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| موضوع: كتاب Engineering Metrology الجمعة 15 أبريل 2022, 11:47 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Engineering Metrology Including Quality Management and Reliability Analysis A Text Book for Engineering Students Er. R.k. Jain Formerly, Member Central Electricity Authority New Delhi. Fellow , Metrology Society of India. (Formerly, Lecturer, Mech. Engg. Deptt . Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra (Haryana)
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Chapter Pages 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. What is Metrology 1.2. Need of Inspection 1.3. Physical Measurement 1.4. Measuring Instruments 1.5. Selection of Instruments 1.6. Classification of Methods of Measurements 1.7. The Measurement Problem 1.8. General Care of Metrological Equipment 1.9. Objectives of Metrology 1.10. Requirements of an Inspection Tool 1.11. Standardisation and Standarding Organisation 1.12. International System of Units (SI) 1.13. Role of National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Metrology 1.14. Sources of Errors 1.15. Error Likely to Creep in Precision Measurements—Their Care 1.16. Linearity 1.17. Rigorous definitions of Accuracy and Precision 1.18. Principles of High-Precision Measurements 1.19. Precision Measurements, its requirement 1.20. Establishing Calibration System 1.21. Geometry of Form of Shape 1.22. Optical Principles 1.23. Quality Improvement Programmes 1.24. Managing Measuring Equipment 1.25. Measurements and Traceability 1.26. Quality, Standardisation, Testing and Metrology (QSTM) Solved Problems 2. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS 87 —225 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Line Graduated Measuring Instruments 2.3. Steel Rule V4T2- . Calipers 2.5. Surface Plates 2.6. Tool Maker’s Flats and High Precision Surface Plates 2.7. High Precision Surface Plates 2.8. Glass Surface Plates 2.9. Granite Surface Plates 2.10. Angle Plates 2.11. Cast Iron Surface Plates with Handles 2.12. Cast Iron Cubes 2.13. V-Block Chapter Pages 2.14. Bench Centres 120 2.15. Straight Edges 2.16. Spirit Levels 2.17. Combination Set 2.18. Universal Surface Gauge 2.19. Engineer’s Square 2.20. Engineer’s Parallels 2.21. Planner Gauges 2.22. Radius Gauges 2.23. Feeler Gauges 2.24. Angle Gauges 2.25. Engineers, Taper, Wire and Thickness Gauge 2.26. Pitch Screw Gauge 2.27. Precision Linear Measurements 2.28. Vernier Instruments 2.29. Distance Gauge 2.30. Vernier Height Gauge 2.31. Vernier Depth Gauge 2.32. Digital Length Gauges 2.33. Master Height Gauges 2.34. Universal Height Micrometer 2.35. Electronic Digital Readout Height Gauge 2.36. Universal Measuring Instrument %.\s 37. Micrometers 2.38. Inside Mecrometer Calipers 2.39. Inside Micrometers 2.40. Stick Micrometers 2.41. Method of Testing Internal Micrometers 2.42. Micrometer Depth Gauge 2.43. Thread Micrometer Caliper 2.44. Outside Micrometer Caliper 2.45. V-Anvil Micrometer Caliper 2.46. Blade Type Micrometer 2.47. Micrometer for Measuring Thickness of Cylinder Walls 2.48. Dial Micrometer Caliper 2.49. Bench Micrometer— 2.50. Taper-screw Operated Internal Micrometer 2.51. Groove Micrometers 2.52. Digital Micrometers 2.53. Differential Screw Micrometer 2.54. Graduated Scales 2.55. Other Instruments for Internal Measurements 256. Pin Gauge for Larger Bores 2.57. Four Balls Method for Measuring Diameter of Bore 2.58. Small Bore Diameter Measurement by a Ball on a Wire 2.59. Measurement of Small Bore by a Pivoted Stylus and Auto Collimator Chapter Pages 2.60. Digital Measurement Equipment ^5*22.62 =61.. Slip Slip Gauges Gauge Accessories 2.63. Reference Discs, Balls and Roller Gauges 2.64. Step Gauge Worked Examples f 3. STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENTS 226—260 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Standards Line Standard 3.4. Sub-division ofStandards End Standards ^33.7 <6.. Wavelength Relation of End Standard Standard and Line Standard to International (light waves) Standard 3.8. Classification of Standards and Gauge Control Structure 3.9. Gauge Control Structure 3.10. Conditions of Comparison 3.11. Environmental Control in Test Laboratory 3.12. Elastic Deformation in the Gauging of Standards Measurement and Calibration Systems 3.14. The Need and Function of Inspection 3.15. Calibration Systems Requirements 3.16. The Role of Metrology Laboratory 3.17. Metrology in Quality Assurance (QA) 3.18. Setting up a QASystem 3.19. National Measurement System 3.20. Calibration Service Programme 3.21. Accreditation of Calibration Facilities 3.22. Accreditation of Metrology (Calibration and Testing) Laboratories 3.23. Support or Background Services in Metrology Worked Examples 4. LIMITS, FITS AND GAUGES 261 —362 4.1. Introduction Tolerances Interchangeability VArC Limits of Size 4.5. Indian Standard (IS 1919-1963) 4.6. Terminology 4.6. (a )Tolerance and Deviations for Sizes upto 500 mm 4.7. Guide for Selection of Fits 4.8. The Newall System 4.9. British Standard 1916 4.10. American Standards Association Tolerance System <11. ISO System of Limits and Fits Chapter y Pages kYl. Plain Gauges Gauge Design 4.14. Indian Standards Gauging Practice for Plain Workpieces 4.15. Gauges for Tapers Plug and Ring Gauges for Self-holding Tapers 4.17. Tolerances and Geometry (Shape) 4.18. Positional Tolerances 4.19. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 4.20. Paper Layout Gauging Solved Problems 5. COMPARATORS 363-417 5.1. Introduction 363 5.2. Characteristics of Comparators Uses of Comparators 5.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Comparators \^5.6 5f. Mechanical Mechanical Comparators Optical Comparators Electrical and Electronic Comparators Pneumatic Comparators Fluid Displacement Comparators 5.10. Multicheck Comparators 5.11. Optical Projectors 5.12. Recent Gauging Techniques Solved Problems 6. MEASUREMENTBY LIGHT-WAVE INTERFERENCE 418—471 6.1. Introduction 418 6.2. Interference of Two Rays 6.3. Light Sources for Interferometry 6.4. Interferometry Applied to Flatness Testing 6.5. Surface Contour Test 6.6. Testing the Parallelism of any Surface with Reference to Standard Optically Flat Surface by Using Optical Flat 6.7. Interferometers 6.8. Laser Interferometers 6.9. Heterodyne Interferometry Technique 6.10. Optical Flats 6.11. Scales and Gratings 6.12. Moire Scales and Moire Fringes 6.13. Contact-free Interferometric Inspection of Optical Components 6.14. Precise, Real-time Interferometric Testing of Optical Surfaces 6.15. Diffraction Measurement Technique Worked Examples Chapter Pages ¥ 7. STRAIGHTNESS, FLATNESS, SQUARENESS, PARALLELISM, CIRCULARITY AND ROTATION 472—516 Straightn 7.2. Straight Edge 7.3. Test for Straightness by Using Spirit Level and Auto-collimator Flatness Testing 7.5. Mathematical Treatment of Determination of Straightness and Flatness of Surfaces 7.6. Laser Equipment for Alignment Testing Parallelism, Equidistance and Coincidence Squareness 7*9^ Measurement of Circularity 7.10. Tests for Checking Rotation 7.11. Profile Measurements Worked Examples ¥ 8. ANGULAR MEASUREMENT AND CIRCULAR DIVISION 517—571 8.1. Introduction \JJ<2T Vernier and Optical Bevel Protractor 8.3. Divided Circles 8.4. Optical Dividing Head \J^BT SinePrincipleandSine Bars \JL6T' Angle Gauges Spirit Level \&r8r"' Clinometers 8.9. Optical Instruments for Angular Measurement 8.10. Circular Division 8.11. Rotary Tables 8.12. Dividing Heads and Circular Tables 8.13. Precision Polygons 8.14. Angle Gauge Dividing Head 8.15. Caliper Principle 8.16. Calibration of Polygons 8.17. Calibration of Divided Circle 8.18. Automatic Rotary Table Calibrator 8.19. Taper Testing Machine Worked Examples 9. MISCELLANEOUSMEASUREMENTS 572—601 9.1. Checking the Angle of a Piece Tapered on One Side 9.2. To Check the Angle of a Transverse Recess whose Angle of Taper is Very Small 9.3. To Check the Angle of a Tapered Hole 9.4. To Determine the Included Angle of an Internal Dovetail 9.5. To Measure an Internal Taper in Blind Hole 9.6. To Determine the Intersecting Dimension T of the V-shaped Slide Chapter Pages 9.7. To Set two Straight Edges at a Desired Angle to Close Limits 9.8. To Measure the Angle of a V-groove 9.9. To Determine the Width of a V-groove 9.10. To Check Interior Angle of a Profile Gauge 9.11. To Measure the Angle of Small Work Located in a Difficult Position 9.12. To Measure the Taper Angle of a Shallow Circular Groove 9.13. To Find Out the Radius of Circle of any Job having a Portion of a Circle 9.14. To Find Out the Radius of a Concave Surface 9.15. To Measure the Diameter of a Recessed Hole 9.16. To Measure the Diameter of a Large Hole Accurately Worked Examples 10. TESTING AND CALIBRATION OF GAUGES AND DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT 602—637 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Calibration of Linear and Angular Measuring Instruments 10.3. Measurement of Limit Gauges 10.4. Checking of Slip Gauges 10.5. Dynamic Measurement of Size, Form and Position 10.6. Automatic Inspection Machines 10.7. Measurement During Machining 10.8. Electronic Gauging 10.9. ContactlessThree Dimensional Measurement by Laser Based System 10.10. Multi-Dimensions Automatic Gauging and Sorting Machines 10.11. Electro-Optical Inspection 10.12. Some Recent Developments in Optical Measurements 10.13. Precision Instruments Based on Laser 10.14. Laser Telemetric System 10.15. Laser and LED Based Distance Measuring Instruments 10.16. Intelligent Vision 10.17. Optical Methods for Fast, Non Contact, On-line Measurements 10.18. Management of Gauges and Instruments with Computer 11. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE FINISH 638-666 11.1. Introduction 'l l M e a n i n g of Surface Texture and Some Definitions 11.3. Surface Roughness 11.4. Terminology as Per Indian Standards Methods of Measuring Surface Finish 11.6. Direct Instrument Measurements 11.7. Replica Method 11.8. The Sample Length or Cut-off Length Analysis of Surface Traces 11.10. Assessment of Surface Roughness as per Indian Standard 11.11. Roughness Comparison Specimens 11.12. Other Methods of Interest Used for Evaluating Surface Roughness 11.13. Mechanical Roughness Indicator (MECRIN) 11.14. Recent Advances in Measurement and Evaluation of Surface Roughness Solved Problems Chapter Pages 12. DIAL INDICATORS AND INDICATING GAUGES 667—680 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Requirements of Good Dial Indicators 12.3. Advantages of Dial Indicators 12.4. Classifications 12.5. Working Mechanism of Dial Indicators 12.6. Range 12.7. Description of Various Parts 12.8. General Care and Use of Dial Gauges 12.9. Accuracy of Dial Indicators 12.10. Guide Lines in the use of Dial Indicators to Reduce the Effect of Calibration Errors 12.11. Dial Indicator Components, Accessories and Attachments 12.12. Test Type Indicators 12.13. Test Indicators 12.14. Dial Gauges as Per Indian Standards 12.15. Indicators Gauges 12.16. Application of Dial Gauges Worked Examples ¥ 13. METROLOGY OF SCREW THREAD 13.1. Introduction \J-SrS7 Screw Threads Terminology 13.3. Effect of Pitch Errors Measurements of Various Elements of Thread Worked Examples 14. GAUGES FOR ISO METRIC SCREW THREADS 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Classification of Thread Gauges 14.3. Various Forms of Thread Gauges 14.4. Gauge Wear 14.5. Tolerance for Screw Thread Gauges and Screw Threads 14.6. Screw Thread Gauge Tolerance 14.7. Adjustable Thread Gauges 14.8. Basic Profile 14.9. Diameter and Pitch Combinations 14.10. Design Profile 14.11. TolerancingSystem 14.12. Gauging Practice for ISO Metric Screw Threads 14.13. Thread Pitch Gauges for ISO Metric Screw Threads MEASUREMENT AND TESTING OF GEARS 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Involute Curve \ytlx3. Terminology of Gear Tooth Chapter Pages v-t5?4. Sources of Errors in Manufacturing Gears Gear Measurement 15.6. Rolling Tests 15.7. Measurement of Individual Elements 15.8. Composite Method of Gear Checking 15.9. Worked Examples 16. MACHINE TOOL METROLOGY 763—781 16.1. Introduction 763 16.2. Machine Tools Tests 16.3. Alignment Tests on Lathe 16.4. Alignment Tests on Milling Machine 16.5. Alignment Tests on Pillar Type Drilling Machine 16.6. Acceptance Tests for Shapers 16.7. Acceptance Tests for Surface Grinders 16.8. Mandrels 17. MEASURING MACHINES 782—842 17.1. Introduction 782 17.2. Length Bar Measuring Machine 17.3. Newall Measuring Machine 17.4. Universal Measuring Machine \yr . OpticalProjectionComparator \J7r6. Engineering Microscopes 17.7. Optical Measuring Instruments Co-ordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) 17.9. Three Dimensional Measuring Machine 17.10. Universal Measuring Machine 17.11. Numerical Controlled (NC) Co-ordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) 17.12. Electronic Inspection and Measuring Machines 17.13. Feeler Microscope 17.14. Probes 17.15. Photo-electric Micrometer Microscope 17.16. Fluidic Numerical Control (NC) System 17.17. Isometric Viewing of Surface Defects 17.18. Laser Viewers for Production Profile Checks 17.19. The Image Shearing Microscope for Critical Dimension Measurement 17.20. Opto-electronic Dimensional Gauging 17.21. Computers in Metrology 17.22. Machine Vision 17.23. Digital Measurement Equipment 17.24. Multiaxis Measuring Machines 17.25. Co-ordinate Measuring Robots 17.26. 2-D and 3-D Measurements 17.27. Digital Height Gauge with Statistical Production Control 17.28. Air Gauging with ElectronicSensors 17.29. Multi Gauging Systems Chapter Pages 17.30. Universal Measuring Machine 17.31. Workshop Measuring Instrument for Dynamically Balanced Components 17.32. Universal Measuring Instrument 17.33. 3-D Optical Probe 17.34. Automatic Shaft Inspection Machine 17.35. Sub-micron Accuracy from Non-contact Gauge System 17.36. Process Control Robot 17.37. Nano-technology 17.38. Microprocessors in Metrology 17.39. Fiber Optic Probes for In-process Control 17.40. Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) Worked Examples 18. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 843—887 18.1. What is Quality ? 18.2. Quality Characteristics 18.3. Facets of Quality 18.4. Quality—A Business Strategy 18.5. Quality Control 18.6. Areas of Application of Quality Control wierT Quality Control Concepts 18.8. Quality Policy 18.9. Quality Planning 18.10. Quality Improvement and Quality Motivation 18.11. Guidelines for Development of Q.C. Plan 18.12. Steps to Quality Improvement 18.13. Quality Motivation 18.14. Quality Losses and Avoidance 18.15. Quality Economics 18.16. Quality Assurance v_^J8rT7. Attributes of Quality Control Manager 18.18. Quality Auditing 18.19. Basic Concepts of Quality Assurance Programmes 18.20. Process of Introducing Quality Program in an Existing Organisation 18.21. Quality Control and Breakthrough 18.22. Chance and Assignable Causes of Variation 18.23. Quality Management 18.24. Japanese Quality Management 18.25. Quality Circles-Understanding and Practicing Solved Questions 19. STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL 888—1036 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Data Presentation 19.3. Some Statistical Measures 19.4. Summarisation and Pictorial Presentation of Data 19.5. Variations in Quality 19.6. Frequency Curve 19.7. Shape of Frequency Distribution 19.8. Some Simple Statistical Tools 19.9. Theory of Quality Control 19.10. Process Capability Chapter Pages 19.11. Determining Confidence Limits for the Population Mean 19.12. Confidence Limits for standard Deviation 19.13. Tolerance Limits for Items in a Population 19.14. Control Charts Control Chart for Variables 19.16. Fraction Defective and the Binomial Distribution 19.17. Control Charts for Fraction Defectives 19.18. The C-Charts 19.19. Sampling Inspection 19.20. Theory of Probability 19.21. Basic Principle of LotSampling 19.22. Lot Sampling for Estimation of Lot Quality 19.23. Lot Sampling for Lot Acceptance 19.24. Sampling Plans for Inspection by Attributes and by Count of Defects 19.25. Dodge-Rom Tables 19.26. Dodge Plans for Continuous Sampling 19.27. Philips Standard 19.28. ABC Standard 19.29. Sampling Plans for Inspection by Variables for Percent Defective 19.30. Reliability and Life Testing 19.31. Statistical Tests of Significance 19.32. Regression and Correlation 19.33. Statistical Analysers 19.34. Microprocessors in SQC 19.35. Solved Problems 20. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) 1037—1062 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Evolution of Total Quality Management 20.3. What is TQM ? 20.4. Principles of TQM 20.5. Elements of TQM System 20.6. Guidlines for TQM Implementation 20.7. Quality Management and Quality System Requirements 20.8. Tools and Techniques of TQM 20.9. World Class Quality at Competitive Cost Solved Problems 21. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (I.S.O. 9001-2000) 1063—1080 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Principles upon which ISO 9001: 2000 is Based 21.3. Steps to be taken for Certification 21.4. Implementing an ISO 9001 : 2000 21.5. Systematic Requirements of ISO 9001 : 2000 21.6. Management Requrements of ISO 9001 : 2000 21.7. Resource Requirements 21.8(a). Realization Requirements 21.8(6). Remedial Requirements 21.9. Quality System Decumentation 21.10. Preparation of Quality Manual 21.11. Preparation of Quality Plans Chapter Pages 21.12. Internal Audit Solved Problems 22. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF METALS AND ALLOYS 1081—1093 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Magnetic Particle Inspection 22.3. Magnetic Crack Detection Method 22.4. Penetrant Inspection Method 22.5. X-ray Examination 22.6. Radiography 22.7. Fluoroscopy 22.8. Photofluoroscopy 22.9. Gamma Radiography 22.10. Ultrasonic Inspection 22.11. Electrical Method 22.12. Electrical/Magnetic Methods 22.13. Damping Test 22.14. Non-magnetic Methods of Non-destructive Testing 22.15. Optical Holography Method 22.16. Hardness Test 23. MACHINE VISION SYSTEMS 1094—1115 23.1. Introduction 23.2. What is a Machine Vision System ? 23.3. Principle of Working 23.4. How Machine Vision System Functions ? 23.5. Fields of Machine Vision Systems 23.6. Machine Vision System Applications 23.7. Development Programmes 23.8. Gray Scale vs Binary Imaging 23.9. Gray Scale Image Processing Techniques 23.10. Mathematical Morphology for Shape Analysis 23.11. Circular Scanning 23.12. Photogrammetry 23.13. Industrial Computed Topography (CT) for Evaluation of Internal Structures of Large, Dense Parts 23.14. Grazing Incident Technique to Evaluate Surface Flatness 23.15. Visual Inspection 23.16. Laser Inspection 23.17. Robotic Gauging and Inspection Systems 23.18. Computers in Metrology 23.19. Software Control Hierarchy 23.20. Automatic Inspection Machines 23.21. Expert Knowledge Based Real Time Inspection System Worked Examples 24. RELIABILITY 1116—1148 24.1. System Reliability 24.2. Probability and its Application to Series and Parallel Reliability (Redundancy) 24.3. Reliability Analysis Chapter Pages 24.4. Reliability Analysis of Systems 1118 24.5. System Reliability for Series and Parallel Configuration 24.6. Optimum Reliability 24.7. Reliability Allocation 24.8. Repairable System Allocation Method 24.9. Reliability Analysis Techniques 24.10. Probability Evaluation 24.11. Fault Diagnostics and Trouble Shooting 24.12. System Maintenance 24.13. Trouble Shooting Systems 24.14. Trouble Shooting Aids 24.15. Maintainability 24.16. Reliability 25. EVALUATING UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT 1148—1173 25.1. Introduction 1148 25.2. Sources of Uncertainty in Measurements 25.3. Method of Evaluation of Uncertainty 25.3.1. Evaluating Uncertainty of Measurement 25.3.2. Type A Evaluationof Uncertainty 25.3.3. Type B Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty 25.3.4. Expanded Uncertainty 25.3.5. Statement of Uncertainty in Measurement 25.3.6. Uncertainty Budget 25.3.7. Degrees of Freedom 25.3.8. Definitions 25.4. Competence of Testing and Callibration Laboratories 25.4.1. Apex Level Calibration 2nd NPL 25.5. International Traceability 25.6. Mass Metrology 25.7. Coordinate Measuring Machine and Uncertainty in Measurements 25.8. Length Measurement Uncertainty of CMM Solved Problems 26. METROLOGY LABORATORIES —1183 26.1. Metrology Laboratory Calibration Programme Management 26.2. Quality Management System for Metrology Laboratories 26.3. Role of Calibration Services 26.4. Laboratory Accreditation 26.5. Third-Party Accreditation of Testing and Calibration Laboratories 26.6. International Organisation of Legal Metrology (OIML) 26.7. Core Values and Concepts for Industries 26.8. Automated Measurement Techniques 26.9. Geometric Demensioning and Tolerancing Solved Problems Objective Type Questions and Answers Appendix I—Rules Relating to the Circle Appendix II—Indian Standard Specifications on Engineering Metrology Appendix III—References for Further Reading Index 1236APPENDIX 1235 APPENDIX-III REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING Author A.S.T.M.E. A.C. Parkinson K.J. Hume K.J. Hume and G.H.Sharp Title of book Handbook of Industrial Metrology Engineering Inspection Engineering Metrology Practical Metrology Publishers Prentice Hall Pitman Macdonald Handbook No. 2 British Standards for Workshop Practice Engineering Precision Measurements Practical Engineering Metrology Metrology and Gauging Fundamentals of Mechanical Inspection Precision Workshop Methods Engineering Dimensional Metrology Fundamentals of Dimensional Metrology Engineering Inspection, Measurement and Testing Inspection and Gauging Symposium on Dimensional Metrology British Standards Institution Chapman and Hall Pitman Macdonald McGraw Hill Arnold Arnold Wilkie Bros. Odhams AW. Judge K.W.B. Sharp S.A.J. Parsons R. Jenkins H.J. Davis L. Miller T. Busch H.C. Town and R. Coleboume C.W. Kennedy N.P.L. Machinery Pub. Co. H.M.S.O. 1953Index Angle dekkor, 540, 687 Angle gauge dividing head, 549 Angle gauges, 134, 527 Angle of a tapered hole, 573 Angle of a V-groove, 576 Angle plate, 112 Angle straight edges, 121 Angular measurement, 517 Angular spacing of a spline shaft, Back pressure gauges, 384 Backlash, 754 Ball type plug gauge, 179 Bar diagram, 891 Barrel form, 52 Base pitch, 744 Base pitch measuring instrument, 744 Basic dimension, 264 Basic hole, 274 Basic principle of lot sampling, A2- D and 3-D measurements, 824 3-D optical probe, 831 100-hour reliability, 1117 ABBE principle, 215 ABC standard, 989 Acceptable quality level, 969 Acceptance sampling, 905 Acceptance sampling plans, 1016 Acceptance tests for shapers, 779 Acceptance tests for surface grinders, 779 Acoustic image method, 1187 600 Angular tolerance, 323 Anthropometric data, 1143 951 Basic shaft, 274 Basic size, 271 Bausch and lomb projector, 785 Beam comparator, 104 Beam splitters, 439 Bearing area, 117 Bearing area, 643 Bearing ratio, 645 Bench centres, 120 Bench micrometer, 171, 688 Bench micrometer with dial comparator, 174 Best size wire, 694, 700 Bevel protractors, 518 Bias, 9 BIPM, 22 Blade type micrometer, 170 Block gauges, 318 Bonomial distribution, 1013 Bore gauges, 679 Boreseope, 1075 Bow form, 52 Bow shaped straight edge, 121, 125 Brookes level comparator, 200, 231 Anvil and spindle, 156 Accreditation, 249 Applications of CMM, 799 Accreditation of calibration faci- AQL plans, 991 Assessing circularity using a Vblock, 495 lities , 248 Accuracy, 10 Accuracy and cost, 12 Accuracy and precision, 46 Accuracy class, 9 Accuracy of surface plates, 98 Accuracy of specifications for the coordinate measuring machines, 796 Assessment of surface roughness, 653 Assignable causes, 896 Atomic force microscope, 791 Attributes and variables, 889 Autocollimator, 533 Autocollimator accessories, 537 Accurate spindle, 498 Autocollimator applications, 539 Adaptations of surface plates, 114 Automated video system, 1115 Adjustable slip gauges, 194 Automatic gauging, 619, 623 Adjustable snap gauge, 300 Adjustable thread gauges, 714 Adjustable type gap gauges, 307 Adjustable V-Block, 497 Adjusting nut, 157 Adjustment for wear, 159 Air cartridge; 395 Air gauging with electronic sensors, 396, 826 Air-jet sensing, 409 Airy points, 227 Alignment tests on lathe, 766 Alignment tests on pillar type drilling machine, 777 Alignment tests on milling machine, 771 Allowances, 271 American standards association B tolerance system, 296 Automatic gear measuring machine, 758 Automatic inspection machines, 622, 1112 Automatic rotary table calibrator, 552 Automatic shall; inspection machine, 831 Automatic sizing, 624 Automatic sizing instrument, 624 Automobile cylinder bore gauge, 178 Average outgoing quality limit, 971 Axial runout, 54 Axial slip, 767 Axial slip of lead screw, 770 C Calibration, 14 Calibration by interferometry, 201 Calibration of angle gauges, 529 Calibration of gauges, 602 Calibration of measuring Back pressure circuit, 390 instruments, 602 1236INDEX 1237 Coincidence, 483 Cylinder gauges, 178 Combination depth and angle gauge, 150 Combination set, 129 Combined limit gauge, 307 Company-wide quality control, 879 Comparators, 363 Competence of testing, 1160 Composite errors, 738 Composite method of gear checking, 754 Compound levers, 366 Compound sine tables, 116 Compound tolerances, 267 Compression correction, 704 Computer controlled coordinate measuring machine, 800 Computers in metrology, 816, 1110 Concentricity checking attachment, 114 Confidence levels, 14 Confidence limits, 910 Constant chord method, 743 Constant deviation prism, 543 Consumer’s risk, 969 Contact type pneumaic gauging, 394 Contactless three dimensional measurements, 628 Continuous distributions, 900 Contour gauges, 308 Control chart for standard deviation, 918 Control chart for variables, 915 Control charts, 913, 1014 Control charts for fraction defectives, 941 Control charts for range, 919 Control charts for X, 917 Coordinate measuring machines, 792, 808, 1166 Calibration of polygons, 550 Calibration of universal microscope, 607 Calibration service programme, 248 Calibration system, 50, 241 Calibration requirements, 242 Calibration vs. Certification, 14 Caliper gauge, 210, 710 Caliper principle, 549 Calipers, 91 Camming, 500, 509 Care of metrological equipment. D Damping test, 1088 Data presentation, 889 Datum control, 389 David Borwn comparator, 744 Deep bores, 178 Demerit control chart, 947 Design instruments, 221 Deterministic metrology, 4 Deviation, 273 Dial calipers, 95 Dial depth gauge, 679 Dial Indicator, 366, 607 Dial micrometer caliper, 171 Dial pipe gauge, 679 Diameter combinations, 717 Diameter of a large hole accurately, 581 Diameter of a recessed hole, 580 Different distributions used in tangent systems of metrological 19 Cast iron cubes, 118 Cast iron surface plates, 98 Causes of out-of-roundness, 492 C-chart, 943 Centre line average, 653 Ceramic slip gauges, 193 CGPM, 22 Chance and assignable causes of variation, 873 Change causes, 896 Characteristic error, 31 Characteristics of measuring instrument, 83 Characteristics of random errors, and pitch SQC, 899 Differential comparators, 393 Differential method of measurement, 72 Differential screw micrometer. 33 175 Check plug for new solid go screw ring gauge, 722 Checking of involute shape of gear, 750 Checking of profile of involute shape of gear, 749 Checking of slip gauges, 615 Checking rotation, 506 Checking the flatness, 422 CIPM, 22 Circular division, 544 Circular division by polygons, 548 Circular pitch measuring machine, 752 Circular scanning, 1102 Circumferential confining gauge, Differential unit, 377 Diffraction measurement technique, 458 Diffraction pattern technique, 1107 Diffraction gauging, 635 Digital caliper, 142 Digital comparators, 378 Digital height gauge with statistical production control, 826 Digital in-line scale readout device, 451 Digital length gauges, 150 Digital measurement equipment, 184, 821 Digital micrometers, 173 Discrimination, 7 Displacement method, 232 Disposition of tolerances and deviations, 277 Distance gauge, 144 technique for — length uncertainty of, 1169 Coordinate measuring robots, measurement 494 823 Correction, 6 Correction and correction factor, Clamping pallets for CNC machines, 115 Classification of thread gauges, 72 Corrective maintenance, 1135 Cosine error, 213 Cross strip hinge, 370 Cross-wind, 218 708 Clearance, 281 Clearance fit, 272, 289 Clinometers, 532r 1238 ENGINEERING METROLOGY Divided circles, 620 Dividing heads, 546 Dixon test, 33 Documentary standards, 258 Electro-optical inspection, 629 Elements of thread, 687 End bars, 229 End standards, 229 Fillet gauges, 134 Firm joint calipers, 92 Firm joint divider, 92 Fishbone chart, 850 Fits, 271 Fixed gauges, 299, 351 Flat surface generation, 99 Flatness, 53 Documenting the quality policy, Engineer’s parallels, 132 Engineer’s square, 131 Dodge plan for continuous Engineer’s square tester, 488 sampling, 986 Dodge-romig tables, 984 Double ended solid snap gauge, 854 Engineer’s steel rule, 88 Engineer’s taper, wire and Flatness testing, 421 Flexible fiberscopes, 1076 Flexible strips, 214 Flow responsive system, 390 Fluid displacement comparators, thickness gauge, 134 300 Engineering microscopes, 787 Environmental control, 238 Environmental error, 31, 65 Equidistance, 482 Error distribution, 35 Error reduction and compensation, 795 Errors accumulation, 36 Double microscope, 660 Dowell prism, 544 Drunken thread, 684 Dual 397 frequency laser interferometer, 441 Dynamic error, 32 Dynamic measurement, 617 Dynamic probe, 1137 Dynamical method to determine Errors due to vibrations, 39 the radius of ARC, 596 Fluidic numerical control, 810 error Fluoroscopy, 1106 Focusing telescope, 489 Focusing telescope system, 490 Folding steel rule, 90 Formulae for tolerances and deviations, 282 Four balls method, 181 precision Fraction defective and the binomial distribution, 938 Free flow air gauge, 383 Errors due to deflection, 40 Errors due to wear in gauges, 41 Errors in circularity, 491 Errors measurements, 37 EEden-rolt millionth comparator, in 199 Eden-rolt millionth comparator, Errors in threads, 684 373 Evaluating surface roughness, Frequency bar chart, 895 Effect of alignment, 37 658 Effect of eccentricity of pitch Evaluation of surface roughness, Frequency distribution, 896 Frequency histogram, 895 Frequency curve, 898 error, 753 660 Effect of pitch error, 686 Expanded scale, 210 Effect of supports, 37 Effective measurements, 690 Effective diameter of tapered threads, 694 Effects of environment, 37 Elastic deformation, 239 Electrical comparator, 374, 621 Electrical level, 128 Electrical/magnetic 1087 Frequency polygon, 895 Expanded uncertainty, 1153, Fringe pattern, 423 F-test, 1002 Fundamental deviation, 273 Fundamental deviations for holes , 284 Fundamental deviations of shafts, 283 1159 — degrees of freedom, 1154, 1159 Expert knowledge based real time inspection system, 1113 Exponential distribution, 1013 Expressing tolerances, 265 diameter G F Gamma radiography, 1085 Gas lasers, 420 Gauge card specifications, 605 Gauge control structure, 235 Gauge design, 310 Gauge error, 189 Gauge maker’s tolerance, 311 Gauge making tolerances, 714 Gauge wear, 711, 714 Gauges for internal threads, 724 Gauges for ISO metric screw threads, 708 Gauges for major diameter, 723 Gauges for tapers, 318 - — methods, Facets of quality, 844 Failure density, 1122 Failure mode analysis, 1045, 1119 Electricheck, 619 Electricheck gauges, 377 Electronic comparator, 378, 618 Electronic digital caliper, 143 Electronic digital machine scales, Fault diagnostics and trouble 150 shooting, 1134 , Electronic digital readout height Fault-free analysis, 1119 gauge, 151 Electronic gauging, 376, 627 Electronic indicator, 377 Failure rate, 1122 Failure tree analysis, 1045 Feeler gauges, 134 Feeler microscope, 809 Fiber optic probes for in-process control, 834 Fiducial value, 15 Electronic precision levels, 128 Electronic sizing device, 624INDEX 1239 International committee of weights and measures, 22 International metrology, 258 International organisation of weights and measures, 22 Image processing, 1096 Image shearing miscroscope, 811 Imperial standard yard, 227 Implementation of quality, 853 Gauging force, 343 Gauging of taps, 715 Gauging practice, 315 Gauging thin strips, 620 Gear errors, 737 Gear involute machine, 750 Gear measurement, 739 Inaccuracy, 9 measuring Included angle by three discs International system of units, 24 International tolerance grade, 274 method, 587 Indian standard (IS 91901993), International traceability, 1161 Involute curve, 731 Gear testing centre, 759, 760 270 Gear tooth calliper, 742 Indicating snap gauge, 380 Gearing operation requirements, Indicating thread comparator. Involute function, 732 735 728 Involute profile testing machine, General conference of weights Indicator gauges, 677 751 and measures, 22 Generation of straight edge, 124 Geniometers, 540 Geometric characteristics and Irregular errors, 685 Irregularities of a circular part, Indirect pneumatic devices, 396 gauging Industrial computed tomography, 491 1103 ISO, 22 ISO 9001: 2000, — advantages of, 1077 — concepts of, 1060 — disadvantages of, 1077 — documentation preparation for, 1077 — elements of, 1075 — implementation of, 1064 — introduction, 1063 — principles of, 1064 — realization requirements in, 1067 — remedial requirements, 1069 — requirements of, 1065, 1066, 1079 — resource requirements in, 1067 ISO system of limits and fits, 298 Isometric viewing of surface defects, 810 symbols, 324 In-process measurement, 626 Geometric dimensioning and Inside calipers, 94 tolerancing, 323 Geometric tolerance, 324 Geometrical values, 52 Glass surface plates, 111 Globalisation, 85 Go screw caliper gauge, 722 Grades of tolerance, 281 Graduated rule accessories, 90 Graduated scales, 176 Inside micrometer, 163 Inside micrometer calipers, 163 Inspection, 4, 242 Inspection by the manufacturer, 315 Inspection by the purchaser, 315 Inspection gauging, 299 Inspection of flaw in materials, 1086 Inspection of printed circuit boards (PCB), 836 Inspection tool, 20 Installation of ISO 9001 quality system, 1079 Instrument range, 18 Integrity, 1142 Intelligent vision, 632 Interchangeability, 267 Interference fit, 272, 292 Interference of two rays, 418 Interferometers, 425 Interferometric calibration of Granite straight edges, 124 Granite surface plates, 111 Gratings in metrology, 451 Gray scale analysis, 1115 Gray scale vs. binary imaging, Grazing incident technique, Groove micrometers, 172 Grooving for lapping plates, 102 HHand lapping, 101 Hardness test, 1091 Hemispherical gauge, 177 Hermophrodite calipers, 95 Heterodyne technique, 441 High precision surface plates, 111 Histogram, 892 Hole, 274, 292 Holographic recording, 1089 Horizontal optimeter, 790 Hysteresis, 7 Japanese quality management, 879 angle gauge, 539 interferometry Interferometry, 421 K Keilpart gauge, 178 Kinematic Kinematic slide accuracy , 215, 7^6 Kinematics, 221 Roster's prism, 429 Interior angle of a profile gauge, 577 Internal audit, 1073 Internal dial gauge, 678 Internal dovetail, 574 Internal estimates of lot quality, Krypton 86, 420 963 Internal measurements, 177 Internal taper in blind hole, 574 Lack of control, 1024 Laser inspection, 1106 Intemation standard on quality Laser interferometer, 435, 535 management system, 1063 IEC, 22 ILAC, 221240 ENGINEERING METROLOGY Laser scanning gauge, 1108 Laser telemetric system, 631 Laser triangulation sensors, 1077 Major diameter, 687 Laser viewers, 810 Lay, 655 Lead measurement, 754 Least count of vernier scale, 211 Least material limit, 282 Least squares circles, 492 Led based distance measuring instruments, 632 Legal metrology, 3 Leitz system, 455 Length bars, 194 Levelling depth, 665 Levelling of the machine, 766 Light cross-section method, 659 Light sources for interferometry, 419 Magnification, 13 Maintainability, 1132, 1137 Measuring contacts, 136 Measuring heads, 391 Measuring instruments, 7, 17, 82 Management requirements of Measuring machine, 782, 804 ISO 9000 : 2000, 1066 Measuring means, 5 Management of gauges with Measuring probe head, 801 computers, 636 Measuring range, 7 Managing measuring equipment, Measuring roundness, 499 59 Measuring surface finish, 646 Mechanical Accuracy, 807 Mechanical bevel protractor, 519 Mechanical comparator, 365, 370 Mechanical lapping, 195 Mechanical optical comparator, Mandrels, 780 Manufacture of slip gauges, 194 Mass metrology, 1162 — instruments mass , 1164 — measuring procedure, 1165 measuring 371 Mechanical roller thickness gauge, 620 Mechanical roughness indicator, 660 Methods of data presentation, 890 — selection of weighing instruments, 1164 — standards of mass, 1164 — unit of mass, 1163 Master gears, 755 Master height gauge, 150 Materialisation of the meter, 234 Light-wave interference, 418 Limit caliper gauge, 300 Limit for gauges for tapers, 319 Limit plug gauge, 300 Limit system, 278 Limitations of line graduated rules, 210 Limits of size, 270 Limits, fits and gauges, 261 Line graduated measuring instruments, 87 Line standard , 226 Linear diode array, 635 Linearity, 42 Loading errors, 31 Lobed surface, 515 Lobedness, 52 Lobing, 491 Logistics, 1143 Long series slip gauges, 194 Methods of measurement, 16, 71 Methods of random sampling, 957 Mathematical Morphology for Metre, 227 shape analysis, 1102 Metrological characteristics, 18 Metrology, 1 Metrology laboratory, 243 Metrology of screw thread, 681 Michelson interferometer, 426 Micro interferometer, 647 Micro-alignment telescope, 490 Micrometer depth gauge, 168 Micrometer comparator, 174 Micrometers, 156 Matrix internal diameter measuring machine, 784 Matrix pitch measuring machine, 698 Maximum and minimum metal conditions, 282 Maximum height of irregularity, 642 Maximum inscribed circle, 492 with dial Maximum material limit, 282 Measure radius on a part, 591 Measurement and testing of grears, 730 Microprocessors in metrology. 833 Microprocessors in SQC, 1009 Microptic autocollimator, 538 Microscopic inspection, 646 ^ Minimum 493 circumscribed circle, Minimum radial separation circles, 492 Minor diameter, 688 Misalignment, 53 Misalignment error, 66 Miscellaneous measurements, 572 Modem gear measuring machines, 756 Modular fixturing system, 116 Moire fringes, 451, 469 Measurement during machining, 624 Lot sampling for estimation of lot Measurement of circularity, 491 quality, 961 Mesurement of error circularity, 502 Measurement of gear pitch, 751 Measurement of gears using gratings, 757 Measurement of limit gauges, 609 Measurement of pitch, 696 Measurement of roundness, 494 Measurement of surface finish, 638 Lot sampling for lot acceptance, 966 Lower deviation, 273 LVDT, 375 MMachine tools tests, 766 Machine vision, 818 Machine vision systems, 1094 Magnetic crack detection method, 1083 Magnetic particle inspection, Measuring a taper plug gauge by rollers, 585 Measurement problem, 19 ! 1081INDEX 1241 Optical methods for on-line measurements, 634 Optical micrometer, 220, 565 Optical principles, 54 Multiaxis measuring machines, Optical probe, 809 Optical projection comparator, Pictorial presentation of data pie diagram, 890 Moire scales, 452 Moire technique, 540 Pilot plug gauge, 300 Pin gauge for larger bores, 179 Pitch accuracy oflead screw, 770 Pitch errors, 684 Pitch measuring machines, 699 Pitch screw gauge, 135 Pitter-NPL gauge interferometer, M-system, 662 Multi sample test, 64 822 Multicheck comparators, 398 784 Multi-dimension gauging, 628 Multi-gauging systems, 396, 827 Multi-path systems, 1140 Multipurpose angle plates, 114 automatic Optical projectors, 399 Optical rotary table, 545 Optical system of optimeter, 789 Optimum reliability, 1126 Organisation for quality, 878 Organising quality, 851 Originating surface plate, 101 Ornamenting scraped surfaces, 432 Pitter screw measuring machine, 698 Plain gauges, 298 Plain index centre, 533 Plain plug gauges, 301 Plain ring gauges, 303 Planer gauge, 133 Planning sample selection, 958 Plate snap gauges, 306 Plug and ring gauges for selfholding tapers, 319 Plug gauge, tanged, 320 Plug gauges, plain, 319 Plus screw gauges, 708 Pneumatic comparators, 382 Pneumatic gauges, 382 Pneumatic sensitivity, 386 Pneumatic sizing device, 625 Pneumatic test indicator, 396 Pneumatic thickness gauge, 621 Polar graph, 498 Position gauge, 308 Positional tolerances, 323 Practical tests, 771 Precision and accuracy, 9 Precision index table, 545 Precision instruments based on laser, 631 Precision linear measurements, NN.P.L. flatness interferomter, 430 Nanometrology, 49 Nanotechnology, 833 National measurement system, 246 National physical laboratory, 29 National service of legal metrology, 23 Nature of light, 418 Newall measuring machine, 783 Newall system, 294 NMI, 22 No go screw caliper gauge, 723 Nominal size, 6 Non-destructive testing of metals, 1081 Normal curve , 901 Normal distribution, 1013 Normal inspection, 977 Normal reduced and tightened inspection, 977 NPL-higher interferometer, 201 100 Out of round, 507 Out-of-roundness, 491 Outside calipers, 94 Outside micrometer caliper, 169 Ovality, 52, 491 Overall uncertainty, 35 P Paired T-test, 1001 Paper layout gauging, 327 Parallax, 18 Parallax effect, 41 Parallax error, 66 Parallel motion, 481 Parallel reliability, 1117 Pareto analysis of rejections, 875 Parkinson gear tester, 755 Passmeter, 677 Peak to valley height, 652 Penetrant inspection method, 1083 Performance of CMM, 798 Periodic pitch error, 685 Periodical axial slip, 508 Perpendicularity of motion, 484 Philips standard, 986 Philosophy of Probability, 1116 Photo diode array imaging, 1107 Photo-electric microscope, 809 Photoelectric microptic autocollimator, 536 Photoelectric scale viewing system, 454 gauge o Objectives of metrology, 20 OGIVE, 895 OIML, 22 Online calibration, 203 One’s own plans, 991 One-wire method, 691 Operating characteristics curve, 135 Precision microptic clinometer, 532 Precision ploygons, 547 Precision scale, 228 Precision sine vice, 117 Preventive maintenance, 604, 1135 Primary standards, 229 Primary texture, 641 Principle of alignment, 136, 221 Principle of kinematics, 136 Principles of least squares, 35 micrometer 967 Optical bevel protractor, 517 Optical dividing head, 520 Optical flats, 443 Optical holographymethod, 1089 Photofluoroscopy, 1085 Photogrammetry, 1103 Physical measurement, 5 Optical inspection system, 634 Optical measuring instruments, 7881242 ENGINEERING METROLOGY Principles of sample selection, Quality target, 855 Quality-a business strategy, 844 Quantum physics, 49 Qulaity plans — preparation of, 1072 Retro-reflectors, 439 Reversal method, 514 Rib type snap gauges, 305 Rigidity, 221 Ring gauge, plain, 321 Ring gauge, tanged, 321 Ring screw gauges, 710 Robotic gauging, 1109 Rocking prism, 370 Roller type adjustable thread gauge, 715 Rolling tests, 740 Rotary table, 544, 551 Roughness average, 663 Roughness comparison specimens, 658 Roundness and circularity, 494 Roundness measuring machines, 504 956 Prismatic gratings, 453 Probability distributions, 1020 Probes, 809 Process capability, 908, 1015 Process control robot, 832 Producer’s risk, 969 Profile filters, 504 Profile gauges, 309 Profile measurements, 510 Profile projector, 402 Profilometer, 648 Progressive pitch error, 684 Protector, 219 Protector blocks, 192 R.R M.S. value, 652 Radial throw. 507 Radical runout, 53 Radiography, 1084 Radius gauges, 133 Radius of a concave surface, 579 Rake correction, 703 Random errors, 32, 73 Ratchet driver, 157 Ratchet stop mechanism, 158 Reading a micrometer, 161 Readout systems for scales, 447 Receiver gauges, 309 Rectilinear chart, 892 QQ. C. plan, 859 QSTM, 60 Quality assurance system, 854 Roundness 499 measuring spindles, Quality assurance, 244, 866 Quality at competitive cost, 1047 Reducing Quality auditing, 869 Reduced inspection, 978' the volume Runout, 506, 753 Run-sum test, 927 inspection, 925 Reed comparator, 413 Reed type comparator, 367 Reference circules, 492 Quality control and quality Reference discs, balls, 208 assurance, 843 Quality control concepts, 849 Quality control manual, 853 Quality control, 845 Quality costs assessment, 864 Quality economics, 863 Quality improvement programmes, 58 Quality improvement techniques, 1046 Quality characteristics, 843 S Quality circles, 880 Quality control and breakthrough, 873 mechanical Sample length, 651 Sample size to estimate the average quality, 964 Sampling inspection, 948 Sampling length, 642 Sampling method, 958 Sampling plans for inspection by attributes, 975 Sampling plans for inspection by variables, 991 Scale, 88 Scale division value, 18 Scale interval, 7 Scales and gratings, 446 Scanning laser beam, 635 Scanning laser gauge, 1107 Scanning laser gauges, 1114 Schematic representation of the position of fundamental deviations, 279 Schewart control charts, 1022 Scientific quality control, 877 Scrapping of flat surfaces, 100 Scratch inspection, 646 Screw check plugs for new sold no go screw rings gauge, 723 Screw measuring machine, 689 Screw thread gauge tolerance, - Reference gauges, 318 Reference standards, 47 Regression and correlation, 1004 Regular scale, 210 Rejectable quality level, 969 Reliability, 1138 — trouble shooting aids, 1136 — trouble shooting systems, 1135 Reliability allocation, 1127 Reliability analysis, 1117 Reliability analysis of systems, 1117 Reliability analysis techniques, 1118 Quality improvement, — by Crosby, 1059 — by Deming, 1058 Quality management, 876, 1041 Quality manual, — preparation of, 1070 Quality motivation, 857, 860 Quality planning, 855 Quality policy, 854 Quality system requirements, Repeatability, 8, 13, 18, 73 1041 Replica method, 651 Quality system, Reliability and life testing, 993 Reliability testing, 1120 Repairable system allocation method, 1127 Representation of surface finish, 640 — , certifiestion/regestration, 079 Reproducibility, 73 ocumentation, 1070, 1077 Response time, 8 713INDEX 1243 Sources of errors, 30 Sources of manufacturing gears, 735 Spacing parameters, 665 Spatial frequency, 452 Spherical coordinate measuring machine, 793 Spin table, 498 Spindle locking arrangement,159 Spirit level, 126, 530 Spring calipers, 93 micro- Squareness, 484 Squareness error, 190, 488 Squareness testing, 484 Standard tolerance, 281 Standard tolerance factor, 281 Standardisation, 20 Standards, 226 Standards of measurements, 81 Static errors, 30 Statistical analysers, 1006 Setting plug for adjustable go Statistical determination of capability, 909 Setting plug for go screw caliper Statistical process control, 1044 gauges, 723 Setting up a QA system, 245 Shaft, 274 Shewhart control charts, 903 Sigma comparator, 369 Simple statistical tools, 903 Sine centre, 527 Sine principle, 520 Sine table, 115, 526 Single angle sine tables, 116 Single frequency interferometer system, 427 Single path systems, 1139 Single sample test, 64 Slip gauge accessories, 205 Slip gauges, 185 Small bore diameter, 182 Smoothness of gear operation, Stylus probe instruments, 648 Sub-division of standards, 229 Sub-micron accuracy, 832 System maintenance, 1134 in System reliability, 1116 Systematic errors, 32,73 Systematic sampling, 957 Screw thread projection, 786 Screw threads terminology, 681 Scribing and centre points, 207 Second order response, 8 Secondary standards, 229 Secondary texture, 641 Selection of engineering tolerances, 264 Selection of fits, 289 Selection of instruments, 15 Selective Assembly, 268 Self-centering inside meter, 166 Sensitivity, 7 Sensitivity and range, 61 Sensitivity and readability, 14 Sensitivity of a level, 217 Sensitivity threshold, 18 Sequential analysis, 980 _ Series parallel reliability, 1117 Series reliability, 1117 errors Talysurf, 650 Tangential gear tooth calliper, 746 Taper testing machine, 553 Taper-screw operated internal micrometer, 172 Taylor principle, 315 Taylor’s principle applied to screw thread gauges, 711 Taylor’s principle in design of limit gauges, 341 Taylor-Htffcson Talysurf, 649 Telescojjajntemal gauge, 177 Ten point heightr of irregtrfari.- ties, 643 Ten point peak to valley average height, 664 screw ring gauge, 722 Terminology for surface roughness, 641 Statistical production control. Terminology of gear tooth, 731 151 Tertiary standards, 229 Statistical quality control, 888 Test indicators, 674 Statistical quality tools, 1015 Statistical tests of significance, Test type indicators, 673 Testing flatness, 103 Testing parallelism, 425 Theory of probability, 948 Theory of quality control, 905 Thermal effects in dimensional Test plug method, 746 996 Statistical treatment of errors, 34 Steel rule, 88 Step gauge, 208 Stick micrometers, 167 DC Straight edges, 120 Straightness, 53, 764 Straightness measuring gauge, Thread comparator, 694 metrology, 237 Thimble and barrel, 157 395 Thread form, 696 Thread measuring machine, 692 Thread micrometer, 690 Thread micrometer caliper, 169 Threads pitch gauges for ISO metric screw threads, 727 Three point shaft gauging, 618 Three wire method, 692 Three-point probe, 497 Tightened inspection, 978 Tilting tables, 117 Tolerance and geometry, 322 Tolerance for screw thread gauges and screw threads, 711 Tolerance limits, 912 Tolerance zone, 281 Stratified sampling, 956 Stylus, 650 Stylus and skid, 657 736 Snap gauges, 305 Societe genevoise measuring machine, 784 Software control hierarchy, 1112 Solex pneumatic gauge, 391 universal Suppressed-zero scale, 210 Surface contour test, 423 Surface metrology, 661 Surface plates, 96 Solid or.adjustable go screw ring Surface roughness, 640, 662 gauge, 722 Solid or adjustable ring gauge, 723 Surface texture, 639 no go screw Swyman-green 457 System effectiveness, 1132 interferometer, Solid state cameras, 10961244 ENGINEERING METROLOGY Tolerance zones for pitch dia- Trigger type probe system, 801 meter, 723 Vernier height gauge, 145 Vernier instruments, 137 Vertical optimeter, 789 Video metrology, 1114 Virtual effective diameter, 686 laser Vision methodology, 633 Vision systems, 820 Twyman-Green specilisation, 428 Visual inspection, 646, 1105 Types of errors, 927 True running, 767 Tolerance zones for plain gauges T-tests, 997 for screw threads, 726 Twisted taut strip, 366 Tolerances, 263, 271 Two wire method, 691 Tolerancing system for screw Two-frequency threads, 719 interferometer, 1108 Tomlinson surface meter, 649 Tool maker’s flats, 110 Tool maker’s microscope, 787 Tool maker’s straight edges, 120 Tool maker’s microscope, 790 Tooth bearing contact, 737 Tooth thickness, 741 Total quality control, 1043 — Kaizen rules, 1057 — Taguchi approach, 1045, 1051 Total quality culture, 1050, 1052 Total quality management (TQM), 1036, 1038, 1049 — evolution of, 1037 — guidelines for implementation of, 1040, 1053 — Juran’s veiw in, 1059 — need of, 1051 — objectives of, 1050 — principles of, 1039 — terms used in, 1061 — tools and techniques for, 1043 . Volumetric length measuring U accuracy, 797 Ultrasonic gauges, 402 Ultrasonic inspection, 1085 Uncertainty, 15 WWavelength standard, 232 Wear allowance, 311 Uncertainty in measurement, Wear check plug for solid and adjustable go ring gauge, 722 Wear -out, 1139 Weibull distribution, 1013 Wickman adjustable thread gauge, 714 — method of evaluation of, Width of a V-groove, 577 Working standards, 229 Workship and inspection gauges, 311 1148 — budget, 1159 — components, 1156, 1157 — definitions, 1155 — equation, 1156 1149 -— sources of, 1148 Unilateral and bilateral tolerances, 339 Universal bevel protractor, 518 Universal height micrometer, 151 Wringing, 190 Universal measuring instrument, Wringing and enforced adhesion; 152, 830 Workshop instrument, 829 measuring 190 Universal measuring machine, Wringing slip-gauges, 219 502, 783, 806, 828 Universal surface gauge, 130 Upper deviation, 273 Use of computers, 817 X TQM system, 1039 — requirements, 1041 Touch inspection, 646 Touch trigger probe, 823 Traceability, 15, 60 X-ray examination, 1083 Yard, 226 Validation system, 1140 z Zeiss optotest comparator, 372 Zeiss slip gauge interferometer, 617 Zeiss ultra-optimeter, 372 Zero line, 271 Zero setting, 389 Traceability of accuracy, 247 V-anvil micrometer caliper, 170 Traceability within world metro- Variability, 889 logy, 259 Variance of error distribution, 36 Tracer type profilogram, 659 Transfer calipers, 94 Transfer from line standard to V-block, 118, 497 end standard, 230 Variation gauge, 108 Variations in quality, 896 Verification, 6 Transition fit, 273, 291 Vernier depth gauge, 149
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