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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Mastering 3D Printing الخميس 7 يوليو 2022 - 0:14 | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mastering 3D Printing Modeling, Printing, and Prototyping With REPRAP-Style 3D Printers Joan Horvath
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents at a Glance About the Author xvii About the Technical Reviewer . xix Acknowledgments . xxi Introduction xxiii - Part 1: Open Source 3D Printers . 1 - Chapter 1: A Brief History of 3D Printing 3 - Chapter 2: The Desktop 3D Printer .11 - Chapter 3: Open Source 21 - Part 2: The 3D Printing Process 31 - Chapter 4: Making a 3D Model .33 - Chapter 5: Slicing a 3D Model 47 - Chapter 6: Driving Your Printer: G-code 65 - Chapter 7: Material Considerations 77 - Chapter 8: Case Studies 89 - Part 3: 3D Printing Meets Traditional Prototyping 111 - Chapter 9: Moving to Metal .113 - Chapter 10: Large Prints and Post-Processing .129 - Chapter 11: Troubleshooting .137 - Part 4: Using Your Printer . 149 - Chapter 12: Printers in the Classroom 151 - Chapter 13: Scientific Visualization 165 - Chapter 14: Futures .175 - Appendix A: Typical Printer Settings 183 - Appendix B: Links and Resources 189 Index Contents About the Author xvii About the Technical Reviewer . xix Acknowledgments . xxi Introduction . xxiii - Part 1: Open Source 3D Printers . 1 - Chapter 1: A Brief History of 3D Printing 3 What Is 3D Printing? .3 Nature’s 3D Printers 3 Historical Additive Manufacturing . 5 Types of 3D Printers .5 The Early Days of Robotic 3D Printers 6 The RepRap Movement 7 The Rise of Crowdfunding 7 Enabling Technologies .8 The Arduino 8 Open Source Code Repositories 8 A Case Study of Printer Evolution 8 Summary .10 - Chapter 2: The Desktop 3D Printer 11 Who Uses Consumer 3D Printers? .11 Types of Filament-Based Consumer Printers 13 Cartesian Printers 13 Deltabots . 14- CONTENTS viii Kits vs. Assembled Printers .16 3D Printer Design Considerations 16 Filament . 16 Frame 16 Build Platform . 16 Extruder Design . 17 Moving Parts 17 Control Electronics 19 Machine Tool or Computer Peripheral? 19 Safety and Ventilation 19 Summary .20 - Chapter 3: Open Source 21 Open Source Infrastructure .22 GNU Licenses . 22 Wikis, Forums, and Open Source Repositories 23 Open Source Pros and Cons 25 Meeting the Open Source 3D-Printing Community .25 The Maker Movement 25 Makerspaces and Hackerspaces . 27 Contributing to the Open Source Community 29 Summary .29 - Part 2: The 3D Printing Process 31 - Chapter 4: Making a 3D Model 33 What Makes A Model Printable on A 3D Printer? 33 3D Model File Formats . 33 What Does “Watertight and Manifold” Mean? . 34 Scanning a Model 34 Consumer-Level 3D Scanners . 35 CT Scanners 35- CONTENTS ix Downloading and Modifying Existing Models 36 Models of Everyday Things 36 Specialized Databases . 36 Creating a New Model .37 Using a CAD Program 37 Programs for Specific Applications . 41 Design Considerations .44 Complexity Is Free: Hardware as a Service . 45 Speed vs. Customization . 45 Summary .46 - Chapter 5: Slicing a 3D Model .47 What Is “Slicing?” .47 3D Printing as Cooking 47 Tools and Techniques 48 Starting a Print and Getting a Model to Stick to the Platform 49 Supporting and Orienting a Model . 52 Effects of Layer Height 55 Speed . 57 Managing Internal Open Space . 57 Getting Started: How to Slice an Object 60 Slicing Programs: Slic3r 60 Alternative Hosting and Slicing Programs . 63 Summary .63 - Chapter 6: Driving Your Printer: G-code 65 Controlling Your 3D Printer .65 Understanding G-code .66 Using Host Programs .67 Repetier Host . 67 MatterControl 69 Octoprint 70- CONTENTS x When a Print Starts .70 During a Print 71 When a Print Finishes Normally 71 Getting a Part off the Build Platform 71 Picking Off Support and Cleaning Up The Print . 72 Restarting or Shutting Off the Printer 72 Manually Controlling Your Printer 72 Stopping a Print . 73 Changing Filament . 73 Changing Temperatures During a Print 74 Basic Hardware Troubleshooting 74 Running from an SD Card 76 Summary .76 - Chapter 7: Material Considerations 77 Filament Quality Control 78 Selecting and Using a Filament . 79 Temperature and Speed Settings 82 Will My Filament Spool Run Out During My Print? . 83 Filament Materials 83 Polylactic Acid (PLA) . 83 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) . 84 Nylon . 84 T-glase (PET) 85 Polycarbonate 85 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) 85 Research Filaments . 85 Multiple Extruders .86 Printing Dissolvable Support . 86 Dual-Extruder Printing with Two Different Materials . 86 Summary .87- CONTENTS xi - Chapter 8: Case Studies 89 Simple Print .89 Simple Print Example 1: Heart Pendant . 90 Simple Print Example 2: Abstract Base . 96 Printing a Vase 98 Printing a Complex Object with Fine Detail .100 Printing with Support 103 Hand-Building Support 107 Dual Extruders .107 Dual Extruders: Using One Head for Support Material . 107 Dual Extruders: Models in Two Colors (or Two Materials) 108 Speed Settings 110 Summary .110 - Part 3: 3D Printing Meets Traditional Prototyping . 111 - Chapter 9: Moving to Metal .113 The Sand-Cast Process .113 Sand-Casting Terminology . 114 Patterns Made from PLA 115 Filling the Flask with Sand 116 Cutting Sprues and Runners 120 Pouring in the Metal 122 Finishing the Sand Casting 122 Planning Ahead for Better Casting 123 Adding Draft to Patterns 125 Avoiding Undercuts 125 Layer Orientation 125 Shrinkage and Clearances . 125 Printing Your Sprues? 126 Investment Casting .126 Lost-PLA Process . 127- CONTENTS xii Casting vs. Printing in Metal .128 Finding Casting Services 128 Summary .128 - Chapter 10: Large Prints and Post-Processing .129 Printing Computationally Complex Objects .129 Printing Physically Big Objects 130 Objects That Are Too Long for the Build Platform 130 Objects That Are Too Big in More Than One Dimension . 131 Gluing the Pieces Together 131 Sanding, Chemical Smoothing, Painting, and Dyeing .132 Sanding 132 Smoothing and Bonding ABS with Acetone . 133 Painting ABS and PLA 135 Dyeing Nylon 135 Summary .135 - Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 137 Clicking or Grinding Noises .137 Environmental Issues .138 Drafts . 138 Ambient Temperature 138 Humidity 139 Dust . 139 Printer Internal Alignment Issues 140 Prints Not Sticking to the Build Platform .141 Clogged Nozzle Solutions 142 Cold Pull . 143 Wire Brush Bristle 145 Extruder Drive Gear Teeth Clogged 146- CONTENTS xiii Eliminate Stringing 146 Software Upgrades 146 Summary 147 - Part 4: Using Your Printer . 149 - Chapter 12: Printers in the Classroom 151 Teaching Design, Engineering, and Art 151 Hands-on History .154 William Hand, Jr. Boat Hull 154 Herreshoff Cleat . 157 Reactions to the 3D Prints . 160 Learning Through Re-Creating History 161 The Special-Needs Student .162 After-School Activities .162 Robotics Clubs and Teams . 162 DIY Girls . 163 Young Maker Programs . 163 Career Tech Ed . 163 Early-Adopter Experiences 164 Summary .164 - Chapter 13: Scientific Visualization 165 Visualizing Molecular Biology .165 Model Accuracy Considerations . 166 Example: 3D-Printed Models of Six-Helix DNA Bundles 166 Visualizing Mathematical Abstractions .167 Parabola Math Manipulative 168 Surfaces of Revolution 170 Sinusoids 171 General Surface Modeling . 174 Other Scientific Uses of 3D Printing 174 Summary .174- CONTENTS xiv - Chapter 14: Futures .175 Technology Trends .175 Extreme Users 175 Improving the User Experience 177 Faster Printing . 177 Filament 177 Emerging 3D-Printing Applications .178 Printing Food . 178 3D Printing in Medicine . 179 The Developing World 181 The Business of 3D Printing 181 Printer Patent Issues . 181 Hardware as a Service . 182 Summary .182 - Appendix A: Typical Printer Settings .183 Slic3r Typical Settings .183 Cura Settings Differences 188 - Appendix B: Links and Resources .189 Chapter 1: A Brief History of 3D Printing .189 Chapter 2: The Desktop 3D Printer 189 Chapter 3: Open Source 189 Chapter 4: Making a 3D Model 190 Chapter 5: Slicing a 3D Model .190 Chapter 6: Driving Your Printer: G-Code 190 Chapter 7: Material Considerations .190 Chapter 8: Case Studies 190 Chapter 9: Moving to Metal .191 Chapter 10: Large Prints and Post-Processing 191 Chapter 11: Troubleshooting 191- CONTENTS xv Chapter 12: Printers in the Classroom .191 Chapter 13: Scientific Visualization .191 Chapter 14: Futures .191 Media Sites Focusing on 3D Printing 192 Index .193 A, B Abstract base, 96 Acetone Slurry, 132 C Cartesian printers, 13 Casting, 191 lost-wax investment casting, 113 sand casting process, 113 vs. metal printing, 128 searching, 128 Computer-aided design (CAD) programs, 33, 37 Computer numerically controlled (CNC), 163 Crowdfunding platform, 7 CT scanners, 35 Cura settings, 188 D, E Deltabots, 13–14 Digital light projection (DLP), 5 Dual extruders support material, 107 twocolors/materials Kaptontape platform, 110 OpenScad code, 108 Slicr3r settings, 109 F Filament, 77, 190 characteristics, 83 dissolvable support, 86 dual-extruder, 86–87 materials acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 84 nylon, 84 polycarbonate, 85 polylactic acid (PLA), 83 research ilaments, 85 T-glase (PET), 85 thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 85 multiple extruders, 86 PLA fan, 81 polylactic acid (PLA) ilament, 77 quality control diametres, 78 directional strength, 80 erratic print quality, 79 extruder nozzles, 79 print bed, 80 storing and handling, 82 thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 79 ventilation and drafts, 81 spools of nylon, 77 Uniform Filament Identiication system (UFID), 78 G, H, I, J, K G-code, 190 CNC market, 66 commands, 66 during print, 71 host program MatterControl host, 69 Octoprint, 70 Repetier host, 67 manual controls, 72 changing ilament, 73 kill job/stop button, 73 temperature changes, 74 trouble shooting, 74 Index 193microSD card, 76 printer’s irmware, 70 print inishes build platform, 71 painstaking process, 72 restarting or shutting, 72 Slic3r program, 68 3D printer irmware, 65 hardware and software architecture, 66 microSD card, 66 tool change command, 67 L Layer height, 55 Lost-wax investment casting lost-PLA process, 127 variations, 126 M, N MeshLab, 130 O OpenSCAD, 38 Open source, 21, 189 infrastructure forums, 23–24 GNU licenses, 22 open source repositories, 23–24 pros and cons, 25 wikis (see Wikipedia) 3D-printing community contribution, 29 hackerspaces/makerspaces, 27 maker movement, 25 P, Q, R Polylactic acid (PLA), 51 Print bed blue painter’s tape, 80 Kapton tape, 81 Printer Inill, 186 layers and perimeters, 186 recommended material, 186 skirt and brim, 187 speed, 187 support material, 187 Protein databank (PDB), 36 S Sand casting process boat and sprues, 123 lask illing backing board, 116 parting compound, 117 runners, 120 sprue cutter, 120 with molten aluminum cooling, 122 layer orientation, 125 pattern, 113 patterns, 125 Petrobond, 114 PLA patterns, 115 shrinkage and clearances, 125 sprues printing, 126 terminology, 114 undercuts, 125 Scientiic visualization, 191 mathematicians, 167 general surface modeling, 174 generatrix, 170 OpenSCAD, 170 parabola math manipulative, 168 sinusoids, 171 molecular biologists, 165 DNA origami, 166 model accuracy considerations, 166 Selective laser sintering (SLS), 5 Simple print heart pendant ilament settings, 94 Inill settings, 92 layers and perimeters, 92 layer view simulation, 95 MatterControl 3D viewer, 94 MatterControl screen, 91 real printer, 94 skirt and brim settings, 93 support material settings, 93 Slic3r typical settings, 183 ilament, 184 Printer, 184, 186 Slicing, 190 cutting model, 55 deinition, 47 gimbal, 101 layer height efects, 55 matter control, 48 orientation model, 53 post-processing, 48 Slic3r program downloading, 60 ilament settings, 61 - INDEX 194 G-code (cont.)open source Cura program, 63 printer settings, 61 print settings, 61 Repetier Host program, 61 speed bridging, 57 inill, 59 perimeter, 58 retraction, 59 supported model, 52 tools and techniques, 48 brims, 49 heated platforms, 51 PLA models, 51–52 rafts, 51 skirts, 50 Stereolithography (SLA), 5 Surface Tesselation Language (STL), 33 T, U, V 3D model, 33, 190 CAD programs architectural project, 42 cubes, 38 engineering tool, 42 OpenSCAD, 38 sculptural models, 41 sculptural tools, 43 Tinkercad, 37 visual-efects developers, 42 existing models protein databank (PDB), 36 STL ile, 36 scanning consumer-level, 35 CT scanners, 35 point cloud, 34 stray relections, 34 3D printer consumer-level printers, 45 manifold object, 34 speed vs. customization, 45 surface tesselation language (STL), 33 watertight object, 34 3D printers, 11, 189, 191 build platform, 16 challenges, 161 CNC, 163 control electronics, 19 DIY Girls, 163 early-adopter experiences, 164 extruder design Bowden extruder, 17 direct-drive extruder, 17 nozzles, 17 retraction, 17 ilament, 16 ilament-based consumer printers Cartesian, 13 Deltabots, 13–14 frame, 16 full-hull models, 156, 160 Hand speedboat, 161 Hart Nautical collections, 154 Herreshof cleat, 158 kits vs. assembled, 16 machine tools, 19 MIT Museum, 160 opportunities, 161 personalization, 12 program makers, 163 robotics clubs and team, 162 safety and ventilation, 19 sketchup program, 156 stepper motors, 17 tactile learners, 162 teaching CAD program, 151 engineering and design classes, 153 student designs, 152 uses, 11 3D printing, 174, 189–190. See also Scientic visualization additive manufacturing, 5 Arduino, 8 Bear platform build up, 106 completed bear, 106 MatterControl’s visualization, 103 MatterSlice support, 105 support material, 104 tail down, 104 big objects acetone slurry, 132 build platform, 130 cutting process, 131 gluing, 131 clogged nozzle solutions, 142 cold-pull technique, 143 drive gear teeth clogged, 146 wire brush bristle, 145 complex objects, 129 description, 3 digital light projection, 5 disruptive technology, 175 dual extruders support material, 107 twocolors/materials, 108 dyeing nylon, 135 environmental issues - INDEX 195ambient temperature, 138 drafts, 138 dust-catcher, ilament, 139 humidity, 139 evolution of, 9 future aspects, 181, 191 Gimbal layers and perimeters, 101 layer visualizations, 101 object settings, 101 on printer, 103 slicing, 101 three-ring, 100 two axes, 103 Github, 8 hand-building support, 107 in medicine, 179 bio printing, 180 medical devices, 180 prosthetic hands, 180 MeshLab, 130 nature’s 3D printers, 3 painting ABS and PLA, 135 printer patent issues, 181 printing food, 178 robotic 3D printers contour crafting, 6 crowdfunding, 7 history of, 6 RepRap movement, 7 two-photon polymerization, 6 sanding, 132 selective laser sintering, 5 services, 182 simple print, 89 abstract base, 96 Heart pendant, 90 slicing (see Slicing) smoothing and bonding ABS, 133 speed settings, 110 stereolithography, 5 technology trends contour crafting, 175 faster printing, 177 ilament, 177 microfabrication, 175 user experience, 177 troubleshooting, 191 clicking/grinding noises, 137 designed to fail, 141 eliminate stringing, 146 feeler gauge, 140 software upgrades, 146 squaring, 140 tramming the platform, 140 vase printing, 98 W, X, Y Wikipedia RepRap project, 24 wiki accuarcy, 23 Z Zbrush, 42 - INDEX 196 3D printing (cont.)
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