDE Data to CAD . 369 Stephen D. Holland and Adarsh Krishnamurthy 16 NDE 4.0: Image and Sound Recognition 403 Kimberley Hayes and Amit Rajput 17 Image Processing 2D/3D with Emphasis on Image Segmentation 423 Andreas H. J. Tewes, Astrid Haibel, and Rainer P. Schneider 18 Applied Artificial Intelligence in NDE 443 Ahmad Osman, Yuxia Duan, and Valerie Kaftandjian 19 The Human-Machine Interface (HMI) with NDE 4.0 Systems . 477 John C. Aldrin 20 Artificial Intelligence and NDE Competencies 499 Ramon Salvador Fernandez Orozco, Kimberley Hayes, and Francisco Gayosso 21 Smart Monitoring and SHM 553 Bianca Weihnacht and Kilian Tschöke 22 Sensors, Sensor Network, and SHM 569 M. Faisal Haider, Amrita Kumar, Irene Li, and Fu-Kuo Chang 23 Probabilistic Lifing . 603 Kai Kadau, Michael Enright, and Christian Amann 24 Robotic NDE for Industrial Field Inspections 641 Robert Dahlstrom viii ContentsVolume 2 Part III Applications . 663 25 NDE for Additive Manufacturing 665 Julius Hendl, Axel Marquardt, Robin Willner, Elena Lopez, Frank Brueckner, and Christoph Leyens 26 In Situ Real-Time Monitoring Versus Post NDE for Quality Assurance of Additively Manufactured Metal Parts . 697 Christiane Maierhofer, Simon J. Altenburg, and Nils Scheuschner 27 NDE in Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Components 735 Christian Wunderlich, Beatrice Bendjus, and Malgorzata Kopycinska-Müller 28 Inspection of Ceramic Materials . 755 Susanne Hillmann and Bernd Köhler 29 Testing of Polymers and Composite Materials 775 Kara Peters 30 Characterization of Materials Microstructure and Surface Gradients using Advanced Techniques 799 Paul Graja and Norbert Meyendorf 31 Nondestructive Testing of Welds . 819 A. Juengert, M. Werz, R. Gr. Maev, M. Brauns, and P. Labud 32 Optical Coherence Tomography as Monitoring Technology for the Additive Manufacturing of Future Biomedical Parts . 859 Jörg Opitz, Vincenz Porstmann, Luise Schreiber, Thomas Schmalfuß, Andreas Lehmann, Sascha Naumann, Ralf Schallert, Sina Rößler, Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Benjamin Kruppke, and Malgorzata Kopycinska-Müller 33 NDE for Electronic Packaging 883 Martin Oppermann, Johannes Richter, Jörg Schambach, and Norbert Meyendorf Part IV Industrial Domains 935 34 NDE 4.0 in Civil Engineering . 937 Ernst Niederleithinger 35 NDE 4.0 in Railway Industry . 951 Xiaorong Gao, Yu Zhang, and Jianping Peng Contents ix36 NDE in The Automotive Sector . 979 R. Gr. Maev, A. Chertov, R. Scott, D. Stocco, A. Ouellette, A. Denisov, and Y. Oberdorfer 37 Applications of NDE 4.0 Cases in the Automotive Industry . 1011 Matthias Nöthen 38 Digital Twin and Its Application for the Maintenance of Aircraft 1035 Teng Wang and Zheng Liu 39 NDE in Energy and Nuclear Industry 1053 Rafael Martínez-Oña 40 NDE in Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Facilities 1089 Sascha Schieke, Mark Geisenhoff, and Ke Wang Part V Business . 1107 41 Best Practices for NDE 4.0 Adoption . 1109 Ripudaman Singh 42 Estimating Economic Value of NDE 4.0 . 1127 Lennart Schulenburg 43 Ethics in NDE 4.0: Perspectives and Possibilities 1159 Ripudaman Singh and Tracie Clifford 44 Training and Workforce Re-Orientation 1187 Ramon Salvador Fernandez Orozco 45 Are We Ready for NDE 5.0 . 1245 Ripudaman Singh Index 1263 Index A Accelerometer sensors, 572 Acceptable annual risk, 617 Acceptable risk, 615, 616, 618, 619 Acoustic emission (AE), 61, 197, 704, 1099 Acoustic impedance, 64 Acoustic methods, 811–814 acoustic emission, 704 SRAS, 703 ultrasonics, 703 Acoustic microscopy, 282–284 Acoustic scene classification (ASC), 417 Active sensing mode, 577 Active systems, 179 Active thermography, 759, 890 Additive manufacturing (AM), 12, 698–700, 702, 703, 706, 715, 724, 822, 828, 861, 862, 1146 bioprinting, 862–863 definition, 666 extrusion process, 671 layer by layer, 669 limitations of, 669 SLS, 863 typical defects, 679 unique manufacturing way of, 668 unmolten powder, 680 versatility of, 666 Additive manufacturing of ceramic green bodies, 736 advantages, 737 data monitoring, 749–751 laser speckle photometry, 738–741 optical coherence tomography, 743–750 Adhesive bonding, 1003–1004 Advanced analytics, 1039 Advanced small modular reactor (AdvSMR), 189 Advisory circular (AC), 604 Aero-engine disk, 616, 622 Aggregation bias, 1171 AI chips, 538 Airborne remote inspection robots, 647–651 Aircraft gas turbine engines, 621 Aircraft maintenance development of, 1037–1039 digital twin for (see Digital twin) Air gaps, 671 Airworthiness Qualification Plan (AQP), 590 Algorithmic bias, 1178 Algorithms, 478–480, 482, 484–490, 492, 493 ALOK method, 337 Amazon’s computer models, 1161 American Industrial Radium and X-Ray Society (AIRXS), 481 American Petroleum Institute (API), 1091 American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME), 831, 1091 Amount of data, 330 Analog data, 97 Analog-to-digital-converters (ADCs), 336 Anomaly distribution, 622, 624 Application programming interfaces (API), 307 Applied ethics, 1163 Arc welding, 822–824, 828, 829, 842, 854 ARPANET, 84 Artificial intelligence (AI), 10, 246, 289, 516, 518, 810, 821, 835, 842, 843, 847, 855, 927–928, 1012, 1013, 1016, 1018, 1099, 1160, 1167, 1247 automated inspection programming, 928–929 awareness, 524 and data science, 513–515 development through corporations and SMEs, 522–523 early research, 520 ethics and security, 524–527 Artificial intelligence (AI) (cont.) frontiers and lines of exploration, 523 implementation, 530–531 initiatives, 533–540 initiatives through academic institutions, 521 intelligent inspection functions, 929–931 meaning, 510–513 phased-out parallel advancement with health sector, 523 planning and decision support, 537–538 policy research, 527–530 pre-history of, 519–520 preventing classification errors, 929 programing languages, 537 social impact, 531–533 Artificial intelligence knowledge map (AIKM), 515, 516 Artificial neural networks, 409, 540 Asset inspectors, 156, 166 Asset management, 355, 357–360 Asset OEMs, 155 Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 886 Augmented reality (AR), 137–138, 246, 248, 252, 253, 255, 263, 1098 systems, 489 Automated data, 97 Automated data analysis (ADA), 246, 482, 484, 489, 492 Automated defect detection, 447 Automated defect recognition (ADR), 482 Automated inspection programming, 928–929 Automated SHM, 572 Automated testing, 837, 839, 841, 844, 855, 856 Automated ultrasonic testing, 840 Automatic optical inspection (AOI) system, 895–897, 898, 925 Automation, 147, 164, 169, 170, 478–480, 484–490, 493, 1247 awareness, 524 stack, 298–300 Automotive industry adhesive bonding, 1003–1004 applications of post-process inspections, 1001–1007 laser brazing, 1005–1006 NDE 4.0 in, 984–987 polymers, 1006–1007 resistance spot welding, 1001–1003 role of artificial intelligence in, 989–992 signal/image processing, 987–989 spot weld quality analysis (see Real-time in-line resistance spot weld analysis) Automotive industry, NDT 4.0 characteristic extraction of paint defects, 1019–1021 deflectometry method for paint defect detection, 1019 fold-adhesive bonds (see Fold-adhesive bonds) industrial applications, 1012 strip light method for paint defect detection, 1018 types of paint defects, 1016 visual inspection of paint defects, 1013–1015 Automotive sector, 845, 847, 855 Autonomous robots, 1145 Average precision, 464 Avitas Systems, 186 B Backwall echoes (BWE), 452 Ball grid array (BGA) structures, 280 Barkhausen and Eddy current microscopy (BEMI), 277 Barkhausen noise microscopy, 41, 277–279 Batch normalization (BN), 437 Baudot code, 79 Bayesian masses, 471 Beam hardening, 802 Bernoulli distribution, 335 Bernoulli matrix, 338 Big data, 11, 138–139, 821, 1039 Binder Jet printing (BJP) process, 675, 677 Biomedical applications, 861, 877 Bioprinting, 862–863 Bloch walls, 41 Blockchain, 9, 137, 246 Bonding/melting, powder, 669 Bremsstrahlung, 833 British Institute of non-destructive testing (BINDT), 128 Brute-force Monte Carlo approach, 606 Building information modeling (BIM), 943–947 BuildingSMART, 945 Business models, 159 C CAD data, 822, 849, 850 Calibration test case, 621–623 Camera angles, 395 Camera-based sensing, 382–385 Camera calibration, 385 1264 IndexCapacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (CMUT), 342 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), 449–451, 779 Case depth determination, 808–810 Case hardening, 803 Catastrophic accident, 208 Cathode-ray tube (CRT), 481 Cavities, 829 Cellular communication, 80–83 Cellular networks, 82 Ceramic materials cryo-ultrasound, 769 defects, 757 eddy current testing, 766–767 elastodynamic methods, 768–772 infrared transmission, 760–761 laser speckle photometry, 762 laser ultrasound technology, 769 microwave testing, 766–767 non-destructive testing methods, 757 optical coherence tomography, 762 optical testing methods, 758–763 penetrant testing, 758–759 resonance testing, 771 terahertz testing, 767 thermography, 759–760 ultrasonic testing, 768–769 visual inspection, 758 X-ray methods, 763–766 Ceramics, 671 manufacturing chain, 737, 750 Characterization, 478, 480, 482, 484, 488 Civil engineering BIM, 943–947 construction assessment, 940–942 data management, 942–944 recommendations and standards, 947–948 Cladding modeling, 1063 Classic heterodyne approach, 48 Classifiers for NDE detection tasks, 449 performance measure of, 461–464 Climbing robots, 647 Closed-loop networking, 1247 Cloud, 133 computing, 10, 1039 solutions, 821 Cloud-based data repository, 100 Coaches, 159 Cognitive capabilities, 252 Coherence, 334 Cold cracking, 682 Cold welding, 825 Collaboration rooms, 108 Collaborative robots (Cobots), 13, 489–490 Collective learning, 1211, 1212 Color penetration test, 1024, 1025 Comma-separated values (csv), 1095 Common fleet database, 1047 Communication, 78 cellular, 80–83 electric concept of, 78 in NDE, 88–90 network growth, 83–87 platform, 108 role of networks in NDE, 89 satellites, 82 world wide web, 87–88 Competency(ies) defined, 507 NDE, 1203–1205 Completely debiased dataset, 1171 Compressed sensing (CS), 330–333, 335, 348 cognitive radar, 336 a priori knowledge, 332, 335 redundancy, 331 sufficient information, 335 temporal CS, 340 terahertz imaging, applications in, 346–348 ultrasound testing, applications in, 336–342 X-ray computed tomography, applications in, 342–346 Compression matrix, 334 Computed tomography (CT), 424, 425, 786–788, 836, 885, 886, 903, 904–908, 1147 Computer aided design (CAD), 370, 371, 373, 374, 376–378, 386–389, 862 systems, 7 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 862 Computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), 356 Computer vision (CV), 413 Conceptual model for life models and inputs, 192 Condition based maintenance (CBM), 180, 184, 193, 200, 492 Condition monitoring (CM), 160 Confusion matrix, 462 Conscious Capitalism, 1249 Construction industry, 938 Consultants, 159 Consumer education, 175 Contact-based inspection, 649 Contact-free automatic NDE in automotive sector, 847–850 Continuous improvement model for big data, 139 Index 1265Continuous wave method, 47–48 Convolutional layer, 437 Convolutional neural networks (CNN), 412, 435–437, 453–456, 992 Cooled detector, 891 Corrosion monitoring locations (CMLs), 1094 Cost-based planning, 1044 Cost of failure, 618, 619 COVID-19 pandemic, 1090 Cracks, 829 Critical defect, 208 Cryo-ultrasound, 770 Cumulative distribution function (CDF), 607 Cured adhesive layer, 1023 Cyber-physical-biological, 1259 Cyber-physical ecosystem, 296 Cyber-physical integration, 109 Cyber-physical loop, 153, 164–175, 297, 324, 325, 1148 Cyber physical systems (CPS), 240 CYCLADES network, 85 D Damage detection, 588 Damage index method, 578–579 Damage localization, 588 Damage quantification, 588–589 Damage tolerant model, 209 Damage verification testing, 587 2-D arrays, 338 Dartmouth Summer Research Conference, 521 DARWIN pre-zoning algorithm, 624 Data analytics maturity model, 26 Data augmentation, 419 Database, 99, 810, 811, 814 Data elements, 98 Data-exchange, 159 Data fields, 100 Data format, 100 Data fusion, 465–471 Data fusion classifier (DFC), 471 Data gathering machines, 643 Data market, 173 Data processing, 555, 556, 561, 567, 941 Data provider, 173 Data rates, 330 Data science and AI, 513–515 Data security, 313 Datasets, 99 Data sovereignty, 313, 314 Decade of Action, 1249 Decimal to binary number conversion, 112 Decision-making, 103 Decision trees, 539 Deep convolutional network, 1100 Deep learning, 408, 434, 991 convolutional neural network and regionbased CNN, 453–456 libraries and frameworks, 464–465 long short-term memory-recurrent neural networks, 458–461 Deep learning neural network (DLNN), 482 Deep neural network (DNN), 990 Defect classification process framework, 453 Defect localization, 457 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 521 Deflectometry method, 1019 Degradation accumulation, 196 Degradation observation, 1047 Delamination/Swelling, 680 Delay-and-sum (DAS)-schemes, 337 Dempster-Shafer (DS) evidence theory, 468 Dempster-Shafer fusion classifier (DFC), 473 Denavit and Hartenberg (DH) parameters, 382 Design case, 612 Design target life (DTL), 604 Design target risk (DTR), 605 Design thinking, 1110, 1111 Destructive testing method, 1024 Deterministic AI environments, 536 Deterministic approach, 609 Deterministic life, 612, 613 2D geometric inconsistency, 375–376 2D homogeneous coordinates, 375 3D homogeneous coordinates, 379 Diagnostic imaging method, 579–581 DICOM, 311 DICONDE data, 313–315, 835, 856 Dielectric spectroscopy, 785–786 Digital assistants, 540–541 Digital automation, 246 Digital-biological systems, 1256 Digital immortality, 1258 Digital interconnection, 1066 Digitalization, 98, 109, 114, 122, 938, 1055, 1207 actors/tasks, 102 audit trial, 104 build new process map, 104 data, 98 database, 99 data elements, 98 data fields, 100 data format, 100 1266 Indexdatasets, 99 decision-making, 103 evaluate/choose solutions, 103 fix problem areas, 103 goals, 105 historical information, 99 human-machine interfaces, 115 identify problem areas, 103 identify your baseline, 102 implement/test, 104 map out existing processes, 102 music, 115 NDE, 117–119 photography, 115 processes, 101 queries, 99 of radiography, 121 storing data, 100 vector graphics, 115 Digital learning, 1208 Digital Maintenance of Railway Bridges (DiMaRB), 947 Digital-physical-biological systems, 1256 Digital-Physical-Human, 1256 Digital-physical systems, 1256 Digital Review Boards, 1182–1183 Digital skills, 1197, 1239 Digital Technology Training Schools, 158 Digital thread, 8, 161–164, 320, 321 asset, 161 NDE system, 162 Digital transformation, 109, 111, 122, 298 components for, 116 of NDE, 119–120 of photography, 116 of radiography, 121–122 of word and image processing, 116 Digital twin, 7, 153, 161–164, 166, 167, 170–172, 175, 249, 316, 323, 370, 371, 821, 968, 1036–1037 accessibility and interaction, 1039 advantage, 1051 basic concepts, 318, 319 big data and advanced analytics, 1039 cloud computing, 1039 data, 1037, 1040 data processing, 324 future status prediction, 1042–1043, 1046–1048 health status evaluation, 1041–1042, 1045–1046 information, 324 information sensing and processing, 1044 interrelation, 321, 322 IoT, 1039 maintenance activity management, 1043–1045, 1049–1050 mathematical modeling and solving, 1045 nesting, 319 person, 317, 318 personnel, 320 visualization, 324 Digital twin aggregate (DTA), 321 Digital twin instance (DTI), 321 Digital weave, 163 Digital workflow, NDE, 23, 312 Digital X-ray systems, 1149 Digitization, 7, 108, 109, 111, 122, 297, 298, 1092 binary numbers, 112 decimal numbers, 111 encoding method, 112, 113 images and videos, 113 NDE methods, 117 of radiography, 121 signals and waveforms, 113 volumetrics and games, 114 Dimensionality reduction, 540 Direct 3D visualization, 389–390 Direct Energy Deposition (DED), 828 Direct Energy Deposition with a laser (DED-LB/M) melt pool properties, 715 requirements, 715 VIS, SWIR and MWIR camera systems, 716–719 Direct Iterative REconstruction of Computed Tomography Trajectories (DIRECTT) algorithm, 342, 344 Direct-to-metal laser sintering (DMLS), 636 Disconnected data, 97 Displacement sensors, 573 Disruptive innovation, 1141 Distortion correction, 385 Domain adaptation, 419 3D printing, 861, 865, 1258 2D registration, NDE data, 374–375 2D geometric inconsistency, 375–376 2D homogeneous coordinates, 375 Drones, 647–649 Dry film thickness (DFT), 657 Duty theories, 1163 3D video games, 114 2-D X-ray inspection method radiography, 900–903 Dye penetrant testing, 757 Index 1267E Economic analysis, 618 Economic impact of NDE 4.0 cost of risk, 1141 disruptive innovation, 1152–1154 efficiency and effectiveness, 1139–1140 equipment efficiency, 1136–1137 impact, 1148–1154 incremental innovation, 1148–1152 innovations, 1140 investment evaluation, 1138 key performance indicators, 1129–1138 quantitative performance, 1133–1135 return of investment, 1137 system availability, 1135 total cost of ownership, 1129–1130 value generation, 1138–1141 Economy of scale, 333 Eddy current, 807 inspection, 142 inspection of steam generator and heat exchanger tubes, 1083 sensors, 573 Eddy current testing, 37–39, 956, 958 cermanic materials, 766–767 Education 4.0 for Industry 4.0, 1214–1216 conceptual frameworks for transitioning, 1216 evolutionary and disruptive modification, in education models, 1216–1217 NDE instructor role, evolution of, 1226–1227 NDE mentorship, evolution of, 1227–1228 re-training of workforce, 1217–1225 Effect of defects, 690 Electric arc pressure welding, 826 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 1076 Electric trolley for ultrasonic rail flaw detection, 973 Electromagnetic methods, 704, 806–811 Electromagnetic testing (ET), 1092 Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF), 828 Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF), 828 Electron beam welding, 825 Electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC), 80 Electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC), 80 Electronic packaging, 888–889 classification, 885 optical inspection, 894–900 thermography, 889–894 ultrasonic microscopy, 915–922 X-ray inspection methods, 900–915 Electronics prognostics, 194 Electrons, 58 Electrotherapeutic devices, 1257 Embedded sensor arrays, 790–792 Empirical mode decomposition (EMD), 783 End of life (EOL), 159, 162 Energy Science Network (ESNet), 86 Engineering management, 490–491 Engine health monitoring (EHM), 187 Enhanced mobile broadband, 9 Enterprise Resource Planning, 1247 Environmental, social and governance (ESG), 1240 Ethics, 1203 code of, 1168 debate, 1165 at Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, 1175–1178 and morals, 1163–1164 new ethical concerns, 1170 resolving existing ethical concerns, 1169 and 4th revolution, 1166–1170 trust, 1165 European Network for Inspection Qualification (ENIQ), 1057 EUROPIPE GmbH, 851 Event processing architecture, 536 Evidential classifiers, 468 Exemplary fictitious model, 461 Explosion welding, 825 Extended reality, 12 F Failure, 208 catastrophic accident, 208 critical defect, 208 damage tolerant model, 209 zero-defect tolerance, 209 Failure-based planning, 1044 Failure mode effect and analysis (FMEA), 355, 986 Fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (FISTA), 340 Fatigue crack growth (FCG), 604 Fatigue life prediction, 607 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 604 Fifth Era, 1255, 1256 Filtered back projection (FBP), 342 Fine seam bubble, 1028 1268 IndexFine structure analysis, 52 First- and second order reliability methods (FORM/SORM), 606 First digital cell network, 81 First industrial revolution, 4, 1246 Fixed wing drones, 647 Flame hardening, 802 Flat wheel detection method, 959, 961 Fleet assessment case, 612 Flight testing, 589–591 Fold-adhesive bonds cross-sectional representation, 1022 destructive testing methods, 1024 exemplary fold geometries and model, 1028, 1029 integration of test into process chain, 1027 Kissing Bond, 1023 meandering structure, 1024 modeling of sound propagation, array C, 1030 phased array ultrasonic systems for, 1025–1027 porosities, 1023 prototype for testing, 1030 testing and destructive testing for validation, 1030–1031 two-dimensional model, for probe design and sound progression, 1029 Ford Model T, 984 Forge welding, 826 Forging flaws, 610 Fourier coefficients, 338 Fourier matrix, 338, 347 Fourth industrial revolution, 5, 1246 Fracture mechanics, 606, 609–611, 614, 621, 633 Friction stir welding, 822, 827 Friction welding, 827 Fuchsin test, 759 Full-matrix capture (FMC), 337–342, 840, 1093 Full waveform inversion (FWI), 337 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), 671, 862 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), 671 Fusion welding, 823–825 Future NDE, 132 G 5G, 9 Gamma rays, 58, 832, 833 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 823 Gas porosity, 679 Gas turbine, 604, 615, 616, 618, 620, 626, 629–631, 634, 637 rotors, 620 Generic data fusion framework, 468 Geographic information systems (GIS), 372 Geometric inconsistency accommodating, 396–397 2D, 375–376 Geometry-sensitive model based inversion, 373 Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC), 1257 Global Positioning System (GPS), 372 Graphical user interface (GUI), 479, 481, 487–488, 493, 593 Graphics processing unit (GPU), 387, 606 Ground-based inspection robotic systems, 645–647 Ground penetrating radar, 43 Guided ultrasonic waves, 788–790 Guided wave imaging, 790 Guided wave (GW) ultrasonics, 1099 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), 208 H Hamburg Port Authority (HPA), 947 Handheld ultrasonic system, 1002 Hardening depth acoustic methods, 811–814 definition, 804–805 destructive determination, 805–807 electro-magnetic methods, 806–811 nondestructive determination, 806–816 surface and case hardening, 800–804 thermographic methods, 814–816 Hard skills, 1194 Hardware-as-a-service, 140 Hatch spacing, 676 Hawthorne effect, 136 Health status evaluation, 1041–1042, 1045–1046 Heat-affected zone (HAZ), 822 Heavy-duty gas turbine, 631 Heavy-duty GT rotor disk, 629 Hermite polynomials, 607 High frequency scanning acoustic microscopy (HF SAM), 282 High performance computing (HPC), 482 High-speed rail flaw detection vehicles, 972–973 Hirth-serration, 627 Historical bias, 1171 Index 1269HIT-MISS-POD approach, 219–221 Holistic asset management approach, 355 Hot cracks, 829 Household NDE applications, 146–147 Human-centered approach, 260 Human machine interaction, 252 Human-machine interface (HMI), NDE 4.0 systems, 478–479, 482–485 AR systems, 489 automation and NDE inspector, 486–487 automation development environments, 492–493 cobots, 489–490 data quality, 488 digital NDE systems, 481 digital twin and material review board, 491–492 engineering data mining and discovery, 491 engineering management, 490–491 feedback tools, 488–489 graphical user interface development, 487–488 implementing NDE 4.0 algorithms, 485–486 software interfaces, NDE inspector training, 490 Human touch revolution, 1250 Human values, 1250 Hyper parameters, 436 Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), 309 I IDS connectors, 173 Image processing, 447 classification, 449–454 development, 536 features extraction, 449 image segmentation, 448 preprocessing, 447–448 system, 899 Image quality indicator (IQI), 834 Image recognition, 411, 412 NDE 4.0, 413, 414 Image segmentation, 448 activation maps, 437 application, 439 CNN, 435–437 complex components, 429 CT, 424, 425 deep neural network, 437 3D modelling sufaces, 430 3D reconstruction, 430 3D tomographic dataset, 429, 430 encoder-decoder structure, 438 gray value distribution, 427, 428 images filters, 428 interfaces, 430 limitation, 433 magnetic resonance tomography, 426 Mask-RCNN, 439 model-based 3D geometry extraction, 431–433 motivation, 434 neural networks, 424 SegNet architecture, 437 U-Net, 438, 439 wooden pencil, 427 X-ray beam, 428 X-ray radiography, 424, 425 X-ray spectra, 429 Immersion techniques, 837 Indication probabilistic fracture mechanics, 612 Induction hardening, 802 Industrial heavy manufacturing inspection system, 253 Industrial internet consortium (IIC), 308, 309 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), 8, 153, 155, 164, 175, 306, 333, 599–600, 1092, 1247 automation stack, 298, 300 idea, 300–302 interfaces, 307 NDE, 303–305 OPC UA, 309, 310 semantic interoperability, 305, 306 Industrial Revolution, 152 Industrial robotic inspections, 643 benefits of, 652–655 drawbacks of, 656 standards, 657–658 Industrial tablet, 147 Industry, 133, 136, 140 Industry 4.0, 6, 153, 157, 159, 163, 173, 174, 176, 240, 241, 245–247, 249, 250, 253, 255, 257, 259, 260, 263, 264, 508, 981 additive manufacturing, 12, 1146 artificial intelligence, 10, 1145–1146 automation, robots, and drones, 13 in automotive industry, 984–987 big data, 11, 1145–1146 blockchains, 9 cloud and connectivity, 1147 cloud computing, 10 cmputed tomography, 1147 data processing, 9 1270 Indexdigital thread, 8 digital twins, 7 digitization, digitization, digital transformation and informatization, 7 evolution of, 1142–1144 extended reality, 12 5G, 9 industrial internet of things, 8 mobile devices, handheld computers and small-size computers, 11 for NDE, 22–25 quantum computers, 11 revolutions in, 14–22 robotics, 1144–1145 semantic interoperability, 9 Industry 5.0, 1248, 1250–1253, 1260 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), 946 Infant mortality, 620 Information fusion, 470 Information sensing and processing, 1044 Information transparency, 1175 Informatization, 109 of general life examples, 109 of radiography, 120–122 stages in NDE, 116–122 Informatization of Training and Certification, 120 Infrared imaging, 783, 784 Infrared (IR) transmission, 760–761 Infrared thermography LSTM-RNN-based defect classification, 460–461 stainless-steel sample, 452–454 Inlet-guide-vane load-following cycle (IGV-LFC), 631, 632 Inline inspection (ILI) tools, 1094 Inline OCT monitoring, 868–873 Inner surface structure, 433 Innovation, 1140, 1257 value chain, 1115–1119 In-service inspections (ISIs) objectives of, 1054 role in maintenance programs, 1068 In-service wheelset condition-based maintenance, 968–970 daily on-line inspection, 959–961 intelligent detection system, 959–964 IoT and intelligent diagnosis of, 964–968 periodic off-line wheel inspection, 963–964 periodic on-line wheel inspection, 961–963 In-situ monitoring methods acoustic methods, 703–704 electromagnetic methods, 704 laser thermography, 702 measurement of particle and fume emission, 704 optical methods, 701 optical tomography, 702 passive thermographic methods, 702 vs. post NDE, 722–727 requirements and thermographic methods, 705–722 spectroscopic methods, 701 standardization of, 700 In situ NDE investigation, 683–684 Inspection data management system (IDMS), 1094 Inspection personnel, 241, 253, 260 Inspection qualification, nuclear power plant, 1057–1059 Inspector, 157 Institute of Asset Management (IAM), 357 Integrated development environments (IDE), 492 Intel 4004 micro processer, 272 Intelligence, defined, 510 Intelligence augmentation (IA), 479, 486 Interaction capabilities, 252 International Data Space Association (IDSA), 173, 313 International Standardization Organization (ISO), 831 Internet, 87 Internet of things (IoT), 138, 148, 240, 300, 301, 246, 1039, 1040 Internet of Things (IoT), in-service wheelset inspection, 964 conceptual map of, 966 fault diagnosis, 965 health assessment, 968 intelligent operation and maintenance system, 967 life time prediction, 968 Interoperability automation MT, 1092 definition, 1092 ET, 1093 ILI tools, 1094 NDE methods, 1095 NDT services, 1097 PT, 1092 ultrasonic testing, 1093 ultrasonic thickness monitoring, 1096 wireless communication technologies, 1097 Intersection over Union (IoU), 463, 1120 iRoll, 595, 596 Index 1271Iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, 386 Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (ISTA), 344 J Jittered subsampling, 339 Joint quality control, 1002 K Keyhole welding, 824 Kinematic model, 377 Kissing Bond, 1023 K-Means, 539 K-nearest neighbors (kNN), 539 Kronecker product, 347 L Lack of fusion, 679, 829 Lack of penetration, 829 Lagrange multipliers, 584 Lamb wave, 848–850 Laminography, 837, 903–904 Land grid array (LGA), 909–912 Laser brazing, 1005–1006 Laser doppler vibrometer (LDV), 339, 573 Laser-Excited Acoustics (LEA), 848–850 Laser metal deposition (LMD), 673 Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), 675, 828 Laser power, 674 beam current, 676 Laser speckle photometry experimental setup of, 738–739, 738–739 porosity multi material jetting, 740–744 in quality control of additive manufactured ceramics, 740–741 Laser spot size, 674 Laser thermography, 702 Laser ultrasound technology, 769 Laser welding, 822, 824, 825, 845 Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), 573, 574, 576, 587 Learning, 148 management systems, 1208 Lenz’ law, 37 Life Cycle Costs (LCC), 361 Life Cycle File (LCF), 362 Lifting methods, 608, 620, 626, 634 advantage, 608 deterministic, 607 disadvantage, 609 failure risks, 609 probabilistic, 608 probabilistic vs. deterministic, 613 Lift-off effect, 37 Linear regression, 539 Liquid penetrant testing (LPT), 34 Lissajous plot, 137 Lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) technology, 746 Lock-in techniques, 50 Logbook, 136 Logistic regression, 539 Longitudinal and transverse flaw testing, 851 Longitudinal waves, 62 Long short-term memory-recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNN), 458 defects in honeycomb structure, 460–461 hierarchical structure of, 459 Low-power wide-area-networks (LPWAN), 307 M Machine intelligence, 1120 Machine learning (ML), 246, 407, 408, 513, 751, 989, 1099, 1167 Machine-to-machine (M2M), 1092 Magnetically impelled arc butt (MIAB) welding, 826 Magnetic flux leakage (MFL), 841 Magnetic particle testing (MT), 36, 841, 956, 1092 Magnetic recording, 79 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 424 Magnetic resonance tomography, 426 Maintenance, Repair, and Operations (MRO) Platform, 965 Maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO), 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043 real-world MRO, 1040 service system, 1040 virtual MRO, 1040 Maintenance program, 1069 Manual process, 97 Manufacturing Execution Systems, 1247 Manufacturing shops, 5 Material anomalies, 605, 610 Material state awareness (MSA), 181, 183 Maturity assessment model, for AI deployment, 530 Mean average precision, 464 Measurement bias, 1171 Mechanized testing, welds, 840 1272 IndexMentorship, 1198, 1227–1228 Metaethics, 1162 Metal inert gas welding (MIG), 823 Metallographic grinding image analysis, 1024 Michigan Educational Research Information Triad (MERIT), 86 Micro-computed tomography (μCT), 786 Micro cracks, 283 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, 275 Micromagnetic techniques, 41–42 Microwave microscopy, 44 Microwave testing, 766–767 Mindful digital transformation, 1252 Minitel project, 86 Mobile inspection system, 962 Mobile technology 5G and wireless data streaming, 132 local and cloud-storage, 132 processing power, 131 user interfaces, 131 Model assisted probability of detection (MAPOD), 184 Model-based inversion, 374, 390 Modern robotics, 645 Modulation transfer function (MTF), 288–289 Monitoring, 554–557, 559, 564, 565 Monte Carlo simulation method, 606, 607 Moore’s law consequences, 273–275 of NDE, 287 Morse code, 79 Motivations, 405 Multidisciplinary optimization process (MDO), 618, 619 N Naive Bayes algorithm, 539 Nano-NDE, 276–277 acoustic microscopy, 282–284 Barkhausen noise microscopy, 277–279 modifications of atomic force microscopy, 284–287 nano-Raman microscopy, 279 X-ray nano-tomography, 280–283 Nano-Raman microscopy, 279 NASA Science Internet (NSI), 86 National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), 657 National bodies, 158 Natural Language Processing (NLP), 534 NDE 1.0, 88 NDE 2.0, 89 NDE 3.0, 89 NDE 4.0, Oil/Gas/ petrochemical decentralizes decisions, 1102 design principles, 1090 industry standards, 1091 information transparency, 1098 interoperability, 1092 production equipment, 1091 requirement, 1092 technical assistance, 1098, 1100 ultrasonic thickness measurements, 1102 NDE 4.0, 89, 141, 152–159, 161, 162, 164, 168, 172, 173, 175, 176, 248–250, 502, 636, 637, 1253 anatomy, 251 assembly of automotive bodies, 985–987 automation, changing role of, 245–246 in automotive industry, 984–987 challenges, 259–263 components of, 21 definition, 16, 1111 digital connectivity, 1078 as eco-system, 27–28 implementation of, 982 for industry 4.0, 25–27 modular model, 231–232 new roles and responsibilities, 256–259 process tasks and automation opportunities, 480 quantitative NDE and algorithms for NDE data review, 481–482 reliability evaluation, 226–229 role of artificial intelligence, 989–992 scarce events, 234 terminologies, 21 tools of, 1080 traditional NDE paradigm, 242–245 types of inspection, 1079 NDE 4.0 Deployment Management Guidance, 508 NDE 4.0 era, 541–547 NDE 4.0 technologies, 96 digital foundation, 96 foundation, 105 NDE 5.0, 1253, 1254 NDE competencies, 510, 547 foundation of, 502 qualification and certification of, 501 specialization and diversification, 503 NDE Council 2.0, 108 Index 1273NDE ecosystem, 154 asset inspectors, 156 OEM, 155–157 owner-operators, 156 stakeholders, 155, 157 NDE practitioners, 1228–1229 academic institutions, role of, 1235 certification standards, 1195–1197 companies, role of, 1232–1234 digital platform tactics framework, 1237, 1238 human perspective, 1238–1240 NDE students, practitioners, mentors and instructors, personal business model for, 1237–1238 professional and human perspective, 1191 training for stable, evolved and new roles of practitioners, 1229–1232 NDE professionals experiential knowledge, 506 knowledge claims, 507 skills, 506 technology impact, 508–510 traditional formation, 505 NDE trainer, 1203 ethics, 1203 NDE competencies, 1203–1205 teaching competencies, 1205–1206 NDT businesses, 99 NDT value perception, 153 business administrators, 153 business case, 153 realistic business case, 154 traditional business case, 153 Nearfield scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), 279 Neural engineering, 1257 Neural network software, 411 Neutrons, 58 New York State Education and Research Network (NYSERNet), 86 Nitriding hardness depth, 805 NLE 4.0, probabilistic framework, 232–234 Nominal input values, 608 Nondestructive determination, hardening depth, 806–816 Nondestructive evaluation in civil engineering (NDE-CE) BIM, 943–947 capabilities, 939 construction assessment, 940–942 data management, 942–944 recommendations and standards, 947–948 Nondestructive evaluation (NDE), 241 advanced visualization, 137–138 AI ethical principles in, 1179–1180 augmented reality, 137–138 basic education, NDE career, 1194–1195 bias and fairness, 1171–1172 big data, 138–139 blockers to adoption, 140 cellphone for teaching in schools, 142–145 characteristics, 667 complex user interfaces, 130 complicated data interpretation, 130 data application and ethical issues of, 1170–1175 data projects, 1174 data regulation, 1174 development and qualification, 700 dynamic load tests and, 670 ecosystem for, 141–148 eddy current testing, 37–39 elastic/acoustic waves, 59–67 electric and magnetic fields, 35–36 electromagnetic radiation, 42–58 elementary particles, 58–60 engineers, 172 enhancement of visibility of defects, 34–35 equipment OEMs, 171 ergonomics, 134 feedback loops, 1172 generation shift, 129 hardware-as-a-service, 140 incomplete traceability, 130 information integrity, 1173 information transparency, 1175 in situ investigation, 683 and in-situ methods (see In-situ monitoring methods) in-situ NDE (see In-situ monitoring methods) inspection techniques, 614, 618, 626, 627, 629, 633–636 language and training, 1174 magnetic particle testing, 36 mentors, role of, 1197–1198 methods, 275, 667 micromagnetic techniques, 41–42 microwave methods of, 43 microwave microscopy, 44 microwave THz and radar techniques, 43 NDE 1.0, 241 NDE 2.0, 241 NDE 3.0, 241 1274 Indexnetworks, role of, 1198–1202 nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging, 40–41 objectives, 501 obstructed data sharing, 130 OEMs design, 157 optical spectroscopic techniques, 51–52 personnel, 160 polymer-matrix composites (see Polymermatrix composites) post processing, 687 privacy and surveillance, 1173 as professional path, 1193–1194 quantification of, 71 recourse and accountability, 1171 reflection, scattering and transmission methods, 43–46 reporting, 137 research, 288 resolution of, 287–289 resonant methods, 45–46 roles, 1194 screen sharing, 135 semi nondestructive methods, 68 skill shortage and aging workforce, 128–129 stage of NDE profession, 1191–1193 and structural health monitoring, 182–189 student ideas for business cases, 145–148 system, 160 tasks, 68–71 terahertz methods of, 46–48 thermography and thermal techniques, 48–51 tracking, 136 training, 133–134 visual inspection, 33–34 X-ray techniques, 51–58 Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) 4.0, 370 automated determination of pipe identification number, 852 automated set up of inspection system to another inspection order, 853–854 automatic adjustment of process parameters, 854 automatic verification and evaluation of indications, 854 compressed sensing (see Compressed sensing (CS)) contact-free automatic NDE in automotive sector, 847–850 perspectives for, 842–844 real-time embedded ultrasonic monitoring for resistance spot welding, 845–847 ultrasonic inspection system integrated in pipe production mill, 851–852 Non-destructive examination (NDE), 613 Nondestructive examination technologies (NDE) digital transformation, 1090 production or service, 1090 Non-destructive inspection schemes, 614, 615 Nondestructive testing (NDT), 128, 189–191, 1040, 1041 capability, 207–208 company/industry requirements, 206–207 customer needs, 207 electronic packaging (see Electronic packaging) reliability (see Reliability of NDT) Nondestructive weld testing detectability and applicability, 832 magnetic particle testing, 841 penetrant testing, 841, 842 radiographic testing, 832–836 ultrasonic testing, 837–840 Non-Uniform Rational Basis Splines (NURBS), 388, 389 Normative ethics, 1163 NSFNET, 84 Nuclear power plants (NPPs) analysis of NDE inspection in, 1080–1081 data flow, 1068–1069 elements of NDE inspection, 1065–1066 input information for inspection in, 1059 inspection qualification in, 1057–1059 NDE inspection procedure, 1066–1068 NDE inspection simulation, 1060 reactor pressure vessel inspection, 1069–1073 scope and requirements of NDE inspections, 1056–1057 steam generators tube, 1073–1079 structural integrity assessment and NDE inspections, 1064–1065 Null-space property, 334 Nyquist frequency, 332 Nyquist rate, 334 O Object linking and embedding (OLE), 309 Obsolescence economic skills, 1223 perspectivistic, 1225 technical skills, 1223 Index 1275Offline OCT monitoring powder bed, 874–875 simple printed structures, measurements on, 876–877 On-condition maintenance model, 187 Online training, 1207–1209 OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA), 309, 310 OpenCASCADE, 387 Open set classification, 419 Operational Database Management Systems, 360–366 Operations and maintenance (O&M) approaches, 194 Operator 4.0, 240 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 51, 762, 861, 877 advantages of, 744 basics, 863–865 bioprinter, 865–873 contamination detection, 747–748 in 3-D printed ceramic materials, 745–750 Fourier-domain OCT, 864 geometry evaluation, 746 image acquisition direction, 866–867 inline OCT monitoring, 868–873 methods, 745 offline OCT monitoring, 874–877 principle of operation, 744 printing process, 867–868 SLS printer, 873–876 subsurface information and material contrast, 747–750 time domain OCT, 863, 864 Optical inspection, 894–900 Optical methods, 701 Optical pulsed-thermography, 460 Optical tomography, 702 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 156, 187, 634 OSI model, 307 29 out of 29 POD method, 218–219 Overall equipment efficiency (OEE) metric, 1136 Owner-operator, 156, 167, 168 P Packet switching, 84 Paint defects characteristic extraction of, 1019–1021 deflectometry method, 1019 strip light method, 1018 types, 1016 visual inspection of, 1013–1015 Paper-based data, 97 Paper manufacturing equipment, 595–597 Passive sensing mode, 577 Passive systems, 180 Passive thermographic methods, 702 Passive thermography, 49, 890 Pattern recognition, 534 advancements enabling machine learning, 410 machine learning helps pattern recognition, 407, 408 neural networks, 409 neural network software, 411 sound and image data structures, 406, 407 Penetrant testing (PT), 758–759, 841, 842, 1092 Performance based criteria, 243 Performance demonstration initiative, 1057 Performance measures of classifier, 461–464 Periodic destructive tests, 992 Personal computers (PCs), 904 Personal Digital Thread, 1258 Phased array ultrasonics, 66 Phased array ultrasonic testing, 1021, 1025, 1025–1027 Phased array ultrasound (PAUT), 840 Physical-biological systems, 1256 Physical capabilities, 252 Physical entity, 1036 Physical inspection, 166 Physical reasoning, 1067 Physics based models, 373 Physics model-based methods, 1042 Piezoelectric constant index, 574 Piezoelectric (PZT) sensors, 1045 Pipe identification number, 852 Pipeline inspections, 648 Pipe production, 851–852 Plastics, 671 Polyamide (PA), 863 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 863 Polymer-matrix based composite defects fabrication quality control, 777–778 service loading, 778–781 Polymer-matrix composites computed tomography, 786–788 dielectric spectroscopy, 785–786 embedded sensor arrays, 790–792 guided ultrasonic waves, 788–790 thermography, 783–784 ultrasound imaging, 781–783 Polymers, 1006–1007 1276 IndexPolystyrene (PS), 863 Porosities, 1023 Positrons, 59–60 Post nondestructive evaluation, 700, 722–728 Post-process feedback, 1001 Powder bed fusion, 675 Powder bed fusion of metals with laser beam (PBF-LB/M) artificial and natural defects, 710–715 special requirements, 707–710 Powder mass, 675 Powder quality, 676 Power consumption, 330 Practices for NDE 4.0 adoption adoption roadmap, 1113–1115 creative execution, 1118 ethics, 1125 innovation value chain, 1115–1119 interface standards for digitalization, 1120 ISO 56000, 1118–1119 leadership, 1121–1122 management, 1122 market insight, 1116 network of excellence, 1118 organization practices, 1120–1125 purposeful qualification, 1117 role of gender, 1123–1125 skill set, 1122 strategic roadmap, 1111–1115 structured ideation, 1117 technical challenges, 1119–1120 technology selection and integration, 1112–1113 validation, 1120 value chain, 1118 Precision, 463 Precision-recall curve, 464 Predictive analytics, 537 Predictive maintenance, 355, 554, 556, 564, 567 Preprocessing, 447–448 Pre-specified failure threshold, 1048 Pressure gas welding, 826 Pressure sensors, 573 Pressure welding, 825–827 Printed circuit board (PCB), 889, 891, 894, 895, 897, 906, 909, 913, 915, 920, 922, 923, 925, 927, 928, 930 Printing pattern, 868–873 Prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS), 344 Proactive management of material degradation (PMMD), 180, 182 Probabilistic analysis, 612 Probabilistic crack propagation, 212 Probabilistic damage tolerance approach, 605 Probabilistic design, 608, 612, 614–616, 618, 619 Probabilistic fracture mechanics lifing, 630 Probabilistic rotor lifing, 633 Probability of characterisation (POCh), 213 Probability of correct sizing (POS), 213 Probability of defence existence, 233–234 Probability of detection (PoD), 209, 213, 217, 483, 484, 611, 612, 627, 633, 1041, 1120 data points, 225–226 HIT-MISS-POD approach, 219–221 method, 1131, 1146 non-parametric 29 out of 29 method, 218–219 reliability toolbox, 226–229 signal response POD approach, 221–224 Probability of failure (PoF), 209–210, 605 Probability of false alarm (POFa), 214, 217 Probability of identification (POI), 213 Probability of occurrence (POO), 210 Proceq GP8800 radar system, 940 Process-structure-property relationships, 684, 687 Product lifecycle management (PLM), 299 Professional path, of NDE professionals, 502 Prognostics for CBM, 193 challenges, 199–200 conceptual structure of, 196 definition, 191 diagnostics and damage state awareness, 196–197 life and component economics, 195 model-based approaches, 196 from precursors, 197 range of prognostic approaches, 193 technologies, 194 technology demonstrations, 197–198 uncertainty quantification, 197 Prognostics health management (PHM) systems, 188 Programming machines, 1166 Projection welding, 826 Pulsed phase thermography (PPT), 784, 785 Pulsed thermography, 50, 760 Pulse-echo-technique, 61, 837, 838, 845, 848 Purposeful digital transformation, 1252 Index 1277Q Quad flat no leads (QFN packages), 909 Qualitative maintenance optimization, 357 Quantitative maintenance optimization, 357 Quantitative nondestructive evaluation (QNDE), 481–482 Quantitative performance, 1133–1135 Quantum computers, 11 R Radiographic imaging, 1147 Radiographic testing (RT), 832–836, 1092, 1094, 1134 R&D value stream, 161 Rail inspection condition maintenance, 974 electric trolley for ultrasonic rail flaw detection, 972 high-speed rail flaw detection vehicles, 972–973 manually pushed rail flaw detector, 972 portable devices, 972 Railway assets and detection techniques NDT methods, 955–959 rail defects, 953–955 rail inspection technologies, 957 wheel defects, 953–954 wheel inspection technologies, 956 Railway maintenance, 210–213 Random forest algorithm, 540 Random sampling, 339 Random variables, 605 Rare events, 485, 486, 490 Raster angle dependency, 671 Rayleigh waves, 62, 770 Reactor pressure vessel inspection characteristics of components, 1070 inspection deployment, 1072–1073 inspection system, 1070–1071 Real-time Active Pipeline Integrity Detection (RAPID) system, 592, 593 Real-time in-line resistance spot weld analysis application of AI, 999–1000 feedback and adaptive process control, 1000–1001 principle of operation, 993–996 ultrasonic M-scan, 996–999 Real-time integrated resistance spot weld testing, 845–847 Real-World AI application categories, 540 Real-world MRO, 1040 Receiver operating characteristics (ROC), 216–218, 463 Rectified linear unit (ReLU), 436 Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), 992 Reference-less approach, 448 Reference machine learning algorithm, 471 Region-based CNN, 455–458 Registration of NDE data accommodating errors, 398 automated model-based inversion, 374 CAD models, 386–389 data fusion, 373 2D registration, 374–376 3D registration, 376–386 geometry-sensitive model based inversion, 373 open standards and open source tools, 399 practical fusion, 373 temporal fusion, 373 Regulatory bodies, 157 Regulatory value stream, 161 Relative risk approach, 619, 620 Relevant data, 339 Relevant transient stress, 629 Reliability, 479, 482, 483, 486, 488, 570, 571, 593, 594 Reliability evaluation of NDE 4.0, 226–229 of testing system, 226–229 Reliability of NDT, 207–208, 213 event of failure, 208 measurement uncertainty, 214–215 probability of failure (POF), 209–210 railway maintenance, 210–213 receiver operating characteristics (ROC), 216–218 testing uncertainty, 214–215 Remaining useful life (RUL) assessment, 181, 588 Remote inspection robots, 645 Remote inspection vehicles (ROVs), 649–651 Reporting vs. decision limits, 175 Representation bias, 1171 Resistance spot welding, 1001–1003 Resistance spot weld testing, 845–847 Resistance welding, 822, 826 Resonance testing, 771 Restricted isometry constant (RIC), 335 Restricted isometry property (RIP), 335 Return of investment (ROI), 1137 Ring artifacts, 425 Risk contours, 614 1278 IndexRobotic(s), 1144–1145 and AI, 536 systems, 382 Robotic inspection advantages, 643 airborne remote, 647–651 benefits and drawbacks of, 651–652 growth in, 658 in industry, 651 and measurement systems, 643 round-based inspection robotic systems, 645–647 underwater remote inspection robots, 649–651 Robust learning machine, 1181 ROC curve, see Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) Rotary aircraft, 647 Rotational symmetry, 376 Rotor disk, 616–618, 627, 630, 633, 634 S Safe-life methodology, 604 Sampling-based probabilistic analysis methods, 606 Sampling phased array (SPA), 67, 840 Scanning aperture focusing technique (SAFT), 67 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 886 Scanning speed, 674, 675 Scheduled SHM, 571–572 Science and technology domains, 1259 Second industrial revolution, 4, 1246 Selective Electron Beam Melting (sEBM), 675 Selective laser melting (SLM), 863, 876 Selective laser sintering (SLS), 862, 863 OCT, in SLS printer, 873–877 Self-driven learning processes, 1209–1211 Self-inspection of used automobiles, 146 Semantic interoperability, 305, 306 holistic asset management approach, 355 operational database management systems, 360–366 technological asset management, 357–360 Semi-destructive approach, 806 Sensitivity, 463 Sensitivity requirements, 175 Sensor data fusion, 465–471 waveform sampling and digitization, 113 Sensor-actuator arrays, 793 Sensorial capabilities, 252 Sensor networks, 574, 576, 580, 597, 600, 601, 776, 777, 790 SERCnet, 85 Service system, 1036 Shannon-Nyquist rate, 332 Shannon-Nyquist sampling rate, 333 Short time Fourier transformation (STFT), 739 Signal response POD approach, 221–224 Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART), 342–344 Single indication case, 612 Situation awareness, 524 Smallest replaceable unit (SRU), 364 Smart automation, 240, 245 Smart factory concept, 990 SmartInspect system, 341 SMART layer, 576, 586, 587, 592, 593, 595, 597 Smartphone, 138 Android, 142 as eddy current instrument, 142 modern, 134 processing power, 131 Snell’s law, 837 Snell’s law refraction, 378 Societies, 158 Society 5.0, 1248 Society for Protective Coatings Paint Application Standard No. 2 (SSPC-PA 2), 657 Software approaches, NDE artificial intelligence, 927–931 closed-loop processes, 926–927 programming inspections, 923–925 visualization and statistics, 925–926 Solder paste inspection systems (SPI), 926 Solid inclusions, 829 Sound propagation prediction, 854 Sound recognition, 415–418 Sound testing, 61 Sparse coefficients, 334 Sparse representation, 331, 339 Sparse wavenumber analysis (SWA), 338 Sparsity order, 335 Spatial database storage, 397–398 Spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS), 703 Specialized hardware, for AI, 538 Speckle effect, 738 Speckle noise, 450 Spectroscopic methods, 701 Speech recognition and generation, 534 Spiking, 829 Index 1279Squirter techniques, 837 Standardization, 158, 174 Statistical model-based method, 1042 Steam generator tube inspection characteristics of component, 1074–1075 eddy current inspection, 1083 inspection deployment, 1077–1079 inspection system, 1074–1076 Steel disk, 610 Strain sensors, 573 Strategic asset management plan (SAMP), 359 Strip light method, 1018 Structural health monitoring (SHM), 160, 330, 349, 570–572, 600, 939 accelerometer sensors, 572 application, 565, 566 automated SHM, 572 classification of, 187 damage index method, 578–579 diagnostic imaging method, 579–581 displacement sensors, 573 eddy current sensors, 573 estimating impact force, 582–585 estimating impact location, 581–582 high speed train, 597–599 IIoT solutions, 599–600 method selection and system design, 557 and NDE, 182–189 optical fiber sensors, 573 paper manufacturing equipment, 595–597 piezoelectric sensors, 573–576 pipeline, 591–594 pressure sensors, 573 regulations, 564 rotorcraft, 585–587 scheduled SHM, 571–572 sensor networks, 576 sensor selection, 559 signal processing and data evaluation, 561–564 signal processing and diagnostics, 576–578 strain sensors, 573 system integration and reliability, 565 temperature sensors, 573 velocity sensors, 572 Structural integrity assessment models, 1064 Structure geometry, 1047 Submerged arc welding (SAW), 824, 842, 850 Subsurface fatigue cracks, 953 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), 298, 361 Support vector machine (SVM), 471 Surface hardening, 802 Surface hardening depth (SHD), 805 Surface-mounted devices (SMDs), 894 Surface parameterizations, 390–392 creating, 392–393 mapping data, 393–394 parameterized domain, analysis in, 396 representations, 392 Surface testing, 840–842 Surface topography, 52 Sustainable Development Goals, 1249 Synchrotron radiation computed laminography (SRCL), 786 Synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SRCT), 786, 787 Syntactic interoperability, 8 Synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT), 337, 839 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 43 System-in-package (SiP), 902 T Tail Boom Crack Detection System (TBCDS), 585, 586, 589, 590 Tangential stress components, 610, 611 Technology acceptance model (TAM), 262 Technology classification levels (TCLs), 579–580 Technology innovation, 1249 Technology management processes, 531 Technology standardization, 158 Tecnatom SIGMA automatic image recognition system, 1077 TeleNDE, 24 TELENET, 86 Telephone network, 83 Terahertz imaging, 346–348 Terahertz methods of NDE continous wave method, 47–48 imaging, 48 time-domain spectroscopy, 47 Terahertz testing, 767 Testing system four answers, 216 reliability evaluation, 226–229 TFM/FMC, 840 Thermal cracks, 954 Thermal hardening, 802 Thermochemical hardening, 803 Thermography, 698, 702, 722, 759–760, 783–784, 793, 890–894 Thermoplastic 3D printing, 740 Third industrial revolution, 5, 1246 1280 IndexThree-dimensional (3D) registration, NDE data camera-based sensing, propagation model for, 382–385 3D homogeneous coordinates, 379 kinematic models, calibration of, 386 mapping of coordinate frames, 380–383 pose estimation, 385–386 propagation models, ultrasonic testing, 377–379 robotic systems, 382 rotational symmetry, 376 simple kinematic models of measurement systems, 377 Through silicon vias (TSV), 886 Time-based planning, 1044 Time-domain spectroscopy, 47 Time of arrival (TOA), 582 Time-of-flight (TOF), 578, 579 Time of flight diffraction (TOFD) technique, 839 Time-of-flight mode (TOF), 942 Time-resolved laser speckle photometry, 762 Titanium, 604 Topology-optimized design, 669 Total cost of ownership, 1129–1130 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), 361 Total focusing method (TFM), 337, 840 Total variation (TV) regularization, 344 Traditional NDE paradigm, 242–245, 254 Training collective learning and communities’ development, 1211–1213 online training platforms, 1207–1209 self-driven learning processes, 1209–1211 Transducer angle, 378 Transferable belief model (TBM), 468 Transfer learning, 420 Transformation, 1129 Transitional systems, 246–248, 255–256 Translational Laminography, 904 Transversal waves, 62 True flaw size (TFS), 633, 634 Tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), 824 Turing-complete computer, 80 Turing test, 520 U Ultrasonic(s), 562, 703 backscatter, 811 microscopy, 915–922 waveform, 378 welding, 826 Ultrasonic inspections, 148 in contact mode, 66 Ultrasonic pulse-echo inspection system, 1082 Ultrasonic testing (UT), 768–769, 837–840, 956, 957, 1092, 1093 Ultrasound imaging, 781–783 Ultrasound scan modes, 918 Ultrasound testing, 336–342 Ultrasound transmission method, 919 Uncertainty quantification, 197 Uncooled detector, 891 Underwater remote inspection robots, 649–651 Unemployment rate, 1218, 1221 Unified life-cycle engineering (ULCE), 190 Uniform linear arrays (ULAs), 332, 337 Unique sparsest solution, 335 Unmanned aerial system, 147 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), 647 Unmolten powder, 680 US Air Force Digital Thread, 371 Use Cases, 152, 158 USENET, 86 UUNET, 86 V Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), 777 Validation challenges, 418 Validation testing plan, 1181 Valuation, 1141 Value chain activities, 1167 Value proposition, 152, 157, 163 Values driven revolution, 1251 Value streams, 159 Vector graphics, 115 Video meetings, 108 Virtual mode, 1036 Virtual MRO, 1040 Virtual reality, 246, 252, 255, 263 Virtual travel, 1257 Virtue theory, 1163 Visual information processing, 435 Visual inspection, 33–34, 147, 645, 648, 650, 758 Visual testing, 840 Volumetric testing radiographic testing, 832–837 ultrasonic testing, 837–840 Voxels, 605 Index 1281W Wafer size, 273 Wall crawling robot (WCR) systems, 646 Wayside wheel crack ultrasonic testing system, 960 Weld defects acceptance of flaws, 831 cavities, 829 cracks, 829 hot cracks, 829 lack of fusion, 829 lack of penetration, 829 powder thickness, 830 shape and dimension imperfections, 830 solid inclusions, 829 spiking, 829 Welding additive manufacturing, 828 defects (see Weld defects) definition, 822 fusion, 823–825 pressure, 825–827 Weld inspection, 1100 Weld testing, 821, 822, 831, 834, 838–842, 855, 856 Western reactor pressure vessel in-service inspection, 1072 Wheelset health diagnosis, digital twins, 970 Wheel tread damage, 953 Wifi, 132, 145 Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), 828 Wireless communication, 79 Wireless data streaming, 132 Workflow systems, 166 Workforce reorientation, 1191, 1193, 1202, 1214, 1225, 1232, 1235, 1240, 1241 Workforce training, 420 World Economic Forum, 1238 World wide web, 87–88 X X-ray(s), 832, 833 detectors, 55 diagnostics, 51 images, 471–473 nano-tomography, 280–283 radiography, 424, 425 X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), 342–346, 764, 793, 836 X-ray inspection methods defect detectability, 913–914 double-sided assembled BGA, 909 2-D X-ray inspection method radiography, 901–903 3-D X-ray inspection methods laminography and computed tomography, 902–908 LGA connections, module with, 909–912 QFN device, with exposed pad for heat dissipation, 909 X-ray micro-computed tomography, non-destructive investigation, 688 Z Zero-defect manufacturing, 983, 991 Zero-defect tolerance, 209 Zirconium oxide, 767 Zone-based risk integration approach, 605 Zone plates, 281 Zoning approach, 605 Zuse computer, 80 1282 Index
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