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عدد المساهمات : 19004 التقييم : 35512 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Machine Design with CAD and Optimization الثلاثاء 01 فبراير 2022, 4:10 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Machine Design with CAD and Optimization Sayed M. Metwalli Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxvii About the Companion Website xxix Part I Introduction and Design Considerations Introduction to Design . Introduction . Phases of Design . Basic Mechanical Functions . Design Factors . Synthesis Approach to Design . Product Life Cycle . Business Measures . Research and Development Process in Product Cycle . Teamwork for Product or System Design . Design and Development Case Study . Units and Fundamentals . Units . Force and Mass . Pressure . Velocity, Acceleration, and Rotational Speed . Moments, Work, and Power . Weight . Prefixes . Unit Conversion . Vectors and Matrices . Summary Problems References Internet Sites viii Contents Design Considerations . Mathematical Modeling . Mathematical Model Initiation and Adoption . Generalized System Modeling . Modeling of Loads and Material Variations . Calculation Tools . Excel . MATLAB . Computer-Aided Design (CAD) . Finite Element (FE) . Design Procedure . Manufacturing Processes . Casting or Molding . Deformation . Machining . Joining . Surface and Heat Treatment . D Printing or Additive Manufacturing . Tolerances, Surface Finish, and Fits . Tolerances . Surface Finish . Fits . Fundamental Deviations . Standard Sets and Components . Codes and Standards . Summary Problems References Internet Links (Selected) Part II Knowledge-Based Design Introduction to Computer-Aided Techniques . CAD and Geometric Modeling . Classical Design Process . Synthesis Design Process . Human–Machine Characteristics . Geometric Construction and FE Analysis . CAD/CAM/CAE and Advanced Systems . Virtual Reality . Virtual Reality Process . Virtual Reality Hardware Requirements . Virtual Reality Interactive-Process Tools . Virtual Reality Applications . Summary Contents ix Problems References Internet Links Computer-Aided Design . D Geometric Modeling and Viewing Transformation . D Geometric Modeling . Geometric Computations . Topological Operations and the Euler Formula . Geometric and Global Operations . Procedures for Constructing a Single or a Compound Solid . Homogeneous Coordinates Versus Cartesian Coordinates . Point in Space . Vectors . Lines . Body Geometry and Vertices . Body Transformation . Translation . Rotation . Scaling . Zooming . Skewing . Perspective . Orthographic Projection . Body Transformation Systems . Stereo Viewing . D Graphics . Parametric Modeling . Parametric Lines . Alternative Parametric Form . Parametric Planes . Parametric Bilinear Surfaces . Parametric Curves and Surfaces . Free-Form Parametric Curves and Surfaces . Surface Patches and Curves . Bezier Curves . Bezier Surfaces or Patches . B-Spline Curves . B-Spline Surfaces . NURBS . Intersections . Intersection of Two Lines . Intersection of a Line with a Plane . Intersection of Two Planes . Intersection of Three Planes . CAD Hardware and Software x Contents . Rendering and Animation . Realistic Presentations . Color Use . Visual Color Description . Color Specification System . Shading and Rendering Technique . Methods of Shading a Polygon or a Triangle . Computing Vertex and Surface Normals . Rendering Process . Diffuse Illumination . Specular Reflection . Transparency . Total Rendering Effect . D Cursor and Picking . Data Structure . Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) . STL File Format . IGES File Format . STEP File Format . Using CAD in D Modeling and CAM . Summary Problems References Internet Links Optimization . Introduction . Formulation of Optimization Problem . Design Vector D . Objective Function f . Constraints . Problem Statement . Dimensional Considerations in Analytical Design “Nondimensionalization” . Classification of Optimization . Problem Classification . Methods of Optimization . Optimization Fields . Searches in One Direction . Quadratic Interpolation . Golden Section (Euclid) . Newton–Raphson . Other Methods . Multidimensional: Classical Indirect Approach . Unconstrained Problem . Equality Constrained Problem . Lagrange Multipliers . Inequality Constraints Problem Contents xi . Multidimensional Unconstrained Problem . Univariate Method . Powell’s Method of Conjugate Directions . Linearized Ridge Path Method . Random Search Methods . Steepest Descent Method . Implementation . Fletcher–Reeves Conjugate Gradient . Newton–Raphson Method . Quasi-Newton Methods . A Quadratic Optimization Technique . Identified Quadratic Optimization Technique . Comparison of Unconstrained Optimization Methods . Multidimensional Constrained Problem . Eliminating Constraints by Transformation . Exterior Penalty Functions . Interior Penalty Functions . Direct Methods for Constrained Problems . Convex–Concave Property . Kuhn–Tucker Conditions . Gradient Projection Method . Heuristic Gradient Projection Method (HGP) . Constrained Optimization Sample . Comparison of Optimum Constrained Methods . Applications to Machine Elements and Systems . Summary Problems References Stresses, Deformations, and Deflections . Loads, Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection . External and Internal Loads . Pure Bending . Beam Deflection . Deflection by Integration . Deflection by Superposition . Deflection by Singularity Function . Deflection by Other Methods . Simple Beam Synthesis . Comparing Stresses and Deflections in Beams . Beam Stresses . Beam Deflection . Equivalent Loads on Simple Beams . Mathematical Model . Simple Stresses, Strains, and Deformations . Uniform Tension and Compression . Direct Uniform Shear xii Contents . Pure Bending . Shear Stress and Deformation Due to Torsion . Transverse Shear and Shear Flow . Shear Center . Combined Stresses . Plane Stress State . Mohr’s Circle . Principal Stresses and Principal Directions . Vector Space and Eigenvalue Problem . Stress Invariants I i . A Common Stress State . Triaxial Stress State . Stress Invariants I i . Applications in Plane Stress and Triaxial Stress States . Thin Pressure Cylinders . Thick Pressure Cylinders . Press and Shrink Fits . Contact Stresses . Curved Beams . Strain Energy and Deflection . Elastic Strain . Elastic Strain Energy . Castigliano’s Theorem and Deflections . Columns . Concentric Loading . Johnson’s Parabolic Equation . Eccentric Loading . Equivalent Element . Thermal Effects . Stress Concentration Factors . Finite Element Method . Axially Loaded Elements . Prismatic Beam Element . Constant Strain Triangle . General D State: Linear Elasticity Problem . General D FE Procedure . Errors in FE Modeling and Solution . Some Classical FE Packages . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Beam Synthesis Tablet . Column Synthesis Tablet . Optimum Stress Concentration . Optimum FE Prismatic Beams . Optimum FE Cantilever Beams . Summary Problems References Internet Links Contents xiii Materials Static and Dynamic Strength . Material Structure and Failure Modes . Basic Elements of Material . Material Failure Modes and Properties . Tensile Properties . Other Static Properties . Other Time-Dependent Properties . Numbering Systems and Designations . Carbon and Alloy Steels . Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . Other Alloys . Copper and Copper Alloys . Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys . Heat Treatment and Alloying Elements . Heat Treatment . Case Hardening . Effect of Alloying Elements . Material Propertied and General Applications . Cast Iron . Plain and Low-Alloyed Carbon Steels . Hot Rolled and Cold Drawn Plain-Carbon Steels . Strength and Hardness of Annealed and Normalized Plain Carbon Steels . Quenched and Tempered Plain Carbon Steels . Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steels . Structural Steel . Stainless Steel . Tool Steel . Other Nonferrous Metals . Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . Copper and Magnesium Alloys . Other Materials . Plastics . Composites . Particular Materials for Machine Elements . Standard Machine Elements . Synthesized or Designed Machine Elements . Hardness and Strength . Failure and Static Failure Theories . Maximum Normal Stress Theory . Maximum Shear Stress Theory . Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (von Mises) . Other Failure Theories . Comparison and Applications of Failure Theories . Fatigue Strength and Factors Affecting Fatigue . Fatigue Strength . Estimation of Endurance Limit . Estimation of Fatigue Strength . Factors Affecting Fatigue Strength xiv Contents . Surface Factor, Ksurf . Size Factor, Ksize . Loading Factor, Kload . Reliability Factor, Kreliab . Temperature Factor, Ktemp . Fatigue Concentration Factor, Kconc . Miscellaneous Factor, Kmiscel . Cumulative Fatigue Strength . Fluctuating Stresses . Fatigue Failure Criteria . Fracture Mechanics and Fracture Toughness . Stress Intensity Factor KI . Fracture Toughness: Critical Stress Intensity Factor KIC . Crack Propagation and Life . Crack Propagation and Real Case Study . Computer-Aided Selection and Optimization . Material Properties: Carbon Steel . Fatigue Strength and Factors Affecting Fatigue: Carbon Steel . Static Strength and Factors of Safety: Carbon Steel . Optimization for a Specific Factor of Safety: Carbon Steel . Summary Problems References Internet Links Material Selection Material Standards Introduction to Elements and System Synthesis . Introduction . Basic and Common Machine Elements . Couplings . Rigid Couplings . Flexible Couplings . Universal Joints . Keys, Pins, Retaining Rings, and Splines . Keys . Pins and Cotter Pins . Retaining Rings . Splines . Seals . Housings, Enclosures, Frames, and Chassis . Reverse Engineering . Sample Applications . Initial Bolt Synthesis . Initial Shaft Synthesis . Initial Bearing Synthesis . Computer-Aided Design Contents xv . System Synthesis . Computer-Aided Assembly . Summary Problems References Internet Links Producers and Providers Standards and Codes Part III Detailed Design of Machine Elements Section A Basic Joints and Machine Elements Screws, Fasteners, and Permanent Joints . Standards and Types . Thread Terminology and Designation . Joining Alternative Details . Stresses in Threads . Bolted Connections . Threads Under Simple Tensile Load . Preloading Due to Tightening . Tightening Torque . Bolt Strength in Static and Fatigue . Power Screws . Torque Requirements . Power Screw Efficiency . Stresses in Power Screws . Ball Screws . Permanent Joints . Welding . Welding Types and Symbols . Stresses in Welded Joints . Welding Strength . Resistance Welding . Bonded Joints . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Threads Under Simple Tensile Load . Preloading Due to Bolt Tightening . Preloading, Bolt Tightening, and Fatigue Strength . Power Screws . Permanent Weldment Joints . Optimization . Summary Problems References Internet Links xvi Contents Springs . Types of Springs . Helical Springs . Geometry, Definitions, and Configurations . Stresses and Deflections . Static Loading . Dynamic Loading . Buckling . Resonance . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design . Extension Springs . Torsion Springs . Leaf Springs . Stresses and Deflections . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design . Belleville Springs . Elastomeric and Other Springs . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Summary Problems References Internet: Information and Some Manufacturer Internet: Images Rolling Bearings . Bearing Types and Selection . Standard Dimension Series . Boundary Dimensions . Bearing Designation Number . Initial Design and Selection . Bearing Load . Bearing Life and Reliability . Load Distribution . Bearing Load Rating . Detailed Design and Selection . Static Loading . Combined Loading . Tapered Roller Bearings . Unsteady Loading . Detailed Design Procedure . Speed Limits . Lubrication and Friction . Mounting and Constructional Details Contents xvii . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Initial Ball Bearing Synthesis . Dynamic Load Rating Estimate . Ball Bearing Selection . Rolling Bearing Optimization . Summary Problems References Internet Journal Bearings . Lubricants . Lubricant Viscosity . Lubricant Selection . Stable Lubrication . Hydrodynamic Lubrication . Petroff’s Equation . Journal Bearings . Long Bearing . Short Bearing . Finite Length Bearing . Journal Bearing Design Procedure . Boundary and Mixed Lubrication . Plain Bearing Materials . CAD and Optimization . CAD of Bearing Synthesis Using Knowledge Base Practice . CAD of Bearing Synthesis Using an Optimization Approach . Journal Bearing Synthesis Tablet . Summary Problems References Internet Link Section B Power Transmitting and Controlling Elements Introduction to Power Transmission and Control . Prime Movers and Machines . Collinear and Noncollinear Transmission Elements . Power Control Elements . Computer-Aided Design of a Power Transmission System . Summary Problems References Spur Gears . Types and Utility . Definitions, Kinematics, and Standards xviii Contents . Force Analysis and Power Transmission . Design Procedure . Classical Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design . Material Set . Bending Fatigue . Surface Fatigue . Critical Speed . CAD and Optimization . Constructional Details . Gearboxes . Gear Trains . Planetary or Epicyclic Gear Trains . Summary Problems References Internet Links Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears . Helical Gears . Types and Utility . Definitions, Kinematics, and Standards . Force Analysis . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design . Bevel Gears . Definitions, Kinematics, and Standards . Force Analysis . Design Procedure . Initial Design . Detailed Design . Material Set and Safety Factor . Worm Gears . Definitions, Kinematics, and Standards . Force Analysis . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design . Material Set and Safety Factor . Gear Failure Regimes and Remedies . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Helical Gears Synthesis . Bevel Gears Synthesis . Worm Gears Synthesis Contents xix . Constructional Details . Summary Problems References Internet Links Flexible Elements . V-belts . V-belt Drive Relations . Standards and Geometric Relations . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design Process . Flat Belts . Drive Relations . Standards and Geometry Relations . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design Process . Ropes . Sizes and Properties . Wire Rope Strength . Other Wire Rope Properties . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design Process . Chains . Standards . Chain Size or Number . Chain Sprockets . Drive Relations . Set Dimensions and Constraints . Design Procedure . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design Process . Friction Drives . Flexible Shafts . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . V-belts Synthesis . Wire Rope Synthesis . Roller Chains Synthesis . Summary Problems References Internet Links xx Contents Shafts . Types of Shafts and Axles . Mathematical Model . Initial Design Estimate . Detailed Design . Design for Rigidity . Critical Speed . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Shaft Materials . Computer-Aided Design of Shafts . Optimum Design of Shafts . Constructional Details . Summary Problems References Internet Links Clutches, Brakes, and Flywheels . Classifications of Clutches and Brakes . Cone Clutches and Brakes . Uniform Pressure . Uniform Wear Rate . Disk Clutches and Brakes . Uniform Pressure . Uniform Wear Rate . Multi-disk Clutch-Brake . Uniform Pressure . Uniform Wear Rate . Initial Disk Clutch-Brake Synthesis . Caliper Disk Brakes . Energy Dissipation and Temperature Rise . Energy Dissipation . Temperature Rise . Design Process . Initial Synthesis . Detailed Design Process . Computer-Aided Design and Optimization . Flywheels . Constructional Details . Summary Problems References Internet Links Contents xxi Appendix A Figures and Tables A. Conversion Between US and SI Units A. Standard SI Prefixes A. Preferred Numbers and Sizes A. Standard Rods, or Bars A. Standard Joining and Retaining Elements A. Standard Sealing Elements A. Material Properties A. Standard Sections or Profiles and Section Properties Index Index Bold-italic numerals are for dedicated sections or variables in the text. Italic numerals are usually for variables in tables a Abrasion , Absolute system of units Absolute viscosity , Acme threads , Addendum , – , Adhesive bonding , AGMA factors , allowable bending stress numbers , allowable contact stress number , bending geometry factor , – , bending strength , – , contact geometry factor , , dynamic factor , – elastic coefficient , , – geometry factors , load-distribution factor , – , – , reliability factor , – , rim-thickness factor size factor , surface geometry factor , – temperature factor , AGMA gears bevel gears – , – helical gears , – , – , – quality number , spur gears – , – , – worm gears – , – Alignment , Allowance , Alloying , – , – , Alloy steels chromium , – , manganese , – , molybdenum , – nickel , – , numbering system – quenching , – , silicon , – , tempering , – , – , , tungsten , vanadium , – , Alternating stresses , – , , – , Aluminum , – , , – , – , – , – , , Aluminum alloys , – , – , – , properties Aluminum and aluminum alloys – , Aluminum Association (AA) , Aluminum brass Index Aluminum bronze , American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA) , American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) , approach , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , standard , – , – American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) , , American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) , , – , – , – , – , – , – , , – , – , , – , – , , American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) , American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) , American Welding Society (AWS) , – , standard – Analysis – , – , – , – , – , force – , – , – , – , – , – , stress , – , Angle of articulation Angle of twist , Angular contact bearing , , Angular velocity ratios Animation , Annealing , – , Anodizing Anti-friction Applications in plane stress and triaxial stress states – Applications of general materials – Applications to machine elements and systems – , – A quadratic optimization technique – Arc of contact , Arrow (weld symbol) Articulation angle ASM , – , – , – , – , – , , ASME , – , , – , – , – , – , – , – , , , – , – , – , – , , – , – , – , – , standard , – , ASME-elliptic (failure criteria) – , – , , – , ASM Handbook , Assemblies – , Assembly , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , , – , , – , – , , – , – , – , , – , – , – , ASTM , – , – , – , – , , , standard , Austenite – , Average lifetime , Average stress , – , , Average temperature , – , Axial load , , – , – , – , Axially loaded elements – Axial pitch , – Axle , – , b Babbitt Backlash – , – , Back-to-back (mounting) – , Ball bearing , – , – , – , – , – , – , selection synthesis , – , – , – Index Ball screws – , – Bars (standard) Base circles , – , – , – , – , – , Basic and common machine elements – Basic dynamic load rating – , Basic elements of material – Basic joints and machine elements Basic mechanical functions – Basic mountings of bearings Basic size (fits and tolerances) , Basic static load rating , Beam deflection – , Beams , – , – , – , – , , – , , curved , deflection , – , deflections by singularity functions , – , – , deflections by superposition shear force and bending moment , – , shear force and bending moment (shaft) – , shear stress , stresses , synthesis – , – , Beam stresses – Beam synthesis tablet , – Bearing alloys Bearing characteristic value , . See also Sommerfeld number Bearing designation number – Bearing fatigue , Bearing film pressure , Bearing film thickness , – , – , Bearing life – , – , – , – , recommendations for various classes of machinery reliability and life – Bearing life and reliability – Bearing load – Bearing load-life , Bearing load rating – Bearing lubricant film – , – , Bearing maximum film pressure , Bearing pressure , – , – , Bearings boundary dimensions (rolling bearings) , direct mounting indirect mountings of journal , – , – , – reliability , – , – , – , – , – , rolling , – , – , – , , selection , – , shields , stress – , – , suppliers , supports , synthesis , – , – , – , – , , types – , – , Bearing stress , Bearing types and selection – Belleville springs – , Belts , – , – , – centrifugal tension , cogged flat belts , – , round belts , – synthesis – , – tension , timing , – , V-belts – , – , – Bending factor , Bending fatigue (spur gears) – Bending moment , – , – , – , – , – , , – , – , – , , – , – , – , – , , – , – , – , – , – , – , , – , – , – , , – Bending strain energy – Index Bevel and worm gears – bevel gear force analysis – bevel gears – , – , – , synthesis (bevel gears) , – synthesis (worm gears) – , – worm gear force analysis – worm gears , – , – , – , , – , Bevel gears – synthesis – Bezier curves – Bezier surfaces or patches – Blanking , Blending function , – , – , , Body geometry and vertices Body transformation – Bolted connections – Bolted joints , Bolt elongation Bolt preload – , Bolts loosening Bolt strength – , – in static and fatigue – Bolt synthesis – , Bolt tightening torque – Bonded joints – Bottom land , Boundary and mixed lubrication – Boundary conditions axisymmetric beam and bearing supports – , , critical speeds finite element analysis , – , – , – , geometric long columns multipoint constraint equations , simply supported beams – , – Boundary dimensions (for bearings) – , Boundary lubrication – , – , Boundary representation (B-rep) , – , Brake lining Brakes – , – , – , – , – caliper , – , – , cone , disk or disc , – , – materials – , – , optimization , – synthesis – , – Brake shoes Brass – , Break-even point Brinell hardness , – , – , – , – , – , Brittle Coulomb-Mohr theory , – , Brittle fracture , – , Brittle materials , fatigue strength maximum-normal-stress theory – , – modified Mohr theory , – , Bronze , tin-bronze , B-spline curves – B-spline surfaces – Bubble charts (Ashby) , Buckingham theory , Buckingham wear load , Buckling , – , – , Bushing , Busines measure , Butt weld – c CAD (machine elements) , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – CAD and geometric modeling – CAD/CAM/CAE and advanced systems CAD hardware and software CAD of bearing synthesis using an optimization approach – CAD of bearing synthesis using knowledge base practice – CAD packages , – , – , – , CAD software – , – , Calculation error Calculations and significant figures – , Calculation tools – , Caliper brakes , – , – , – , – Caliper Disk Brakes – Index Cams , Camshafts , – , – , Cap screws – Carbon and alloy steels – Carbon content , – , – , – , , – , Carbon steel – , – , – , properties – Carburization Case hardening – , Case study , – Case study (Jib-crane) , – bearing selection – , – , – , – , – conceptual layout design for stress – , – , – , – force analysis – problem specification , shaft layout speed specification synthesis – , – , – , – , – Castigliano’s theorem – , – and deflections – Casting , – , – , , – Casting materials cast iron , cast steels , ductile and nodular cast iron , gray cast iron , malleable cast iron , white cast iron , Casting or molding – Cast iron , properties Cast steels Catalog dynamic load rating , – Catastrophic (failure) , Catenary geometry Cementite – Center distance , – , – , Centipoise , Centrifugal castings Centrifugal force , Centroidal axis , – , – , Cermet friction material Chain dimensions – , Chains , – , – Chain size or number – Chain sprockets Chain velocity , – , Charpy test , Chordal speed variation , Chrome silicon wire , Chrome vanadium wire , Chromium , – , – , , Chromium-nickel stainless steel Circular pitch , – , – , – , – , – , – Classical design process Classical FE Packages , Classical procedure (spur gear design) – Classification of optimization – Classifications of clutches and brakes Clearance , – , – , – , , – , – , , diametral , – , – , – , – , radial , – , ratio , – , – Close running fit , Clutch-brake – , – , – , – energy dissipation and temperature rise – Clutches , – , – , – cone – disk , – , – energy dissipation and temperature rise – friction materials – , multi-disk (multiple disk) – , – , – types Clutches, brakes, and flywheels – , – Codes – , – , Codes and standards , – , Index Coefficient of friction , – , – , – , – , – , – , , – , – of journal bearing , – , – , , of rolling bearing Coefficient of speed fluctuation , Cognitive design process , Coining , Cold drawing Cold forming Cold rolling , Cold working , Cold working processes Cold working tools Collinear and noncollinear transmission elements – Color specification system – Color use – Columns , – , defined – eccentric loading – end condition – , – Euler column formula – , – Johnson’s parabolic equation , – long – secant formula – , synthesis , Column synthesis tablet Combinations loading , – , Combined loading – Combined radial and axial loading Combined stresses – Commercial FE packages , Commercial packages Communication , Comparing stresses and deflection in beams – Comparison and applications of failure theories – Comparison of optimum constrained methods Comparison of unconstrained optimization methods Composite materials , – , – , , Composites – Compression springs – , – buckling – design procedure – geometry, definitions, and configurations – resonance – stresses and deflection – synthesis – , – Compressive stress , – , , – , – , Computer aided assembly Computer aided design (CAD) – , – , – and optimization – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – of a power transmission system – of shafts – software , Computer-aided engineering (CAE) , Computer aided selection and optimization – Computing vertex and surface normals – Concentric loading – , – , Conceptual , Cone , – Cone angle , – , – , Cone clutches – Cone clutches and brakes – uniform pressure – uniform wear Conical springs – Conjugate direction , – Conjugate gradient , – , Constant angular-velocity ratio Constant-force springs , Constant strain triangle – Constrained optimization sample – Constructional details – , – , – , – Constructive solid geometry (CSG-rep) , Contact fatigue strength , – , – , – , , – Contact fatigue stress , – , – , – , – , – , Contact geometry factor , , Contact ratio , – , – , – Contact strength – , – , – , Index Contact stresses – , – , , cylindrical contact , spherical contact Conversion between US and SI Units (Appendix) – Convex–Concave property Coordinate transformation , – , Copper alloys , – , – , Copper and Magnesium alloys Copper base alloys Corrosion , – , – , – , , – , Corrosion resistant Cost , – , , – , – , computational – and economy , maintenance manufacturing , material , minimum – , optimum , – , overhead production , reasonable , reduce , running specific (cost/weight) total cost , unit , Cost and Economy Coulomb-Mohr theory , – , Couplings , – , – , – clutching flexible – , – , rigid – , synthesis – , universal (Cardan, Hooke’s) – Crack growth , – Crack initiation – , Crack propagation and life – Crack propagation and real case study – Cracks , critical cycles to failure , – , – fatigue crack growth fracture mechanics , – growth , – initial size , initiation – , instability , metal spraying opening – propagation – , – , quenching sliding mode stress intensity factor , – tearing mode zones I, II, III – , Creep , – , Critical buckling load , Critical load – , Critical locations , Critical or resonance frequency , Critical speed , – , Critical stress , – , – , intensity factor – , Critical unit load , Crowned pulleys – Crowning Crystal arrangement or structure – C-section properties – Cumulative fatigue damage Cumulative fatigue strength Cups Curvature effect , Curved beams – , Cycles to failure , – , – Cylindrical contact , Cylindrical or plain roller bearings , – , d Damping coefficient Data structure – Dedendum – , – , Definitions, kinematics and standards Bevel gears – helical gears – Index Definitions, kinematics and standards (contd.) spur gears – worm gears – Deflection – , – , angular , – , beam – , bolt Castigliano’s theorem – , – critical , due to torsion – maximum , operating , – , – , spring rates , statically indeterminate – , – , – uniform tension and compression Deflection by integration – Deflection by other methods Deflection by singularity function – Deflection by superposition – Deformation Deformation (manufacturing) – , Deformation and beam Deformation due to torsion – Design and development case study Design considerations – Design factors – constructional details , – , – , – , – cost and economy , performance , safety and reliability , Design for rigidity (shafts) – Design of a gear set Design of power transmission system (CAD) – Design procedure , – , bevel gears – bolts (initial) – chains – clutches-brakes – flat belts – helical gears – helical springs – joining elements (CAD) – journal bearings – leaf springs – power screws – rolling bearings – screws (CAD) – shafts – spur gears – V-belts – weldments (CAD) – wire ropes – worm gears – Design requirements , Design synthesis , – , – , , . See also Initial synthesis Design tools (calculation) – Design vector D Detailed design – bevel gears – chains – clutches-brakes flat belts – helical springs – leaf springs – machine elements – rolling bearings – ropes – shafts – spur gears – V-belts – worm gears Detailed design and selection rolling bearings – Detailed design procedure – Detailed design process chains – clutches-brakes flat belts – ropes – V-belts – Deviation calculations flexibility fundamental (tolerances and fit) – , – , – , – , optimization – standard (probability) – , Diameter series Diametral clearance – , – , – , – , Index Diametral pitch , – , – , , – , – , , – , – , – , Die castings , Diffuse illumination , – Dimensional considerations in analytical design “Nondimensionalization” – Dimensions and tolerances Directional characteristics Direct methods for constrained problems – Direct uniform shear , Discontinuities Disk brakes , caliper – uniform pressure – uniform wear – , – Disk clutches – and brakes – uniform pressure – uniform wear rate – Displacement , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , , Distortion energy theory (von Mises) – , – , – , Distribution normal , uniform , Weibull – , – , Double-enveloping worm gear Double helical (herringbone gear) – , – , Double-helical gear , – , Double lap joints Double row bearing – , Double thread screw Dowel pins , Drawing exchange format (DXF) – Drawings – , Drive relations – , – , – Drum brake Ductile and nodular cast iron Ductile cast iron , Ductile materials , – , – , , ASME elliptic for – , – , – , Coulomb-Mohr theory for , – , distortion-energy theory for maximum shear stress theory , – , – , , Ductility , – , – , Dynamic effect , Dynamic factor , – , – Dynamic loading , – , – , – , – , , Dynamic load rating estimate Dynamic viscosity , – , e Eccentricity , – , – , – , – , – , Eccentricity ratio – , – , – , – , Eccentric loading – Economics , – , break-even point standard sizes Effect of alloying elements Efficiency , belts chains energy friction gears gear set , – , – optimization , planetary gears power screw , – power transmission – , – , screw , – space thread , – transmission elements , weld joint , worm gears , – , – Eigenvalue , – , Eigenvector , Elastic coefficient , – , , – Index Elastic deformation Elasticity , composite linear , matrix , modulus of , – , – , – , , – , – , – , , – , – , , – , – , – , , – , photoelasticity , rope , theory , Elastic limit – , Elastic loading Elastic stability , Elastic strain , – , Elastic strain energy – Elastohydrodynamic lubrication , , – , Elastomeric and other Springs Electrolytic plating Element geometry , Enclosures , – , End condition constant , – , – End conditions , End configuration (spring) , Endurance limit , – , – , – , – , , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , estimation of Endurance limit affecting factors – . See Fatigue strengths and factors affecting fatigue Energy consideration (flywheels) – Energy dissipation , and temperature rise – Energy method. See Castigliano’s theorem Engineering stress , – , Engineering stress-strain diagram – Epicyclic gear trains , Equations of flywheel energy – Equilibrium , – , , Equilibrium and free body diagram , , Equivalent beam , – , Equivalent bending load , – , Equivalent element – Equivalent stress , Equivalent von Mises stresses , , Errors in FE modeling and solution Estimation of endurance limit Estimation of fatigue strength Euler column – Euler column formula Eutectic – Evaluation derivative , – design , digital function – Extension springs – External loads , Extreme pressure lubricants Extrusion , – , f Face bold (vectors) , cross section , – to face – , shading , surface , – , tooth , – Face load distribution factor , – , – , – , – , – , Face width (gears) , – , – , – , – , , optimum , – , – , , Factor of safety , – , – , static Factors affecting fatigue strength – Failure of brittle materials of ductile materials , Index Failure and static failure theories – comparison and applications of failure theories – Coulomb-Mohr theory , – , maximum distortion energy theory (von Mises) – , maximum normal stress theory – , – , maximum shear stress theory – , – , Modified Mohr , – , Mohr’s theory Failure criteria (fatigue) Fasteners , – , – , – Fatigue crack growth , Fatigue ductility coefficient , Fatigue ductility exponent , Fatigue failure , – , – , – , – criteria – cumulative , endurance limit , – , – , – , – , equation , factors affecting – , – strain-life , – stress-life , surface – , torsional , Fatigue limit. See also Endurance limit Fatigue loading , – , – Fatigue safety factor , . See also Factor of safety Fatigue strength , – . See Fatigue strength and factors affecting fatigue allowable (gear) – coefficients contact (gear) – , cumulative estimation of estimation of endurance limit and factors affecting (carbon steel) – and factors of safety (carbon steel) – of a machine part , preloading, bolt tightening and – spur gears – Fatigue strength and factors affecting fatigue – , fatigue concentration factor – loading factor MATLAB code – , miscellaneous factor – reliability factor size factor – surface factor – temperature factor Fatigue stress concentration factor , – , , FBD . See also Free body diagram Felt seal Ferrite , – , Filler – , Fillet radius , – Fillet welds – , – , Film pressure , Finishing , Finite element (FE) , , codes or packages , – Finite element method , – , about , – axially loaded elements – boundary conditions , – , – , – , – , element geometries errors in FE modeling and solution general D state: linear elasticity problem – load application – mesh generation – optimization – , – prismatic beam element – some classical FE packages – synthesis – , thermal effects , – , Finite length bearing – , Finite life , Fits , clearance , interference , preferred , shrink , and tolerances , Index Flat belts , – , Fletcher-Reeves conjugate gradient , – , , – Flexibility , – , , Flexible couplings – Flexible elements – chains – flat belts – flexible shafts – friction drives ropes – V-belts – Flexible shafts – Fluctuating stresses – ASME elliptic – equivalent von Mises fatigue diagram fatigue failure criteria for – Gerber parabolic – Goodman – torsional fatigue Fluid lubrication Flywheels , – , – , – , , energy variation – inertia – , – Force , – , , – , , – , – , Force analysis , bevel gears – flat belts – helical gears , – MATLAB code , – , and power transmission – shafts – , spur gears – V-belts , – welds worm gears – Force analysis and power transmission (spur gears) – Force fit – Forging , Forming , – , , Formulation of optimization problem – Fracture mechanics , – , brittle fracture. See Brittle fracture in design – , fracture toughness , – safety factor , stress intensity factor KIC – Fracture mechanics and fracture toughness – crack propagation and life – crack propagation and real case study – fracture toughness: critical stress intensity factor – stress intensity factor – Fracture toughness , – , – , Fracture toughness–critical stress intensity factor KIC – , Free-body diagram , – , – , – , – , , – , Free cutting , Free form parametric curves and surfaces – Bezier curves – Bezier surfaces or patches – B-spline curves – B-spline surfaces – NURBS – surface patches and curves – Free running fit , Frequency (natural) , – , Frequency distribution , Fretting corrosion , Friction coefficient , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – Friction coefficient variable (journal bearings) , Friction drives Friction materials , Friction variable , – Full bearing , Index Full film lubrication Fundamental deviation – , – , , Fundamental frequency , Fundamentals , – , – , g Gasket – , Gauge length , Gaussian or normal distribution , Gear bending fatigue – , – Gearboxes , – , – , , Gear failure regimes and remedies Gear hobbing Gear meshing Gears – AGMA factors. See AGMA factors bevel – , contact ratio , – , – features – force analysis. See Force analysis gear teeth formation , – , – gear trains. See Gear trains helical – , interference , – , involute profile – spur – stresses. See Gear bending fatigue, and Gear surface fatigue synthesis. See Gear synthesis tooth specification worm – , Gear surface fatigue – , – Gear synthesis – , – , – , – Gear teeth manufacturing – Gear trains , – , – Gear wear General D FE procedure – General D state: linear elasticity problem – General D stress state , – Generalized system modeling – Generalized variables Geometric and global operations Geometric computations Geometric construction and FE analysis – Geometry, definitions, and configurations (springs) – Geometry factor (gears) , bending , – , – , – , , contact (surface) , – , – , , Gerber fatigue criteria – , Golden Section (Euclid) – Goodman fatigue criteria – , – , – , – , Goodman line Gradient projection method – heuristic – Gray cast iron , Grinding , Grip , Grooved pulley , h Hardness , – , Brinell (HB), – , – , – , – , – , properties , Rockwell (HRB, HRC) , – , – , , and strength – Harmonic Heading , Heat dissipation , – , Heat generation – Heat treatment , – , – , , – , – , – , annealing , – , case hardening – , normalizing – , quenching , – , – , , tempering , – , – , , Heat treatment and alloying elements – case hardening – effect of alloying elements heat treatment – Index Helical gears , – , – definitions, kinematics, and standards – design procedure – detailed design – force analysis – optimum – , – synthesis – , – types and utility – Helical springs , – , – , buckling – design procedure – geometry, definitions, and configurations – materials – optimum – , – resonance – stresses and deflections – synthesis – , – , – Helical torsion springs , – , – Helix angle bevel gears helical gears – , – , optimum , springs , – , – , threads , worm gears , – Hertzian contact endurance strength , Hertzian stresses – , Heuristic gradient projection method, HGP , – , – , – , – , , – Hexagonal nut High-cycle fatigue , Hobbing , Hole basis (fits) Homogeneous coordinates versus Cartesian coordinates – Hooke’s Law , – Hoop stress , Hot melts Hot rolled and cold drawn plain-carbon steels – Hot working , Housings, enclosures, frames, and chassis , – Human-machine characteristics – Hydraulic clutch-brake Hydrodynamic lubrication – , journal bearings – Petroff’s equation – Hydrostatic lubrication Hypoid gears i Idler pulleys IGES file format Impact properties Impact value , Inch pound second system [in lb s] , Inequality constraints problem – Initial crack size , Initial synthesis ball bearings – bearings – bolts – chains – disk clutch-brake – , flat belts – helical gears – journal bearings rolling bearings – ropes shafts – , – spur gears – V-belts – worm gears – Initial tension (belts) , – Injection or blow molding Interference – and collision , – fits – , gears , – , splines Internal drum shoe brake Internal friction theory Internal gear , Internal shear force , – , – , , – , International System of Units (SI) , International tolerance grade , Interpolation – fitting, regression, or trend – , – , – , – , – , , – , – , , – , linear – , quadratic (optimization) – , shading , Index Intersections – a line with a plane three planes two lines – two planes – Introduction elements and system synthesis optimization – , Introduction to computer aided techniques – Introduction to design – Introduction to elements and system synthesis – Investment casting , Involute curve Involute helicoid – , Involute profile , – Involute properties Involute spline , – , – , – , I-section properties – Isotropic material , IT grade number (tolerance) , Izod impact j Johnson’s equation , – , – Joining , – , – , Joints – bolts – bolt stiffness , bolt tightening bonded , – CAD and optimization – gasket – , members – , – , – , – , optimization riveted separation stresses , – , – , – , – , – , – , synthesis – , – , – , – welding – , – , Journal bearings – boundary and mixed lubrication – CAD and optimization – hydrodynamic lubrication – journal bearing design procedure – lubricants – plain bearing materials – synthesis , – , – , – , – synthesis tablet – k Keys , – , – , design safety factors , standards Keys, pins, retaining rings, and splines – , – CAD – keys. See Keys pins and cotter pins – retaining rings – splines – Keyway , Keyway dimensions , Kinematic viscosity , Kinetic energy (flywheel) , – Kuhn-Tucker conditions – , – lL (life) – , – , – , – Labyrinth seals , Laminates Lapping , Lap-shear joints Leaded brasses Leaf springs , – CAD and optimization design procedure – detailed design – initial synthesis – materials stresses and deflections – Leakage (side) , – , Length to diameter ratio , – , – , – , – Lewis equation – , – , Lewis form factor , – , – , Lifetime , Light beam , Limits , Limits and fits Linear elastic fracture mechanics Linearized ridge path method – , Linear regression Linear spring Index Line elements Line of action – , – , Line of contact Lines , – , – Load application factor – , – , , – , – , – , – Load distribution (rolling bearings) – Load distribution factor , – , – , – , – , – , Load eccentricity , Load factor , – , Loading factor , Load-life (bearing) , Load line – , Loads and stresses , Load-sharing ratio , – Loads, shear, moment, slope, and deflection – beam deflection – beam stresses – comparing stresses and deflections in beams – deflection by integration – deflection by other methods deflection by singularity function – deflection by superposition – external and internal loads – pure bending – simple beam synthesis – Location clearance (fit) , – , Location interference (fit) – , Logarithmic strain Long bearing – , Long columns – Loose running fit Loose-side force , Low-cycle fatigue , – , Lower deviation – , L-section properties – Lubricants – flow of , lubricant selection – lubricant viscosity – temperature rise , – viscosity Lubrication , boundary and mixed – , and friction – journal bearings , – , – , – , – , – , – roller chain rolling bearings , – shaft construction spur gears stable lubrication – thick film m Machining – Magnesium , – , – , , Magnetic clutches Major diameter , – , – , Malleable cast iron , Manganese , – , – , , Manson-Coffin equation – Manson’s discussion , Manufacturing processes – casting or molding – deformation – joining machining – surface and heat treatment – D printing or additive manufacturing – tolerances, surface finish, and fits – Marin relation , Martensite , Martensitic – , – , Material failure modes and properties Material properties – Material properties: carbon steel – Material selection , – , Material set – basic machine elements bevel gears – helical gear shafts spur gears – worm gears Materials static and dynamic strength – Index Material structure and failure modes – basic elements of material – other static properties other time-dependent properties – Material tensile properties – Mathematical model – , – , – generalized system modeling – initiation and adoption – of loads and material variation – Mating materials MATLAB – MATLAB codes , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – Matrices – Maximum distortion energy theory (von Mises) Maximum film pressure , Maximum normal stress theory – Maximum shear stress theory – Mean coil diameter , Mechanical springs. See Springs Median life Medium drive (fit) – Members (joints). See Joints members Mesh , – Mesh generation (FE) – Metal spraying Methods of optimization – Mid-span load , Milling , – , – , Miner’s rule , Minimum film thickness , – , – , – , – , Minimum film thickness ratio , – , , – , – Minor diameter , – , Misalignment – , – , Miscellaneous factor , – , , Mixed-film lubrication , – Modeling module , – Modeling of loading and material variations – Modeling technique , Modified Goodman – , – , , Modified Goodman diagram , Modified Mohr theory , – , Module , – , – , – , – , normal , – , optimum , – , – , – , – standard , – , , transverse , – Modulus of elasticity , , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , – , Modulus of elasticity of rope , – , Modulus of resilience Modulus of rigidity , – , , – , Modulus of rupture Mohr’s circle – , – Mohr’s circle diagram – Mohr’s circle for plane stress – Mohr’s circle radius , Mohr’s theory (failure) – Molded friction material , Molybdenum , – , Moment loadings Moments , applied , bending – , , – , – , equilibrium of external , – internal , – , second area , – , twisting Mounting and constructional details (rolling bearings) – Multidimensional classical indirect approach – equality constrained problem – inequality constraints problem – unconstrained problem – Index Multidimensional constrained problem – comparison of optimum constrained methods constrained optimization sample – direct methods for constrained problems eliminating constraints by transformation exterior penalty functions – gradient projection method – heuristic gradient projection method (hgp) – interior penalty functions – Kuhn–tucker conditions – Multidimensional unconstrained problem – comparison of unconstrained optimization methods fletcher–reeves conjugate gradient – linearized ridge path method – newton–raphson method – Powell’s method of conjugate directions – quasi-newton methods – random search methods steepest descent method – univariate method – Multi-disk clutch-brake , – , uniform pressure uniform wear rate Multiple thread , Multi-terminal components – n Natural frequencies , Needle bearings Neuber constant , – , – Neutral axis – , – , – , – , Neutral plane Newton-Raphson method , – , – Newton’s law for viscosity Newton’s laws Nickel , – , , Nodes – , – , – , – , – , Noise , Nomenclature of worm gears – Nominal size (pipes) , – Noncircular cross sections – Nondimensionalization – Nonferrous metals , aluminum and aluminum alloys – copper and copper alloys – magnesium and magnesium alloys Nonlinear spring Normal circular pitch , – Normal diametral pitch. See Diametral pitch Normal distribution , Normalizing , – Normal stresses , beams , – , bolts and threads – , – FE, – leaf springs power screw – , shafts , – , – , – welds , wire ropes , – Normal tooth force , – , – , – , – , – , – Notch sensitivity , Notch sensitivity factor , Numbering systems and designations (materials) – Number of cycles to failure , NURBS , – , – , – Nuts , – , – , – , , o Objective function definition Oil flow Oil temperature – , – , Opening crack mode – Optimization – applications to machine elements and systems – multidimensional: classical indirect approach – multidimensional constrained problem – multidimensional unconstrained problem – searches in one direction – Optimization fields – Optimization for a specific factor of safety: carbon steel – Optimum design of shafts – Index Optimum FE cantilever beams – Optimum FE prismatic beams – Optimum stress concentration O-rings , – , Orthographic projection Output power – , Overload , Overrunning clutches p Palmgren-Miner’s rule Palmgren rule , Parabolic equation , – , , Parallel-axis theorem – Parametric modeling – bilinear surfaces – curves and surfaces – free-form curves and surfaces – lines – planes – Parent loop , Parent material , – , Paris and Erdogan law , Partial bearing , – , Particular materials for machine elements – Partitioning , – , Pattern , – Pearlite – , Peel stresses Performance , Permanent joints – bonded joints – butt and fillet welds – resistance welding , welding – welding symbols – weldments (CAD) – Permanent mold castings – Permissible bending stress. See AGMA factors, allowable bending stress numbers Permissible contact stress number. See AGMA factors, allowable contact stress numbers Perspective – , – Peterson stress concentration factors , Petroff’s equation – , – , Phases of design – Phosphor bronze , – , Photoelasticity , Piecewise polynomials splines , Pinion bending fatigue stress Pinion contact fatigue stress Pinions generation , Pinion shaft , Pinions virtual number of teeth , Pinions with small number of teeth Pins and cotter pins – , Pitch circles – , Pitch cone , Pitch diameters , – , – , – , , Pitches – , Pitch length , Pitch line velocity , – , – , – , , Pitch point velocity , – , – , – , – , – Pitch radius , Pitting , – , – , Pitting resistance – , Plain and low-alloyed carbon steels – Plain bearing materials – Plain bearings , – Plain ends – , Plane strain fracture toughness , Plane stress , – Plane stress state – Planetary or epicyclic gear trains – Planet carrier , – , Planet gears Plastics – , – , Plastic strain , Pneumatic , Point in space Point of contact Poise , Poisson’s ratio , – , , – Polished , – Polymeric (adhesives) Population (statistic) Positioning , Potential energy , Pound force Index Pound mass , Powder-metallurgy , Powell’s conjugate directions – Power and speed Power and torquer Power control elements – Power ratings – , Power screws – ball screws – CAD – efficiency stresses – torque requirements – Power transmission cases. See Gearboxes Power transmitting , – , Preferred numbers and sizes , Preload , – , Preloading , – , – , , Preloading, bolt tightening, and fatigue strength (CAD) – Preloading due to tightening – , Presentation – , – , Presentation editing , – , Press and shrink fits – Press fitted . See also Force fit Pressure angle , – , – , , – , – , – , – , Pressure cone angle – , Pressure sensitive adhesive Prime movers and machines Principal directions , – , – , , Principal shear stress Principal stresses , – , – , , – , , – Prismatic beam element (FE) – Probability density function Probability distribution , normal (Gaussian) Weibull – Probability of failure , reliability and Problem definition Procedures for constructing a single solid – Product life cycle Proof load Proof strength , – , – , , Proportional limit , Pulleys , – , – , – Punch press Pure bending – , – Pure color Pure shear Pure tension , q Quadratic Interpolation – , – , , Quality numbers , Quasi-Newton methods , – , Quenched and tempered low-alloy steels Quenched and tempered plain carbon steels – Quenching , – , – , , Quenching and tempering , – , r Rack , – Radial clearance – , – , – , Radial clearance ratio , Random search methods Random variables Rating life – , – , Realistic presentations – Rectangular section – , – , – , – , Regression , – , – , – , Relative velocity Reliability , – , – , – , – safety and Reliability factor , – , , – , Reliability-life Rendering and animation – Rendering process – Index Repeated stress Research and development process in product cycle – Residual stresses , – , Resilience – , Resistance welding , Resonance – Resultant force , – , – , – Retaining rings , – Reverse engineering Reversing pulley Reyn (viscosity unit) , Reynolds’ equation (fluid) – Right-hand rule , Rigid couplings – Rim , Rim thickness factor Ring gear , Rivets , – , , Roark’s formulas Rockwell hardness , – , – , Rolled threads Roller chain lubricant Roller chains , – , standards – synthesis – Rolling bearings – bearing life – , – , – , , – , bearing load – bearing types and selection – CAD and optimization
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