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| موضوع: كتاب Plastics Materials - Properties and Applications الإثنين 27 ديسمبر 2021, 10:59 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Plastics Materials - Properties and Applications Second Edition A.W. BIRLEY R.J. HEATH Institute of Polymer Technology and Materials Engineering University of Technology Loughborough, U K M.J. SCOTI Lowe & Fletcher Ltd Telford, UK
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Structure and properties of plastics 1 1.2.1 Mechanical properties 2 1.2.2 Thermal properties 3 1.2.3 Electrical properties 5 1.2.4 Optical properties 5 1.2.5 Melt properties 5 1.2.6 Chemical properties 6 1.3 Additives 7 1.4 Processing of plastics 8 1.4.1 Thermoplastics processing 8 1.4.2 Foams 9 1.4.3 Shaping of cross-linking plastics 9 1.5 Practical methods of processing 10 1.5.1 Thermoplastics processing 10 1.5.2 Processing methods for cross-linking plastics 16 1.6 Interactions between shaping process and plastics materials 20 Further reading 21 2 Fundamentals of design 23 2.1 Engineering design 23 2.1.1 Fracture mechanics applied to plastics 30 2.2 Design limitations imposed by processing method 33 2.3 Product design 35 2.3.1 Thermoplastics 35 2.3.2 Thermosetting plastics 35 2.3.3 Foams and reinforced plastics 36 2.3.4 Tolerance and dimensional control of products 39 2.4 Importance of economics of processing in design 40 Further reading 46 3 Styrene plastics 47 3.1 Polystyrene 47 3.2 High impact polystyrene 49 3.3 Styrene copolymers 52 3.4 ABS plastics 54 3.5 Polystyrene-poly(phenylene oxide) blends 56 4 Other amorphous thermoplastics 60 4.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 60 4.2 Cellulose plastics 64 4.2.1 Regenerated cellulose 64 4.2.2 Cellulose esters 65 4.2.3 Cellulose ethers 66 4.3 Polycarbonates 66viii CONTENTS 5 Propylene plastics 5.1 Homopolymer and impact-modified grades 5.2 Filled polypropylene 5.3 Foamed polypropylene 5.4 Miscellaneous applications of propylene polymers 6 Other polyolefin plastics 6.1 Polyethylene 6.1.1 High-density polyethylene 6.1.2 Low-density polyethylene 6.1.3 Linear low-density polyethylene 6.1.4 Very low-density polyethylene 6.1.5 Blends of ethylene polymers 6.2 Ethylene copolymers 6.3 Polybut-l-ene 6.4 Poly-4-methylpent-l-ene 7 Other crystalline thermoplastics 7.1 Polyamides 7.1.1 General-purpose po1yamides 7.1.2 Modified polyamides 7.1.3 Aromatic polyamides and polyimides 7.2 Thermoplastic polyesters 7.2.1 Homo-polyesters 7.2.2 Blends of polyesters 7.3 Polyacetals 8 Vinyl chloride plastics 8.1 Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) 8.2 Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) 8.3 Vinyl chloride copolymers 8.4 Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) 8.5 Vinylidene chloride polymers and copolymers 9 Speciality thermoplastics 9.1 Fluoroplastics 9.1.1 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 9.1.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 9.1.3 Other fluoropolymers 9.2 Polysulphones 9.3 Poly(phenylene sulphide) 10 Cross-linked plastics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Phenol-formaldehyde plastics 10.2.1 Novolak PF resins 10.2.2 Resol PF resins 10.3 Urea-formaldehyde plastics 10.4 Melamine-formaldehyde plastics 10.5 Unsaturated polyester resins 10.5.1 Structure and properties 10.5.2 Glass fibre-reinforced polyesters 10.6 Epoxide resins 11 Polyurethane plastics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Molecular structure-property relationships 175CONTENTS 11.2.1 Typical reactions 11.2.2 Monomeric components 11.3 Properties and applications of polyurethanes 11.3.1 Flexible polyurethane foams 11.3.2 Rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams 11.3.3 Reaction injection moulded polyurethane products 11.3.4 Elastomeric and resinous thermosetting polyurethanes 11.3.5 Thermoplastic polyurethanes 11.3.6 Polyurethanes as surface coatings, adhesives and sealants Further reading Index Index abrasion 101, 139, 192 acetal plastics 117 copolymer 117 glass fibre-reinforced 123 .homopolymer 117 acrylonitrile - butadene - styrene (ABS) plastics 54 blends with polycarbonate 69 blends with poly(vinyl chloride) 133 acrylonitrile - styrene copolymer 52 additives 7, 93 adhesives 160, 173, 191 hot melt 116 ageing 6 alkyd resins 148 allophanate 176 amide plastics aromatic 111 copolymer 104 glass fibre-reinforced 106, 108 mineral-filled 107 PA 66 103 PA 6 103 PA6.1O 103 PA 11 103 PA 12 103 PA 4.6 103 PA MXD.6 103 rubber-modified 108 aminoplasts 148 amorphotls plastics, shrinkage of 40 anisotropy 107 anti-blocking additive 7 anti-oxidant 7, 73 UV-stable 73 anti-plasticization 129 automotive components body panels 167, 169, 188 fascias (crash pads) 58, 133, 180 fenders (bumpers) 82, 116 fuel tanks 89, 90 head restraints 185 heater boxes 83 indicator switches 122, 153 - 5 193 lamp covers 63 radiator reservoir tanks 80, 81 seating 180 - 1 steering wheels 185 screen wiper gear 118 - 20 baths, PMMA 63 battery cases 77, 78 benzoyl peroxide 163 biaxial orientation 112 biuret 176 blends, polymer 49, 56, 74, 116, 117, 133 blowing agents 85, 129, 156, 179 blow moulding 13, 34, 41, 89, 94 injection IS, 34, 94 bottles, stretch blown 15 butene 87, 100 butylene terephthalate 111 glass fibre-reinforced 115 blends of with PC 69 t-butyl perbenzoate 163 cable avoidance tool 40 calendering 8, 12 car components see automotive components carbonates 60, 66, 140 blends of with ABS 69 blends of with PBTP 69 embrittlement of 67 transparency of 69 toughness of 67, 69 cellulose plastics: 60, 64 acetate 65 acetobutyrate 65 esters 64 ethers 64, 66 nitrate 65 propionate 65 regenerated 64 chain extenders 178 chemical properties 6 chlorinated dicarboxylic acid 164194 INDEX chlorinated polyethylene blend with PVC 133 chopped strand mat 165 coating see surface coating cobalt naphthenate 163 cobalt octoate 163 colour 5 composites 7 long-fibre 39 short-fibre 38 compression moulding 16, 151 conductivity, thermal 4 containers large-capacity 89 cooling, internal (for blow moulding) 89 copolymerization 49, 74 costs of plastics materials 24 production 41, 42, 43, 45 crack growth rate 33 crack propagation 91 crazing 62, 188 creep 23,25,54,57,62,75,88,89,112, 114, 126, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 188 critical oxygen index 65, 69 cross-linked plastics 1, 6 shaping of 9, 16 cross-linking agents 178 crystallinity 1, 6, 21 crystalline texture 21 crystalline thermoplastics, shrinkage of 40 crystallization, effect of cooling rate on 75 curing agent see cross-linking agent degradation thermal 73 ultraviolet 178 design 23, 35 limitations on imposed by processing method 33 of gas pipe system 91 design stress vs. temperature 126 die extrusion 8, 11 die sizing 11 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of PE blends 95, 96 dinghy, 'Topper' sailing 86 dough moulding compound 167 -70 dual component processing 17, 174 dual component dispensing equipment high-pressure 19, 184 low-pressure 19 spray 182 dust explosions 72 economics, processing 40 elasticity, linear 23 electrical properties 5, 93, 106 electric drill casing 107 electric strength 5 electroplating 86 engineering design 23 enthalpy (heat content) 4 environmental stress cracking 6, 59, 93 epoxide resins 145, 170 cross-linking reactions in 172 esters glass fibre-reinforced poly- 108, 164 in plasticizers 128 as prepolymers for PUs 177 thermoplastic 111, 116, 117 unsaturated poly- 148, 163 ethersulphone, poly- 141 glass fibre-reinforced 103 ethylene copolymers of 87, 100 linear low density 87, 94 low density 87, 92 as monomer 87 in polymer blends 87, 95 - 9 very low density 87, 95 ethylene terephthalate, poly- 111 expansion, thermal 4 explosions, dust 72 extractor fans 113 extrusion 10, 34, 89, 94 blow moulding 13, 94 die 8 fabrication 42, 43, 44 failure brittle 3 ductile 3 fans, extractor 113 fatigue 28,30,55,105, 117 fibres 7, 151 fillers 7, 131, 151 film 13 fire properties of PF 157 of PP 86 of PPS 145 of PPVC 129 of PU 182INDEX 195 flooring, vinyl sheet 132 floor tiles 133 fluorocarbon blowing agents 156, 179 fluoroelastomers 135 as copolymers of VDF and TFE 140 polychlorotrifluoroethylene 135 poly(vinyl fluoride) 135, 140 poly(vinylidene fluoride) 135, 138, 139 foams 7,36,37,69,84, 156, 160, 179, 180, 182 structural 37 syntactic 86 formaldehyde sources 'hexa' 150 paraform 150 fractional recovered strain 28 fracture mechanics 3, 30, 91 fracture toughness 32, 33 friction of PTFE 136 fuel tanks see automotive components fumaric acid 164 fusion, latent heat of 4 gas barrier 103 distribution of 89 - 91 gaskets 82 glass fibre-reinforcement of thermoplastics 114 of thermosets 157, 165 - 8 of urethanes 179 gloss 5 grill plastics components 115 growth rate of cracks 33 hand lay-up 17,35,41-4, 167 hardness of PMMA 61 haze, haziness 5 heat content (enthalpy) 4 heat of fusion 4 hexamethylene tetramine 150 hexanone peroxide, cyc1o- 163 heater box (for cars and trucks) 83 high-pressure dispensing 19, 184- 8 high-pressure moulding 16 homogenization 8 'Hovermower' cover 56 hydrolysis 112, 177 imides, poly- 111 impact strength 28 - 30, 54, 57, 62, 67, 73, 105, 125 injection moulding 11, 34, 41, 44, 45, 113, 151 of thermosets 16 injection blow moulding 15,41,44,94 integral hinge 76, 79 intermittent loading (creep) 28, 29 ionomer resins 100 iron handle 146 isochronous stress vs. strain 25 - 7, 68, 105 isocyanate health hazard from 178 reactions of 175, 177 isocyanate index 175 isocyanurate formation 176 isometric stress vs. log time 25 - 7 kettle 121- 2 laboratory ware 101 laboratory ware 101 laminates, PF 156 latent heat of fusion 4 lifeboat in GRP 167 light, scattering of 5 linear elastic stress intensity factor 32 linear ela~ticity 23 load; intermittent (creep) 28, 29 loss factor (electrical) 5 low-pressure dispensing 19 low-pressure moulding 17 lubricant 7, 125 maleic acid 164 masterbath techniques 95 materials cost 24 mechanical properties 2 (LDPE) effect of density on 93 (LDPE) effect of MFI on 93 medical use of PTFE 137 melamine formaldehyde plastics 158, 161 melt flow index (MFI) 8, 73, 92 melt properties 5 metallization 7 methylethylketone peroxide 163 methyl methacrylate, polyin blend with PVC 133 cast sheet 60 moulding powder and extrusion grades 61 hardness of 61 light transfer in 62 transparency of 62 4-methyl pentene, poly- 87, 101196 mixing 8 modulus flexural vs. temperature 69, 144 tensile vs. temperature 112 mould shrinkage 4, 48 mould tools 8, 17, 20, 173, 184 moulding faults 36, 184 moulding processes: compression 16, 151 flexible mould 184 high-pressure 16 mJection 11,44,45,94, 113, 151 injection blow 15, 34, 41 low-pressure 17 reaction injection 35,41,46,184-7 rotational 13, 34,41,44,45, 92, 94 thermoset 16 transfer 17, 151 Natta see Ziegler - Natta catalyst 72 novolak resins 149, 151 nucleating agents 5, 179 nylons see amide plastics oligomers see prepolymers optical properties 5 orientation biaxial 112 effect of on barrier properties 113 effect of on tensile strength 29 fibre reinforcement and 84, 106, 165, 179 toughness and 49 oxide catalyst for ethylene polymerization 88 oxygen index see critical oxygen index oxymethylene, poly- see acetals packaging 48, 93 painting (see also surface coating) 7, 51 parison 13 permeation 6, 103, 134 permittivity 5 phenolformaldehyde (PF) plastics 70, 146, 148, 149 phenolformaldehyde foams 156 phenolformaldehyde sheet moulding compound 157 phenylene oxide, polyblends of with PS 56 foams 58 phenylene sulphide, poly- 144 reinforced 144 INDEX pthalic acids 164 pipes 89, 100, 106, 125 - 7 plasticizers for PVC 128 plastics, reinforced 36 plating 51 plumber's tape 138 polymer, polymerization (see also individual monomers) 1 polyols 176 powder blending 8 powder processing of PTFE 136 power factor (electrical) 5 prepolymers 9,48, 149, 159, 161, 163, 178 processing, economics of 40 processing of thermoplastics 8, 10 product design 35 production costs 41- 43, 45 properties, molecular long-chain 2 networks and 2 organic nature of polymers and 2 properties, in-service chemical 6 electrical 5, 93 mechanical 2, 93 melt 5 optical 5 thermal 3 propylene plastics 51, 72 13-crystalline form of 76, 77 blends of with rubbers 74, 82 composites and 80, 82, 83 controlled rheology of 73 copolymers, random and block, of 74 electroplating of 86 foams 84 impact-modified 72, 73 MFI test and 73 thermal degradation of 73 quinone methides 150 radiation, gamma-, resistance to 139 reaction injection moulding 35, 46, 184 rear light assembly 63 records, high-fidelity 132 recovered strain 28 reduced time 28 refractive index 5 refrigerators foam insulation for 182INDEX 197 liners for 51 reinforced plastics 36, 38, 164 resols 149, 156 rotational moulding 13, 34,41 - 5, 92, 94 saucepan handles 152 scattering of light 5 sealer bed pocket 109 seals 82, 191 seating kitchen 186 stackable 81, 82 upholstery for 180 sequential polymerization 74 shape stabilization 6, 8, 9, 20 shaping of cross-linking plastics 9 primary 8 secondary 8, 13 shear viscosity 8 sheet moulding compound 157,167-9 shoe components 82, 116, 133, 177, 186 shot weight II shrinkage 4,20, 39, 48, 51 silicone resins 148 sizing die II solid-phase pressure forming 80 solubility (of fluids in polymer) 6 spray foam 156, 182 spray lay-up 17,35,41-3,167 stabilization (against UV radiation) 7, 178 stabilizers (thermal) for PVC 125 strain-limited design 27 strength electrical 5 impact 28,29, 54, 57, 62, 67, 73, 105 long-term 27, 61, 68, 91, 127 vs. temperature 142 vs. time in water 122 stretch-blown bottles 15, 86, 112 stress concentration 28, 30, 74 stress intensity factor 32 stress vs. strain 25, 105 styrene plastics (PS) 47 blends with poly(phenylene oxide) 56 crystal grades 47 high-impact 49 use of solvent adhesives with 51 styrene copolymers ABS plastics 54 acrylonitrile 52 butadiene 52 block (butadiene) 53 styrene - PPO foams 58 sulphones, poly- 140 'Udel' 141 polyethersulphone 141 polydiphenylsulphone 141 supercooling 74, 88, 117 surface coatings 7, 164, 173, 186, 191 switches, direction-indicating 122, 155 texture, crystalline 21 thermal conductivity 4 thermal degradation 124, 139, 177 thermal expansion 4, 179 thermoforming 15, 34, 41, 51 thermoplastic elastomers 82 thermoplastics processing of 8, 10 product design of 35 thermosetting plastics, product design of 35 time dependence 2 time, reduced 28 tolerances and dimensional control 39, 56, 58, 115, 149 toughness 105 fracture 32, 33 tracking resistance 160 transfer moulding 17, 151 transparency 5, 68, 101 tubular film 13 ultraviolet stabilization 7 UV-stable antioxidants 73, 178 unsaturated polyester resin 148, 163 glass fibre-reinforced 164 urea formaldehyde plastics 158 cross-linking in 159 foams 160 urethanes, poly- 174 foams, flexible 180 rigid 182 self-skin semi-flexible 186, 187 self-skin rigid 186, 187 reaction injection moulded 188 thermoplastics 190 thermosetting 189 usage of plastics materials 24 vacuum cleaners 56 components of 70 vinyl acetate copolymer with ethylene 100 with vinyl chloride 132198 vinyl chloride, poly- 124 blends (NBR, EVAC, PU) 133 copolymers of 132 as monomer 124 plasticized (pastes, plastisols) 128 vinylidene chloride, poly- 65, 133 copolymers of 133 with acrylonitrile 134 with vinyl chloride 134 INDEX vinyltrichlorsilane 165 viscosity, shear 8 washing machine drum 84 - 5 water absorption by MF 161 by polyamides 104 by polyesters III Ziegler catalyst 88 Ziegler - Natta catalyst 72
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