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| موضوع: كتاب Pneumatics - Concepts Design and Applications الجمعة 24 ديسمبر 2021, 2:04 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Pneumatics - Concepts Design and Applications Jagadeesha T Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering National Institute of Technology Calicut Kozhikode, Kerala
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements 1. INTRODUCTION TO PNEUMATICS 1.1 Pneumatics and Its Meaning 1.2 History of Pneumatics 1.3 Pneumatic Systems 1.4 Choice of Working Medium 1.5 Advantages of Pneumatics over Hydraulics 1.5.1 Differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems 1.6 Characteristics of Pneumatic Systems 1.7 Applications of Pneumatics 1.8 Properties of Air 1.8.1 Composition 1.8.2 Free air and standard air 1.8.3 Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure 1.8.4 Variation of pressure with altitude 1.8.5 Pressure ranges 1.9 Gas Laws 1.9.1 Boyle’s law 1.9.2 Charles’ law 1.9.3 Gay-Lussac’s law 1.9.4 General gas equation 1.10 Basic Components of Pneumatic Systems 1.11 Comparison of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1.12 Comparison of Different Power Systems 1.12.1 Electrical power transmission 1.12.2 Mechanical power transmission 1.12.3 Hydraulic power transmission 1.12.4 Pneumatic power transmission Summary Exercises 2. PREPARATION OF COMPRESSED AIR 2.1 Air Preparation 2.2 Classification of Air Compressors 27 28viii Contents Contents ix 115 4.7.2 Horizontal cylinder 4.7.3 Inclined cylinder 4.8 Rotary Actuators 4.8.1 Vane type actuators 4.8.2 Rack and pinion rotary actuator 4.8.3 Helix spine rotary actuator 4.9 Air Motors 4.9.1 Vane motor 4.9.2 Piston motor 4.9.3 Diaphragm air motor 4.9.4 Turbine motor 4.9.5 Gear motor 2.2.1 Reciprocating compressors 2.2.2 Rotary compressors 2.2.3 Dynamic displacement compressors (turbo compressors) 2.3 Comparison of Different Compressors 2.4 Control of Compressors 2.5 Selection and Specification of Compressors 2.6 Importance of Secondary Treatment 2.7 Aftercooler 2.7.1 Functions of compressed air aftercoolers 2.7.2 Types of aftercoolers 2.8 Drying of Compressed Air 2.8.1 Types of air dryers 2.8.2 Theory of drying 2.9 Storage of Compressed Air 2.9.1 Air receivers 2.9.2 Sizing of air receivers Summary Exercises 5. PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVES 5.1 Valves 5.2 Direction Control Valves 5.2.1 Types of direction control valves 5.2.2 Non-return valves 5.2.3 Flow control valves 5.2.4 Pressure control valves 5.3 Valve Specification 5.4 Valve Sizing 5.4.1 Valve sizing of flow control valves 5.4.2 Sizing of direction control valves Summary 134 Exercises 56 55 135 3. CONDITIONING AND DISTRIBUTION OF COMPRESSED AIR 3.1 Fluid Conditioners 3.1.1 Air filters 3.1.2 Air regulator 3.1.3 Air lubricator 3.1.4 Filter-regulator-lubricator (FRL) unit 3.2 Air Distribution System 3.3 Guidelines for Component Selection 3.4 Guidelines for Compressor Sizing Summary Exercises 4. PNEUMATICS ACTUATORS AND AIR MOTORS 4.1 Pneumatic Actuators 4.2 Types of Pneumatic Actuators 4.2.1 Types of pneumatic cylinders (Linear actuators) 4.3 Standard Metric Cylinders 4.3.1 Graphic symbols for cylinders 4.4 Cylinder Mountings 4.5 Cylinder Force, Velocity and Power 4.6 Acceleration and Deceleration of Cylinder Loads 4.7 Linear Motion Using Pneumatic Cylinders 4.7.1 Vertical cylinder Summary 177 Exercises 6. SINGLE ACTUATOR CIRCUITS 6.1 Pneumatic Circuits and Pneumatic Circuit Diagrams 6.2 Single Acting Cylinder Control 6.2.1 Direct control of a single acting cylinder 6.2.2 Indirect control of single acting cylinder 6.2.3 Control of a single acting cylinder using an “OR” valve 6.2.4 Control of single acting cylinder using an “AND” valve 6.2.5 Control of a single acting cylinder using a “NOT” valve 6.3 Direct Control of a Double Acting Cylinder 6.3.1 Indirect control of double acting cylinder using a memory valve 6.4 Supply and Exhaust Air Throttling 6.4.1 Supply air throttling 6.4.2 Exhaust air throttling 6.5 Methods of Checking the End Position of a Cylinder 114x Contents Contents xi 6.5.1 Use of limit switches 6.6 Pressure Dependent Controls 6.7 Time-Dependent Controls Summary Exercises 9. ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC CONTROL 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Control Electrical Devices 9.2.5 Relays 9.2.6 Time delay relays (Timers) 9.2.7 Temperature switch 9.2.8 Reed proximity switches 9.2.9 Electronic sensors 9.2.10 Electric counters 9.3 Electro-pneumatics Circuits for Single Actuators 9.3.1 Direct control of single acting cylinder 9.3.2 Indirect control of a single acting cylinder 9.3.3 Direct control of a double acting cylinder 9.3.4 Indirect control of a double acting cylinder (5/2 valve, single solenoid) 9.3.5 Indirect control of a double acting cylinder (5/2 valve, double solenoid) 9.3.6 Control of a double acting cylinder, OR logic (Parallel circuit) 9.3.7 Control of a double acting cylinder, AND logic 9.3.8 Latching circuits 9.3.9 Double acting cylinder with automatic return (Spring return) 9.3.10 Direct control of a double acting cylinder with automatic return (double solenoid) 9.3.11 Indirect control of a double acting cylinder with automatic return (double solenoid) 9.3.12 Automatic return of a double acting cylinder (using proximity switch) 9.3.13 Oscillating motion of a double acting cylinder (Forward) 9.3.14 Oscillating motion of a double acting cylinder (Return) 9.3.15 Control systems with timed response 9.3.16 Control of a double acting cylinder using an electric counter with two end sensors 9.3.17 Oscillation of a double acting cylinder using proximity switches 383 9.3.18 Control of a double acting cylinder using a pressure switch 9.3.19 Control of a double acting cylinder using a delay on and off timer and counter 9.3.20 Control of a double acting cylinder using a reed switch for initial sensing 9.4 Electro-pneumatic Circuits for Multi Actuators 9.4.1 Two-group electro-pneumatic circuits 210 Push button switches 352 Limit switches Pressure switches Solenoids 7. MULTI ACTUATOR CIRCUITS- PART I 356 7.1 Single Actuator vs Multi Actuator Circuits 7.2 Classic or Intuitive Method 7.2.1 Coordinated and sequential motion control 7.2.2 Demonstration of the classic method 7.2.3 Elimination of signal conflict 7.3 Cascade Method 7.3.1 Demonstration of the cascade method 7.4 Step Counter Method Summary Exercises 8. MULTI ACTUATOR CIRCUITS- PART II 8.1 Pneumatic Logic Control 8.2 Signal Processing Logic Gates 8.2.1 OR Gate 8.2.2 AND Gate 8.2.3 NOT (Inverter) Gate 8.2.4 NANDGate 8.2.5 NOR Gate 8.2.6 XOR Gate (Exclusive OR) 8.2.7 XNOR (Exclusive NOR) Gate 8.2.8 NAND and NOR Universality 8.3 Boolean Algebra 8.3.1 Boolean algebra equalities or identities 8.3.2 DeMorgan’s Theorem 8.3.3 Sum of Products (SOP) 8.3.4 Product of Sums (POS) 8.3.5 Analysis Using SOP and POS and Truth Table 8.4 General Analysis of Karnaugh-Veitch Maps 8.4.1 Condition of Adjacency 8.4.2 Logic Circuit Design with Karnaugh-Veitch Mapping Method 8.5 Compound Circuit Design 8.6 Combinational Circuit Design Summary 391xii Contents Contents xiii 12.3 Comparison of Hydropneumatic, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Circuits Summary Exercises 9.4.2 Design of three group electro-pneumatic circuits 400 482 Summary . 483 Exercises 13. MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS 10. PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DESIGN USING PLCs 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Features of Programmable Logic Controllers 10.3 Hardwired Control System 10.4 PLC Systems 10.5 Major Components of PLC 10.6 Programming of PLC 10.7 PLC Timers 10.8 PLC Counters 10.9 PLC Memory Elements 10.10 Logic Design and PLC Circuits 10.11 Areas of Application of a PLC 10.12 PLC Standards Summary Exercises 423 424 13.1 Maintenance of Pneumatic Systems 485 13.2 General Maintenance Procedure 13.3 General Maintenance Guide 13.4 General Troubleshooting Guide 13.5 General Troubleshooting Procedure Summary Exercises Index 511 11. INTRODUCTION TO FLUIDICS 11.1 Fluidics Defined 11.2 Historical Background 11.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fluidics 11.4 Coanda or Wall Attachment Effect 11.5 Basic Fluidic Devices 11.6 Schmitt Trigger 11.7 Turbulence Amplifier 11.8 Fluid Sensors 11.8.1 Types of fluid sensors 11.9 Application Examples 11.9.1 Control of a double acting cylinder 11.9.2 Control of two double acting cylinders in sequence 11.9.3 Continuous automatic reciprocation of a hydraulic cylinder Index Fill in the blanks 1. schedules True or false 4. dust 5. packing 2. failure 3. filter element absolute pressure 8, 9 absorption dryer 41-42 aftercooler 28, 40 air compressor 17, 28 air consumption 83, 466 air consumption rate 71, 73 air dryer 41 air filter 17, 62 air flow 30, 466 air leakage 83 air motors 3, 93, 123 air preparation 27 air receiver 7, 28, 50 air regulator 64 AND function 186, 303 AND functionality 193 arc suppression 457 atmospheric air 8 atmospheric pressure 8 automatic drain 63, 79, 80 component selection 82 compound circuit design 338 compressed air 1-3, 5 compressor sizing 83 compressors 2, 8, 17, 487 contacts 19, 360, 405 contaminants 28, 62, 365 control devices 427 control energy, 134 control of compressors 38 control of single acting cylinder 186 control valves 134 corrective maintenance 485 counters 352 cushioning 109, 190 cylinder 8, 18, 20-21, 108, 356, 371, 468 cylinder action 101 cylinder design 101 cylinder force 111 cylinder mountings 110 cylinder power 111 cylinder symbols 109 cylinder velocity 111 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False bar 8 bit 426, 429 bit logic operation 428 bolt mounting 147 Boyle’s law 11, 13 breakdown 508 detector 365 dew point 41 dew point temperature 48 diaphragm air motor 127 diaphragm compressor 33 diaphragm cylinder 95 diffuse sensors 367 direct control of double acting cylinder 187 direct control of single acting cylinder 182 direction control valves 135 displacement - step diagram 220 displacement-time diagram 220 dominant OFF circuit 374 cable cylinder 102 capacitive sensors 364 cascade method 234, 396 centrifugal forces 35 Charles’ law 13 check valve 158, 190, 475 circuit design 321 circuit design method 218 classic method 219 comparison of compressors 38 Index Index 513 hydraulic power transmission 20 multi-position cylinder 106 hydraulic circuit 482 hydraulic cylinder 470 hydraulic systems 4, 19 hydraulic motors 3 hydraulics 2, 4, 21 hydropneumatic circuit 482 hydropneumatics 474 idle return rollers 231 impact cylinder 105 inductive sensor 362 inertia force 115 intake system 28, 485 ISO 1219 109, 136, 155 isothermal process 30 kinetic energy 105 ladder diagram 427-428 laybyrinth compressor 33 limit switch 2, 191, 354-355, 468 linear actuator 21, 93, 120 linear motion 20, 114 loading forces 36 logic control 292 lubricator 2, 28, 62, 66, 487, 492 pressure gauge 50 pressure regulation 64 pressure sequence valve 164-165, 199 pressure switch 17, 19, 31, 50, 352, 355 preventive maintenance 485-486, 490 programmable logic controllers (PLC) 351, 423 programming of PLC 427 proximity sensor 352, 363, 465 push button 19, 195 push button switches 352 dominant ON circuit 375 double acting cylinder 93, 98-99, 189 down counter 367, 433 dryers 2, 28 duty cycle 39 dynamic displacement compressors 37 electric counters 367 electrical power transmission 19 emergency stop module 274 emitter 365 energy 4, 5 exhaust air throttling 189 expansion of air 48 filter-regulator-lubricator (FRL) unit 67 filters 2, 28 fittings 69, 72 flanges 76 flow control valves 135, 160, 188 flow rate 17, 73, 122, 168-169, fluid control valves 163 fluid power 1-2, 9, 455-456, 465 fluidic logic circuit 468 fluidics 455 force 2, 4, 6, 18, 456 force of gravity 97 free air 8 free air delivery (FAD) 30 frictional force 115 NC contact 353, 396, 399, 428 NO contact 353, 376, 396, 398, 428-429 non-return valves 135, 158, 160 non-venting type pressure regulator 66 normal air 8 normally closed (NC) 353 normally open (NO) 353 off-delay timer 201, 359 on-delay timer 201, 359, 381 one-way flow control valve 190, 205, 215 optical proximity sensor 365 OR control 185 OR functionality 185, 195 output module 427 quick exhaust valve 158, 161 radial piston motor 126 receiver 31, 50, 366, 488 receiver size 51 receiver tank 5, 51 reciprocating air compressor 31 reciprocating compressor 28 reed switch 107, 360, 393 refrigerated air dryer 43 regulators, 2 relative humidity 8, 46 relay logic 292 relays 19, 352, 358, 424, 426 reservoir 5-6, 17, 21 reset coil 367 reset coil, PLC 433 restraining force 200 ring layout 78 ring main 69, 78 rod-less cylinder 93, 102 roller valve 231 rotary actuator 21, 93, 120 rotary compressor 34 rung 392, 428 photoelectric detector 107 piston compressor 10, 28 piston motor 126 piston seals 99 PLC coil 428 PLC counters 432 PLC timers 431 PLCs 424, 426 pneumatic actuator 17, 21, 92 pneumatic circuit 8, 181, 482 pneumatic cylinders, 21, 93 pneumatic feed units 474 pneumatic power transmission 20 pneumatic systems 4, 19 pneumatic syterns 19 pneumatic valves 21 pneumatics 1-2, 6 positional layout 220 power 3, 5, 18, 52 power flow 428 preparation of compressed air 27 presssure gauges 487 pressure control valves 135, 164, 199 pressure dew point 48 pressure energy 37 maintenance 123, 166, 426, 449, 485, 487, 508 malfunction 360 malfunction in pneumatic systems 490 manifold layout 77 manifold mounting 136 mechanical power transmission 20 medium force 21 membrane dryer 41, 44 memory box 434 memory function 153, 211, 381, 433 meter-out circuit 190 mounting frame 51 mounting method 158, 167 multi actuator circuit 218, 292 multi stage piston compressor 31 gas laws 11 gauge pressure 8 gay-Lussac’s law 14 general gas equation 15 general maintenance 487 General troubleshooting procedure 494 group changing valve 231, 237 hardwired control system 424 heavy force 21 high force 22 humidity 28, 41 safety 6, 31, 50, 124, 359, 493 safety devices 134, 201 screw compressor 10, 34 sealing force 126 secondary treatment of compressed air 27, 39 selection and specification of compressors 39514 Index temperature gauge 50 throttle valve 190 timers 19, 201, 359 turbo compressors 37 two pressure valve 158, 163 two-hand safety measure 198 sensor 2, 19, 107, 191, 205, 362, 464 sensor, directly mounted 108 servicing 491 set coil, PLC 433 shift register 234 signal conflict elimination 219, 231, 234 signal flow 221, 242 signal flow diagram 339 signal overlap 191, 396 single acting cylinder 93-94 single cylinder compressor 29 single stage compressor, 31 solenoid valve 173, 356, 391, 394 solenoids 352, 356 step counter 246 step counter method 245 supply air throttling 190 up counter 367, 433 user program, PLC 426, 427 vacuum 8-9 valve sizing 167, 173 valves 17 van der Waals forces 42 vane motor 22, 125 vee type radial piston motor 126 velocity energy 37 venting type pressure regulator 65 tandem cylinder 93, 102 telescopic cylinder 93, 101 working pressure 48, 183
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