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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب The CNC Handbook الأربعاء 19 يناير 2022, 2:11 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The CNC Handbook Hans B. Kief Helmut a. Roschiwal Karsten Schwarz
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword Part 1 Introduction to Cnc Technology 1 Historical Development of Numerical Control Production Germany after World War II Rebuilding the German Machine Tool Industry Machine Tool Industry in Eastern Germany Worldwide Changes Advancement of the German Machine Tool Industry The Japanese Influence The Crisis in Germany Causes and EffectsFlexible Manufacturing Systems World Economic Crisis of 2009 Situation and Outlook Conclusion 2 Milestones in the Development of Numerical Control 3 What Is NC and CNC? The Path to NC Hardware Software Control Methods NC AxesProgrammable Logic Controllers Interface Section Computers and NC NC Programs Programming Data Input Operation Summary Important Points to Remember PART 2 FUNCTIONS OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS 4 Positional Data Input IntroductionAxis Designations Closed-Loop Position Control Position Measurement Simple Diagnosis of Measurement Devices Compensations Important Points to Remember 5 Switching Functions Explanations Tool Change Tool Changing at Milling Machines and Machining Centers Tool Changing on the Lathe Tool Location CodingWorkpiece Change Spindle Speed Change Feed Rate Summary Important Points to Remember 6 Operating Functions of Numerical Control Systems Definition Basic Functions of CNC Special Functions of CNC Systems Dynamic Collision Monitoring Integrated Safety Concepts for CNC Machines Condition Monitoring and Machine Data CollectionDisplays in CNC Systems Touch Operation of the CNC System Open Controls Price Consideration Advantages of Newest CNC Developments Summary Important Points to Remember 7 Programmable-Logic Controllers (PLCs) Definition Origins of PLC Structure and Functions of PLCs Data Buses and Field BusesAdvantages of PLCs PLC Programming and Documentation Program Program Memory PLCs, CNC Systems, and PCs in Integrated Operation Selection Criteria for PLCs Summary Comparison Tables CNC/PLC Important Points to Remember 8 Effects of CNC on Machine Components Machine ConfigurationMachine Frames Guides Machine Enclosures Coolant Supply Chip Removal Summary Important Points to Remember PART 3 ELECTRICAL DRIVES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS 9 Drive Control for CNC Machine Tools Definition Mechanical Axis Analog ControlAnalog versus Digital Position Control Digital Intelligent Drive Technology Controller Types and Controlling Behavior Loop Gain and Factor Precontrol Frequency Converter Summary Important Points to Remember 10 Feed Drives for CNC Machine Tools Requirements for Feed Drives Types of Feed Drives Types of Linear MotorsAdvantages/Disadvantages of Linear Drives Connection of the Drives to the CNC System Encoder Summary Important Points to Remember 11 Main Spindle Drives Requirements for Main Spindle Drives Types of Main Spindle Drives Designs of Main Spindle Drives Types of Three-Phase Synchronous Motors Advantages and Disadvantages of Three-Phase Synchronous MotorsImportant Points to Remember 12 Dimensioning of Drives for Machine Tools Procedure Example Dimensioning of Main Spindle Drives Example Summary Important Points to Remember 13 Mechanical Layout of the Main Spindle Based on the Process Parameters Motor Selection Bearings LubricationMachining Processes Requirements for the Main Spindle in Terms of Industry 4.0 Important Points to Remember PART 4 KINDS OF CNC MACHINES 14 CNC Machine Tools Machining Centers, Milling Machines Lathes Grinding Machines Gear-Cutting Machines Drilling Machines Sawing MachinesLaser Machining Systems Punching and Nibbling Machines Tube-Bending Machines Electrical-Discharge Machines Wire EDM Electron-Beam Machines Water-Jet Cutting Machines Multitasking Machines Measuring and Testing Summary Important Points to Remember 15 Additive Manufacturing ProcessesIntroduction Definition Process Chain Classification of Additive Manufacturing Processes Introduction to the Principal Layer Manufacturing Processes Advantages of Additive Manufacturing Summary Important Points to Remember 16 Flexible Manufacturing Systems Definition Flexible Manufacturing Cells. Flexible Manufacturing SystemsTechnical Characteristics of FMSs Application Criteria for FMSs Manufacturing Principles Machine Selection and Layout Workpiece Transport Systems CNC Systems Suitable for Flexible Manufacturing Host Computers in FMSs Economic Advantages of FMSs Problems and Risks in the Design of FMSs Flexibility and Complexity. Simulation of FMSs Production Planning SystemsSummary Important Points to Remember 17 Industrial Robots and Handling Introduction What Is an Industrial Robot?. Structure of Industrial Robots Mechanical Elements/Kinematics Gripper or Effector CNC Systems Safe Robot Technology ProgrammingSensors Application Examples for Industrial Robots CNC-Robot Machining and Machine Tool Automation Robot with CNC Requirements Application Criteria for Industrial Robots Summary and Outlook Important Points to Remember 18 Energy-Efficient, Cost-Effective Fabrication Introduction What Is Energy Efficiency? Work Floor MachinerySpecial Case: Machining Centers Energy-Efficient NC Programs Options of the Machine Manufacturer Options for the User Reactive Power Compensation What Is Reactive Power? Summary Outlook Important Points to Remember PART 5 TOOLS IN CNC PRODUCTION 19 Tool Construction IntroductionRequirements Outline of Tools Machine-Based Tool Holders Modular Tool Systems Adjustable Tools Thread Milling Custom Tools Tool Selection Important Points to Remember 20 Tool Management. Motives for Introduction Evaluation of a Tool Management System.Assessment of Solutions. Introduction of a Tool Management System Outline Integration Tool Identification Retrieving Tools Tool Classification Tool Components Complete Tools Tool Lists Operations Tool PresettingTool Logistics Electronic Tool Identification Summary Important Points to Remember 21 Machine-Integrated Workpiece Measurements and Process Control Introduction Starting Points for Process Control Areas of Application of Workpiece and Tool Measuring Systems Workpiece Measurement Systems for Machine Tools Important Points to Remember22 Machine-Integrated Workpiece Measurements in Series Production Introduction Bore-Measuring Heads for Shortest Measuring Times in Bore Production. Roughness-Measuring Devices for the Automated Surface Test Digilog Probe for Digital and Analog Data Acquisition Highest Productivity with Simultaneous Measurement Summary Important Points to Remember 23 Laser-Based Tool Monitoring Introduction Tool Breakage Monitoring Single-Cutting-Edge ControlMeasurement of HSC Tools Combined Laser Measurement Systems Summary Important Points to Remember PART 6 NC PROGRAM AND PROGRAMMING 24 The CNC Program Definitions Structure of the NC Program. Program Structure, Syntax, and Semantics Miscellaneous (M) Functions Positioning DataPreparatory (G) Functions Machining Cycles Zero Points and Reference Points Transformations Tool Corrections DXF Converter High-Level Language Programming Summary Important Points to Remember 25 Programming CNC Machines. Definition of NC Programming Programming MethodsCAM-Based CNC Machining Strategies User-Friendly Graphics CNC Identical Programming Systems Selection of the Appropriate Programming System Summary Important Points to Remember 26 NC Programming Systems Introduction Changing Machining Processes Area of Application Sets the Priorities Input Data from Different Sources Scope of a Modern Computer-Aided Programming (CAP) SystemHigh-Level Data Models CAM-Oriented Geometry Manipulation High-Performance Machining Strategies Are Paramount Adaptive Processing 3D Models Offer More 3D Interfaces Innovation with Feature Technology Automation of NC Programming Tools Clamping Planning and Definition of the Sequence The Importance of Simulation PostprocessorGenerated Data and Interfaces with the Machine Tools Summary Important Points to Remember 27 Manufacturing Simulations Introduction Qualitative Classification of Systems Components of a Simulation Scenario Procedure for NC Simulations Integrated Simulation Systems Fields of Application SummaryImportant Points to Remember PART 7 FROM COMPANY INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO INDUSTRY 4.0 28 DNC: Direct Numerical Control or Distributed Numerical Control Definition Functions of DNC Application Criteria for DNC Systems Data Communication with CNC Systems Methods for Requesting Programs DNC Systems Currently Available Network Technology for DNC Systems Advantages of Using Networks NC Program ManagementAdvantages of DNC Operation Cost-Effectiveness of DNC Current State and Trends Summary Important Points to Remember 29 LANs: Local-Area Networks Introduction Local-Area Networks (LANs) What Is Information? Characteristics and Features of LANs Gateways and Bridges Criteria for Selecting a Suitable LANInterfaces Summary Important Points to Remember 30 Digital Product Development and Manufacturing: From CAD and CAM to PLM Introduction Terminology and History Digital Product Development Digital Manufacturing Summary Important Points to Remember 31 Industry 4.0Basics Core Elements of Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 in Production MES as a Building Block of Industry 4.0 Challenges and Risks of Industry 4.0 32 Industry 4.0 in the Medium-Sized Company Requirements for Industry 4.0 Benefits of Industry 4.0 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), the Internet of the Things Sixteen Case Studies about Industry 4.0 A Workday with Industry 4.0 SummaryImportant Points to Remember Glossary Index details. References to figures are in NUMBERS 2½D machining, 386 2½D motion, 631 2½D programming systems, 602 2D drafting, 600 3D CAM systems, as a plug-in, 3D graphics, 3D interfaces, 3D machining, 386 3D models, 531 3D motion, 631 3D printing, 3D solid model, 6313D tool offset, 120 A ab solute measuring system, 631 abstract data types, 500 accelerated data exchange, 580 acceleration forces, 49 access time, 631 accompanying calculation in real time, 625 accuracy, precision, 631 active transponders, 435 actual position, 631 actual value, 631 actuators, adaptive control (AC), 632 adaptive feed control (AFC), 112 adaptive processing, additional machine setup functions, 632 additive manufacturing processes, 599 advantages of, beam melting, classification based on the shaping method, 305 classification based on the starting material, defined, 632 overview,process chain, See also specific processes addresses, 632 adhesive grippers, 363 adjustable tools, adjustment programs, 508 AI. See artificial intelligence (AI) alphanumeric notation, 632 alternate tools, 632 amplification factor, 632 amplifiers, 633 analog, 633 analog control, vs. digital position control, 174 analog drives, comparison to digital drives, 197 analog-to-digital converters, 633 angle error compensation, angular errors, 57 application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), 633 APT, 16 arm drills, 262 artificial intelligence (AI), 633 ASCII, 632 ASCII keyboard, 633 ASICs. See application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) assemblers, 633 assembly language, 633 assistance systems, 614asynchronous axes, 633 asynchronous mode, 633 asynchronous motors control range, 182 defined, motor selection, three-phase, asynchronous subprograms, 95 asynchronous transmission, automatic guided vehicles (AGVs), 634 automatic job change, 624 automatic material request, 623 automatic mode, 634 automatic pallet changing, 16 automatic return to the contour, 91 automatic system diagnosis, 95 automatic tool changing, 385 automatic tool length measurement, 95 automatic tool offset, 625 automatic work sequences, 166 automation, 16 computers for, defined, 634 degree of, 642 of lathes, 242 auxiliary axes, 115 auxiliary functions, 634auxiliary graphics, 516 axes, auxiliary, 115 deactivating, 91 defined, 634 designations of, gantry-type axes, mechanical, orientation, 362 requirements of various machine tools on the extent of the automation, 42 stuttering, 96 synchronous, 94 axis calibration, 634 axis change, axis drift, 51 axis drives, 384 axis error compensation. See axis calibration axis lag, 635 axis swapping, 96 B b acklash, 635 backlash compensation, 635 ball screw,defined, 635 position deviation through warming of ball-screw spindle, band saws, 265 barcodes, 635 bar-processing centers, 285 baseband, 635 baseband transmission, 578 baud, 635 Bauer Company, beam melting, bearings, 220 behind-tape-reader (BTR) input, 635 Bendix, 16 bevel gears, big data, 613 defined, 635 vs. smart data, 125 binary, binary code, 636 binary digit, 636 binary numeral system, 636 binary-coded decimal (BCD) code, 635 bit-parallel transmission, 586 bits, 636 bit-serial interfaces, 586 block cycle time, 636 block delete, 636block number search, 91 block numbers, 636 block search, 636 block-by-block mode, 667 blocks, 636 bore-measuring heads, 455 boring mills, bridges, 636 broadband transmission, 636 brushless dc motors. See synchronous servo motors buses data buses and field buses, defined, business line (bus), bytes, 637 C C A (computer aided), 637 cable lengths, 579 CAD/CAM, 16 3D interfaces, 3D models, 531 CAM-based CNC machining strategies, CAM-oriented geometry manipulation,defined, 637 high-performance machining strategies, 529 integrated CAD/CAM systems, 604 knowledge-based CAM, 605 programming and production, cam-locks, 223 CAN bus, 637 CANopen, 637 carbon fiber-reinforced plastic. See CFRP materials cardrack, 637 cartesian coordinates, 637 cascaded control loops, 173 cassette-type magazines, 77 cathode-ray tube (CRT), 637 centering fixtures, 254 central processing unit (CPU), 637 CFRP materials, machining, chain magazines, 79 chained manufacturing systems. See flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) channel structure, 638 channels, 637 chattering, 71 check request, 627 chip removal, 166 chuck, 646 Cincinnati Hydrotel, 16 circular interpolation, 638circular saws, 265 circularity tests, 178 CISC, 638 cladding, 317 See also laser cladding clamping devices, 545 clamping errors, 463 clamping fixture, 646 clamping planning, 536 CLDATA, 638 closed process chain, 454 closed-loop control, defined, 659 guides, 164 schematic, 46 vs. semi-closed loop, CNC advantages of newest developments, asynchronous, 90 basic functions of, comparison to PLCs, defined, 638 identical programming systems, from NC to CNC, 20 special functions of CNC systems, CNC core, 638 CNC kernel, 372 CNC machine tools, 638 CNC machinesavailability, data communication with, defined, 655 displays in CNC systems, 126 five-axis machines, four-axis machines, 234 installation technology, 109 integrated safety concepts, and laser-based tool monitoring, 461 lathes for, machine operating modes, machine operation, 108 machine type, 107 scope of safety functions, 107 suitable for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), switching between languages, 118 three-axis machines, 231 touch operation, CNC machining strategies, CAM-based, CNC milling strategies, CNC operating software, 89 CNC programming, 509 adapting to the actual machine, 517 DXF converter, executing CNC programs from internal or external storage, high-level language programming, PC programming, 518selecting the appropriate programming system, special tasks, 499 testing externally created programs, 518 training, 518 CNC programs, 469 CNC turning, optimized, 514 lasers, 267 code, code checking, 639 code converter, 639 column drilling machines, 262 com servers, 563 command position, 639 command value, 173 commands, 152 Common Industrial Safety Protocol (CIP), commutation. See electronic commutation comparators, 639 compatibility, 639 compensating chucks, tapping without, 112 compensation values, 91 compensations, compilers, 639 components, 299 computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided drafting (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 639computer-aided planning (CAP), 639 computer-aided process planning (CAP), 596 computer-aided programming (CAP), 427 defined, 639 scope of, computer-aided quality control (CAQ), 640 Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Applications (CATIA), 640 computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), 154 and DNC systems, 561 Industry 4.0 in production, computerized control electronics, 180 computerized numerical control (CNC), 640 computers for automation, in CNC, defined, 639 for NC programming, 28 concurrent engineering (CE), 640 condition monitoring, and machine data collection, constant velocity tests, 124 container management, 625 continuous path control, 640 contour segment programming, 640 contouring control, 640 contouring errors. See following errors control graphical user interface (HMI), 448control loops, 172 cascaded, 173 nested, 173 control methods, control technology, 171 controlled change process, 604 controller types, and controlling behavior, controllers, 640 control-to-control (C2C), 147 converters, 640 coolant supply, coordinate axes. See axes coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), 640 coordinate system, 640 coordinate transformation, coordinates, 640 coordinatograph. See plotters corner deceleration, 641 corner delay, 109 corner rounding, 641 correlation of process and quality data, 625 cost-cutting, CPUs, 641 CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance), 581 CSMA/CD (Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), 641current position. See actual position cutter location data (CLDATA), cutter radius compensation, 641 cutting data, 395 cutting forces, 49 cutting the tool free, 90 cyber-physical systems (CPSs), 623 See also Internet of Things (IoT) cycle time, block cycle time, 96 defined, 641 cycles, 641 cylinder surface transformation, D D /A converter, 641 data, defined, 641 data acquisition, big data vs. smart data, 125 data buses, data carriers, 642 data communication, with CNC systems, data conversion, data handling, 152 data input, 33 data interfaces, 642data memory, 642 data mining, 613 data processing, 642 data transmission, 469 data transmission rate, 635 databases, data-storage media, 642 datum points, 642 Dc link, 180 dc servo motors. See synchronous servo motors D-controllers, 177 deactivating axes, 91 decades, 642 decimal system, 642 decimal-point programming, 642 dedicated computers, 642 deep drilling machines, 262 defined accuracy, 631 deflecting mirrors, 269 deformation of feed mechanic through forces, degree of automation, 385 defined, 642 progressive, 368 delivery schedules online, 624 delta values, 100 demilitarized zones (DMZ), 577 deviation, 642deviation error compensation, 70 device servers, 563 DeviceNet, 637 diagnosis automatic system diagnosis, 95 defined, 642 of measurement devices, remote, 61 simple diagnosis of evaluation figures, 60 diagnostic software, remote diagnostics, 120 dialog mode, die-sinking EDM, 280 See also electrical-discharge machining (EDM) differential (D-) controllers, 177 Digilog probes, 458 digital, defined, 643 digital control loops, 175 digital drives comparison to analog drives, 197 connection to the CNC system, digital fabrication, 12 digital factory, 596 digital intelligent drive technology, digital light processing (DLP), 315 digital manufacturing, 2½D programming systems, 6023D CAM systems, controlled change process, 604 integrated CAD/CAM systems, 604 knowledge-based CAM, 605 overview, simulation of the machining process, digital measuring system, 643 digital position control, vs. analog control, 174 digital product definition, 596 digital product development 2D drafting, 600 additive manufacturing, 599 assemblies, 598 component design, draft designs, 597 product data management (PDM), simulation, visualization and digital mockup (DMU), digital readout, 643 digital twins, 544 digital-to-analog converter, 643 digitizers, 662 digitizing, 643 dimensional data, 643 dimensioning of drives dimensioning of main spindle drives, example,procedure, 212 DIN standard, 398 diode lasers, 270 direct measurement, 643 direct measuring systems, 386 direct metal deposition (DMD), 302 direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), 307 direct numerical control. See DNC direct rapid tooling, 301 direct servo drives, 58 disk lasers, 269 disk magazines, 76 displays in CNC systems, 126 touch-enabled, distributed intelligence, 154 distributed numerical control. See DNC DNC, 33 advantages of DNC operation, 568 advantages of using networks, 566 application criteria for DNC systems, for CNC machines with an Ethernet connection, 566 cost-effectiveness of, current state and trends, defined, 643 functions of, hardware, interface, 96 main tasks, methods for requesting programs, 562NC program management, network DNC systems, network technology for DNC systems, software, 571 systems with serial cabling, 563 systems with terminals, 563 DRAM, 643 drilling centers boring mills, overview, drilling cycles, 643 drilling machines, 162 arm drills, 262 column, 262 deep, 262 overview, drive power, driven tools, 93 dry machining, 237 DSL, 576 dummy programs, 562 duplex mode, 643 duplex operation, 576 dwell time, 643 DXF converter, DXF files, importing, 517 dynamic collision monitoring (DCM), 97automated work area monitoring, online in the CNC system, operating mode of, 104 protected areas, 99 setup functions, simulation, dynamic deviations, compensation for, dynamic roughing, 514 dynamic test control, 627 E E ckert, J. Presper, 15 EDM. See electrical-discharge machining (EDM) EEPROM defined, 644 transponders, 435 effectors, EIA code, EIA-232C, 644 electric drives, 384 electrical-discharge machining (EDM), die-sinking EDM, 280 wire EDM, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 225 electromechanical feed drives, See also feed driveselectron-beam machines, electron-beam melting (EBM), 302 electronic commutation, 203 See also synchronous servo motors electronic handwheel, 644 electronic tool identification advantages of, 433 components of a tool identification system, 433 and data management with RFID, function/principle, overview, electronic weight balance, 70 embedded systems, encoders, encoding, 644 See also linear encoders end of program (EOP), 644 end-of-block character, 644 energy balance, 385 energy efficiency, 93 defined, 644 full load vs. coasting, 386 NC programs, options for the user, options of the machine manufacturer, reactive power compensation, energy management, 627 engineering data management (EDM), engraving cycles, 644enterprise resource planning (ERP), 644 EPROM, 644 erasable-programmable read-only memory. See EPROM ERP (enterprise resource planning), 644 ERP system, 429 error-detecting code, 644 Ethernet defined, 645 fast Ethernet, 144 industrial Ethernet, 146 real-time Ethernet, evolvent. See involute execution from external storage (EES), executive program, 645 expert systems, 645 external memory, 645 F fa brication flexibility, 350 face transformation, 488 F-address, 85 fast Ethernet, 144 features, 645 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 5 feed, 645 feed drivesbandwidth, 199 connection to the CNC system, dimensioning, 212 electromechanical, encoders, linear drives, main components of, 188 overview, requirements for, servo motors, 191 synchronous servo motors, feed forward, feed limitation, 119 feed rate, 85 defined, 645 test run, 98 feedback, 645 feedback device, 645 feed-rate override, 645 FEPROM, 644 fiber lasers, field buses, 645 file transfer, 123 files, defined, 645 finger gestures, 127 fingerprints, 123 finite element methods (FEMs), 163firmware, fixed-zero dimension, 646 fixtures, 646 flame cutting, See also laser cutting systems flash erasable programmable read-only memory. See FEPROM flatbed lathes, 238 flexible manufacturing cells (FMCs), 646 flexible manufacturing island, 646 flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), 295 application criteria for, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), 337 CNC systems for, defined, 646 and DNC systems, 561 economic advantages of, 345 and energy efficiency, 385 flexibility and complexity, flexible production lines, host computers in, linear rail-guided transport systems, machine selection and layout, manufacturing principles, overview, pallet circulating systems, 336 problems and risks in the design of, production planning systems (PPSs),roller-conveyer systems, simulation of, technical characteristics of, transfer lines, 325 workpiece transport systems, flowcharts, FMS. See flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) following errors, 200 See also axis lag forced stop, 627 Fourneaux, Henry, 15 fourth industrial revolution. See Industry 4.0 frame deformation, 51 frames, 646 Fraunhofer Institute, 278 free cycles, 482 free-form surface, 646 frequency controller, 646 frequency converters, construction, 180 control range, 182 four-quadrant operation, 181 functional diagram of, 183 interfaces, inverters, 182 mode of operation, 182 parameterization, 181protection functions, 184 rotor position encoder, speed control, frequency-division multiplexing, 578 friction, 384 friction error compensation, frictional forces, 50 fused depositing modeling (FDM), 646 fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused layer modeling (FLM), 311 fusion cutting, 270 See also laser cutting systems fuzzy logic, 646 G gantry-type axes, gantry-type machine, 647 gateways, 647 gear hobbing, gear-cutting machines, 163 basics and applications, bevel gears, machinery, 261 main components of NC programming system in, modification input and graphic process feedback, 261preparations for gear hobbing, process mathematics and technology in the components, 261 programming systems of, setting up and editing with the NC programming system, spur gears, technical data input, 261 See also turning/rotary-hobbing centers geometric data, 647 German Association of Electrical and Information Technology (VDE), 560 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 6 German economic miracle, 4 German machine tool industry advancement of, 7 competition with Japan, crisis, Eastern Germany, rebuilding, 4 and world economic crisis of 2009, Germany, post-war, gestures, 127 647 gigahertz (GHz), 648 graphic assistance, 647 graphical languages, 151 graphical programming, 647 graphical user interface (GUI), 17 graphics3D, user-friendly, grease lubrication, green production, 18 grinding, machines, grinding belts. See grinding wheels grinding machines automatic workpiece and tool change, control tasks for use of grinding wheels, designs and requirements, tasks of the CNC machine during setup, programming and optimizing, See also turning/grinding centers grinding wheels, grippers, group technology, 647 guest workers, 3 guides, 164 H ha lf-duplex operation, 576 handling units, 647 handshake, 647 handshakes, Hannover Industrial Fair, 18hard disk, 647 hard metal cutting, 237 hardware, 647 hard-wired NC, 647 helical interpolation, 647 helix interpolation, 647 hertz (Hz), 648 hexadecimal, 648 hexapod, 648 high tech, 648 high-level language elements, 93 high-level languages characteristics of, 499 CNC high-level language, 502 defined, 499 high-performance cutting (HPC), high-speed cutting (HSC), 301 high-speed cutting tools. See HSC tools high-speed milling (HSC), 135 high-speed motors, 207 high-torque motors, 207 history of NC production, HMI (human-machine interface), 648 hob milling, hobbing, hollow-cut processes, 250 hook machines, 165 host computer, 648HSC machine, 648 HSC tools, 510 measurement of, 463 hubs, 648 human-machine interface (HMI) openness, hybrid cutting, hybrid machines, 318 See also multitasking machines hydraulics, 384 hydrostatic guides, 164 I i Beacon, I-controllers, 177 IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 649 inclined-bed lathes, 238 increment, 649 incremental dimensioning, 649 incremental jog, 649 incremental measuring system, 649 incremental programming, 649 indirect measurement, 649 indirect metal laser sintering (IMLS), 309 indirect rapid tooling, 301 industrial Ethernet, 146 industrial PCs (IPCs), 141industrial robots (IRs) advantages of using, 377 application criteria for, application examples for, automatic program generation, 370 axis control, 365 basic components of handling programs, 369 with CNC requirements, CNC systems of, CNC-robot machining and machine tool automation, components of, 361 defined, 649 grippers or effectors, human-guided robots, 367 human-robot collaboration, 378 hybrid programming methods, 369 and Industry 4.0, 378 measuring systems, 366 mechanical elements/kinematics, mobility for the “smart factory,” 378 offline methods, 369 operator control and programming device, 365 overview, power unit, 365 processing unit, programming, progressive degree of automation, 368 safe robot technology,safety functions, 366 semiautonomous systems, sensors, servo drives, structure of, 360 Industry 4.0, 378 analysis and optimization, 613 assistance systems, 614 benefits of, 622 big data, 613 case studies, challenges and risks of, cyber-physical systems (CPSs), 623 interdisciplinarity, 611 Internet of Services (IoS), 613 Internet of Things (IoT), 613 MES as a building block of, mobile computing, 611 overview, in production, requirements for, requirements for the main spindle, smart factory, smart objects, social media, 611 virtualization, 611 a workday with,information, 649 in-process measuring, 114 input graphics, 514 Institute for Production Management, Technology and Machine Tools, 381 integrated CAD/CAM systems, 604 integrated circuit (IC) technology, 16 integrated safety concepts, for CNC machines, integrating (I-) controllers, 177 intelligent interfaces, 181 intelligent process control (IPC), 17 intelligent tool issue, 625 interdisciplinarity, 611 interface controller, 27 interface section, 27 interfaces, 585 3D interfaces, complementary CNC user interfaces, data interfaces, 92 defined, 649 DNC, 96 frequency converters, fully serial interfaces, handshakes, hardware, machine control interfaces, software, 587synchronous and asynchronous transmission, web user interfaces (webUIs), 121 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 147 International Standards Organization (ISO), Recommendation R 841, 41 International Standards Organization (ISO) code, 649 internet, Internet of Services (IoS), 613 Internet of Things (IoT), 613 See also cyber-physical systems (CPSs) interpolation, 650 interpolation error, power loss from large interpolation errors, interrupts, 650 intranet, 650 inverters, 182 involute, J Jacquard, Joseph M., 15 jolt, 71 jolt suppression, 93 JT format, just-in-time production, 650 KkB, 650 kernels, 650 keyboards. See ASCII keyboard kilohertz (KHz), 648 kinematic errors, 48 kinematic structure,kinematic systems, kinematic transformation, 488 kinematics, 650 knowledge-based CAM, 605 KUKA.CNC, 371 factor, 200 L la minated-layer manufacturing (LLM), 315 laminated-object manufacturing (LOM), 651 LANs (local-area networks) access methods, cable lengths, 579 criteria for selecting, defined, 650 and DNC, 559 gateways and bridges, 584 interfaces, maximum number of devices, network topology, 579 overview, 589 protocols, transmission medium, 578 transmission speed, 583 transmission technology, laser cladding, 316 laser cusing, defined, 650laser cutting systems, 3D systems with laser beams, 273 flat-bed, robots, 273 tubes and profiles, 273 laser deposition welding, 316 laser forming, 302 laser interferometer, 68 laser machining systems beam guidance systems, beam sources, 267 lasers, 267 combined punching and laser machines, 276 diode lasers, 270 disk lasers, 269 fiber lasers, heads, 270 motion axes, 272 Nd:YAG lasers, 268 overview, laser measuring systems, 464 combined, laser metal deposition (LMD), laser processing machines, laser sintering, LaserCUSING, 307 lathe cells, 286 lathe configuration,lathe functions, 463 lathes automation of, 242 for CNC systems, flatbed, 238 inclined-bed, 238 long/Swiss-type, 239 multispindle, overview, 238 pickup, programming, 243 with two or more tool slides, vertical, 238 lead-error compensation, 650 LEAN, 615 LED (light-emitting diode), 650 liability log, line motion control, 23 linear drives, advantages and disadvantages of, 199 linear encoders, linear interpolation, 651 linear motors, defined, 651 schematic, 58 synchronous linear motors, linear rail-guided transport systems,live tools, location coding, logistics, 651 long/Swiss-type lathes, 239 look ahead function, 651 loop gain, lubrication, M m achine configuration, machine control interfaces, machine control units, 640 machine data acquisition (MDA), machine data collection, condition monitoring and, machine enclosures, machine frames, machine size, 385 machine stop, 627 machine tool industry in Germany, and world economic crisis of 2009, worldwide changes, 6 machine tools, 652 machine zero point, 652 machine-integrated workpiece measuring, machinery, and energy efficiency, 382machining centers, 461 defined, 652 and energy efficiency, 383 multispindle, 236 trends in modern machining technology, machining CFRP materials, machining cycles, 653 machining processes grinding, milling, turning, machining time, 653 macros, 668 M-addresses, 75 magnetic grippers, 363 main spindle drives designs of, dimensioning of, requirements for, types of, main spindles horizontal, 233 requirements for in terms of Industry 4.0, vertical, 232 mainframe computers, 653 maintenance, manual data input control, 653manual input, 93 manual programming, 653 manual retraction, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP), 653 manufacturing cells, 359 manufacturing data acquisition (MDA), 90 manufacturing execution systems (MESs), 653 Martens method, 290 mask sintering (MS), masters, 147 matrix, 273 Mauchly, John W., 15 MB, 653 Mb, 653 M-commands, 475 MDC (manufacturing data collection), measurement devices, simple diagnosis of, measurement principles, 55 measurement step, 664 measurement systems, measuring accuracy, measuring cycles, measuring gear, 654 measuring methods, measuring probes, 666 See also Digilog probes; machine- integrated workpiece measuringmechanical axes, mechanical grippers, 362 mechatronics, 654 megahertz (MHz), 648 memory defined, 654 types and their characteristics, memory cards, 654 memory sticks, 152 menus, 654 methods, 654 methods of measuring, 654 metrology, 654 (miscellaneous functions), 651 micro system technology (MST), 654 microcomputers in CNC, defined, 654 microcontrollers, 184 microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). See micro system technology (MST) microprocessors, 654 milling, machines, 231 strategy, thread milling, 112 milling cycles, 480milling laser centers, 287 milling/turning machining centers, minicomputers, 655 MIPS (million instructions per second), 655 mirror imaging, 93 mirror-image operation, 655 mirroring, 488 miscellaneous functions, 634 mobile computing, 611 modal function, 655 models, 299 modems, 655 modular design, 655 modular tool systems, 406 modularity, 655 modules, 655 moment of inertia, monitored function control, 142 monitors, 655 Moore, Gordon, 135 Moore’s Law, motion axes, 272 motion control bus, 184 motion programming, 368 motor selection, motor spindles, 205 defined, 655motor selection, moved masses, reduction of, multicore processors, 18 multifunctional keys. See softkeys multiprocessor PLCs, 143 multispindle lathes, multispindle machining centers, 236 multitasking machines, 523 defined, 655 N na nointerpolation, natural error curve, 63 NC. See numerical control (NC) NC axis, 655 NC folders, 426 NC machines defined, 655 Japanese influence, 7 NC program management, 426 NC programming, 523 3D interfaces, 3D models, 531 adaptive processing, areas of application set the priorities, automation of,CAM-oriented geometry manipulation, changing machining processes, 524 clamping planning, 536 computers for, 28 defined, 656 generated data and interfaces with the machine tools, 538 high-level data models, 528 high-performance machining strategies, 529 innovation with feature technology, 532 input data from different sources, languages, 509 machining cycles, M-commands, 475 postprocessor, 538 preparatory (G) functions, relative dimension programming, 476 scope of a CAP system, simulation, tool changing position, tools, 536 universal NC programming systems, zero-point offset, 485 NC programs, data input, 33 defined, and energy efficiency, meanings of the commands, 472miscellaneous functions, 474 positioning data, semantics, 472 structure of, syntax, 472 Nd:YAG lasers, 268 near-field communication (NFC), 612 needle grippers, 363 negative-temperature-coefficient (NTC), 220 nested control loops, 173 network adapters, 563 network protocols, 656 nibbling, 274 nibbling machines, 274 machine frames, maximum sheet metal thickness for nibbling and laser cutting, 276 See also punching machines nonproductive time, 656 nonuniform rational-basis splines. See NURBS (nonuniform rational B splines) numerical control (NC) defined, 656 milestones in development of, from NC to CNC, 20 the path to NC, numerical display, 643 NURBS (nonuniform rational B splines), 656O offline, 656 offset, 93 offset compensation, 656 offset paths, 656 oil-air lubrication, online, 657 online processing, 663 on/off command, 651 on/off controls, open CNC, Open DeviceNet Vendors Association (ODVA), 148 open system architecture, 133 open-ended controls, 657 open-loop controls, 657 operating procedures, operating systems (OSs), 657 orientation axes, 362 orientation transformation, 490 OSACA, 657 overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), 657 override, 657 Ppallet changing, automatic, 16 pallet circulating systems, 336 pallet stations, 84 pallets, 657 paperless manufacturing, 563 parabolic interpolation, 115 parallel axes, 657 parallel data transmission, 658 parallel input mode, 658 parallel kinematic machine (PKM), 658 parallel programming, 658 parametric programming, 658 parametric subprograms, 94 parity check, 658 Parsons, John, part program zero, 658 part programming. See NC programming part programs. See NC programs passive transponders, 435 PC cards, 658 P-controllers, 177 P-controls, performance, 658 peripheral units, 658 photoelectric line tracer, 658 pickup lathes, picointerpolation,PID controllers, pitch errors, 48 plant network, 328 play. See backlash playback, PLCs. See programmable-logic controllers (PLCs) plotters, 659 plunge milling, pneumatic grippers, 362 pneumatics, 384 pocket milling, 659 point-to-point control, 659 polar axis, 659 polar coordinates, 659 polling, 580 polymerization, 312 polynomial interpolation, 659 portal robots, 325 portal table design, 231 position deviation example measurement, through warming of ball-screw spindle, position display, 659 position measurement, 47 kinematic errors, 48 semi-closed loop vs. closed loop, position setup, 94 positional data input, 41axis designations, position-feedback control, 659 position-measuring system, 659 positive-temperature-coefficient (PTC), 220 postprocessors (PP), 659 potential capability precontrol, 179 preparatory (G) functions, See also preparatory position conditions, 478 presets, 660 preventive maintenance, price considerations, principles, 660 printed circuit boards (PCBs), 21 Prisma, 10 probes, 660 probing cycles, 660 procedures, 660 process control, 439 potential for improvement for, starting points for, See also workpiece measuring process control by process traffic light, 625 process field bus. See PROFIBUS DP (decentralized peripherals) process monitoring,processors, 660 product data management (PDM), as the basis for product lifecycle management (PLM), 601 defined, 660 as an integration platform for CAD systems, 601 as a key to information distribution, 601 product definition management (PDM), product lifecycle management (PLM), 607 defined, 660 PDM as the basis for, 601 product manufacturing information (PMI), 594 production data acquisition (PDA), 90 production network, 328 production planning and control (PPC), 661 production planning systems (PPSs), ProfiBus, 106 PROFIBUS DP (decentralized peripherals), 661 ProfiNet, 175 program controllers, 142 program editing, 661 program editors, 448 program format, 661 program interrupt, 661 program test, 94 program word, 661 programmable read-only memory (PROM), 661 programmable-logic controllers (PLCs),advantages of, comparison to CNC, defined, 661 integrated operation with CNC systems and PCs, multiprocessor PLCs, 143 origins of, program memory, programming and documentation, programs, 152 remote PLC, 123 selection criteria, structure and functions of, tool changing, 78 programming. See NC programming programming languages, programming methods CAD/CAM programming and production, CNC programming, 509 cutter location data (CLDATA), manual programming, 505 motion programming, 368 NC programming languages, 509 online methods, 368 postprocessors (PP), 508 sequence programming, 368 shop-floor programming (SFP), 509 teach-in/playback,universal NC programming systems, programming systems, 662 proportional (P-) control, 177 protected areas, 99 protocols, 662 prototypes, 299 pseudoabsolute measuring, 662 pulse generators, 662 punching, punching machines, 274 combined punching and laser machines, 276 flexible machining cells, heads, 275 machine frames, tools, 275 Q Q link view, 662 quadrant error compensation, quadrants, 662 quality assurance, 662 quality class, quality management, 662 Rradial drilling machines, 262 radio frequency identification device. See RFID radio-frequency identification (RFID), random tool access, 663 random tool coding, 86 random-access memory (RAM), 663 range control, rapid manufacturing, 301 See also additive manufacturing processes rapid product development (RPD), 663 rapid prototyping manufacturing (RPM), 12 rapid prototyping (RP), 663 See also additive manufacturing processes rapid technologies, rapid tooling, 663 See also additive manufacturing processes rationalization, 663 reactive current, 663 reactive power compensation, defined, read-only memory (ROM), 20 defined, 663 transponders, 435 read-only systems, 432 read-write systems, real-time Ethernet, real-time processing, 663recirculating ball screw. See ball screw rectifiers, 180 reference points defined, 664 machine reference point 484 tool carrier reference point relative dimension programming, 476 remote access, remote desktop, 123 remote diagnosis, 120 repeatability, 664 repetitive accuracy, 664 replacement tools. See alternate tools reproducibility, 664 request to exchange tools, 624 reset, 664 resolution, 664 resolver, 664 restricted area, 664 retraction, manual, retrofitting, 664 reversal errors, 48 RFID advantages of, defined, functional principle of, memory allocation, 436 RISC (reduced instruction set computer), 664 RNC 400LaserTurn, 290 robots, 664 See also industrial robots (IRs) roller bearings, 220 guides, 164 roller-conveyer systems, rotary axes, accuracy of, 57 rotary encoders, rotary milling, 665 rotary position transducer, 665 rotary table, 665 rotating, 93 rotating tools, 401 rotation, 488 roughness-measuring devices, RS-232C, 644 runner programs, 562 S sa fety clearance, 665 safety functions, 665 safety systems, 17 sag error compensation, sawing machines, scale error compensation, 114 scaling, 665scaling factor, 113 scanners, 665 scanning, SCARA robots, 665 selective laser melting (SLM), 307 selective laser sintering (SLS), 665 selective mask sintering (SMS), 665 semantics, 472 semi-closed loop control, semiconductor components, 666 sensing probes, 666 sensors, 666 sequence programming, 368 sequence search, 636 SERCOS, 175 advantages of, defined, 666 SERCOS III, serial data transmission, 666 serial real-time communication system. See SERCOS servers, 666 servo control, 666 servo cycle time, 666 servo drives, 384 servo lag. See following errors servo loops, 638 servo motors, 191 synchronous servo motors,session record, 123 shaft encode, Shannon, Claude E., 15 shaping processes, 250 shifting, 488 shop-floor programming (SFP), 666 short-circuit rotor, 633 signal transmission, silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR), 666 simplex operation, 576 simulation, 541 automatic collision detection, 549 with CNC emulation, comparison of different simulation approaches, 543 components of a simulation scenario, 552 defined, and digital product development, dynamic collision monitoring (DCM), editing options and analysis methods, 549 fields of application and potential use of, 553 of flexible manufacturing systems, graphical depiction, 549 graphics, 516 importance of, integrated simulation systems, machine models, of the machining process, optimization of the production process, 551peripheral components, 548 planning phase in series production, procedure for NC simulation, 553 program changes during operation, 551 qualitative classification of systems, testing new programs, tools, training, virtual machines, 552 workpiece geometry and clamping devices, 545 simultaneous interpolation, simultaneous measurement, single-block mode, 667 single-cutting-edge control, 463 sintering. See laser sintering skew angle transformation, 489 skip block, 91 slaves, 147 slip, 633 slip-ring rotors, 633 smart data, vs. big data, 125 smart factory, mobility for, 378 See also Industry 4.0 smart objects, social media, 611 softkeys, 667 software, 667 software limit switch, 667software limits, 97 source programs, 667 speed, 667 speed control, spindle drives designs of main spindle drives, dimensioning of main spindle drives, requirements for main spindle drives, types of, spindle orientation, 667 spindle pitch error, 63 spindle pitch error compensation, spindle probes, spindle speed change, spindle-out tools, 406 spline function, spline interpolation, 668 spur gears, squirrel-cage motor, 633 Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data. See STEP standard-interface transmission. See STEP start/stop method, static accuracy, 631 static RAM (SRAM), 668 stationary tools, statistical process control (SPC), 668 STEP, 668stepper motors, 668 stepping, 668 stereolithography (SL), 668 Stewart platform. See hexapod straight-cut control, 668 stuttering axes, 96 sublimation cutting, 270 See also laser cutting systems subprograms, 94 asynchronous, 95 defined, 668 subroutines, 668 suction grippers, 363 surface testing, roughness-measuring devices for, surface-mounted devices (SMD), 668 Swiss-type lathes, 239 switching between languages, 118 switching functions, 651 switching probes, 660 swiveling table, 669 synchronous axes, 94 synchronous linear motors, synchronous motors advantages and disadvantages of, control range, 182 defined, 668 motor selection, three-phase, synchronous servo motors,synchronous transmission, syntax, 669 systematics, 669 systems, 669 T ta rget values, 173 TCP/IP, 671 teach mode, 669 teach pendants, 365 teach-in mode, 669 Technical and Office Protocol (TOP), 669 technological data, 669 technological reliability, 394 teleservice, 17 temperature compensation, 65 terminal servers, 563 terminals, 669 test run feed rate, 98 textual languages, 151 thermistors, 220 thread milling, advantages of, disadvantages of, 412 threading fixtures, 254thyristor. See silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) tilting, 669 time sharing, 669 time-division multiplexing, 578 Token Ring, 669 tool breakage monitoring, tool center point (TCP), 67 tool changers, 76 automatic, 385 defined, 669 on the lathe, location coding, at milling machines and machining centers, tool changing position, tool classification, tool compensation, 670 tool construction adjustable tools, classification, 400 component/complete tools, 396 custom tools, 412 cutting data, 395 cutting material, 402 fine machining of bore holes, flexibility, handling units, 395 list of characteristics, 399 live tools,modular tool systems, 406 modulation with fine-adjustment heads, overview, 393 reliability, rotating tools, 401 stationary tools, stationary/rotating, thread milling, tool type, 398 tool data, 670 tool function, 670 tool length, automatic measurement, 95 tool life, 394 tool logistics, tool management assessment of solutions, 418 classification, complete tools, 429 components, computer-aided programming (CAP), 427 defined, 670 electronic tool identification, ERP system (purchasing), 429 evaluation of a tool management system, graphics, integration, 419 introduction of a tool management system, 418liability log, making information available, 416 need for a solution, 416 operations, 426 outline, planning and preparation, 416 providing suitable information, retrieving tools, storage systems, tool identification, 421 tool lists, tool presetting, use of components, 429 use of new technologies, 415 warehousing of the components, tool monitoring, 670 tool offset 3D, 120 automatic, 625 tool path, 670 tool presetting, 670 tool selection, 412 tool tip compensation, 670 tool tip radius compensation. See cutter radius compensation tool turrets, tool-length compensation, 670 tool-life monitoring, 670toothed-belt transmission, 213 TOP. See Technical and Office Protocol (TOP) topology, torque calculation of, 215 effective, 215 maximum, 214 torque motors control loop for, 58 defined, 671 schematic, 58 touch probes, 666 touch-enabled displays, touchscreens, 671 Tracto-Technik GmbH, 278 training, simulation, transfer lines, 671 transistor technology, 16 transmission accuracy, 115 transmission medium, 578 transmission protocols. See network protocols transmission speed, 583 transmission technology, trochoidal milling, tube-bending machines, turn milling, 671 turning,turning centers, 671 turning cycles, turning/grinding centers, 288 turning/milling centers, turning/rotary-hobbing centers, 289 TWIN technology, twin-spindle machines, two-position controllers. See on/off controls U ul trasonic technology, 671 undershoot, 671 universal (PID) controllers, universally applicable teach pendants, 363 UNIX, 672 upward compatibility, 672 U.S. Air Force, 16 USB sticks, 672 V V. 24 interface, 672 variable location coding, variable-block format, 672 VDAFS, 672VEB “Fritz Heckert,” 10 vector feed rate, 672 velocity gain, 200 vertical lathes, 238 virtual machines, 552 virtual NC kernel (VNCK), 119 virtual products, 672 virtualization, 611 visualization and digital mockup (DMU), VLSI (very large-scale integration), 672 volatile memory, 672 volumetric compensation (VCS), volumetric model. See 3D solid model W wa rm-up time, 386 water-jet cutting machines, web user interfaces (webUIs), 121 whirl milling, wide-area networks (WANs), 672 wire EDM, See also electrical-discharge machining (EDM) wizards, 672 WLANs (wireless local-area networks), work area limits, 672work floor, and energy efficiency, work orders, 623 workpiece changer, workpiece geometry, 545 workpiece management, 84 workpiece measuring areas of application of workpiece and tool measuring systems, machine-integrated, measuring spindle probes, programming of measurements, requirements for accuracy of workpiece measurement systems, 444 switching spindle probes, 446 variants of signal transmission for spindle probes, See also process control workpieces, and energy efficiency, 386 workstations, 673 X X- , Y-, 673 Z ze ro lag, 673 zero offset, 673zero points defined, 642 machine zero point workpiece zero point zero-error processing, 525 zooming, 673
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