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عدد المساهمات : 18967 التقييم : 35407 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب The Basics of Hydraulic Systems الثلاثاء 24 مايو 2022, 2:35 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The Basics of Hydraulic Systems
و المحتوى كما يلي :
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Subcourse Overview . i Administrative Instructions . iv Grading and Certification Instructions iv Lesson 1: Basic Hydraulics . 1 Practice Exercise . 19 Answer Key and Feedback . 22 Lesson 2: Hydraulic Plumbing 25 Practice Exercise . 69 Answer Key and Feedback . 71 Appendix A: Proof Testing of Hose Assemblies 72 Appendix B: Glossary 73 Examination . 78 Student Inquiry Sheet Hydraulics Table of Contents Page LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES vii Figures vii Tables . xiii PREFACE . xiv CHAPTER 1. Hydraulic Basics . 1-1 1-1. Pressure and Force . 1-1 Pressure . 1-1 Force . 1-3 1-2. Pascal’s Law . 1-4 1-3. Flow . 1-6 Velocity . 1-6 Flow Rate . 1-6 1-4. Energy, Work, and Power . 1-6 Potential Energy . 1-6 Kinetic Energy . 1-6 Heat Energy and Friction . 1-6 Relationship Between Velocity and Pressure . 1-7 Work . 1-8 Power . 1-8 CHAPTER 2. Hydraulic Systems . 2-1 2-1. Basic Systems . 2-1 Hydraulic Jack . 2-1 Motor-Reversing System 2-1 Open-Center System . 2-2 Closed-Center System . 2-5 OS-Software iFM 5-499 ii Page 2-2. Color Coding 2-9 2-3. Reservoirs 2-9 Construction 2-9 Shape . 2-10 Size 2-10 Location . 2-10 Ventilation and Pressurization 2-11 Line Connections . 2-11 Maintenance . 2-11 2-4. Strainers and Filters 2-11 Strainers 2-12 Filters 2-12 2-5. Filtering Material and Elements . 2-14 2-6. Accumulators . 2-14 Spring-Loaded Accumulator 2-14 Bag-Type Accumulator . 2-15 Piston-Type Accumulator . 2-15 Maintenance . 2-15 2-7. Pressure Gauges and Volume Meters . 2-17 Pressure Gauges 2-17 Meters 2-17 2-8. Portable Hydraulic-Circuit Testers . 2-18 Testers 2-18 Improper Operation . 2-18 2-9. Circulatory Systems . 2-18 Tubing 2-19 Piping 2-19 Flexible Hosing . 2-19 Installation 2-21 2-10.Fittings and Connectors 2-21 Threaded Connectors 2-21 Flared Connectors . 2-23 Flexible-Hose Couplings 2-25 Reusable Fittings . 2-25 2-11.Leakage . 2-29 Internal . 2-29 External . 2-30 Prevention . 2-30 2-12.Seals 2-30 Static Seals 2-31 Dynamic Seals . 2-31 Packing . 2-33 Seal Materials 2-34FM 5-499 iii Page CHAPTER 3. Pumps . 3-1 3-1. Pump Classifications . 3-1 Nonpositive-Displacement Pumps 3-1 Positive-Displacement Pumps 3-1 Characteristics 3-2 3-2. Performance 3-2 3-3. Displacement . 3-2 Fixed-Displacement Pump . 3-3 Variable-Displacement Pump 3-3 3-4. Slippage 3-3 3-5. Designs 3-3 Centrifugal Pump 3-3 Rotary Pump 3-4 Reciprocating Pump 3-4 3-6. Gear Pumps 3-4 External . 3-4 Internal 3-5 Lobe Pump . 3-6 3-7. Vane Pumps 3-6 Characteristics 3-6 Unbalanced Vane Pumps 3-6 Balanced Vane Pumps 3-7 Double Pumps 3-7 Two-Stage Pumps 3-9 3-8. Piston Pumps 3-10 Radial 3-10 Axial Piston Pumps . 3-11 3-9. Pump Operation 3-14 Overloading . 3-14 Excess Speed 3-14 Cavitation . 3-14 Operating Problems . 3-15 CHAPTER 4. Hydraulic Actuators . 4-1 4-1. Cylinders . 4-1 Single-Acting Cylinder 4-1 Double-Acting Cylinder . 4-1 Differential Cylinder . 4-1 Nondifferential Cylinder 4-2 Ram-Type Cylinder 4-2 Piston-Type Cylinder . 4-3 Cushioned Cylinder 4-4 Lockout Cylinders . 4-4 4.2 Construction and Application 4-4FM 5-499 iv Page 4-3. Maintenance 4-5 External Leakage 4-5 Internal Leakage 4-5 Creeping Cylinder 4-5 Sluggish Operation . 4-5 Loose Mounting . 4-5 Misalignment . 4-5 Lack of Lubrication . 4-7 Abrasives on a Piston Rod . 4-7 Burrs on a Piston Rod 4-7 Air Vents . 4-7 4-4. Hydraulic Motors 4-7 Gear-Type Motors 4-8 Vane-Type Motors 4-8 Piston-Type Motors 4-10 CHAPTER 5. Valves . 5-1 5-1. Pressure-Control Valves . 5-1 Relief Valves 5-2 Pressure-Reducing Valves . 5-3 Sequence Valves . 5-5 Counterbalance Valves 5-7 Pressure Switches 5-8 5-2. Directional-Control Valves . 5-8 Poppet Valve 5-9 Sliding-Spool Valve 5-10 Check Valves . 5-10 Two-Way Valve . 5-14 Four-Way Valves . 5-14 5-3. Flow-Control Valves . 5-19 Gate Valve . 5-19 Globe Valve 5-21 Needle Valve . 5-22 Restrictor 5-22 Orifice Check Valve . 5-23 Flow Equalizer . 5-23 5-4. Valve Installation . 5-25 Meter-In Circuit 5-25 Meter-Out Circuit . 5-25 Bleed-Off Circuit 5-26 Compensated Flow 5-26 5-5. Valve Failures and Remedies 5-26 Servicing Valves 5-27 Disassembling Valves 5-27 Repairing Valves 5-28FM 5-499 v Page 5-6. Valve Assembly . 5-29 5-7. Troubleshooting Valves 5-30 Pressure-Control Valves . 5-30 Directional-Control Valves . 5-32 Volume-Control Valves 5-33 CHAPTER 6. Circuit Diagrams and Troubleshooting . 6-1 6-1. Hydraulic-Circuit Diagrams . 6-1 6-2. United States of American Standards Institute (USASI) Graphical . 6-1 Symbols Reservoir . 6-4 Lines 6-4 Pump 6-4 Motor 6-5 Cylinder . 6-5 Pressure-Control Valves 6-5 Flow-Control Valves 6-7 Directional-Control Valves 6-7 Accessories . 6-9 6-3. Typical Mobile Circuits 6-11 Hydraulic-Lift Circuit . 6-11 Power-Steering Circuits 6-12 Road-Patrol-Truck Circuits . 6-12 6-4. Troubleshooting 6-13 Causes of Improper Operations 6-13 Testing a Hydraulic Circuit . 6-13 Comparing Test Results with Specifications . 6-13 Slippage 6-15 Flow and Pressure 6-15 Other Conditions . 6-15 Specific Troubles, Causes, and Solutions 6-16 CHAPTER 7. Electrical Devices: Troubleshooting and Safety . 7-1 7-1. Hydraulics and Electricity . 7-1 7-2. Troubleshooting Electrical Devices 7-1 Procedure 7-5 Testing Devices . 7-6 7-3. Ground 7-8 Earth Ground . 7-8 Chassis or Common Ground . 7-9 Zero Reference Point . 7-9 Isolation Between Earth and Chassis Ground 7-10 7-4. Safety 7-10 Information 7-10 Practices 7-11FM 5-499 vi Page APPENDIX A. Metric Conversion Chart . Appendix-1 GLOSSARY Glossary-1 REFERENCES . References-1 INDEX . Index-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Subcourse Overview . i Terminal Learning Objective . ii Administrative Instructions . iv Grading and Certification Instructions iv Lesson 1: Hydraulic Reservoirs, Filters, Pumps, Accumulators, and Motors 1 Practice Exercise . 19 Answer Key and Feedback . 22 Lesson 2: Basic Construction and Operation of Hydraulic Actuating Devices, Flow Control, and Directional Devices . 25 Practice Exercise . 43 Answer Key and Feedback . 46 Lesson 3: Hydraulic Pressure-Limiting, Controlling, and Sensing Devices . 49 Practice Exercise . 55 Answer Key and Feedback . 58 Examination 61 Appendix: Glossary . 69 Student Inquiry Sheets Engineering and Design DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC STEEL STRUCTURES Table of Contents Subject Paragraph Page Subject Paragraph Page Chapter 1 Commentary on Paragraph 3-4, Introduction Reliability Factors for HSS . 3-8 3-2 Purpose 1-1 1-1 Commentary on Paragraph 3-6, Fatigue Applicability 1-2 1-1 and Fracture Control 3-9 3-3 References 1-3 1-1 Background . 1-4 1-1 Chapter 4 Commentary on Paragraph 1-4, Allowable Stress Design Background 1-5 1-1 General . 4-1 4-1 Design Basis . 4-2 4-1 Chapter 2 Load and Stress Requirements . 4-3 4-1 General Considerations HSS Types: Modifications for Limit States 2-1 2-1 Allowable Stresses . 4-4 4-1 Corrosion 2-2 2-1 Serviceability Requirements 4-5 4-1 Dynamic Loading 2-3 2-1 Fatigue and Fracture Control . 4-6 4-1 Inspection and Maintenance 2-4 2-1 Commentary on Paragraph 4-3, Load and Deviations from Prescribed Stress Requirements . 4-7 4-2 Design 2-5 2-1 Commentary on Paragraph 4-4, HSS Types: Commentary on Paragraph 2-2, Modifications for Allowable Corrosion 2-6 2-1 Stresses 4-8 4-2 Commentary on Paragraph 2-3, Dynamic Loading 2-7 2-2 Chapter 5 Connections and Details Chapter 3 General . 5-1 5-1 Load and Resistance Factor Design Design Considerations 5-2 5-1 General . 3-1 3-1 Bolted Connections 5-3 5-1 Design Basis . 3-2 3-1 Welded Connections . 5-4 5-1 Strength Requirements 3-3 3-1 Commentary on Paragraph 5-1, Reliability Factors for HSS 3-4 3-1 General 5-5 5-1 Serviceability Requirements 3-5 3-1 Commentary on Paragraph 5-2, Fatigue and Fracture Control . 3-6 3-2 Design Considerations 5-6 5-2 Commentary on Paragraph 3-2, Design Basis 3-7 3-2 iEM 1110-2-2105 Change 1 31 May 94 Subject Paragraph Page Commentary on Paragraph 5-3, Bolted Connections 5-7 5-2 Commentary on Paragraph 5-4, Welded Connections 5-8 5-2 Appendix A References Appendix B Load and Resistance Factor Design Criteria for Miter Gates Appendix C Tainter Gates Appendix D Tainter Valves Appendix E Bulkheads and Stoplogs Appendix F Vertical Lift Gates (Lock and Crest) Appendix G Hydroelectric and Pumping Plants * Appendix H Flood Closure Structures Appendix I Miscellaneous Hydraulic Steel Structures Figure Page B-1. Point load impact for miter gate girders . B-3 B-2. Assumptions for intercostal end connections B-5 B-3. Nomenclature and assumed load area for intercostal design . B-6 B-4. Vertical cross section for example miter gate B-8 B-5. Example miter gate loading B-9 Figure Page B-6. Nomenclature for skin plate design . B-11 B-7. Sample intercostal section . B-12 B-8. Girder hydrostatic loading and reactions . B-14 B-9. Sample girder cross section B-14 B-10. Example miter leaf torsion loads . B-19 Engineering and Design LUBRICANTS AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS Table of Contents Subject Paragraph Page Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose . 1-1 1-1 Applicability 1-2 1-1 References . 1-3 1-1 Distribution Statement . 1-4 1-1 Scope 1-5 1-2 Chapter 2 Lubrication Principles Friction 2-1 2-1 Wear . 2-2 2-4 Lubrication and Lubricants 2-3 2-6 Hydrodynamic or Fluid Film Lubrication 2-4 2-6 Boundary Lubrication 2-5 2-8 Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubrication 2-6 2-9 Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) Lubrication . 2-7 2-9 Chapter 3 Lubricating Oils Oil Refining . 3-1 3-1 Types of Oil 3-2 3-2 Characteristics of Lubricating Oils . 3-3 3-4 Oil Classifications and Grading Systems 3-4 3-7 Chapter 4 Hydraulic Fluids Purpose of Hydraulic Fluids . 4-1 4-1 Physical Characteristics . 4-2 4-1 Quality Requirements . 4-3 4-2 Use of Additives 4-4 4-4 Types of Hydraulic Fluids . 4-5 4-4 Cleanliness Requirements . 4-6 4-6 iEM 1110-2-1424 28 Feb 99 ii Subject Paragraph Page Chapter 5 Grease Description . 5-1 5-1 Function . 5-2 5-1 Grease Characteristics . 5-3 5-2 Fluid Lubricants . 5-4 5-5 Soap Thickeners . 5-5 5-5 Complex Soap . 5-6 5-6 Additives . 5-7 5-6 Types of Greases . 5-8 5-6 Compatibility 5-9 5-8 Grease Application Guide . 5-10 5-8 Chapter 6 Nonfluid Lubrication Solid Lubrication . 6-1 6-1 Self-Lubricating Bearings 6-2 6-6 Self-Lubricating Bearings for Olmsted Wicket Gates Prototype Tests 6-3 6-7 Chapter 7 Lubricant Additives General 7-1 7-1 Surface Additives . 7-2 7-1 Performance-Enhancing Additives 7-3 7-3 Lubricant Protective Additives . 7-4 7-3 Precautions . 7-5 7-4 Chapter 8 Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants General 8-1 8-1 Definition of Environmentally Acceptable (EA) Lubricants 8-2 8-1 Biodegradation . 8-3 8-2 Toxicity 8-4 8-3 EA Base Fluids and Additives . 8-5 8-3 Properties of Available EA Products 8-6 8-6 Environmentally Acceptable Guidelines 8-7 8-8 Changing from Conventional to EA Lubricants . 8-8 8-8 Survey of Corps Users . 8-9 8-9 USACE Contacts 8-10 8-10 Chapter 9 Gears General 9-1 9-1 Gear Types . 9-2 9-1 Gear Wear and Failure . 9-3 9-2 Gear Lubrication . 9-4 9-6EM 1110-2-1424 28 Feb 99 iii Subject Paragraph Page Chapter 10 Bearings General . 10-1 10-1 Plain Bearings 10-2 10-1 Rolling-Contact Bearings 10-3 10-6 Calculation of Bearing Lubrication Interval 10-4 10-12 Chapter 11 Lubrication Applications Introduction 11-1 11-1 Turbines, Generators, Governors, and Transformers 11-2 11-1 Main Pumps and Motors 11-3 11-5 Gears, Gear Drives, and Speed Reducers 11-4 11-6 Couplings . 11-5 11-8 Hoists and Cranes . 11-6 11-9 Wire Rope Lubrication . 11-7 11-10 Chain Lubrication . 11-8 11-14 Trashrake Systems and Traveling Water Screens 11-9 11-17 Gates and Valves . 11-10 11-17 Navigation Lock Gates, Culvert Valves, and Dam Gates . 11-11 11-24 Information Sources for Lubricants . 11-12 11-26 Chapter 12 Operation and Maintenance Considerations Introduction 12-1 12-1 Maintenance Schedules . 12-2 12-1 Relative Cost of Lubricants 12-3 12-1 Lubricating Oil Degradation 12-4 12-4 Hydraulic Oil Degradation . 12-5 12-5 Transformer and Circuit Breaker Insulating Oil Degradation . 12-6 12-6 Essential Properties of Oil . 12-7 12-7 Other Properties of Used Oils . 12-8 12-8 Oil Monitoring Program . 12-9 12-9 Oil Purification and Filtration . 12-10 12-14 Oil Operating Temperature . 12-11 12-21 Lubricant Storage and Handling 12-12 12-22 Safety and Health Hazards 12-13 12-28 Environmental Regulations 12-14 12-29 Chapter 13 Lubricant Specifications and Selection Introduction 13-1 13-1 Lubricant Classification . 13-2 13-1 Principles of Selection 13-3 13-4 Specification Types 13-4 13-9 Lubricant Consolidation . 13-5 13-10EM 1110-2-1424 31 Jul 06 Change 1 iv Appendix A References Appendix B Survey of Locks and Dams for Lubricants Appendix C Specification for Turbine Oil TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. GENERAL 2. REFERENCES 3. SUBMITTALS 4. TURBINE OIL CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS 5. COMPATIBILITY 6. PRE-DELIVERY TESTING 7. DELIVERY 8. INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE. 1. GENERAL This specification covers zinc and chlorine-free rust and oxidation inhibited (R&O) mineral oils for use in hydraulic turbine and generator bearings, Kaplan turbine hubs, hydraulic-turbine governors, and other applications, where high-grade turbine oil having anti-corrosion, anti-oxidation, and anti-foaming properties is required. 2. REFERENCES The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation only. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) ASTM D 92 (2002b) Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup ASTM D 97 (2004) Pour Point of Petroleum Oils ASTM D 130 (2004) Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test ASTM D 445 (2004e1) Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calibration of Dynamic Viscosity) ASTM D 664 (2004e1) Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration ASTM D 665 (2003) Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water C-3EM 1110-2-1424 26 Oct 07 Change 2 ASTM D 892 (2003) Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils ASTM D 943 (2004a) Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils ASTM D 1401 (2002) Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids ASTM D 2270 (2004) Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100 Degrees C ASTM D 2272 (2002) Oxidation Stability of Steam Turbine Oils by Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test ASTM D 3427 (2003) Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils ASTM D 4057 (2000) Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsASTM D 4177 (2000) Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products) ASTM D 6304 (2004ae1) Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fisher Titration ASTM D 7155 (2006) Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures of Turbine Lubricating Oils INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) ISO 4406 (1999) Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles ISO 11171 (1999) Calibration Of Automatic Particle Counters TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Subcourse Overview i Administrative Instructions .iii Grading and Certification Instructions iv Lesson 1: Hydraulic Pumps .11 Part A: PositiveDisplacement Pumps .12 Part B: Gear Pump .15 Part C: Vane Pump .111 Part D: Piston Pump .112 Practice Exercise .119 Answer Key and Feedback .122 Lesson 2: Hydraulic Valves 21 Part A: PressureControl Valves .22 Part B: DirectionalControl Valves .25 Part C ControlValve Repair .28 Practice Exercise .215 Answer Key and Feedback .218 Examination E1 Appendix A: List of Common Acronyms .A1 Appendix B: Recommended Reading List B1 Appendix C: Metric Conversion Chart .C1 iii EN 5260Appendix D: Publication Extracts .D1 Student Inquiry Sheets Table of Contents Subject Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose 1-1 1-1 Applicability 1-2 1-1 References 1-3 1-1 Background 1-4 1-2 General Requirements 1-5 1-3 Scope 1-6 1-3 Computer Programs 1-7 1-3 Rescission 1-8 1-3 CHAPTER 2. DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT General 2-1 2-1 Quality 2-2 2-1 Anchorage, Bar Development, and Splices 2-3 2-1 Hooks and Bends 2-4 2-1 Bar Spacing 2-5 2-1 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement 2-6 2-2 Splicing 2-7 2-2 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 2-8 2-3 CHAPTER 3. STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS General 3-1 3-1 Stability Analysis 3-2 3-1 Required Strength 3-3 3-2 Design Strength of Reinforcement 3-4 3-6 Maximum Tension Reinforcement 3-5 3-6 Control of Deflections and Cracking 3-6 3-6 Minimum Thickness of Walls 3-7 3- STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY COMMENTARY General Stability Analysis Required Strength CHAPTER 4. FLEXURAL AND AXIAL LOADS Design Assumptions and General Requirements Flexural and Compressive Capacity - Tension Reinforcement Only Flexural and Compressive Capacity - Tension and Compression Reinforcement Flexural and Tensile Capacity Biaxial Bending and Axial Load CHAPTER 5. SHEAR Shear Strength Shear Strength for Special Straight Members Shear Strength for Curved Members Empirical Approach APPENDICES Appendix A Notation A-1 Appendix B Derivation of Equations for Flexural and Axial Loads B-l Appendix C Investigation Examples C-l Appendix D Design Examples D-l Appendix E Interaction Diagram E-l Appendix F Axial Load with Biaxial Bending - Example
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب The Basics of Hydraulic Systems رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب The Basics of Hydraulic Systems
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Dr.Mansour مهندس تحت الاختبار
عدد المساهمات : 3 التقييم : 3 تاريخ التسجيل : 27/12/2019 العمر : 73 الدولة : Egypt العمل : G.Manager الجامعة : MTC
| موضوع: رد: كتاب The Basics of Hydraulic Systems الثلاثاء 31 مايو 2022, 5:40 pm | |
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Thanks Dr. Eng. Mansour Soliman |
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