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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب GE Engineering Thermoplastics Design Guide الثلاثاء 24 مايو 2022, 2:24 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب GE Engineering Thermoplastics Design Guide GE Plastics We bring good things to life.
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Contents Introduction i – iii Product Development 1-1 – 1-51 Thermoplastic Material Properties .2-1 – 2-63 Part Performance 3-1 – 3-46 Product Design 4-1 – 4-35 Product Assembly .5-1 – 5-83 Industry Specific Design Considerations 6-1 – 6-32 Guidelines for Injection Molded Design .7-1 – 7-15 Prototyping and Testing 8-1 – 8-9 Quality Control 9-1 – 9-15 Glossary 10-1 – 10-16 Index .10-17 – 10-21 Contents Thermoplastic Material Properties • 2-3 Physical Properties 2-4 Specific Gravity .2-4 Moisture Absorption .2-4 Mold Shrinkage .2-5 Factors That Influence Shrinkage .2-5 Crystalline/Amorphous Materials .2-7 Fiber Reinforcement 2-8 Processing Conditions 2-8 Mechanical Properties .2-9 Tensile Stress-Strain .2-9 Tensile Testing .2-9 Proportional Limit .2-10 Elastic Modulus (Stiffness) .2-10 Poisson’s Ratio .2-11 Yield Strength 2-12 Ultimate Strength .2-13 Impact Tests .2-14 Izod and Charpy Tests .2-14 Dart Impact Test 2-16 Instrumented Impact Test 2-16 Fatigue Tests .2-17 Shear Stresses .2-18 Tensile Creep Testing 2-19 Translate Creep Data 2-20 Creep Analysis .2-22 Environmental Properties 2-24 Chemical Compatibility 2-24 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) .2-26 Short-Term Considerations .2-26 Vicat Softening Temperature .2-27 Ball Pressure Temperature .2-27 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion .2-27 Specific Heat Capacity 2-28 Calculating Heat Requirement 2-29 Relative Thermal Index/Thermal Aging 2-29 UL Relative Thermal Index .2-30 Thermal Conductivity 2-31 UV Exposure .2-32 Hydrolytic Stability 2-33 Hot, Moist Environments .2-33 Electrical Properties .2-35 Plastics as Electrical Insulators .2-35 Dimensional Properties 2-38 Dimensional Effects – Reversible .2-38 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) 2-38 Post Mold Shrinkage 2-40 Moisture Absorption 2-41 Optical Properties .2-42 Refractive Index/Light Transmission .2-42 Lubricity Properties .2-44 Lubricity .2-44 Friction 2-44 Thrust Washer Test .2-46 Friction Variances 2-47 Friction Variances as a Function of Temperature .2-47 Wear 2-48 Wear Testing .2-49 PV Limit .2-49 K-Wear Factor 2-49 Rheological Properties 2-50 Rheology 2-50 Rheological Terms 2-51 Shear Rate (1 sec.) 2-51 Sheer Stress (psi or pascals) .2-51 Viscosity (poise, centipoise, pascal x sec.) 2-51 Shear Thinning Behavior .2-51 Shear Rate Rheology 2-52 Tests for High Shear rate Rheology 2-52 High Shear Rate Rheology Curves .2-52 Test for Low Shear Rate Rheology .2-53 Low Shear Rate Rheology Curve 2-53 Melt Rheology 2-54 Thermal Stability 2-54 Melt Flow Rate (MFR) .2-55 R* Index - A Rating for Blowmolding Processability 2-56 Agency Considerations 2-57 Agency and Regulatory Considerations 2-57 UL 94 Test Procedure 2-58 Specimen and Procedures .2-58 Steiner Tunnel Flame Test 2-59 Barrier Properties .2-61 Terms Related to Barrier Properties .2-61 Properties Relating to Permeability 2-61 Conversion Factor for Units of Permeability Coefficients 2-62 How to Use Permeation Data .2-62 Design for Manufacturing & Assembly .4-4 10 Basic Rules 4-4 Bearings and Guides .4-8 Wear .4-8 Heat Dissipation .4-8 Dimensional Tolerance/Stability 4-9 Surface Finish/Molding .4-9 Weld Line Severity/Location .4-9 Strength .4-10 Stiffness .4-10 Hinges 4-11 Types of Hinges 4-11 Living Hinge/Assembly Hinge .4-11 Pin and Tube Hinges .4-12 Snap Together Hinge 4-12 Insert Molded Hinges .4-13 Secondary Assembled 4-13 Rathbun Hinges .4-13 Assembled Hinges 4-14 Design Issues 4-14 Weld Lines .4-14 Parting Lines .4-14 Moldability .4-15 Coefficient of Friction 4-15 Lubricants .4-15 Thermal Effects .4-15 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion .4-16 Molded-In Stress .4-16 Stress Relaxation .4-16 Yield Strain 4-17 Gears .4-18 Gear Terminology .4-19 Types of Gears .4-21 Spur Gears .4-21 Helical Gears .4-22 Annular or Internal Gears 4-22 Bevel Gears 4-23 Worm Gears 4-23 Gear Tooth Forms .4-24 Gear Action and Force 4-24 Gear Stress 4-26 Tangential Load on a Gear Tooth 4-27 Gear Torque 4-27 Factors Affecting Tooth Loading 4-28 Helical Gear Design .4-29 Bevel Gear Design 4-30 Worm Gear Design 4-30 Backlash 4-31 Fillet Radius 4-33 Tip Relief 4-34 Noise .4-34 Contents Product Assembly • 5-3 Assembly Options 5-4 Press-fits .5-4 Stress Level Calculations 5-4 Temperature Effects/Thermal Expansion .5-5 Modulus Change .5-6 Long Term (Time) Effects 5-7 Pull Out Strength .5-9 Inserts 5-10 Insert Designs 5-10 Installation Methods .5-10 Other Insertion Methods .5-11 Snap Fits 5-13 Analysis Techniques .5-14 Calculation of Tapered Beam for Snap-Fits 5-14 Strain Recovery .5-15 Tapered Beams .5-16 Molded-In Threads .5-18 Plastic Threads .5-19 Fasteners 5-20 Definitions .5-20 Thread Forming/Thread Cutting .5-21 Specialty Screws .5-23 Rivets .5-25 Solvent Bonding 5-26 Effective Solvents .5-27 Adhesive Bonding 5-28 Adhesive Families .5-28 Adhesive Concerns 5-28 Adhesive Testing 5-29 Adhesive Evaluations 5-29 Adhesive Selection 5-29 UV Curable Adhesives .5-32 UV Curable Adhesive Suppliers .5-33 Compatible Adhesives .5-34 Adhesive Joint Design .5-35 Adhesive Surface Preparation 5-36 Adhesive Application Methods and Curing 5-37 Plastic Fusion 5-38 Ultrasonic Welding 5-38 Ultrasonic Welding Key Elements .5-39 Typical Ultrasonic Design Dimensions 5-40 Vibration Welding .5-40 Vibration Welding System .5-41 Vibration Welding Joint Design .5-41 Vibration Welding Advantages .5-42 Spin Welding .5-42 Typical Spin Welding System 5-42 Spin Welding Joint Designs .5-43 Electromagnetic Welding .5-44 Electromagnetic Joint Design 5-45 Induction Weldability 5-46 Hot Platen or Hot Plate Welding .5-46 Hot Platen Welding Joint Design 5-47 Staking 5-48 Staking Profiles .5-49 Coatings/Shielding 5-50 Hardcoating 5-50 Thorough Cleaning 5-50 Dip, Spray, Flow 5-50 Air Dry/Oven Cure .5-50 Hardcoat Suppliers 5-51 Shielding Principles and Shielding Effectiveness 5-52 Faraday Cage Principle 5-52 Shielding Theory 5-53 Designing for Electromagnetic Compatibility 5-56 Apertures 5-58 Methods of Controlling EMI .5-60 The Electronic Approach .5-60 Housing Approaches 5-60 Coating Methods 5-60 Shielding Methods 5-61 Shielding Effectiveness 5-64 Open Field Testing Technique .5-65 Material Conductivity Measurement .5-66 Adhesion Testing 5-66 Aesthetic/Decorative 5-68 Decorating .5-68 Appliques 5-68 Decals 5-68 Hot Stamping .5-69 Hot Stamp Foils .5-69 Hot Transfer 5-70 In-Mold Decorating .5-70 Water Transfer .5-71 Hot Stamping Equipment Suppliers 5-71 Hot Transfer Suppliers .5-71 Printing 5-72 Dyeing 5-72 Screen Printing .5-72 Pad Transfer Printing 5-73 Diffusion Printing 5-73 Flexography 5-74 Dry Offset Printing 5-75 Laser Printing 5-75 Laser System Suppliers 5-76 Pad Printing Equipment Suppliers .5-76 Screen Printing Ink Suppliers .5-76 Diffusion Printing Suppliers .5-76 Sublimation Transfer Ink Manufacturers 5-76 Painting .5-77 Molding Effects on Secondary Finishing 5-77 Splay 5-78 Venting .5-78 Sinks 5-78 Painting Structural Foam Parts 5-79 Part Preparation 5-79 Coatings Selection 5-79 Finishing System 5-80 Paint Troubleshooting Guide 5-81 Glossary of Painting Terms .5-8 Contents Industry Specific Design Considerations • 6-3 Electrical Design 6-4 Flame Resistance 6-4 Heat Deflection Temperature 6-4 Chemical Resistance .6-5 Creepage .6-6 Component Retention 6-6 Designing Enclosures 6-6 Sealing .6-8 Weather Resistant Seals - Gasketless 6-8 Weather Resistant Seals - Gasket/O-Ring .6-8 UL 746C Overview .6-9 Enclosure Requirements .6-10 Enclosure Performance Requirements .6-11 UL 508 Industrial Control Equipment .6-14 EMI/RFI Shielding .6-15 Regulations and Standards .6-15 United States .6-16 Part 15 6-16 Canada 6-17 Europe 6-17 Japan .6-20 Knockouts .6-21 UL 508 Tests & Design Considerations 6-21 Knockout Design Suggestions 6-22 Optical Design 6-24 Light Pipes .6-26 Light Pipe Considerations 6-26 Light Pipe Interface .6-27 Design Considerations .6-28 Reducing Losses .6-28 Bends and Curvature 6-29 Converging and Diverging Sections .6-29 Material Considerations .6-30 Contents Prototyping and Testing • 8-3 Machining 8-4 Plastic Memory 8-4 Frictional Heating 8-4 Coolants 8-4 Annealing .8-5 Quality Control .8-5 Drilling 8-5 Sawing .8-6 Guidelines For The Annealing of Thermoplastics 8-7 Contents Quality Control • 9-3 Failure Analysis 9-4 The Most Obvious Cause Isn’t 9-4 Degradation .9-4 Degradation Testing 9-5 Degradation Test Results 9-5 Chemical Attack .9-6 Stress 9-7 Design Stress 9-7 Processing Stress 9-8 Assembly Stress .9-8 End-Use Stress 9-8 Stress Concentration Factors 9-9 Trouble-Shooting Guide 9-10 History .9-10 Hypothesis of Failure 9-11 Testing .9-11 Source 9-11 Formulate Solution 9-11 Communicate .9-12 Feedback 9-12 Injection Molding Trouble-Shooting Considerations 9-13
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