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| موضوع: كتاب Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics السبت 15 يناير 2022, 2:06 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics Second Edition V. Babu
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Compressibility of Fluids 1 1.2 Compressible and Incompressible Flows . 2 1.3 Perfect Gas Equation of State . 3 1.3.1 Continuum Hypothesis . 4 1.4 Calorically Perfect Gas 5 2 One-Dimensional Flows—Basics 9 2.1 Governing Equations . 9 2.2 Acoustic Wave Propagation Speed . 11 2.2.1 Mach Number . 13 2.3 Reference States . 13 2.3.1 Sonic State . 14 2.3.2 Stagnation State 14 2.4 T-s and P-v Diagrams in Compressible Flows . 18 Problems 22 3 Normal Shock Waves 25 3.1 Governing Equations . 25 3.2 Mathematical Derivation of the Normal Shock Solution 27 3.3 Illustration of the Normal Shock Solution on T-s and P-v Diagrams 30 3.4 Further Insights into the Normal Shock Wave Solution . 33 3.4.1 Normal Shock Compression and Isentropic Compression 35 Problems 37 4 Flow with Heat Addition—Rayleigh Flow . 41 4.1 Governing Equations . 41 4.2 Illustration on T-s and P-v Diagrams 42 ix4.3 Thermal Choking and Its Consequences 49 4.4 Calculation Procedure . 52 Problems 54 5 Flow with Friction—Fanno Flow . 57 5.1 Governing Equations . 57 5.2 Illustration on T-s Diagram . 58 5.3 Friction Choking and Its Consequences 62 5.4 Calculation Procedure . 63 Problems 66 6 Quasi One Dimensional Flows . 69 6.1 Governing Equations . 69 6.1.1 Impulse Function and Thrust 70 6.2 Area Velocity Relation 71 6.3 Geometric Choking . 73 6.4 Area Mach Number Relation for Choked Flow 75 6.5 Mass Flow Rate for Choked Flow 76 6.6 Flow Through a Convergent Nozzle 77 6.7 Flow Through a Convergent Divergent Nozzle . 81 6.8 Interaction Between Nozzle Flow and Fanno, Rayleigh Flows 91 Problems 99 7 Oblique Shock Waves 103 7.1 Governing Equations . 105 7.2 h-b-M Curve . 106 7.3 Illustration of the Weak Oblique Shock Solution on a T-s Diagram . 109 7.4 Detached Shocks 114 7.5 Reflected Shocks 116 7.5.1 Reflection from a Wall . 116 Problems 117 8 Prandtl-Meyer Flow . 121 8.1 Propagation of Sound Waves and the Mach Wave 121 8.2 Prandtl Meyer Flow Around Concave and Convex Corners 124 8.3 Prandtl Meyer Solution 125 8.4 Reflection of Oblique Shock from a Constant Pressure Boundary 131 Problems 133 9 Flow of Steam Through Nozzles 135 9.1 T-s Diagram of Liquid Water-Water Vapor Mixture . 135 9.2 Isentropic Expansion of Steam 137 x Contents9.3 Flow of Steam Through Nozzles . 139 9.3.1 Choking in Steam Nozzles 141 9.4 Supersaturation and the Condensation Shock 146 Problems 151 Suggested Readings . 153 Index . Index A Acoustic wave, 11, 121 special case of normal shock wave, 29 Afterburner, 96 Area Mach number relation, 76 Area velocity relation, 72 B Bow shock, 114 C Choking friction, 62 geometric, 75 thermal, 49 Combustion wave, 50 Combustor design issues, 47 pressure oscillations, 52 Compressibility, 1 isentropic, 3 isothermal, 2 limit, 3 Conservative form, 10 Continuum limit, 5 Convergent divergent nozzle, 81 establishment of flow in illustration in T-s diagram, 81 Convergent nozzle establishment of flow in, 77 illustration in T-s and P-v diagram, 77 Corner concave, 104, 124 convex, 125 Critical pressure nozzle steam, 141 Critical state, 136 D Detached shock, 114 Dryness fraction definition, 136 E Enthalpy, 7 Equilibrium metastable, 146 Expansion fan, 125 nozzle exit, 79 reflection from constant pressure boundary, 131 F Fanno curve, 60 Fanno flow, 57 changes in properties, 60 illustration in T-s diagram, 60 interaction with nozzle flow, 91 sonic state, 64 Friction effect of, 57 factor, 58 H H-curve normal shock wave, 35 Rayleigh flow, 47 sonic state, 49 Heat addition, 41 I Impulse function, 70 Intake capture area, 111 critical mode, 111 supersonic, 88, 110 Internal energy distribution, 6 modes, 6 Isentropic process, 10 illustration in T-s and P-v diagram, 22 relation, 16 steam, 139 K Knudsen number, 5 M Mach angle, 107, 124 cone, 124 number, 2 reflection, 116 wave, 107, 124 flow across, 125 Mass flow rate choked, 76 N Normal shock, 25 entropy change, 28 illustration in P-v diagram, 35 illustration in T-s and P-v diagram, 31 loss of stagnation pressure, 29 moving, 32 special case of oblique shock, 107 strength, 29 O Oblique shock, 103 θ − β − M relation, 106 flow deflection angle, 103 from nozzle exit, 112 reflection from constant pressure boundary, 131 from wall, 116 Over expanded flow, 83 P Perfect gas calorically perfect, 6 equation of state, 3 alternative forms, 4 specific heats, 7 Prandtl Meyer angle, 129 flow, 124 Q Quasi one-dimensional, 69 R Ramjet engine inlet interaction, 52 intake, 110 schematic, 23 Rankine-Hugoniot equation, 35 Rayleigh curve, 45 Rayleigh flow, 41 changes in properties, 44 illustration in P-v diagram, 47 illustration in T-s diagram, 45 interaction with nozzle flow, 95 sonic state, 52 Rayleigh line normal shock, 34 sonic state, 49 Reference states, 14 sonic state, 14 stagnation state, 14 S Saturation pressure, 135 temperature, 136 Scramjet engine inlet interaction, 52 intake, 110 Second law differential form, 9 entropy change for a process, 10 TdS relation, 10Index 195 Shock condensation, 148 Shock angle, 104 Shock diamond, 114 Slip line, 116, 124 Sonic state, 14, 45 Fanno flow, 64 illustration in T-s, P-v diagram, 22 nozzle steam, 141 nozzle flow, 75 Rayleigh flow, 52 Rayleigh line, 49 Speed of sound, 12 mixture of gases, 13 perfect gas, 13 reacting flow, 13 steam, 139 Stagnation density, 16 Stagnation pressure changes in, 18 definition, 15 loss, 29, 47, 61, 103, 108 Stagnation state definition, 14 illustration in T-s, P-v diagram, 22 Stagnation temperature changes in, 17 definition, 15 Strong oblique shock, 107 Supersaturated flow degree of supercooling, 147 degree of supersaturation, 147 Wilson line, 148 T Thrust loss of, 80 momentum, 71 pressure, 71 U Under expanded flow, 52, 62, 79, 83 V Velocity triangle, 103, 126 W Wave angle, 104 Weak oblique shock, 107 Wilson line, 148 Wind tunnel supersonic, 87
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