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| موضوع: كتاب How to Fix Your Academic Writing Trouble - A practical guide الجمعة 11 فبراير 2022, 11:28 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب How to Fix Your Academic Writing Trouble - A practical guide Inger Mewburn, Katherine Firth and Shaun Lehmann
و المحتوى كما يلي :
List of tables ix List of figures x Acknowledgements xi 1 INTRODUCTION: YOU MAY HAVE ACADEMIC WRITING TROUBLES, BUT YOU CAN FIX THEM! 1 1.1 Why you should buy this book 1 1.2 Time management for academic writing: the Pomodoro Technique, Shut Up and Write, and boot camps 7 2 ‘YOUR WRITING DOESN’T SOUND VERY ACADEMIC’: HOW TO CONVINCE YOUR READER YOU BELONG 12 2.1 How to unlearn high school English 13 2.2 ‘This sounds chatty or not scholarly’: getting the academic tone right 16 2.3 ‘Who are you standing with?’: being argumentative in your writing 18 2.4 Getting beyond ‘descriptive’ writing by entering the theory wars 21 2.5 Using verbs to signal you belong, plus a verb cheat sheet 24 2.6 How to use references to show who your academic network is (and isn’t) 28 2.7 Using references as magic tokens to power up your writing 30 2.8 ‘Do you really need all this detail?’: how and when to use footnotes and appendices 32 3 ‘WHERE’S YOUR EVIDENCE FOR THIS?’: USING WHAT YOU KNOW TO MAKE A CASE 37 3.1 How to understand how different disciplines use evidence (and take advantage of it) 38 3.2 How to move from having a research question to having an answer in your writing 41 3.3 The almost invisible structure of paragraphs 44 3.4 What is a warrant?: and how to use warrants to persuade your reader 47 3.5 Signposting words: using conjunctive adverbs like ‘however’ correctly 49 3.6 Using figures to help and not hinder 52 Contentsviii Contents 4 ‘YOUR WRITING DOESN’T FLOW’: MAKING YOUR TEXT COHERENT AND FLUENT 58 4.1 How to make sure your reader will understand what you are trying to say 59 4.2 How to write a clear sentence 62 4.3 Use signposting to guide academic readers 67 4.4 Keep your sentences moving forward with themes and rhemes 69 4.5 Untangling your tenses 72 4.6 How to use free or generative writing to make progress (and create flow) 75 4.7 Planning your writing with flexible techniques 79 4.8 Solving illogical structures with reverse outlines 86 5 ‘WAFFLE’: IMPROVING READABILITY BY MANAGING YOUR EXTRA WORDS 89 5.1 Writing one whole sentence at a time 90 5.2 How and when to use the passive voice 92 5.3 How to kill zombie words 95 5.4 Are you suffering from parataxis or hypotaxis? 97 5.5 Fighting weeds and cutting your word count 99 5.6 Get rid of filler words 101 6 ‘UNCRITICAL!’: TAKING A STAND IN YOUR WRITING 105 6.1 Who am I to question? 105 6.2 Can I use ‘I’? 109 6.3 How not to be unintentionally exclusionary in your writing 112 6.4 Avoiding excessive cleverness 116 6.5 Hedging and boosting language 119 6.6 Argument diagramming 122 6.7 How to be more logical 130 7 ‘WHERE’S YOUR DISCUSSION SECTION?’: STRUCTURING YOUR WORK AS A WHOLE 134 7.1 Designing your dissertation as a whole work 135 7.2 Turning an annotated bibliography on steroids into a proper literature review 138 7.3 Making and using a literature review matrix 141 7.4 How to write an abstract 144 7.5 How to write a good glossary 148 7.6 Structuring multidisciplinary work 151 8 THE END OF THIS BOOK, BUT NOT THE END OF YOUR DISSERTATION 154 Notes 156 References 158 Index 161Tables 2.1 Shaun’s table of examples for choosing Latinate or Germanic academic terms 17 2.2 A verb cheat sheet 27 3.1 Table of epistemological (knowledge) differences between disciplines 40 3.2 Interdisciplinary methods from Katherine’s PhD 40 3.3 When to use a conjunctive adjective, and how to know it’s the right choice 51 4.1 Tense choice 73 4.2 Making a thesis map 82 4.3 Turning snowflake outline points into a dissertation structure 85 6.1 Critique table 107 6.2 Hedging phrases example 1 122 6.3 Hedging phrases example 2 122 7.1 Literature review matrix 143 7.2 Identifying the audiences for Inger’s dissertation 1503.1 Frequency histogram of housing values for a hypothetical city area 54 3.2 Frequency histogram of housing values for a hypothetical city area 55 3.3 Boxplot of house values for a hypothetical city area 56 3.4 Violin plot of values for a hypothetical city area 56 4.1 Start the spider diagram with a question or statement 80 4.2 Develop the spider diagram by filling in further questions 80 4.3 Snowflake outlines 81 4.4 Snowflake outlines: start with a triangle 83 4.5 Snowflake outlines: your triangle becomes a star 83 4.6 Snowflake outlines: your star becomes a rough ice crystal 84 4.7 Your outlined snowflake is now beautiful 84 5.1 Katherine’s writing cycle 92 6.1 Example argument spider diagram on a whiteboard 123 6.2 Two-part argument diagram 124 6.3 The argument diagram now has two premises 125 6.4 Alternative hypothesis argument diagram 126 6.5 Spider diagram with alternative hypothesis developed through serial argument map 127 6.6 Completing the alternative hypothesis, mapped though spider diagrams, with linked argument map 128 6.7 Bringing both sides of the argument together in a spider diagram 129 7.1 Why chapters are not quite like content ‘buckets’ 136 7.2 A Venn diagram of audiences for Inger’s dissertation 150 Figures Ableism 113 Abstract 144–47 Academic dialect(s) 4, 13, 46, 88–9, 151, 157 Academicese 12–13, 18 Adjectives 37, 95–97, 104 Adverbs 15, 37, 49–52, 67 Annotated bibliography 138–9, 141 Appendix 33, 35–6, 100, 140, 151 Argument 35–55, 58, 65, 67–9, 71, 77–9, 82, 86 Argument diagramming 122–27, 105–7, 118, 122–53 Barbara Lovitts 19 Beardsley, M.C 123–24 Becher and Trowler 13, 24 Becker, Howard 64, 95 Blogging 5, 155 Boice, Robert 77–8 Boosters 121 Booth et al 44, 46–8 Brick wall, as metaphor 76 Bruno Latour 20 Car driving as metaphor 4, 51, 69, 118 Chapters 66, 76, 79, 81–7, 92, 134–6, 140, 145, 152–4 Clarity 15, 33, 53–4, 59, 89, 92 Class 12, 26–7, 35, 112–16, 121 Clause 15, 49, 64–5, 70, 98–9, 146 Cleverness 116–119 Coherence 51, 59, 68, 142 Colonialism 115 Conference drinks party, as metaphor 31 Conjunctive adverbs 37, 49–52, 67 Courtrooms, as a metaphor 28, 47, 130 Critique table 107 Cutting words 99 Deduction 130–31 Descriptive 21, 53, 105, 108 Diagrams 36, 52, 59, 79, 105, 123, 127–8 Dissertation types 6, 14, 21, 65, 111, 134–5, 150 Doctoral orphans 47–8 Dreyfus and Dreyfus learning framework 4 Driving, as a metaphor 4, 51, 118, 137 Dunleavy, Patrick 55 Editing 11, 29, 58–9, 67–9, 75–9, 85–7, 91–2, 101, 110 Hall, Edward 59 Epistemologies 39 Exploratory vs explanatory writing 43 Fencing, as a metaphor 12, 18, 28, 120 Figures 36–7, 52–5, 135 Filler words 15, 99, 101–4 First draft 41, 76–8, 87, 90, 93, 110, 138, 162 Flow 33–5, 58, 70, 75–9, 86, 90, 102, 118, 127–9 Footnotes 35–6, 40, 100, 139–40, 152–54, 30–4 Francisco Cirillo 8 Gender 22, 38–9, 80, 113 Gender, in writing 113–4, 156 Generative writing 76–9 Germanic words 16–17, 26, 60, 64 Glossary 33, 40, 134, 148–52 Grammar 2–4, 37, 72, 76, 89, 92–3, 98–9 HASS 21–3, 135, 140, 145 Hedging terms 102, 119–22, 131–2 High and low context languages 33 High School 4–5, 13, 19 High Table dinner, as a metaphor 12 Hospital, as a metaphor for the dissertation 137–8 How to write a sentence 62 Hypotaxis 97–9 Hypothesis driven research stories 41–3 I (use of subjective pronouns) 110–1 Identity work 3 IMRAD 135–6 Induction 131 Index162 Index Interdisciplinary 34, 38–41, 141 Introductions 14–15, 32, 43, 58, 67–9, 74, 78, 81, 92, 111, 135, 140, 151 Indigenous 26, 114–5, 156 Invasion, England 12 Jargon 2, 18–20, 64, 116–9, 152 Jigsaw puzzle, as a metaphor 43, 142, 162 Kamler and Thompson 3, 81, 145, 162 Hyland, K 22, 24–5, 27, 157–8 King, Stephen 95 Lamott, A 77 Latinate words 64, 162 LBGTIQ+ 114, 156, 162 Liam Connell 10 Literature review 22, 27, 78, 81, 91, 117–8, 105, 134–44 Literature review matrix 141–44 Logic 77–8, 86, 106–9, 122–6, 130–31 Logical argumentation 13–18, 106, 162 Manchester academic phrase bank 121 Maybe later file 100 Middle class dinner party, as a metaphor 12, 26, 48–9, 119–120 Multi–tasking 66, 91 Multidisciplinary work 30, 149, 151–2 My studious life blog 142, 158 Nominalisations 95–7 Note taking 9, 36, 76, 78, 80, 134, 138, 142–44, 144 Object 92–5 Oxbridge 12 Paragraph construction 46 Paragraph length 65 Parataxis 64, 97–9 Passive voice 89, 92–5, 109, 63 Perfect sentence vortex 90–1 Peta Freestone 10 Phrase book 40 Planning 76–9, 81–5, 91, 148 Politeness 26 Pomodoro technique 8–9, 77, 91 Posse, as a metaphor 12 POWER cycle 91 Power relations 19, 112–5, 156 PRACIS (proportionate, relevant, analytical, Critical, informative, synthesised) 140 Professional writing/reports 2, 4, 91 Proust 62 Quilt as metaphor 76 Race 114–5 Rachael Cayley 49, 86 Reading 4, 9, 13, 15–19, 30, 34, 37, 46, 60, 67–8, 87, 91, 98, 112, 117, 138–49 Reading, skimming 67 Red line 143 References, As talismans 12 References, As witnesses 28 Reflexive doubt 106–9 Reflexivity (with the subjective I) 110–11 Reverse Outline 59, 69, 86–91 Rewriting 87 Rhemes 70–78 Rhetorical questions 156 Scholarly 26, 60–1, 96, 102, 105–20, 140 Scholastic methods, medieval 18 Self–citation 32 Self–plagiarism 32 Sentence Clauses 15, 64–5, 98 Sentence Length 97–8 Sentences 4, 14–17, 37, 44–9, 58, 61–79, 89–95, 97–9, 110–11, 139, 143, 145 Sexism 113 Shitty first draft 77 Shut Up and Write 7–10 Signpost language 14, 49–58, 67–9, 75, 81, 102, 139, 141, 152 Snowflake outline 81–85 Spider Diagrams 79–81, 123–29 STEM 22, 135, 145–47 Strike through tool 99–100 Structure 14, 41, 44, 51–3, 58–62, 66–71, 76–8, 85–8, 93–4,134–42, 151–55 Stuffing words 102 Style 1–5, 13–16, 23–32, 35, 55, 59–62, 76–7, 101–2, 110 Sub–vocalising 98 Subject 63–6, 92–5 Subordinate clause 98–9, 130 Tables 36, 40, 52–55, 107, 135 Taglines 66–7Index 163 Tense, past and present 72, 75 Tenses, mixing 72, 74 Themes and Rhemes 78–81 Theory, in writing 20 Thesis ‘buckets’ structure 136 Thesis Boot Camp 7, 9–11, 43, 77, 91,144 Thesis Map 79–83 Time boxing 8 Tiny texts 145 Topic Sentences 14, 44–6, 65–9 Transaction costs 144 Translated material, presentation 34 Van Gelder, T 123–4 Verb Cheat Sheet 26–7 Verb Types 12, 17, 24–6 Verbs, Evaluative 24–6 Verbs, Passive Aggressive 26 Verbs, Signalling Belonging 25 vision impairment 53 Waffle 89, 121, 154 Warrants 37, 145–9 Wiradjuri 156 Wisker and Robinson 47 Word count 89, 109, 101–2 Writing productivity 8–10, 129–30 Writing Retreats 9–11 Writing Cycle 91 Zinsser, William 101 Zombie words 95–97
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