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| موضوع: كتاب Engineering Drawing and Design الجمعة 10 يونيو 2022, 12:55 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Engineering Drawing and Design Fifth Edition David A. Madsen, David P. Madsen David A. Madsen President, Madsen Designs Inc., www.madsendesigns.com Faculty Emeritus, Former Department Chairperson, Drafting Technology, Autodesk Premier Training Center Clackamas Community College, Oregon City, Oregon Director Emeritus, American Design Drafting Association David P. Madsen President, Engineering Drafting & Design, Inc. Vice President, Madsen Designs Inc. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Consultant and Educator
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C O N T E N T S Introduction . 40 Manual Drafting Equipment and Supplies 41 Drafting Furniture 41 Drafting Pencils and Leads 41 Technical Pens, Pen Cleaning, and Ink 42 Erasers and Erasing . 42 Dividers 43 Parallel Bar 43 Triangles 43 Templates . 44 Irregular Curves 45 Drafting Machines 45 Scales 46 Drafting Media . 50 Sheet Size and Format . 53 Diazo Reproduction . 62 Photocopy Reproduction . 62 Properly Folding Prints 62 Microfi lm . 62 CADD Applications . 64 Professional Perspective 64 Math Applications . 65 Web Site Research 65 Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods Test . 65 Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods Problems 66 Chapter 3—Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) 69 Learning Objectives . 69 The Engineering Design Application 69 Introduction to Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) 70 The CADD Workstation 71 CADD Software Products . 71 CADD Formats . 75 Industry and CADD . 79 CADD Applications 3-D 89 Preface .xii Acknowledgments . xxiv SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN 1 Chapter 1— Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design 2 Learning Objectives 2 The Engineering Design Application . 2 Introduction 8 A History of Engineering Drawing 10 The Drafter 14 Drafting Fields . 14 Education and Qualifi cations 22 Drafting Job Opportunities 25 Searching for a Drafting Position . 26 Drafting Salaries and Working Conditions . 27 Professional Organization 28 Drafting Standards 29 Workplace Ethics . 30 Copyrights 31 Trademarks 32 CADD Applications . 33 Professional Perspective 34 Web Site Research 37 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design Test . 38 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design Problems 38 Chapter 2— Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods 39 Learning Objectives . 39 The Engineering Design Application 39 Virtual Reality 89 Basic CADD Techniques 93 Surface Modeling Techniques . 102 Solid Modeling Techniques 104 CADD Applications 3-D . 110 CADD Standards 111 Productivity with CADD 112 Green Technology Application 115 Professional Perspective . 118 Web Site Research . 118 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) Test . 119 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) Problems 119 Chapter 4— Manufacturing Materials and Processes 121 Learning Objectives 121 The Engineering Design Application . 121 Introduction 122 Manufacturing Materials 122 Green Technology Application 126 Metallurgy . 126 Plastics and Polymers . 126 Plastic Resin Identifi cation Codes . 129 Plastics Material Selection Applications . 129 Green Technology Application 130 Material Selection 131 CADD Applications 3-D . 133 Manufacturing Processes 135 Machine Processes . 140 CADD Applications 146 Machined Feature and Drawing Representations . 147 Manufacturing Plastic Products . 153 Thermoset Plastic Fabrication Process 157 Manufacturing Composites 158 Rapid Prototyping (RP) . 160 Tool Design . 160 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) . 161 Application Examples 162 Integration of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) 164 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 165 CADD Applications 3-D . 166 Green Technology Application 168 Professional Perspective . 168 Math Application 169 Web Site Research . 169 Manufacturing Materials and Processes Test . 170 Manufacturing Materials and Processes Problems . 170 SECTION 2 FUNDAMENTAL APPLICATIONS 173 Chapter 5— Sketching Applications 174 Learning Objectives 174 The Engineering Design Application . 174 Sketching 174 Sketching Tools and Materials 175 Sketching Straight Lines . 175 Sketching Circular Lines 176 Sketching Arcs 179 Sketching Ellipses 180 Measurement Lines and Proportions . 180 Introduction to the Block Technique . 181 Creating Multiview Sketches . 183 Creating Isometric Sketches 184 CADD Applications 3-D . 187 Professional Perspective . 191 Sketching Applications Test 191 Sketching Applications Problems 192 Chapter 6 — Lines and Lettering 193 Learning Objectives 193 The Engineering Design Application . 193 Lines 193 Types of Lines . 194 CADD Applications 204 Lettering . 207 Lettering on Engineering Drawings 207 Lettering Numbers . 207 Other Lettering Styles . 208 Lettering Legibility . 209 CADD Applications 210 CADD Applications 3-D . 212 Professional Perspective . 212 Math Applications 214 Web Site Research . 214 Lines and Lettering Test . 214 Lines and Lettering Problems . 214 Chapter 7—Drafting Geometry 218 Learning Objectives 218 The Engineering Design Application . 218 CADD Applications 219 Drafting Geometry . 219 Characteristics of Lines . 219 Geometric Shapes 220 Common Geometric Constructions 224 Constructing Polygons 230 Constructing Tangencies 233 Constructing an Ellipse . 236 Professional Perspective . 237 Math Applications 238 Web Site Research . 238 Drafting Geometry Test . 238 Drafting Geometry Problems . 239 SECTION 3 DRAFTING VIEWS AND ANNOTATIONS 247 Chapter 8—Multiviews 248 Learning Objectives 248 The Engineering Design Application . 248 Multiviews . 250 Third-Angle Projection 252 First-Angle Projection 254 View Selection 254 Projection of Contours, Circles, and Arcs . 262 Line Precedence . 266 Multiview Analysis and Review . 266 Recommended Review 267 Multiview Layout 267 CADD Applications 2-D . 267 CADD Applications 3-D . 270 CADD Applications 275 Professional Perspective . 275 Math Applications 277 Web Site Research . 277 Multiviews Test 277 Multiviews Problems . 277 Chapter 9—Auxiliary Views 292 Learning Objectives 292 The Engineering Design Application . 292 Auxiliary Views . 292 Auxiliary View Visualization . 295 Drawing Curves in Auxiliary Views 297 View Enlargements . 297 Drawing a Removed Auxiliary View 297 Locating Views on Different Sheets 298 Drawing a Rotated Auxiliary View . 298 Secondary Auxiliary Views . 299 Auxiliary View Analysis and Review . 300 Descriptive Geometry . 302 Auxiliary View Layout 302 CADD Applications 304 CADD Applications 2-D . 305 CADD Applications 3-D . 306 Professional Perspective . 307 Math Applications 307 Web Site Research . 307 Auxiliary Views Test 308 Auxiliary Views Problems . 308 Chapter 10— Dimensioning and Tolerancing 315 Learning Objectives 315 The Engineering Design Application . 315 Introduction to Dimensioning 319 Dimensioning Basics . 320 Dimensioning Characteristics and Definitions 320 Fundamental Dimensioning Rules . 323 Dimensioning Components 324 Dimensioning Symbols 325 Dimensioning Systems 326 Dimensioning Fundamentals . 327 Preferred Dimensioning Practices . 334 Notes for Machined Features . 338 Placing Location Dimensions . 342 Specifying Dimension Origin . 344 Dimensioning Auxiliary Views 344 CADD Applications 2-D . 345 Using General Notes . 349 Tolerancing Applications 351 CADD Applications 3-D . 360 Dimensions Applied to Platings and Coatings . 361 Maximum and Minimum Dimensions 361 Casting Drawing and Design . 361 Machining Allowance . 362 Casting Drawings 363 Forging, Design, and Drawing 363 Drawings for Plastic Part Manufacturing 369 Machined Surfaces . 370 Design and Drafting of Machined Features 373 Tool Design 373 CADD Applications 378 Introduction to ISO 9000 378 Professional Perspective . 379 CADD Applications 381 Recommended Review 382 Math Applications 383 Web Site Research . 383 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Test 384 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems . 384 Chapter 11—Fasteners and Springs 392 Learning Objectives 392 The Engineering Design Application . 392 Screw Thread Fasteners . 393 Thread-Cutting Tools . 395 Thread Forms . 395 Thread Representations . 397 vi CONTENTS Revolved Sections 453 Removed Sections 454 Locating Sectional Views on Different Sheets 455 Recommended Review 457 Professional Perspective . 457 Math Applications 459 Web Site Research . 459 Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks Test . 459 Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks Problems . 460 Chapter 13— Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 475 Learning Objectives 475 The Engineering Design Application . 475 Introduction 476 GD&T Symbols . 477 Datums 477 Applying Material Condition and Material Boundary Symbols . 492 Limits of Size Application . 494 Perfect Form Boundary . 494 Applying Regardless of Feature Size and Regardless of Material Boundary 494 Applying Maximum Material Condition 496 Applying Least Material Condition 498 Application of RMB on a Primary Datum Feature 499 Application of RMB on a Secondary and Tertiary Datum Feature . 499 The Effect of Datum Precedence and Material Condition . 499 Introduction to Geometric Characteristic and Related Symbols 501 Form Geometric Tolerances 504 Orientation Geometric Tolerances . 507 Applying Profi le Geometric Tolerances . 532 Runout Geometric Tolerance . 544 Specifying Independency 546 CADD Applications 547 CADD Applications 2-D . 548 Professional Perspective . 553 Math Applications 555 Web Site Research . 555 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Test . 556 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems . 556 Chapter 14— Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations 562 Learning Objectives 562 The Engineering Design Application . 562 Drawing Thread Representations 398 Drawing Detailed Threads . 400 Thread Notes . 403 Measuring Screw Threads . 406 CADD Applications 2-D . 406 CADD Applications 3-D . 407 Threaded Fasteners 408 Thread Design Guidelines . 410 Lag Screws and Wood Screws . 414 Self-Tapping Screws 414 Thread Inserts . 415 Self-Clinching Fasteners . 415 How to Draw Various Types of Screw Heads . 416 Drawing Nuts . 417 Drawing Washers 418 Drawing Dowel Pins 418 Taper Pins and Other Pins . 418 Retaining Rings . 419 Keys, Keyways, and Keyseats . 419 Rivets . 420 Designing and Drawing Springs . 421 CADD Applications 421 Spring Representations and Specifi cations . 426 Recommended Review 428 CADD Applications 2-D . 428 CADD Applications 3-D . 429 Professional Perspective . 429 Math Applications 431 Web Site Research . 431 Fasteners and Springs Test . 432 Fasteners and Springs Problems . 432 Chapter 12— Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks 439 Learning Objectives 439 The Engineering Design Application . 439 Introduction to Sectional Views . 440 Cutting-Plane Lines and Sectional View Identifi cation . 440 Section Lines . 442 Full Sections 444 Half Sections 444 Offset Sections 445 Aligned Sections . 446 Unsectioned Features . 446 Intersections in Section . 447 Conventional Revolutions . 447 Broken-Out Sections 448 Auxiliary Sections 448 CADD Applications 2-D . 449 CADD Applications 3-D . 450 Conventional Breaks . 452 CADD Applications 453CONTENTS vii Introduction to Pictorial Drawing and Technical Illustration Pictorial Drawings 563 Pictorial Drawings . 563 Isometric Projections and Drawings . 566 Types of Isometric Drawings . 568 Isometric Construction Techniques 568 Dimetric Pictorial Representation . 574 Trimetric Pictorial Representation . 574 Exploded Pictorial Drawing 575 Oblique Drawing 576 Perspective Drawing 578 Drawing a One-Point Perspective . 578 Drawing a Two-Point Perspective 580 Drawing a Three-Point Perspective 580 Drawing Circles and Curves in Perspective 582 Using Basic Shading Techniques 583 Pictorial Drawing Layout Techniques 584 CADD Applications 3-D . 585 Professional Perspective . 589 Math Applications 590 Web Site Research . 590 Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations Test . 590 Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations Problems . 591 SECTION 4 WORKING DRAWINGS 595 Chapter 15—Working Drawings 596 Learning Objectives 596 The Engineering Design Application . 596 Introduction to Section Four . 597 Introduction to Working Drawings 597 Detail Drawings . 598 CADD Applications 2-D . 601 CADD Applications 3-D . 601 Assembly Drawings 603 Types of Assembly Drawings . 604 Identifi cation Numbers . 607 Parts Lists 608 Purchase Parts 612 Engineering Changes . 614 CADD Applications 2-D . 614 CADD Applications 3-D . 615 Drawing From a Prototype . 620 Analysis of a Set of Working Drawings . 620 CADD Applications 3-D . 627 Professional Perspective . 628 Math Application 629 Web Site Research . 629 Working Drawings Test . 629 Working Drawings Problems . 630 Chapter 16— Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings 678 Learning Objectives 678 The Engineering Design Application . 678 Mechanism . 679 Linkages . 679 Linkage Symbols 679 Types of Linkages 680 Cam Design 682 CADD Applications 683 Cam Displacement Diagrams . 684 Construction of an Inline Follower Plate Cam Profi le . 687 Preparing the Formal Plate Cam Drawing . 688 Construction of an Offset Follower Plate Cam Profi le . 688 Drum Cam Drawing 690 CADD Applications 691 Introduction to Gears . 691 Gear Structure 692 Splines 692 Gear Types . 693 Spur Gear Design 696 Drawing Specifi cations and Tolerances . 696 Designing and Drawing Spur Gears 696 Designing Spur Gear Trains 702 Designing and Drawing the Rack and Pinion . 703 Designing and Drawing Bevel Gears . 703 Designing and Drawing Worm Gears . 705 Plastic Gears 706 CADD Applications 708 Bearings . 709 Drawing Bearing Symbols . 710 Bearing Codes . 710 Bearing Selection 710 Gear and Bearing Assemblies . 715 Professional Perspective . 717 Math Application 718 Web Site Research . 718 Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings Test 718 Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings Problems . 719 Chapter 17—Belt and Chain Drives 727 Learning Objectives 727 The Engineering Design Application . 727 Introduction 728 Advantages of Gear Drives . 728 Advantages of Belt Drives 728 Advantages of Chain Drives 728 Belts and Belt Drives 728viii CONTENTS CADD Applications 2-D . 783 Flanges 787 Seams and Hems . 788 Roll Forming . 788 CADD Applications 3-D . 789 Material Applications in Sheet Metal Drafting 791 Precision Sheet Metal Dimensioning Applications . 792 Sheet Metal Punch Applications . 796 Professional Perspective . 798 Math Applications 798 Web Site Research . 798 Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Test 799 Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Problems 799 Chapter 20— Electrical and Electronic Drafting 809 Learning Objectives 809 The Engineering Design Application . 809 Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Drafting . 810 Fundamentals of Electrical Diagrams . 811 Generation, Transmission, and Distribution of Electricity 814 Electric Power Substation Design Drawings . 814 Residential and Commercial Electrical Plans . 819 Green Technology Application 825 Professional Perspective . 827 Electronic Drafting . 827 Electronic Diagrams 827 Printed Circuit Technology 838 Pictorial Drawings . 846 CADD Applications 848 Professional Perspective . 850 Math Applications 851 Web Site Research . 851 Electrical and Electronic Drafting Test 852 Electrical and Electronic Drafting Problems . 852 Chapter 21—Industrial Process Piping 868 Learning Objectives 868 The Engineering Design Application . 868 Introduction 869 Where Industrial Piping Is Used 869 Pipe Drafting . 870 Pipe Drawings 872 Types of Pipe . 876 Pipe Sizes and Wall Thickness 878 Pipe Connection Methods . 879 Pipe Fittings 881 Flanges 885 Valves . 887 Pipe Drafting . 891 CADD Applications 2-D . 901 Belt Types 728 Typical Belt Drive Design 730 Belt Drive Selection 730 Chain Drives 734 Chain Drive Sprockets 734 Chain Classifi cation and Types . 734 Precision Chains . 734 CADD Applications 735 Nonprecision Chains . 736 Light-Duty Chain 736 Chain Drive Design 737 Roller Chain Drive Selection . 737 Professional Perspective . 741 Math Applications 741 Web Site Research . 742 Belt and Chain Drives Test . 742 Belt and Chain Drives Problems . 742 Chapter 18— Welding Processes and Representations 745 Learning Objectives 745 The Engineering Design Application . 745 Welding Processes . 746 Elements of Welding Drawings . 748 Types of Welds 751 Weld Symbol Leader Arrow Related to Weld Location 755 Additional Weld Characteristics . 759 Welding Tests . 762 Welding Specifi cations 765 Prequalifi ed Welded Joints . 765 Weld Design 765 CADD Applications 2-D . 766 Professional Perspective . 768 Math Application 768 Web Site Research . 769 Welding Processes and Representations Test . 769 Welding Processes and Representations Problems . 769 SECTION 5 SPECIALTY DRAFTING AND DESIGN 775 Chapter 19— Precision Sheet Metal Drafting 776 Learning Objectives 776 The Engineering Design Application . 776 Introduction to Precision Sheet Metal Drafting . 776 Precision Sheet Metal Layout Options 777 Precision Sheet Metal Material Bending . 782CONTENTS ix Introduction to HVAC Systems 1016 HVAC Systems and Components . 1016 Green Technology Application . 1021 HVAC Symbols . 1022 HVAC Drawings 1022 Drawing Revisions 1038 Duct Sizing 1039 CADD Applications . 1041 CADD Applications 2-D 1041 CADD Applications 3-D 1044 Sheet Metal Design and Drafting . 1045 Pattern Development 1045 Establishing Intersections 1055 CADD Applications 2-D 1061 CADD Applications . 1063 Professional Perspective 1064 Math Applications . 1064 Web Site Research 1065 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC), and Pattern Development Test . 1065 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC), and Pattern Development Problems 1066 Chapter 24—Civil Drafting 1072 Learning Objectives . 1072 The Engineering Design Application 1072 Introduction to Survey: Direction 1073 Surveying . 1075 Plotting Traverses . 1077 Distance and Elevation . 1078 Property Descriptions in Civil Engineering . 1082 Beginning a Civil Engineering Drafting Project 1084 Introduction to Site Plans . 1092 Introduction to Grading Plans . 1095 Subdivision Plans . 1095 Metrics in Site Planning 1100 Introduction to Site Plan Layout . 1100 Site Design Considerations 1101 Laying Out Property Lines 1103 CADD Applications 2-D 1106 Drawing Contour Lines 1107 Drawing Site Profi les 1109 Drawing the Grading Plan 1110 CADD Applications 2-D 1113 CADD Applications 3-D 1115 CADD Applications . 1116 Green Technology Application . 1117 Professional Perspective 1119 Math Applications . 1120 Web Site Research 1120 Civil Drafting Test 1121 Civil Drafting Problems 1121 Piping Details . 910 Drawing Sheets 910 Drawing Revisions . 914 CADD Applications 3-D . 914 CADD Applications 2-D . 916 Pipe Drafting Layout Techniques 916 CADD Applications 917 Professional Perspective . 919 Math Applications 919 Web Site Research . 920 Industrial Process Piping Test 920 Industrial Process Piping Problems 920 Chapter 22—Structural Drafting 928 Learning Objectives 928 The Engineering Design Application . 928 Introduction 929 Structural Engineering 930 Line Work on Structural Drawings 930 Lettering on Structural Drawings 933 Coordination of Working Drawings 933 Structural Drafting Related to Construction Systems 936 Concrete Construction 936 Concrete Block Construction . 945 Wood Construction 947 Steel Construction . 960 Common Connection Methods . 966 Green Technology Application 969 Components in a Set of Structural Drawings . 972 Drawing Revisions . 979 CADD Applications 983 CADD Applications 3-D . 983 General Construction Specifi cations . 986 Specifi cations for Commercial Construction . 986 Green Technology Application 988 Basic Drawing Layout Steps 988 Pictorial Drawings . 991 Green Technology Application 992 CADD Applications 997 Professional Perspective . 998 Math Applications 998 Web Site Research . 999 Structural Drafting Test 1000 Structural Drafting Problems 1000 Chapter 23— Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC), and Pattern Development 1015 Learning Objectives . 1015 The Engineering Design Application 1015 Introduction . 1016x CONTENTS Appendix F— Wire Gages (Inches) 1171 Appendix G— Sheet Metal Gages (Inches) 1172 Appendix H— Sheet Metal Thicknesses (Millimeters) . 1173 Appendix I— Standard Allowances, Tolerances, and Fits . 1174 Table 5— Allowances and Tolerances Preferred Hole Basis Fits . 1174 Allowances and Tolerances Preferred Shaft Basis Fits . 1174 Allowances and Tolerances Description of Preferred Fits 1175 Table 6— American National Standard Fits— Running and Sliding Fits . 1176 American National Standard Fits— Clearance Locational Fits 1178 American National Standard Fits— Transition Locational Fits 1180 American National Standard Fits— Interference Locational Fits . 1181 American National Standard Fits— Force and Shrink Fits . 1182 Table 7— Metric Limits and Fits—Preferred Hole Basis Clearance Fits . 1184 Metric Limits and Fits— Preferred Shaft Basis Clearance Fits . 1186 Table 8— Metric Tolerance Zones—Metric Tolerance Zones for Internal (Hole) Dimensions . 1188 Metric Tolerance Zones— Tolerance Zones for External (Shaft) Dimensions 1189 Appendix J— Unifi ed Screw Thread Variations . 1190 Table 9— Unifi ed Standard Screw Thread Series 1191 Appendix K— Metric Screw Thread Variations . 1192 Appendix L— ASTM and SAE Grade Markings for Steel Bolts and Screws . 1193 Appendix M— Cap Screw Specifi cations 1194 Table 10— Dimensions of Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts) . 1194 Table 11— Dimensions of Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series) . 1195 Table 12— Dimensions of Hexagon and Spline Socket Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws 1196 Table 13— Dimensions of Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws 1197 Table 14— Dimensions of Slotted Round Head Cap Screws 1198 Table 15— Dimensions of Slotted Fillister Head Cap Screws 1198 SECTION 6 ENGINEERING DESIGN 1129 Chapter 25— The Engineering Design Process 1130 Learning Objectives . 1130 The Engineering Design Application 1130 Introduction . 1131 Engineering Design and Industry Management Models 1131 An Engineering Design Process 1134 The Phase Gate Design Process 1137 After Full Production 1147 Creativity and Innovation in Design 1147 Change and the Impact on the Design Process . 1149 Design Deliverables . 1150 The Design Process Responds to Changes in Engineering . 1150 Green Technology Application . 1151 Professional Perspective 1151 Web Site Research 1153 The Engineering Design Process Test 1153 The Engineering Design Process Problems . 1153 SECTION 7 ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN STUDENT CD 1157 Descriptive Geometry I 1158 Descriptive Geometry II 1158 Engineering Charts and Graphs 1158 Engineering Drawing and Design Math Applications 1158 Fluid Power . 1158 APPENDICES Appendix A— Abbreviations . 1163 Appendix B— Conversion Charts: Table 1—Inches to Millimeters 1166 Table 2—Millimeters to Inches 1166 Table 3—Inch/Metric Equivalents . 1166 Table 4— Inch/Metric—Conversion—Length, Area, Capacity, Weight . 1167 Appendix C— Mathematical Rules Related to the Circle 1168 Appendix D— General Applications of SAE Steels 1169 Appendix E— Surface Roughness Produced by Common Production Methods 1170CONTENTS xi Appendix X— Valve Specifi cations . 1226 Table 32— Wrought Steel Pipe and Taper Pipe Threads—American National Standard. . 1229 Table 33— Cast Iron Pipe Screwed Fittings, 125 LB—American National Standard . 1230 Appendix Y— PVC Pipe Dimensions in Inches . 1231 Appendix Z— Rectangular and Round HVAC Duct Sizes 1233 Appendix AA— Spur and Helical Gear Data . 1234 Appendix BB— CADD Drawing Sheet Sizes, Settings, and Scale Factors . 1235 CD Appendices: There is a CD available at the back of Engineering Drawing and Design, 5e. The CD contains a variety of valuable features for you to use as you learn engineering drawing and design. The CD icon, placed throughout this textbook, directs you to features found on the CD. CD Appendix A— American National Standards of Interest to Designers, Architects, and Drafters CD Appendix B— ASME Standard Line Types CD Appendix C— Dimensioning and Tolerancing Symbols and ASME Dimensioning Rules CD Appendix D— Designation of Welding and Allied Processes by Letters CD Appendix E— Symbols for Pipe Fittings and Valves CD Appendix F— Computer Terminology and Hardware CD Instructions: Access the CD to view the CD chapters, appendices, chapter tests, and selected chapter problems: • Place the CD in your CD drive. • The CD should open (start) automatically. • If the CD does not start automatically, pick the Start button in the lower left corner of your screen, and select Run, . followed by accessing the CD drive on your computer. • Pick the desired chapter, appendix, test, or problem application button on the left side of the CD window. Glossary . 1239 Index . 1273 Appendix N— Machine Screw Specifications . 1199 Table 16— Dimensions of Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Machine Screws 1199 Appendix O— Set Screw Specifications . 1200 Table 17— Dimensions of Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws 1200 Appendix P— Hex Nut Specifi cations 1202 Table 18— Dimensions of Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts . 1202 Appendix Q— Key and Keyseat Specifi cations . 1203 Table 19— Woodruff Key Dimensions 1203 Table 20— Woodruff Keyseat Dimensions . 1205 Table 21— Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter 1207 Table 22— Key Dimensions and Tolerances 1208 Table 23— Gib Head Nominal Dimensions 1208 Table 24— Class 2 Fit for Parallel and Taper Keys . 1209 Appendix R— Tap Drill Sizes . 1210 Table 25— Decimal Equivalents and Tap Drill Sizes (Letter and Number Drill Sizes) 1210 Appendix S— Concrete Reinforcing Bar (Rebar) Specifi cations 1211 Appendix T— Common Welded Wire Reinforcement Specifi cations . 1212 Table 26— Wire Size Comparison 1212 Table 27— Common Styles of Metric Welded Wire Reinforcement (WWR) . 1214 Appendix U— ASTM A500 Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing Specifi cations . 1215 Appendix V— Structural Metal Shape Designations . 1216 Table 28— W, M, S, and HP Shapes — Dimensions 1216 Table 29— Channels American Standard and Miscellaneous—Dimensions 1221 Appendix W— Corrosion-Resistant Pipe Fittings . 1223 Table 30— Weldings, Fittings, and Forged Flanges—Dimensions 1223 Table 31— Threaded Fittings and Threaded Couplings, Reducers, and Caps 1225 I N D E X Air-duct sizing formulas, 1045, 1064 Airflow analysis, 994 Air-handling unit (AHU), 1044 Air supply registers, 1016–17 Air terminals, 1044 Air-to-air heat exchangers, 1020 AISC. See American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) AISC/AWS standards prequalifi ed welded joints, 765 AISI. See American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) AISI/SAE steel numbering system, 123–24, 132 AL. See Application list (AL) Alberta Energy Utility Board, 874 Alberti Battista, Leon, 11 Alcoa, 1021 Algor software, 116 Alibre, Inc., 73 Alibre Design, 73 Alibre Personal Edition, 73 Aligned dimensioning, 326 and piping drawings, 900 Aligned sections, 446 Alkyds, 128 All around dimensioning symbol, 325 All over dimensioning symbol, 325 Allowance, 355. See also Tolerances defined, 321 for metric threads, 404 Alloy cast iron, 123 Alloys commonly used in manufacturing, 123, 124–25 section lines for, 202 selection of, 131–32 Unifi ed Numbering System for, 125–26 All-weather driveway surfaces, 1103 Alternate view placement, 259 Aluminum basic features, 124–25 in green construction, 971 section lines for, 202 selection of, 131–32 Aluminum for Future Generations, 126 American Chemistry Council (ACC) plastic resin identifi cation codes, 129 plastics selection guidelines, 129–31 American Design Drafting/Digital Design Association (ADDA), 28 chapters, 28 employment center, 29 history of, 28 professional certification, 28 American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 692, 696 American Institute of Architects (AIA), 94, 1016 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 765 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 123 American National screw thread, 393 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1144 American National Standard taper pipe threads, 396–97, 403 American National thread form, 395 American Society for Quality (ASQ), 1134 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards. See ASME standards American Water Works Association (AWWA), 877 American Welding Society (AWS), 765 drafting standards, 30 AMP. See Amplifier (AMP) Amplifi er (AMP), 836, 838 Analysis of EDA software tools, 850 Analytic geometry, 11 Analyzing working drawings, 620–27 Anchor bolts, 942, 972, 975 Anchors, wood to masonry, 947, 956 Angle of projection block, 58, 59 Angle of repose, 1091, 1110, 1111 Angles basic features, 220 bisecting, 228 dimensioning, 335 of oscillation in four-bar linkages, 681 structural steel, 963 Angle valves, 888, 889 Angular contact ball bearings, 709 Angular dimension line, 324 Page numbers in italics indicate figures. A ABR. See Polyacrylic rubber (ABR) Abrasive saw, 144 ABS. See Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) AC (alternating current) circuits elementary diagrams, 814 ACC. See American Chemistry Council (ACC) Acetal, 127 Acetate, 127 Acme thread, 396, 404 Acorn nuts, 417 Acoustical liner (AL), 1044 Acrylics, 127 Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA), 127 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 127 for pipe, 877 Active device, 832 Actual local size, 320 Actual mating size, 320–21 Actual size, 320–21 Actuator, 891 Acute angle, 220 Adaptive parts, 109 ADDA. See American Design Drafting/ Digital Design Association (ADDA) Addendum formula, 697, 698, 704, 706 Addendums to contracts, 914, 979 Additive process, 844–45 Adhesion, 122 Adjacent views, 266 Advanced research, 1135–36 Aeronautical drafter, 15 AGMA. See American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) Agonic line, 1075 A hubs, 692 AIA. See American Institute of Architects (AIA) AIA CAD Layer Guidelines, 1016 Air-conditioning circuit and cycle diagram, 1017 Air-duct calculators, 1044–451274 INDEX Autodesk Seek free Web service, 1061–63 Autodesk Vault, 73 Autodesk Seek, 848, 917–18, 997 Automatic cutter compensation, 146 Automatic pencil, 41 Automotive design drafter, 15 Automotive industry plastics selection, 129–31 Auxiliary sections, 448 Auxiliary views, 292 analysis and review, 300–01, 302 CADD applications, 304–06 curves plotting in, 297 descriptive geometry and, 302 dimensioning, 344–45 enlargements, 297 full view, 293 layout process, 292, 302–03 location on different sheets, 298 math applications, 307 partial view, 293, 295 professional perspective, 307 removed views, drawing, 297, 298 rotated, 298–99 secondary, 299–300, 301 visualization, 295–96 AWS. See American Welding Society (AWS) AWWA. See American Water Works Association (AWWA) Axes creating for isometric sketches, 184 of pyramids, 222 Axial forces, defined, 930 Axis (thread), 394 Axis datums. See Datum axis Axis geometric control, 495–96 Axis perpendicularity, 498 Axis straightness effect of RFS on, 496 tolerances, 504 Axonometric projection, 563 types of, 566 Azimuth measuring, 1073–74 traverses, 1076–77 B Babbitt section lines for, 202 Backfl ow valves, 890 Backsight, 1079 Back solving, 1143 Backward compatible, 1144 Ball bearings, 709 Balloons, 575, 610 identifi cation numbers in, 607, 715 to identify engineering changes, 613 leaders styles for, 610 piping notes in, 909 with page identification, 612 Ball valves, 887, 888 Band saw, 144 Bars (steel), 963 Base circle, 684 diameter, 697, 699 engineering change documentation, 599, 614 fasteners and springs, 393 lettering, 207 line, 54–57 line conventions, 193–94, 194 pictorial drawings, 563 undimensioned drawings, 780, 792 unit, 47 Aspect ratio, 1044 ASQ. See American Society for Quality (ASQ) Assemblies constraints, 108 defined, 987 model creation, 108 parameter-driven, 109 welded, 749 Assembly drawings, 444, 597, 603–04 basic features, 603 CADD tools and options, 614 defined, 603 detail assembly, 605–06 erection assembly, 606, 609 gear and bearing, 715–16 general assembly, 605 layout assembly, 604–05, 606 and parts list, 611, 622 pictorial assembly, 607, 610 printed circuit, 844, 846 for screwdriver, 622, 623, 624 subassembly, 606–07 types of, 604–07 Assembly files, 106 Assembly models, 615 Associated Lists, 811 Association Connecting Electronics Industries (IPC), 842, 843 Associative dimension, 347–48 Assumed azimuth, 1074 ASTM standards, 123, 938, 967 manufacturing metals, 122 steel pipes, tubes, and fittings, 877 AT symbol, 943 Attribute, defined, 207 Attributes, with symbols in CADD, 901 AutoCAD, 71, 73, 97 assembly drawing tools, 614 detail drawing tools, 601 detailed thread representations with, 401 DIMLIN command, 345 drawing aids in, 268 enlargements in, 269 geometric tolerancing with, 548–52 MLEADER command, 406 REVCLOUD command, 916, 985 schematic thread representations with, 400 XLINE command, 267 AutoCAD DesignCenter, 101 Autodesk, Inc., 73 Autodesk Algor Simulation, 73 Autodesk Ecotect, 993, 995 Autodesk Green Building Studio, 993, 994, 995 Autodesk Inventor, 73, 116, 117 Autodesk Inventor Fusion, 627 Autodesk Revit, 73 Angular dimensions, 329 Angularity tolerances, 511–12 Angular perspective. See Two-point perspective Angular surfaces, dimensioning, 335 Angular units, on engineering drawings, 329 Animation(s), 84–86 e-learning, 86 engineering, 85–86 entertainment, 86 storyboarding, 86 techniques, 86 Annealing, 124 Annotations (electronic), 835 ANSI. See American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI/ASME standards pipe sizes and wall thickness, 878–79 welding symbols, 748 ANSI/ISA standards piping symbols, 907 ANSI standards gear drawings, 693, 696 Antibacklash spring, 424 Apparent overlap, 553 Application block, 61 Application list (AL), 612 Applications job, 26 patent, 31–32 ArchiCAD, 74 Architectural drafters, 15, 16 Architectural electrical symbols, 820, 821–22 Architectural lettering styles, 208–9, 209 Architect’s scale, 49–50 Archive drawings, storage of, 64 Arc length symbol, 325 Arcs, 223 CADD commands for, 226 concentric, 227 dimensioning, 336–37 drawing, 233 isometric, 187, 570 showing in multiviews, 262–66 sketching, 179–80, 187 Argon (CADD software), 73 Arm drafting machine, 13, 45 ARRAY command, 401 Arrowheads, 324, 330 on dimension and leader lines, 324 rules for, 199–200, 200 in welding symbols, 750, 755, 757–59 Arrowless dimensioning, 381 Arrow side of welded joint, 755, 757 ASA. See Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) As-built drawings, 620 Ashlar-Vellum, 73 ASME codes and standards piping and pipelines collection, 876 slip-on pipe flanges, 885 ASME drafting standards, 29 ASME/ISO standards multiview drawings, 249 ASME standards, 319–20, 349, 362, 574 dimension symbols, 325 electrical and electronic drawing, 811, 842INDEX 1275 Box beams, 955, 959 Box method, 584–85 of isometric construction, 568–69 sketching circles, 176–77 Brainstorming, 39 Brass, 125, 202 Braze welding, 747 Brazing, 746–47, 881 Brazolet, 884 BREAK, 453 Break corner, 151, 264 Breaking chain, 1079 Break lines, 332, 334, 336 in partial views, 257, 258 types, 203 Break symbol for a cylindrical solid shape, 452 for a cylindrical tubular shape, 452 Bridges and culverts standards, 1103 Brinell hardness test, 124 Broken-out sections, 448, 603 BROKEN VIEW, 453 Bronze for bearings, 709 composition of, 125 section lines for, 202 Building design, analyzing, 913, 995 Building information modeling (BIM), 992 Building life cycle, 987 Building sections. See also Sections functions in structural drawings, 976, 978, 979 Burrs, 151, 350 Bus, 817 Bushings, 709, 885 Business management strategy, 1133 Bus layout drawing, 817–19 Butterfl y valves, 888, 889 Buttress thread forms, 396 Butt-welded steel pipe, 877 Butt welding, 879 Butyl rubber, 128 Butyrate, 127 C CAB. See Cellulose-acetatebutyrate (CAB) Cabinet oblique drawing, 576, 578 Cable assemblies electrical drafting, 813, 814 Cable diagrams electrical drafting, 813 Cable harness diagrams. See Cable assemblies CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD); Computer-aided drafting (CAD) CAD/CAM integration, 87, 164 CAD/CAM systems, 64, 87 elements of, 164 CADD. See Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) CADD/CAM, dimensioning for, 381–82 Cadence Design Systems, Inc., 850 CAE. See Computer-aided engineering (CAE) CAGE code, 58 precision sheet metal, 782–87 process, bend allowance and, 782 Bend instructions, 780 Bend radius, bend allowance and, 782 Bend relief, 786 Bend table, 780, 782 Bend tangent line, 780 Bend transition, 785 Bentley Systems, Inc., 73 BE pipe. See Beveled end (BE) pipe Beveled end (BE) pipe, 879 Bevel gears, 694–95, 704–05 Bevel groove welds, 753–54 B hubs, 692 Bias, 832 Bidding requirements, defined, 929 Bilateral tolerances, 321, 351, 532, 534 Bill of materials. See also Parts list (PL) guidelines for, 608, 612 on pipe spool sheets, 910 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM), 91 Binocular overlap, 91 Bisecting lines and angles, 228, 229 Bitmap images, 407 Black belts, 1134 Blacksmithing, 138 Blanking, 791 chemical, 145 Blind flanges, 885, 886 Blind holes, 147, 395, 411 BLOCK command, 766 Block diagram electrical, 811 electronic, 827–28, 829 Blocks, 1084 of subdivisions, 1084 Block shading, 584 Block technique, 181–83, 182 Blow molding, 154–55 Blue-line prints. See Diazo prints Blueprint, 13, 62 BM. See Bench marks (BM) Board, 13 Body of thread, 394 Bolt circles, 196–97, 197 Bolted connections, specifying, 967 Bolts and nuts, 408, 409 Bond beams, 947, 950 Boolean operation, 104 BOOM. See Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) Border, 57 Bores of bearings, 710 of gears, 692 Boring techniques, 148 Bosses, 149, 150 Bottoming taps, 395, 411 Bottom-up assembly, 108 Boundary defined, 449 Bow compass, 42 Bow dividers, 43 Box, developing, 1046, 1047 Base features in solid modeling, 107 Baseline, 1083 dimensioning, 332 Basic dimensions, 321, 479, 485 Basic Facts about Registering a Trademark, 32 Basic size, 358 Basic solid models, 104 Bead chain, 736 Beams compass, 42 defined, 928 Bearing (direction) of electrical supply lines, 817 expressing, 1074, 1075 Bearings, 709 bore, 710 codes, 710 dimensions, 711 drawing, 710 with gear assemblies, 643–44, 715–16 lubrication requirements of, 713 major types, 709–10, 710–11 mountings, 715 numbering system, 711 oil grooving of, 713 pressures, 936 selection, 710 symbols for, 710 Beginning points, 1075, 1078 Begin vertical curve point, 1091 Bell and spigot connections, 880 Bell Crank, 680 Belt drive ratio, 734 Belt drives, 727 advantages of, 728 basic purpose, 728 common confi gurations, 728, 729 design, 730, 731 length calculation, 741 selecting, 730–34 types, 728–29, 730 Belt length, 741 Belts, 728 and belt drives, 728 defined, 728 fl at belts, 729 positive drive belts, 729, 730 types, 728 V-belts, 728–29 Belt velocity, 734 Benches, 1110 Bench marking. See Existing product research Bench marks (BM), 1078 fi nding distance and elevation from, 1079, 1080 symbol for, 1078 Bend allowance, 776, 782 calculating, 782–85 defined, 782 Bend angle, bend allowance and, 782 Bend, defined, 777 Bend diagrams (rebars), 943, 948 Bend facets, 786 Bending corner to round, sheet metal, 786 metal, 1381276 INDEX Chopped fi ber spraying, 158, 159 Chordal addendum, 697, 698 Chordal thickness, 697, 698 Chromium steel, 123 C hubs, 692 Chucks, lathe, 140–41 CIM. See Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) Circles basic properties, 222–23 CADD commands for, 226 concentric, 227 dimensioning, 321 drawing, 223, 226 fi nding distances between, 629 isometric, 186, 570 in perspective drawings, 582–83 prime, 688–89 showing in multiviews, 262–66 sketching, 176–79, 177, 178 Circle tangent, drawing, 223 Circle templates, 44 Circuit, 811. See also Electrical drafting Circularity tolerance, 505–07 Circular pattern, 107–8 Circular pitch, 697, 703 Circular runout, 544, 545 Circulator, 1018 Circumference, 222 Circumscribed circle, 221 Circumscribed polygons, 230 Cire perdue technique, 137 Civil CADD technician, 14 Civil drafters, 15–16, 17, 1072 Civil drafting, 1072 CADD applications, 1113–17 contour lines, 1107–09 cut and fill, 1091, 1092 distance and elevation, 1078–82 grading plans, 1095–98, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1110–11, 1112 green technology application, 1117–19 math applications, 1120 plotting traverses, 1077–78 property descriptions, 1082–83 property lines, laying out, 1103–07 site design considerations, 1101–03 site plan basics, 1092–95, 1100 site plan layout, 1100–01 site profiles, 1109–10 starting, 1084–91, 1092 survey, 1073–77 Civil engineer’ scales, 47–49 Civil engineering drafter, 14 Civil engineering drawings contour lines, 1086 direction concepts, 1073–75 highway layout, 1087–92 property descriptions, 1082–83 starting, 1084–86 surveying basics, 1075–76 Civil piping, 869 Classes of threads, 394 Clay pipe, 878 CLB. See Center line of bend (CLB) Cleaning manual drafting equipment, 41 Clearance fi ts, 355, 358 Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), 91, 92 CE. See Concurrent engineering (CE) Cellulose, 127 Cellulose-acetatebutyrate (CAB) for pipe, 877 Cementing pipe, 881 Center dashes, 324 Center distance for belt drives, 728, 729 for chain drives, 728, 735, 737 spur gear formula, 697 Centerline method sketching circles, 177, 177–78 Center line of bend (CLB), 780 Centerlines, 324 as connection lines in exploded assemblies, 575 as extension line, 198, 324, 343 dimensioning, in wood frame construction, 960 of isometric construction, 569–70 in piping drawings, 895 precedence in multiviews, 266, 318 rules for, 196–97 spacing and offset, 324 Center plane datums. See Datum center plane Centers, lathe, 140, 141 Central forced-air systems, 1016–17 Centrifugal casting, 136 Ceramics, 122 Certification, 25 Chain, 1079 classifi cation and types, 734 Chain dimensioning, 331–32 Chain drives, 727, 734 advantages of, 728 classifi cation and types, 734 design, 737 light-duty chain, 736 nonprecision chains, 736 precision chains, 734–36 roller chain drive selection, 737–41 sprockets, 734, 735 Chain lines, 203, 204 Chain pitch, 735 Chamfers, 150 dimensioning, 335 showing in multiviews, 262–63 thread, 394, 398, 411 Champions, 1133 Change Manager, 627–28 Change Manager Environment, 627 Change order (CO), 616–18, 619, 624, 1038 Chart drawings, 327 Checker, 59 Check valves, 890 Chemical blanking, 145 Chemical machining, 145, 147 Chemical milling, 145 Chilled cast iron, 122 Chip, 837 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, 1022 Chloroprene rubber, 128–29 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), 129 Calculation, bend allowance, 782–85 Calendering process, 155 Camber, in glu-lam beams, 953 Cam design, 691 Cam displacement diagrams, 684, 691, 692 CADD applications, 691 creating, 684–87 development of, 687 as guide to manufacturing, 687–88 Cam followers, 684 Cam manufacturing, 691 CADD applications, 691 Cam profiles, 687, 688, 691 CADD applications, 691 Cam roller followers, 684 Cams basic design features, 682 creating profi les for, 687–88 displacement diagram creation, 684–87 importance of understanding, 717 sketching, 182 types of, 683 CAM system. See Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system Cantilever beams, 958 Capacitance, 835 Capacitor, 829, 835 Caps, pipe, 883, 885 Cap screws, 409, 410, 417 CAQC. See Computer-aided quality control (CAQC) Carat, 125 Carbon steel pipe, 877 Carburization, 124 Careers engineering drawing, 14–25 ethics, 30–31 fi nding employment, 26–27, 37 in related areas, 118 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 112–13 Cartesian coordinate system, 11, 225 Cartographer, 15 Cartographic drafter, 15 Case hardening, 124 Casting drafters, 15 Casting drawing and design, 361, 363, 364, 366 draft, 362 fi llets and rounds in casting, 362 shrinkage allowance, 362 Castings major types, 135–37 simulating in solid models, 166 steel, 123 thermoset plastic, 157 Cast iron for pipe, 877 section lines for, 202 types, 122–23 Catalogs, 622, 623 Catalog feature, 107, 108 Cathode, 830 CATIA, 73–74 Cavalier oblique projection, 576, 578 CAVE. See Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)INDEX 1277 skill standards, 30, 111–12 software manufacturers, 73–75 software products, 71, 72–75 solid modeling techniques, 104–11 sprockets, 735 standards, 111–12 structural drafting tools, 983 surface modeling techniques, 102–3 sustainable-design considerations, 115 symbols, 96–97 technical illustration, 88 technician, 14 terrain model, 1115 thread notes, 406, 408 thread representations, 407 three-dimensional illustration capabilities, 588–89 tolerancing with, 360–61 two-dimensional drawings, 71, 76, 77 virtual reality, 89–93 web-based collaboration, 79–80 welding drawings with, 766, 767 workstation, 71, 72, 113 Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), software programs drawing screw heads with, 417 for drawing screw thread representations, 398 fastener tools, 422 spring creation tools, 429 Computer-aided drafting (CAD), 8, 10 Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 84 in CIM systems, 163 electronics, 849 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system, 87, 163. See also CAD/CAM systems Computer-aided quality control (CAQC), 163 Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), 88, 161, 162–64 Computer numerical control (CNC) systems, 691, 796 in CIM systems, 163 machining considerations in, 146 role in CAD/CAM systems, 87–88, 164 Computers in engineering drawings, 10. See also Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) Concentric arcs, 227 Concentric circles, 223, 227 Concentricity tolerances, 529–30, 531 Concentric reducer, 881, 883 Concept phase of phase gate design process, 1137–40 design specification, 1140 industrial design, 1137, 1139 quality function deployment (QFD), 1139–40 Concept review, 1140 Concrete construction methods, 936–47, 948, 950, 951, 952 section lines for, 202 weight and cubic yard calculations, 998 Concrete masonry unit, 945–47 Concrete pipe, 878 cam displacement diagrams, 691 cam manufacturing, 691 cam profiles, 691 in CIM systems, 161, 162 common geometric constructions, 224–25 computer-aided engineering, 84 computer-aided manufacturing, 87 computer-integrated manufacturing, 88, 88 computer numerical control, 87–88 constraints, 69 creating springs, 429 defined, 70 design vs. industrial design, 1139 design formats, 75–79 design planning, 112 detail drawing tools, 601 dimensioning with, 345–47 drafters and, 14 in drafting/designing of precision sheet metal, 783 drawing accuracy with, 304 drawing and editing, 93, 94 drawing springs, 428 drawings templates, 99, 100–101 ergonomics, 112–14 factors, 75–76 fastener symbol libraries, 421–22 fastener tools, 422 fi le management, 101 fi le-referencing tools, 97 geometric tolerancing with, 547–52 graphical user interface (GUI), 72 hardware, 71 interface, 72 layers for HVAC drawings, 1043 lift hook, 69, 70 line-drawing techniques, 204–6 line standards and layers, 93, 94, 95–96 major applications in industry, 79–88 manual drafting and, 40 manufacturing materials applications, 133–34 MCAD software, 72 mechanism design features, 683 vs. microfilm, 64 multiview tools and options, 267–69, 275 note placement, 350 operator, 14 parts libraries, 33–34 peripheral equipment, 71 pictorial drawings with, 585–87 piping models, 914–15 piping symbols, 900, 901–2, 901–7 plotting considerations, 98, 99–100 productivity with, 112–14 product life cycle management, 73, 79 program, 445 property line layout tools, 1106 prototyping, 80–84 reusability of, 33–34 reusing content, 96–97 revision cloud tools, 916, 984, 985 site plan tools, 1113–17 sketching, 187–91 Clearance in spur gears, 697 Closed-loop robotic systems, 163 Closed traverses, 1075–76, 1077 Close running fits, 357 Close sliding fits, 357 Cluster gears, 694, 701 drawing, 701, 702 CNC. See Computer numerical control (CNC) CNC program, 87, 164. See also Computer numerical control (CNC) systems CO. See Change order (CO) Coatings, dimensioning with, 361 Coaxial features, position tolerancing, 519–21, 522, 523 Cobalt (CADD software), 73 Cock valves, 887 CoCreate, 75 Coded section lines, 202, 443–44 Codes plastic resin identifi cation codes, 129 welding, 765 Coils, 423, 829, 835 Cold air (CA), 1016–17 Cold-rolled steel (CRS), 123 Cold saws, 144, 145 Collaborative engineering, 1152 Collets, lathe, 140–41 Collision detection testing, 1028 Color-coding, 1029 Color gamut, 91 Columbium, 125 Column reinforcing, 938 Commercial construction, specifications for, 986–88 Commercial drafter, 16 Commercial electrical plans, 819–21, 823, 824 Compass-bearing traverses, 1076, 1077, 1078 Compasses, 42 beam compass, 42 bow compass, 42 emulating with hand, 178 Component terminal holes, 842–43 Composite positional tolerancing, 517–19, 520, 521 Composite profi le tolerance, 543 Composites, 122, 158 manufacturing, 158, 159 Compression length (springs), 423, 424 Compression molding, 157, 158, 159 Computer-aided design (CAD), 8, 10. See also Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) defined, 70 sustainable-design practices, 116–17 Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), 10, 13, 14 3-D digitizers with, 915 adding text, 210–11 animation, 84–86 assembly drawing tools, 614, 615–16, 622 auxiliary views, 304–06 basic techniques, 93–101 cam and gear design tools, 6921278 INDEX Crossed helical gears, 695 Cross fittings, 881, 883, 885 Cross-functional team approach, 1135 Cross-reference zoning, 298, 456 Crown backing, 704, 705 CRS. See Cold-rolled steel (CRS) CSM. See Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) Cubes, 186 Cubic feet per minute (CFM), effect on duct sizing, 1040 Cul-de-sacs, 1104 Cumulative trauma disorder, 112 Curve data, 1087 Curved line, 219 Curve length, 1087 Curves. See also Arcs; Irregular curves in auxiliary views, 297 in civil drafting plan views, 1087–88 in civil drafting profi le views, 1091 in perspective drawings, 582–83 in property lines, 1103–04 in surface modeling, 102 Cushion sections, in V-belts, 729 Customer focus, 1152 Cut, 777 Cut and fi ll drawing, 1091, 1092, 1110, 1112. See also Grading plans Cutsheet, 1029, 1031 Cutting line, 1088 Cutting metal, 138 Cutting-plane line, 200, 200–201, 440–42, 1088 in highway profi le drawings, 1088 precedence in multiviews, 266 structural drafting practices, 931, 932 Cycles (cam), 684 Cycloidal motion, 686 Cylinder intersecting cone, 1058, 1060–61 Cylinder pattern development, truncated, 1048–49 Cylindrical break lines, 203 Cylindrical elbows, 1050 Cylindrical features intersections in isometric drawings, 570 position tolerancing for, 513 showing in multiviews, 262, 265 Cylindrical roller bearings, 710 Cylindrical shapes, dimensioning of, 334 Cylindricity tolerance, 507 D Dardelet thread forms, 396, 397 Dassault Systèmes, 73 Data list (DL), 612 Datum axis, 488–89 Datum center plane, 490–92 Datum dimensioning best for CNC, 146 Datum features, 477 coaxial, 489 defined, 478 simulators, 478–79, 499 symbols for, 478, 480, 488, 490 Datum precedence, 499–501 Continuous stave wood pipe, 878 Continuous-White layer, 94 Contour flange, 787 Contour interval, 1092 Contour lines, 1086, 1093, 1107–09 drawing, 1086, 1107–09 topographic concepts, 1092 Contours defi ned in civil engineering, 1086 dimensioning, 337–38 showing in multiviews, 262–66 Contract documents, defined, 929 Contractor drawing, 1028 Control charting, 165, 169 Control joints, 976 Controlled radius (CR), 337 defined, 322 dimensioning, 322, 325 Control limits, 165–66 Control points, 102 in closed traverses, 1075 survey, 1107 Control valves, 891 body and damper symbols, 906 Conventional breaks, 452–53 Conventional machining prototyping by, 84 Conventional tolerancing, 476 Coordinate method, 582, 584–85 of isometric construction, 568–69 Coordinate systems, 1073, 1074 Copes, 135 Coplanar bends, 785 Coplanar profi le tolerance, 542 Coplanar surface datums, 487–88 Coplanar surfaces, 542 Copper alloys, 125, 202 Copper pipe, 877 Copper tubing, 877 Copyright, 31, 1141 Cores, casting, 135–36 Cork, section lines for, 202 Corner relief, 787 Corrosive fl uids, protecting valves from, 889 Cosine, 1079 Cotangent, 1079 Counterbores dimensioning, 325, 339–40 drawing, 148, 149 specifying for bolted connections, 968 Counterdrill, 148, 149 dimensioning, 340 Countersink dimensioning, 325, 340 drawing, 148, 149 Coupler, 680 Coupling circuitry, 832 Couplings (pipe), 882, 885 Coupolet, 884 Courses, 1075, 1077–78 Cover sheet, 1029 CR. See Controlled radius (CR) Cradle-to-cradle design, 1021 Cranks, 680 Creativity in design, 1147–49 principles of, 1148–49 Crest (threads), 394 Concrete slabs defined, 936 plan, 972, 975 specifying in drawings, 943, 972, 975 Concurrent engineering (CE), 1134 Conductor lines. See Conductor traces Conductor traces printed circuits, 840, 841 Conductor width and spacing, on printed circuits, 842 Conduit layout and detail drawings, 819, 820 Coned disk, 425 Cone distance, 704, 705 Cone pattern development, truncated, 1051 Cones dimensioning, 335–36 developing, 1050–51 Confusing symbols, 832 Congruency, of geometric shapes, 998 Conical features dimensioning, 335–36 profi le of, 543 Conical taps, 1037 Connecting rod, 680 Connecting traverses, 1075–76, 1077 Connection lines, 575 in exploded assemblies, 575 Connection methods, industrial piping, 879–81 Connectors in foundation plans, 972, 975 joist and beam, 956, 958 in structural design, 966–69 Consider ease of recycling, 1152 Constant force spring, 426 Constant velocity motion, 685 Constraints, 69, 105, 348 for geometric construction, 225 levels, 105, 106 to lines, 204–5, 205 Construction documents, defined, 929 Construction drafter, 14 Construction drawings, 929 Construction lines with auxiliary views, 305–06 basic features, 195 to create multiview layouts, 273, 274 sketching circles with, 176–77 use in CADD, 267, 268 Construction methods concrete block, 945–47, 950, 951, 952 engineered wood products, 953, 955, 959, 960 importance of understanding, 936 laminated beam, 950, 953, 957, 958, 959 poured and precast concrete, 936–42, 947, 948, 952 steel structures, 960–966 timber frame, 947–48, 950, 953–960 wood frame systems overview, 947 Construction specifications, 986 Content, process versus, 118 Continuation sheet title block, 59 Continuity of welds, 762 Continuous reinforcing, 158, 159INDEX 1279 ISO 9000 Quality Systems Standard, 378–79 in isometric drawings, 573–74 jig and fi xture design, 378 location dimensions, 342–44 machined features, design and drafting of, 373 machined surfaces, 370–73 machining allowance, 362–63 machining drawing, 363, 365 maximum and minimum dimensions, 361 notes for machined features, 338–42 phantom lines, on machining allowance and draft angles, 363, 367 in piping drawings, 900, 908 plastic part manufacturing, drawings for, 369–70 platings and coatings, dimensions applied to, 361 rules for multiviews, 302–03, 315–19 site plan layout, 1104–06 style setting, 348–49 symbols, 325 threads, 404–05 tolerancing and, 351–61 tool design, 373–78 Dimensioning and Tolerancing, 47, 59 Dimensioning and tolerancing block, 59–60 Dimensioning fundamentals, 327 arrowheads, 330 baseline dimensioning, 332 chain dimensioning, 331–32 cylindrical shapes, dimensioning, 334 decimal points, 327–28 dimensioning units, 327 dimension lines and numerals, 330–31 dimension line spacing, 330 direct dimensioning, 332–34 fractions, 329–30 layout standards and specifications, 328 metric and inch units, 328–29 square features, dimensioning, 334 stagger adjacent dimensions, 334 symmetrical objects, dimensioning, 334 Dimensioning systems, 326 aligned dimensioning, 326 chart drawings, 327 rectangular coordinate dimensioning without dimension lines, 326–27 tabular dimensioning, 327 unidirectional dimensioning, 326 Dimensioning units, 327 Dimension lines AutoCAD features, 345 defi ned, 297, 324 and numerals, 330–31 rules for, 198 spacing of, 330 structural drafting practices, 930–31, 932 Dimension numerals, 324, 330–31 Dimension origin symbols, 325, 344, 345 Dimension styles, 348–49 Dimension text, 324 Dimetric projection, 563, 574 DIMLIN command, 345 of HANDLE, 621, 622 layout process in structural drafting, 990 manufacturing information, 599 monodetail drawing, 599 multidetail drawings, 599 piping, 910, 911 roof framing, 972, 977 sheet layout, 599 springs, 426 steps in making, 599 threads, 400–03 Detailed representation of threads, 397 Detailed spring representation, 426 Detailer, 1028. See also Detail drafter defined, 928 DETAIL VIEW command, 271 Detail views in multiview drawings, 258–59 Development phase of phase gate design process, 1140–44 DfX. See Design for everything (DfX) Dial indicator, 545 Diameter nominal (DN), 909 Diameters, 222 defined, 321 dimensioning symbols, 325 Diametral pitch, 342, 696, 698, 703 Diaphragm symbols, 906 Diaphragm valves, 889 Diazo prints, 62 Diazo reproduction, 62 Die, 786 Die casting, 137 Dies (thread), 152, 361, 395, 394 Differential relays, 817 Diffusers, 1016 Digital product defi nition datasets, 111 Digital prototyping, 81 Dimension defined, 321 Dimensional accuracy points, 793, 794 Dimensional constraint line, 204–5, 205 Dimensional constraints, 348, 105 Dimensional lumber, defined, 947 Dimensional stability of drafting media, 50 Dimensioning, 315. See also Geometric tolerance ASME standards, 319–20, 349, 362 associative dimension, 347–48 auxiliary views, 344–45 basics, 320 with CADD, 345–47 for CADD/CAM, 381–82 casting drawings, 361–62, 363, 364 characteristics and definitions, 320–23 CNC options, 146 combined casting and machining drawing, 363, 366 components, 324 constraints, 348 dimension origin, 344, 345 excluded from assembly drawings, 603 forging, design, and drawing, 363, 368–69 fundamental concepts, 323, 327–34 in general notes, 349–51 good practices, 334–38 Datum reference frame (DRF), 479, 481, 482 Datums, 375 defined, 321, 477 selecting, 553 Datum targets, 483–87 locating, 485–87 symbols for, 483 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 10–11 DC (direct current) circuits elementary diagrams, 814 DC biasing, 832 Dead ends, 1103 Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and Format, 811 Decimal inches, 327 Decimal points, 327–28 on drawings, 207 Decking, 960 Declination magnetic, 1074 Dedendum, 697 Dedendum angle, 704 Default dimension styles, 348–49 Default text styles, 210 Defects minimizing, 165 waste, 1132, 1133 Deferred tangency, 236 Deflection, 423 Defl ection-angle traverses, 1076, 1077 Deformed steel bars, 936, 937 Degree of curve, 1087 Degrees of freedom, 481–82 Deliverables, 1150 Delta, 351, 1039 Delta angle, 1087, 1104 Delta note. See also Flag notes pipe drawings, 915 in structural drafting, 984, 985 Deming, W. Edwards, 1133 Depth dimensioning symbols, 325 Depth of threads, 394 Derived components, 108 Descartes, René, 11 Descriptive geometry, 11, 267 auxiliary views and, 302 Design documentation, 1144 Design drafter, 14, 628 Design drawings, 930 Designer’s tools, 377–78 Design for everything (DfX), 1152 Design plan, 112 Design sketches, 620 Design specification, 1140 Destructive testing of welds, 762–63 Detachable chain, 736 Detail assembly drawings, 605–06 Detail drafter, 18, 20 Detail drawings, 598, 620–22, 1037 CADD tools and options, 601 conduit, 819, 820 coordination with sections in structural drafting, 934, 936, 972 defined, 597 of DRIVER, 622 electrical grounding, 819 foundations, 9721280 INDEX E-business, 1152 Eccentric circles, 223 Eccentric reducer, 881, 883 ECM. See Electrochemical machining (ECM) ECN. See Engineering change notice (ECN) ECN number, 618–19 ECO. See Engineering change order (ECO); Epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO) Economic efficiency, 1132 Ecosystem, green technology application in, 1117 ECR. See Engineering change request (ECR) EDA. See Electronic design automation (EDA) Edge views, 296 Editing with CADD, 93, 94 parametric models, 108–9 EDM. See Electrodischarge machining (EDM) Education, 22–23, 25 Elastomers, 127, 128–29 Elbolet, 881, 884 Elbows, 881, 883, 885 E-learning animations, 86 Electrical circuits, 811 Electrical conduit, 870 Electrical drafters, 16, 18 Electrical drafting. See also Drafting
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