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| موضوع: كتاب Essentials of Engineering Hydraulics الثلاثاء 25 أكتوبر 2022, 5:52 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Essentials of Engineering Hydraulics JONAS M. K. DAKE B.Se (Eng.) (London); M.Sc.Teeh. (Man.); Se.D.(M.LT.)
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword to the First Edition Preface to the Second (Metric) Edition Preface to the First Edition List of Principal Symbols PART ONE ELEMENTARY FLUID MECHANICS 1. Fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The Continuum 3 1.3 Units of Measurement 4 1.4 Some Important Fluid Properties 8 1.5 Transfer Phenomena 13 1.6 Types of Flow 18 1.7 Boundary Layer Concepts and Drag 20 1.8 Fluids in Static Equilibrium 25 2 Methods of analysis 2.1 Control Volume Concepts 40 2.2 The Basic Physical Laws of Mass, Energy and Momentum Transport 41 2.3 Conservation of Mass 42 2.4 The Linear Momentum Principle 45 2.5 The Principle of Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics 52 2.6 The Moment of Momentum Concept 60 3 Steady incompressible flow through pipes 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Enclosed Flow at a Low Reynolds Number 64 3.3 Momentum and Energy Correction Factors 70 3.4 Pipe Flow at a High Reynolds Number 71 3.5 Analysis of Pipe Systems 87vi Contents 4 Flow in non-erodible open channels 401 Introduction 95 402 Momentum Concepts 107 403 Energy Concepts 113 404 Gradually Varied Flow 123 405 Open Channel Surges 133 406 Miscellaneous Information 137 5 Experimental fluid mechanics 501 Introduction 142 502 Dynamic Similarity 143 503 Physical Significance of Modelling Laws 146 504 Models of Rivers and Channels 160 505 Dimensional Approach to Experimental Analysis 165 6 Water pumps and turbines 601 Introduction 173 602 The Pelton Wheel Turbine 175 603 Reaction Machines 178 604 Selection and Installation of Pumps and Turbines 190 605 Cavitation 196 606 Pumping from Wells 205 PART TWO SPECIALIZED TOPICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 7 Flow in erodible open channels 701 Properties of Sediments 213 702 Mechanics of Sediment Transport 219 703 Design of Stable Alluvial Channels 229 704 Moveable Bed Models 236 8 Physical hydrology and water storage 801 Introduction 242 802 Precipitation 244 803 Evaporation and Transpiration 249 804 Infiltration 252 805 Surface Run-off (Overland Flow) 254 806 Stream Run-off 258 807 Storage and Streamflow Routeing 266 808 Design Criteria 276Contents vii 9 Groundwater and seepage 9.1 Introduction 282 9.2 Fundamentals of Groundwater Hydraulics 285 9.3 Some Practical Groundwater Flow Problems 298 10 Sea waves and coastal engineering 10.1 Introduction 312 10.2 Wave Generation and Propagation 315 10.3 Small Amplitude Wave Theory 319 10.4 Finite Amplitude Waves 326 10.5 Changes in Shallow Water 327 10.6 Wave Reflection and Diffraction 331 10.7 Coastal Processes 334 10.8 Coastal Enginee ring 340 11 Fundamental economics of water resources development 11.1 Introduction 346 11.2 Basic Economic and Technological Concepts (Decision Theory) 349 Problems Appendix: Notes on Flow Measurement A.l Velocity-Area Methods 401 A.2 Direct Discharge Methods 40 list of Principal Symbols Bb CCGCp C.R.F. C v C Co Cd Cf c.s. c.v. ev E F F' f J: g go cross-section area of a jet (L 2) area (L 2) acceleration (L/t 2 ) , area (L 2), wave amplitude (L) amplitude of wave beat envelope (L) top width of a channel (L) bottom width of a channel (L) I Chezy coefficient (L2/t); wave velocity (L /t) group velocity (waves) (L/t) specific heat at constant pressure (L 2 /Tt 2 ) Capital Recovery Factor specific heat at constant volume (L 2 /Tt 2 ) concentration of mass, surge wave speed (L/t) , speed of sound (L/t) coefficient of drag coefficient of discharge coefficient of drag (friction) control surface control volume coefficient of velocity molecular mass conductivity (M/Lt), pipe diameter (L), drag (ML/t 2 ) sieve diameter which pass N% of soil sample (L) median sand particle size (L) geometric mean size (sand) (L), depth (L), drawdown (L) geometric mean size (sand) (L) diameter of a nozzle (L) energy (ML2/t2 ) , specific energy (L), Euler number, rate of evaporation (L/t); wave energy (M/t 2 ) , modulus of elasticity (M/Lt 2 ) rate of transmission of wave energy (ML/t 3) thermal eddy diffusivity (L 2/t) mass edd y diffusivity (L2/t) kinetic energy (ML2 /t2 ) potential energy (ML2/t2 ) exponential constant (= 2.71828) vapour pressure (mmHg), void ratio force (ML/t 2 ) , Froude number, fetch (L) densimetric Froude number friction factor infiltration capacity (L/t or L3/t) silt factor acceleration due to gravity (L/t 2 ) constant - 32.174 Ibm/slug enthalpy (L 2/t2), total head (L), wave height (L) head developed or consumed by a rotodynamic machine (L) pum p head (L) theoretical head of a rotodynamic machine (L) xiiixiv List of Principal Symbols n, static lift (L) H sv net positive suction head (NPSH) (L) HT turbine head (L) h head of water above spillway crest (L), hydraulic head (L) hf friction head loss (L) I moment 0 f inertia (ML"), infiltration amount (L 3), rate of interest seepage (hydraulic) gradient (LIL) i o rainfall intensity (Lit) J mechanical equivalent of heat, (ML"It 2 ) K thermal molecular conductivity (MLITt 3 ) , coefficient of hydraulic resistances, modulus of compressibility (MILt") K n nozzle (loss) coefficient Kr coefficient of wave refraction k coefficient of permeability (superficial) (Lit); wave number (21TIL) ks size of roughness (L) L length (L), wavelength (L) L o wavelength in deep water (L) 1 length (L) Ibm pound mass (M) lbf pound force (MLlt") M mass (M), Mach number MB marginal benefit Me marginal cost MP marginal productivity MRS marginal rate of substitution MRT marginal rate of transformation m mass (M), mass rate of flow (Mit), hydraulic mean depth or radius (L) N speed of rotation (rev/min) Ns specific speed (turbines) Nu unit speed (rotodynamic machines) n porosity, ratio of wave group velocity to phase velocity (CalC) n s specific speed (pumps) o outflow (L 3It) l5 average outflow (L 3 It) OMR operation, maintenance and repairs P force (MLlt") , wetted perimeter (L), power (ML"lt 3 ) , principal investment, precipitation (rainfall) Pu unit power p pressure (MILt") ppm parts per million Pat atmospheric pressure (MILt") P v vapour pressure (MILt 2 ) Q discharge rate (L 31t) , heat (ML 2It 2 ) Qu unit discharge q discharge per unit width (L"It) q velocity vector (Lit) lib rate of bed load transport per unit width (L2 It) qs rate of suspended load transport per unit widthS Sf SF SF S o s, uu list of Principal Symbols universal gas constant (L21t2 T), Reynolds number, rainfall amount (L 3) Reynolds number based on shear velocity (v'd/v) Richardson number degrees Rankine radius (L), (suffix) ratio of model quantity/prototype quantity specific gravity, storage (L 3 ) , degree of saturation, storage constant slope of energy grade line (LIL) shape factor (sand grains) flow net shape factor bed slope (LIL) specific gravity of solids temperature (1), wave period (t), torque (ML 2/t2), transmissibility (L 2/t) time (t), wind duration (t) time of concentration (t) recurrence interval (t) duration of rainfall (t) internal energy (ML 2It 2 ) , wind speed (Lit) specific internal energy (L 2It 2 ) xv Y Yc Yn Yo y Y' 6.Z or z; ~ am {3 'Y 'Ys 6e €s 8 volume (L 3) volume of voids (L3) velocity (Lit) time average velocity (turbulent flow) (Lit) (sections 1.5.4,4.1.3,7.2.3); sectional average velocity (sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4.1, 3.4.2) radial (flow) component of velocity in a rotodynamic machine (Lit) velocity of nozzle jet (Lit) seepage velocity (ch, 9) (Lit) shear velocity V(To/ p) (Lit) absolute surge wave speed (Lit), rotodynamic whirl component of velocity (Lit) weight (MLlt 2 ) , Weber number, work (ML 2It2 ) work against pressure (ML 21t2 ) work against shear (ML 21t2 ) shaft work (ML 2It2 ) settling velocity (sand particles) (Lit) distance measured from wall (L) critical depth (L) uniform (normal) depth (L) depth (generally) in an open channel (L) centroid of section measured from water surface (L) centre of pressure measured from water surface (L) height of weir (L) summation of approaches (equivalent or equal to) thermal molecular diffusivity (L2It), angle mass molecular diffusivity (L2It) angle, constant of proportionality in es =(3e specific (unit) weight (MIL2t2 ) specific weight of solid matter (MIL2t 2 ) boundary layer thickness (L) eddy kinematic viscosity (L2It) eddy diffusity for suspended load (L 2It) angle, temperature (1)xvi 11 11h 11m J..L v P Ps (J a c ag " Tc "0 worn t; list of Principal Symbols efficiency, small amplitude wave form (L) hydraulic efficiency mechanical efficiency dynamic molecular viscosity (MILt), discharge factor kinema tic molecular viscosity (L 2 It) density (MIL3) density of solid matter (MIL3) surface tension (Mlt 2 ) , standard deviation, wave number (2n/T) critical cavitation number geometric standard deviation shear stress (MILt 2 ) critical shear stress (MILt 2 ) wall shear stress (MILt 2 ) angular velocity (rad/t) Cauchy number x Absolute pressure 48 Acceleration 5, 143 convectional 143 gravitational 5 local 143 Air lift pumps 208 Airy-Stoke's equations 319, 326 Akosombo dam 346 Alluvial channels 96, 213, 219, 229 Alternate depths 115 Amplitude (waves) 319, 323 Angular momentum 60, 181 Anisotropic porous media 291 Annular space flow 67 Aquifers 283 artesian 285 coastal 313 confined 283, 303 unconfined 283,297,304 yield 285 Archimedes principle 34 Backwater curves 96, 124 Base flow 261 Beach material 314, 337 Bearing (journal) 69 Beat (wave) 324 Bedload 223,237,314 Bends, loss in 48, 78 reducing 48 Benefits/costs ratio 352 Bernoulli equation 55 Blasius' 1/7th power law 22 Blench's regime equations 232 Body force 8,45,47,49, 144 Borda's mouth piece 77 Bore (hydraulic) 96, 133 Boundary layer 20,63 laminar sublayer 97 Bourdon gauge 28 Branching pipes 91 Breakwaters 341 Buckingham 1T-theorem 169 Bulk modulus of elasticity 155 Buoyancy, centre of 36, 38 Buoyant weight 215 California pipe method 407 Canals 96 Capillary waves 156 Capillary zone 283 Capital recovery factor 349 Cauchy number 155 Cavitation 132, 155, 157, 196 Centre of pressure 31, 32 Centrifugal acceleration 197 Centrifugal pumps 174 Centroid 35 Channels (see open-channel flow) economic sections 102 geometry 96, 106 roughness 96, 100 Chemical gauging 408 Chezy formula 100, 124, 364 Chutes 96 Cnoidal waves 326 Coefficient of: contraction 77 discharge 59, 120, 170, 172,405 drag 23,167 hydraulic resistance 77, 78 permeability 287 run off 259 velocity 78, 172,402 Colebrook-White formula 149 Compressibility 155 Compressible flow 20, 44, 46, 155 dynamic similitude 155, 158 Concentration, mass 15 sediment 227 time of 25"5 Conductivity, mass 15 thermal 16 Conduits 19,65, 95 non-prismatic 63 Conjugate depths 112 Conservation of: energy 41, 52 mass 41,42 momentum (angular) 60 momentum (linear) 42, 45 Consumptive use 249 Continuity equation 44 differential forms 45 Continuum 3, 14 Contraction, abrupt 77 coefficient of 77 vena contracta 49, 76 Control (flood) 96, 273, 352 Control section (point) 110, 118, 132 Control surface 42 Control volume 40 differential c.v. 40 fmite c.v, 41, 107 Convectional acceleration 143 Convectional precipitation 246 Correlation (regression) analysis 263 Couette flow 68 Critical depth 109, 114 Critical slope 126 Culverts 96, 105 Current meter 402 Currents (wave) 335 Curved surfaces 32 Curves, classification of 126 Cyclones 246 Cylinder, drag 23 pressure distribution 24Index 413 Dall tube 405 Dalton's law 250 Darcy's law (seepage) 286, 290 Darcy-Weisbach formula 73, 148, 164 Dash pot (shock absorber) 68 Deep water waves 317, 325 Densimetric Froude number 157, 222 Density, definition 6, 8 Diffraction (waves) 332 Diffusion (diffusivity) Fick's law 16 mass 16 molecular 13, 15 sediment 227 thermal (heat) 16 turbulent (eddy) 13, 17 Dimensional analysis 165 Buckingham 1r-theorem 169 Rayleigh method 166 Dimensionless equations of motion 145 Dimensionless groups (numbers) 154 Direct runoff 258 Discharge coefficient 59,120,170,172,405 Distorted models 161 Draft tube 195 Drag 20,215 coefficient of 23, 167 Newton's law of 159, 167, 215 Stoke's law of 215 Drag, form 20, 23, 64, 74, 237 skin frictional 20, 64, 237 Draw down curves 126 Ducts 55,64, 95 Dunes (anti-dunes) 220 Dynamic eddy viscosity 17 molecularviscosity 7,10,12,15, 143 Dynamic pressure 147 Dynamic similarity (similitude) 143, 155, 158,186 Economic efficiency 348, 352 Economic sections (channels) 102 Eddies 64, 110 Eddy viscosity 17, 97 Efficiency, economic 348, 352 pump 86, 177, 183 technical (technological) 349 turbine 86, 177, 183 Effluent streams 283 Efflux, definition 41 Elbow 48,78 Embankments (seepage through) 298, 311 Enclosed systems, similarity laws 147 Energy, conservation of 41,52, 113 First law of thermodynamics 52 internal 6, 52 kinetic 52,56, 76 potential 52, 56 pressure 56 stored (inherent) 52 total head 56, 113 transient 52 transport of 15,41,52 Energy correction factor 70, 107, 114 Energy equation, general 53 one-dimensional 55 open channels 113, 116 Energy grade line 56, 123 Energy losses 64; 110 bends 78 elbows 78 minor 80 pipes 56, 72, 148 sudden contraction 76 sudden expansion 64, 74, 76 valves 78 Enthalpy 55,58 Entrance length (flow establishment) 63 Entry losses 77 Equations of motion (Navier-Stokes) 143 Equipotentials 291 Erosion 106 Estuary 156 Euler number 155 Euler's equation 183 Evaporation 106,249 Evapo-transpiration 251 Exceedence interval 280 Exit (rejected) kinetic energy 76 Expansion, sudden (abrupt) 76 Fall velocity 215 Fast flow 109, 116, 121 Feasibility (technological) 350 Fetch (wind) 316 Fick's law 16 Finite amplitude waves 326, 327 First law of thermodynamics 41, 53 Flanges (pipe) 46 Flat plate boundary layer and drag 21 Floating bodies 36 Floats 403 Flood control 96, 273, 352 Flood frequencies 277 Flow meters 401 Flownet 291 boundary conditions 292 Laplace's equation 291 Fluid, compressible 44, 146 definition of 3 homogeneous 44 ideal 18, 20, 23 incompressible 44, 46 Newtonian 9, 12, 15 real 18,20, 23 viscous 9, 14, 20, 23 Flume 96,405 Flux, energy 15 heat 16 mass 17,42 moment of momentum 60 momentum 14, 15,46 Foot valve 195 Force: body 8,45,47,49,145 buoyant 34, 37 external 42, 143 of a stream 108 surface 8,45,47,49, 145 surface tensional 156 units of 6, 26414 Index Form (pressure) drag 20, 23, 64, 74, 237 Fourier's law 16 Francis turbine 174, 178, 192 Free surface (line of seepage) 294, 311 Free-surface flow 95,213 dynamic similarity (similitude) 152, 236 open channels (see chapters 4 and 7) weirs 119 Friction factors (resistance coefficients) 22,73,149 open channels 97, 100, 149, 162, 224,230,234 pipes 73, 149 Frictionless flow, Bernoulli equation 55 Froude number 110, 145, 152, 167, 315 densimetric 157, 222 Fully developed flow (pipes) 63 Fully developed waves 316 Gas, constant 7 definition of 3 Gas law 57 Gauge pressure 46 Gauss' theorem 45 Geometric mean size 214 Geometric similarity 143 Grade line, energy 56, 123 hydraulic 56, 66, 73 piezometric 56, 66, 73 Gradient, energy 123 hydraulic 66, 73 potential 13 Gradually varied flow 123 Gravity, centre of 36 Gravity models 152 Gravity waves 118,135, chapter 10 Groundwater 259,282 Groynes 344 Guide vanes (rotodynamic machines) 181 Gumbel's theory 279 Hagan-Poiseuille equation 67, 287 Hardy Cross method of balancing heads 88 Hazen-William-s formula 89,202 Head, definition of 56 piezometric 56, 287 total 56, 401 Head (energy) loss, coefficients 78 Hazen-Williams formula 89 Heat (energy) 16,52 specific heats 7, 17 transfer 16 Height (wave) 317 Homogeneous liquids 44,290 media 290, 296 Hydraulic bore 96, 135 Hydraulic (piezometric) grade line 56,66, 87,91 Hydraulic gradient 66, 73 Hydraulic jump 96,110,116,137 Hydraulic mean depth (radius) 73, 100 et seq. Hydraulic performance of channels 102 Hydrograph 256,258 unit hydrograph 260 Hydrologic cycle 242 Hydrology, physical 244 stochastic 244 systems 244, 261, 287 Hydrometer 35 Hydrostatic force 30 Hydrostatic pressure distribution 49, 147 Hydrostatics 26-38 Impact of jets 175 Incompressible (fluid) flow 20, 44, 46 through pipes 63 et seq. Inertia, force 143 moment of 62 Infiltration 252, 256 Influent streams 283 Influx 41 Inherent (stored) energy 52 Internal energy 6, 52 specific internal energy 6 Interval, exceedence 280 recurrence 277, 280 Isohyets 247 Jet, impact of 175 Jet pumps 208 Joints (mitred) 78 Jump, hydraulic 96, 110, 116, 137 Kaplan turbine 174, 178, 191 Karman, mixing length hypothesis 231 universal constant 98 Kelvin (temperature) 4 Keta sea erosion 300, 344 Kinematic eddy viscosity 17 Kinematic molecular viscosity 10, 12 Kinematic similarity 143 Kinetic energy 52, 56 correction factor 70 Laminar flow 14, 15,64,65, 74, 149 circular pipes 64 Couette flow 68, 70 definition of 13, 19 Hagan-Poiseuille equation 67 laminar sublayer 97 parallel plates 67 Laplace's equation 291 flownet solution 292 Length (wave) 322 Line of seepage 294, 312 Littoral drift 338 Loop (pipe network) 87 Mach number 20, 155 Manning formula 101, 114, 164 Manning's roughness factor 101 Manometer 28 Marginal production 355 Marginal rate of substitution 353 Marginal rate of transformation 353, 355 Marine structures 341Index 415 Mass 4 concentration of 15 conservation of 41,42 units of measurements 4, 5, 6 Masscurve 266 Mass transport (transfer) 15,41,42 Measurements, units of 4 flow 401 Mechanical efficiency 183 Metacentre 38 Metacentric height 38 Mixed flow machines 174 Mixing length hypotheses 98, 231 Models (hydraulic) 142, 236 verification of 161, 236 Modulus of elasticity 7 compressibility 155 Molecular diffusivity 15 Molecular viscosity 7, 10, 12, 15, 143 Moment, first 31 second 31 Moment of inertia 62 Moment of momentum 60 rotodynamic machines 181 Momentum (linear), correction factor 70, 107 flux 14,15,46 open channels 107 transfer 13, 16,41 Moody diagram 75, 150 Motion, equation of 143 Moveable beds 213 models 164, 236 Multipurpose water resources 347, 350 Muskingum routeing equation 273 Nappe 406 Navier-Stokes equations 143- Net benefit function 351 Net positive suction head 197 Newton (unit of force) 4, 7 Newtonian fluids 9, 12, 15, 148 Newton's drag equation 159, 167, 215 Newton's law of viscosity 9, 15, 18 Newton's second law of motion 5,14, 41,45,60,143,154 Niger river 220, 224 Nikuradse 74, 149 Non-uniform flow, definition 19, 96 Normal (uniform) depth 124 Normal stress (pressure) 8 No-slip condition 14, 66, 67 Nozzle 46 losses 77 Pelton wheel turbine 175 power transmission 81 Offshore wind 315 One-dimensional flow, definitions 41, 64, 108 Onshore wind 315 Open-channel flow (see also free-surface flow) 63, 95 et seq., 213 et seq. alluvial channel design 229 channel transitions 118 classification 96 classification of curves 126 distorted models 161 gradually varied flow 123 hydraulic bore 96 hydraulic jump 96,110,116,137 models 152, 236 non-uniform flow 96 prismatic channels 96, 100, 109 roughness effects 100,108,161 sediment transport 234 specific energy 113 surges 133 uniform flow 96 Orbital motion (waves) 323 Orifice plate meter 405 Orographic (relief) precipitation 246 Parallel pipes 83 pumps in 194 Parallel plates 67 Parshall flume 405 Pelton-wheel turbine 175 Period (waves) 316, 319 Permeability (see also porous media) 96, 106,283 coefficient of 287 determination of 303 Phreatic surface 282, 284 Piezometer 28 Piezometric head 56,91,282 surface 33, 282, 284, 287 Pipe losses 72, 149 Pipes, incompressible flow 55, 63 et seq. in parallel 83 in series 79 Pipe systems 86 branching 91 loops 87 network 87 ring mains 87 Pitching 38 Pitot-static tube 401 PNJ wave forecasting 317 Poiseuille (Hagan-Poiseuille) equation 67,287 Porosity 285 Porous media 282 aquifers 284, 297, 303 Darcy's law 286,290 discharge from wells 302 Dupuit's approximations 297 flownet 291 non-homogeneous 295 permeability 283 porosity 285 void ratio 288 Positive displacement pumps 173, 205 Potential energy 52, 56 Potential gradient 14 head 56 velocity potential 291 Power 55 Prandtl, mixing length theory 98 Precipitation 244 averaging methods 247416 Index Pressure, absolute 48 atmospheric 48 centre of measurement 31, 32 coefficient of ISS definition of 6 dynamic 147 gauge 46 hydrostatic 48, 147 static 402 vapour ISS Pressure (form) drag 20,23,64, 74, 237 Pressure energy 56 Pressure (pipe) flow 63, 95 Pressure gradients, adverse 64 favourable 76 Pressure under wave 322, 395 Pressure work 53 Priming (pumps) 195 Probability concepts 277 Production function 350 Pumps 85, 173 et seq. axial flow 174, 178 cavitation 196 centrifugal 174 classification of 174 efficiency 86, 177, 183 Euler's equation 183 head 183 in a pipe line 85 installation 192 mixed flow 174 performance 181 radial flow 174, 178 reciprocating 173, 205 selection of 189 shaft work 85 similitude 183 specific speed 188 turbine pumps 206 Radioactive isotope method 409 Rainfall 244 Rain gauge 247 Rankine (temperature) 6 Reciprocating machines 173,205 Recurrence interval 276, 279 Reflection of waves 331 Refraction of waves. 330 Regime concepts 230 Rejected (exit) kinetic energy 76 Relief precipitation 246 Resistance (see drag, friction factor, energy loss) Reynolds number 63,69, 71, 145, 154, 167,222 critical 65 definition of 145 dynamic similarity (similitude) 143 limits (pipe flow) 65 pipe friction 73, 149 porous media (validity of Darcy's law) 287 Rheological diagram 12 Richardson number 157 Right of way 136 Ripples 219 Rivers 96, 219,403 gauging 99, 403 models of 160,236 Rolling (of vessels) 37 Rotodynamic machines 83,173 efficiency of 86, 177, 183 Roughness 96, 100 Chezy 100 Manning's 101 relative 74, 149 Reynolds number 149,232 sand grain 149,214 Roughness scales 161 Routeing (flood) 273 Routeing (in river channels) 273 Runner blades 181, 184 Runoff, coefficient of 259 direct 258 overland 254 stream 258 Saline wedge 156 Salinity effects (sediment) 213 Salinity intrusion 313 Saltation 314 Salt-velocity method 404 Salvage value 349 Sand grain roughness 149, 214 Scaling laws (models) 142 Schmidt equation 227 Sea walls 342 Sediments 106,213 bedload 223,237 fall velocity 215 mechanics of transport 219 properties 213 size 213 standard deviation 214 suspended load 223,225,237 wash load 213,237 Seepage face 294, 311 Seepage gradient 287, 292, 295 Seepage through dams 311 Seepage velocity 286 Sekondi sea defense 342, 343 Separation 74 Series, pipes in 79 pumps in 193 Shaft torque 60,177,182 work 61, 177, 182 Shallow water waves 320, 327 Shear, definition 8, 10 Shear suess 8,9,15,20,64,97,100 Shear velocity 99,222 Shear work 53 Shields diagram 222 Shock absorber 68 Shock waves, open channel 121 Sills 131, 139 Similarity 143 dynamic 143 geometric 143 kinematic 143 Slow flow 109, 115, 120Sluice gate 49,59, 116 Small amplitude wave 319 5MB wave forecasting 317 Solitary wave 326 Sound wave, speed of 155 Specific energy 113 Specific heats 7, 16, 245 Specific speed 188 Specific storage 308-9 Specific weight 7, 8 Spillways, models 152 outlet works 138 Spreading (flow) in stilling basins 138 Standing waves 332 Static lift (pumps) 190, 192 Static pressure 402 Steady flow, defmition 19 in pipes 44 Stilling basins 131, 137 Stokes' drag law 215 Storage (reservoirs) 269 constant 309 rou teing 273 Stored (inherent) energy 52 Stratified flow models 156 pumping 313 Stratified fluid system 157 Streams, effluent 283 influent 283 Streamlines 56, 291 Stress, normal (pressure) 8, 143 tangential (shear) 8, 143 Strickler formula 234 Subcritical flow 109, 115,120 Submerged surfaces 30-35 Supercritical flow 109, 115, 120 Surface detention 254 Surface forces 8,45,47,49, 144 Surface retention 254 Surface tension 7, 13, 156 Surges, open channel 96, 118, 133 Suspended load 219,237,314 Systems hydrology 244,261, 263 Tangential stress 8, 143 Technical efficiency 349 Temperature 6, 7 Theis analysis 308 Thermal conductivity 16 Thermal diffusivity 16 Thermodynamics, first law of 41, 53 Thiessen method 248 Thoma cavitation number 155, 197 Threshold velocity 219, 223 Time of concentration 255 Torque (external) 60 lawn sprinkler 60 rotodynamic machine runner 176, 181 Total head tube 402 Tractive force 233 Transfer phenomena 13 energy 16 mass 15 momentum 14, 16 Index Transmissibility 309 Trochoidal wave 326, 327 Turbine pumps 206 Turbines 83, 85, 173 et seq. cavitation 196 classification 174 draft tube 195 efficrency 86,177,183 Euler's equation 183 Francis 174, 178, 192 head 183 impulse 175 installation 195 Kaplan 174,178,191 Pelton-wheel 175 performance 181 selection 189 shaft torque 177, 182 similitude 186 specific speed 188 Turbo machines 173 Turbulent diffusion 14, 18 Turbulent flow 18,63, 71, 97, 149 laminar sublayer 97 Underground flow 259,282 Uniform flow, definition 19 in conduits 96 in open channels 96, 100, 124 Unit discharge 188 Unit hydrograph 260 Unit power 188 Unit speed 188 Units 4 S.1. 4,6, 7 Unsteady flow 19, 133, 143 through pipes 80 Upthrust 34 U-tube 28 Valves, energy losses 78 throttle 93 Vapour pressure 155, 193, 197 Velocity, coefficient of 78, 172,402 critical 110, 114 fall 215 seepage 286 superficial 286 terminal 215 vector 43 wave 319 Velocity defect law 99 Velocity distribution, laminar flow in pipes 65,71 open channel 97 turbulent flow in pipes 71 universal law 98 Velocity gradients and shear 9 Velocity potential 291 Vena contracta 49, 76 Venturi flume 119, 405 Venturi meter 41,404 Viscosity, definition of 3, 9 dynamic 7,10,12,15,143 kinematic 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 97 417418 V-notch 167,406 Volta project 347 Wall resistance 55 Wash load 213, 237 Water resources 347 multipurpose 348, 351 Waves,amplitude 319 beat 324 breaking 328 deep water (short) 317, 325 diffraction 332 energy 324 finite amplitude 326, 327 forecasting 317 generation 315 height 316 length 322 orbital motion 323 period 316, 319, 327 propagation 315 reflection 331 Index refraction 330 shallow water (long) 322, 329 small amplitude 319 velocity 118, 319 Wave transformation 327 Weber number 156 Weight 8. Weir, broad-crested 119, 407 sharp-crested 167,406 Well, discharge 306 pumping from 206 Wetted perimeter 100 et seq. Wind resistance 98, 315 Work 52 forms of 53 Yield (aquifer) 285 Zone of aeration 282 Zone of capillarity 283 Zone of saturation 282
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