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| موضوع: كتاب Design Data for Reinforced Plastics - A Guide for Engineers and Designers الثلاثاء 14 ديسمبر 2021, 11:32 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Design Data for Reinforced Plastics A Guide for Engineers and Designers Neil L. Hancox Project Manager AEA Technology Harwell, UK and Rayner M . Mayer Consultant Sciotech Yateley, UK
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS Preface Vlll Layout of the book lX How to use this book x Acknowledgements Xl Trademarks and registered trade names Xlll Glossary xv Units XXll Fabric notation XXlV 1 Design considerations 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Layout of the book 3 1.3 Choice of data 4 1.4 Composites behaviour 5 1.5 Conclusion 13 1.6 Reference information 13 2 Material selection and data assessment 14 Summary 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Material constituents 14 2.3 Material selection 16 2.4 Data assessment 30 2.5 Test methods and standards 31 2.6 Data reduction and presentation 31 2.7 Use of data in design 32 2.8 Reference information 32 3 Properties 35 Summary 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 The role of fibre and matrix 36 3.3 Fibre properties 38 3.4 Physical form of the reinforcement 46 3.5 Matrix properties 48 3.6 Composite properties 50 3.7 Design and manufacture 53 3.8 Health and safety 54 3.9 Reference information 54 VContents 4 Mechanical properties of random and fabric-reinforced resins 55 Summary 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Polyester resins 57 4.3 Vinyl ester resins 71 4.4 Phenolic resins 75 4.5 Epoxy resins 84 4.6 Other resins 92 4.7 Design strategy 94 4.8 Reference information 95 5 Mechanical properties of aligned fibre composites 96 Summary 96 5.1 General information 96 5.2 Glass fibres 97 5.3 Aramid fibres 106 5.4 Carbon fibres 115 5.5 Material selection and design strategy 132 5.6 Reference information 132 6 Impact and fracture 133 Summary 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Impact 138 6.3 Fracture 148 6.4 Design strategy 152 6.5 Reference information 152 7 Thermal and electrical properties 153 Summary 153 7.1 Thermal properties 153 7.2 Electrical properties 163 7.3 Design strategy 169 7.4 Reference information 169 8 Fire performance 170 Summary 170 8.1 Introduction 170 8.2 Non-combustibility 172 8.3 Ignitability 173 8.4 Flame spread 174 8.5 Rate of heat release 181 8.6 Smoke and toxic gas emissions 182 8.7 Flash-over 189 8.8 Design strategy 191 Vl 8.9 Reference information 192Contents 9 Environmental effects 195 Summary 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Effect of moisture 197 9.3 Corrosion resistance 209 9.4 Hardness, abrasion and weathering 217 9.5 Design strategy 225 9.6 Reference information 225 10 Creep and fatigue 226 Summary 226 10.1 Introduction 226 10.2 Creep 229 10.3 Time-temperature superposition 236 10.4 Fatigue 238 10.5 Design strategy 266 10.6 Reference information 268 11 Influence of processing on properties 269 Summary 269 11.1 Introduction 269 11.2 Contact moulding 271 11.3 Resin transfer moulding 275 11.4 Press moulding 278 11.5 Prepreg moulding 284 11.6 Pultrusion 286 11.7 Filament winding 290 11.8 Recycling 293 11.9 Design strategy 294 11.10 Reference information 294 12 Quality assurance 296 Summary 296 12.1 Introduction 296 12.2 Incoming materials 297 12.3 Processing 300 12.4 Non-destructive evaluation 304 12.5 Destructive testing 308 12.6 Strategy for quality control 313 12.7 Reference information 313 Index 315 INDEX Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers appearing in italic refer to tables. Abrasion carbon fibres 221 effect of carbon fibres on wear rate of polymers 221 fibre fraction 219-20, 219 hardness 217, 217 scratch 218, 218 ABS, see Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin Accelerator xv Acrylates cast resins 93, 93 Acrylic resins (cast) properties 92 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin xv, 28 Activation energies for diffusion of water through resins and laminates 199 Additive(s) xv, 15 AFNOR, see Association Fran~ais de Normalisation Airbus Industrie Specification ATS 1000-001 182,183,192 Aligned fibre composites aramid fibres effect of resin type 109, 109 fibre modulus 110, 110 fibre volume 111-2, 111, 112 influence of temperature 114, 114 properties 106-8, 106, 107 shear properties 113, 113 carbon fibres bismaleimide composites 123, 123 epoxy, bismaleimide resins 117-8, 118 influence of resin type 119-20, 119, 120 mechanical properties 115-6, 116 temperature effects 126-9, 126, 127, 128 test methods 125, 125 thermoplastic matrix systems 130-1, 130 transverse properties 124, 124 very high modulus fibres 121-2,121,122,122 effect of fibre orientation on compressive strength 12 effect of fibre orientation on tensile modulus 12 glass fibres effect of temperature 103-4, 103, 104 fibre orientation 100-2, 100, 100, 101, properties 97-9, 97, 98, 99 thermoplastic matrix systems 105, 105 materials selection and design strategy 132 Altex xiii, 39 Alumina mechanical properties 39 Alumina/boria/ silica fibre mechanical properties 39 Aluminium trihydrate xv, 22, 22 American Society for Testing and Materials xv see also ASTM standards APC2 xiii Aramid fibre xv, 18 creep response of aramid 231 density 42 electrical properties 164 effect of temperature 114, 114 epoxy resin composites effect of fibre modulus 110, 110 effect of fibre volume/fraction 111-2,111 112 effect of resin type 109, 109 mechanical properties 107-8, 107 flammability 175 mechanical properties 39,40, 106, 106 modulus 42 properties 106, 106 shear properties 113 effect of test method on 113, 113 strength 205-6 specific heat 162 strength 43, 45 suppliers 41 tensile modulus, strength and strain-to-failure of aramid fibres 45 thermal properties 156 AS2 xiii, 41 AS4 xiii, 41,116,116,117,118, 130, 150, 150, 151, 159 Aspect ratio xv Association Fran~ais de Normalisation xv ASTM, see American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM standards 33 ASTM B 117222 ASTM D 2863 176, 179 ASTM D 3681 214 ASTM E 84 177, 182 ASTM E 662 182 ASTM E 1354-90 182 ATH, see Aluminium trihydrate ATS, see Airbus Industrie Specification Autoclave moulding xv Balsa wood 28 Barcol hardness xv, 217, 217, 298, 299, 301 Barely visible impact damage xvIndex Binder xv flexural strength of CSM laminates with various binders 76 Bismaleimide resins 20 carbon fibres in 117-8, 118 electrical properties 166 effect of temperature and exposure 126 mechanical properties 49 stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103 thermal properties 155 Bismaleimide composites 123, 123 BMC, see Bulk moulding compounds BPF, see British Plastics Federation British Plastics Federation xv, 54 British Standards Institute xv see also BSI standards BSAU 148 222 BSI, see British Standards Institute BSI standards 33 BS 476 172, 173, 177, 179, 180, 184 BS 2782 176 BS 3400 218, 222 BS 3900 222 BS 5480 31, 34, 103 BS 6401 182 BS 6853 182, 187 BS 7000 34 B-staging xv Building Research Station (UK) 194 Bulk moulding compounds xv, 16 mechanical properties of moulded BMC panels 282 BVID, see Barely visible impact damage CAA, see Civil Aviation Authority Calcite effect of calcite filler on shrinkage of polyester resin 24 Calcium carbonate 22, 22 Carbon black 22, 22 Carbon epoxy fatigue 262-3 Carbon fibre(s) 18 316 Charpy impact data for carbon fibre composites 140 density 42 effect of carbon fibres on wear rate of polymers 221 electrical properties 164 flammability 175 flexural fatigue 264-5 mechanical properties 39, 40, 115-6, 116 modulus 40 properties of composites 117-25, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 122, 123, 124, 125 specific heat 162 strength 43 suppliers 40-1 temperature effects 126-9, 126, 127, 128 tensile modulus strength and strain-to-failure of carbon fibres 44 thermal properties 156 thermoplastic matrix systems 130-1, 130 very high modulus fibres 121, 121 Carbon fibre-reinforced plastic XVI Cast resins 71, 75, 84-5, 93 properties of cast polyester resins 57, 84, 93 Catalyst xv CEC, see Commission of the European Community CEI 20, 22, 182 Celion 6000 123, 123 Cellobond ]2018L 232 CEN, see Comite Europeen de Normalisation Centrifugal moulding xv Ceramic fibres density 42 electrical properties 164 modulus 42 specific heat 162 strength 43 thermal properties 156 CFM, see Continuous filament mat CFRP, see Carbon fibre-reinforced plastic C-glass fibres xv Charpy impact test 138-42, 281 carbon fibre composites 141 various types of GRP laminate 140 Chemical resistance (to weak alkali) resins 21 China clay (kaolin) 23 Chopped strand mat xvi, 47, 76-7, 76, 80, 85, 86, 86, 145 145, 184-6 flexural strength of CSM laminates with various resins 86 properties of CSM laminates in various resins 85 property variation of polyester resins with chopped strand mats 64 tensile stress/ strain curve for a chopped strand mat glass polyester laminate 10 Civil Aviation Authority xv Clay (kaolin) 22 Coefficient of thermal conductivity, see Thermal properties Coefficient of thermal expansion, see Thermal properties COM, see Contact moulding fabrication process Comite Europeen de Normalisation xv Commission of the European Community xv Compimide 795, 123 Compimide 800 xiii, 123 Composite(s) xvi aligned fibre composites aramid fibres 106-14 carbon fibres 115-31 glass fibres 97-105 anisotropy notation 50-2 Charpy impact data for carbon fibre composites 140 design and manufacture 53 electrical properties 163 composites 167-8, 168 design strategy 168 fibres 164-5, 164 resins 166, 166environmental effects 195-6 abrasion 217-21 corrosion 209-16 design strategy 225 effect of moisture 197-208 reference information 225 weathering 222-4 fibre properties 38-45 fire performance 170-1 flame spread 174-80 flash-over 189-90 gas emission 183-88 heat release 181, 181 ignitability 173, 173 non-combustibility 172 phases of fire development 171 fracture 133-7 fracture energy 148-50, 148, 150, 151 health and safety 54 impact 133-7 Charpy impact 138-42, 138, 139, 140, 141 effect of loading rate 146 146 effect of reinforcement type 143-4, 143 effect of strain rate 145, 145 effect of support diameter 147, 147 matrix properties 48-9 physical form of reinforcement 46-7 properties 35-6, 50-51, 50-51 reference information 54 relation between initial tensile strain and time to failure for glass polyester composite 234 role of fibre and matrix 36 thermal properties 153-4, 159 conductivity 160, 160 design strategy 168 expansion 158-9, 159 fibres 156-7, 156 polymer matrices 155, 155 specific heat 162, 162 Compound(s) xvi forms DMC 26 GMT 26 IMC 26 prepreg 26 SMC 26 TSC 26 XMC26 properties DMC26 GMT 26 SMC 26 TSC 26 XMC 26 Consolidation xvi Contact moulding fabrication process xvi, 271-74 comparison of hand lay-up and spray-up 271 considerations for using contact moulding 274 effect of fabric 273 effect of processing 272, 272 influence of fabric strength of composites 273 properties 274, 274 Continuous filament mat xv, 80 Continuous random mat xvi Coremat 28 Corrosion chemical resistance 209, 210 of polyester resins 211-2 211,212,212 effect of acid 213-5, 213, 214, 215 effect of alkali 216, 216 Cost resins 21 Cotton 18 Crack extension modes 134 Creep, 207, 226-8, 227 creep response of aramid 231 creep-rupture of CSM laminates in water 232 cyclic fatigue of pipes 291 environmental factors 229 fibre fraction 238 fibre type 230-31 glass composites 229 impulses 235, 235 in destructive testing 309 loading and 227 material selection 226 reference information 268 resin type 232, 232 strain 234, 234 temperature 233, 233 tensile creep properties of Index pultruded rods 230 time-temperature supposition creep rates 236-7 shear creep compliance of glass laminates 236 time-temperature shear creep compliance master curve 237 transient overloads 235 CRM, see Continuous random mat Crystic xiii, 272 147 CSM, see Chopped strand mat CTC, see Coefficient of thermal conductivity CTE, see Coefficient of thermal expansion Curing agents xvi D411-4586 Data assessment 30 strategy 30 Delamination xvi Denier xvi DER 332 113 Derakane xiii Derakane 411 71, 74 Derakane 47071, 74, 82 Derakane 510 71, 74 Designing with composites 1-2 choice of data 4-5 composites behaviour relevant to design effect of fibre orientation 12 load/deflection curves 6,7,10 longitudinal and transverse tensile load/ deflection curves 9 tensile stress/ strain curve 10 torque / shear deflection curves 8 design strategy aligned fibre composites 132 creep and fatigue 266 317Index Designing with composites (contd) environmental effects 225 fire performance 191 impact and fracture 152 influence of processing 294 random and fabricreinforced resins 94 thermal and electrical aspects 169 Destructive testing creep and fatigue 309 destructive testing techniques 308 environmental influence 309 fatigue tests of blade materials 311, 311 fatigue natural frequency 311 fire performance 308 frequency of tests and distribution of costs 310 impact testing 309 mechanical loading to failure 308 resin burn-off 308 small- versus large-scale tests 310 Deutsches Institut Fur Normung XVI DIN 4102, 179 D-glass fibres xvi DIN, see Deutsches Institut Fur Normung DMC, see Dough moulding compound DOT/FAA/CT-89/15 182,192 DOT/FAA/CT-85/23188 Dough moulding compound xvi, 16,26 Drape xvi Dyneema xiii, 39 E-CR glass fibre xiii, xvi, 97, 207,213,214,215,216 EFTA, see European Free Trade Association E-glass fibre xvi, 18, 19, 143, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 148, 150, 150, 159, 200, 205,207,213,214,215, 216, 219, 222, 256 electrical properties 164, 168 properties 39, 97, 98, 98, 99, 105 specific heat 162 318 thermal conductivity 160 thermal properties 156 Electrical properties 163 composites 167-8, 168 design strategy 168 fibres 164-5, 164 resins 166, 166 EN, see European Standard Environmental considerations 195-5 abrasion carbon fibres 221, 221 fibre fraction 219-20, 219 hardness 217, 217 scratch 218, 218 corrosIOn acid 213-5, 213, 214, 215 alkali 216, 216 effect of chemicals 209 chemical resistance 210, 211,211,212,212 effect of chemicals 209 creep 229 design strategy 225 difference with metals 195-6 fatigue 238-9, 239 moisture effect on properties 200-1, 200,201,208,208 effect of stress 207, 207 influence on shear strength 205-6,205 water absorption 198-200, 198, 199 water uptake 202-4, 202, 203, 204 reference information 225 weathering glass/phenolic 222-3, 222 sheet mouldings 224, 224 Epon xiii Epon 828 109, 110,205 Epoxy resin xvi, 20, 107-12 carbon fibre composites 117-8, 118, 124, 124 cast resins properties 84-5, 84, 85 chopped strand mats mechanical properties 86, 86 effect of temperature and exposure 126 electrical properties 166 fatigue 256-61 mechanical properties 49 stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103 shear strength 205 thermal properties 155 water uptake 202-4 woven fabrics mechanical properties 87, 87 Equerove xiii Equerove EC17 81, 82 ERL 1962 121 European Free Trade Association XVI European Standard xvi EUR 8750 178 F155NR 124 F185NR 124 FAA, see Federal Aviation Authority Fabric notation xxiv FAR 25.853 182 Fatigue compression 262-3, 262 design strategy design 266 materials selection 266-7, 266,267 source 267 environmental factors 238, 239 fatigue natural frequency 311 fibre alignment 240-1, 241 fibre orientation 242-3, 243 fibre type 256-7, 256 flexural fatigue of carbon/PPEK 264 flexural stress 264-5, 264, 265 holes and notches 254-5, 254 in destructive testing 309, 311-2 influence of fibre length on strength 244-5, 245 loading rate 252-3, 253, 253 matrix types 248, 248 moisture 258-9, 259 NDE testing 306-7 reference information creep 268 fatigue 268 general 268 search strategy 268 resin types 246-7reverse loading 251, 251 shear fatigue 260-1, 260 temperature 249-50, 249, 250 tensile fatigue of continuous and short length glass reinforced plastics 244 tensile strength of different resins 246 Federal Aviation Authority xvi Fiberite xiii, 934 109, 148 Fibre xvi Fibre content xvi Fibredux 914C-833-40 90 Fibre foams rovings, mats and weaves 46-7 Fibre properties strength as a function of modulus for carbon, aramid and glass fibre 40 maximum temperature 38 mechanical 38 alumina 39 alumina/boria!silica fibre 39 aramid 39 carbon 39 glass 39 oriented polyethylene fibre 39 silicon carbide 39 strength as a function of modulus for carbon, aramid and glass fibre 40 Fibre-reinforced plastic xvii Fibre selection by property level 18 Fibre size and finish 14 Fibre volume fraction effect of fibre volume fraction on flexural modulus, strength and strain-tofailure of polyester resins 69 Filament xvii Filament winding xvii, 290 consideration for using filament winding 292 creep and cyclic fatigue of pipes 291 data for filament winding 291 typical lay-up construction for a GRP pipe 290 Filler(s) xvii, 16 properties aluminium trihydrate 22 calcium carbonate 22 carbon black 22 clay (kaolin) 22 glass spheres (hollow) 22 metallic oxides 22 mica flakes 22 rubber particles 22 silica 22 talc 22 wood flour 22 shrinkage 24, 24 typical fillers and reasons for their use 22 flexural modulus 24, 24, 25 Fine fabric epoxy laminates mechanical properties 88-9, 88 prepreg 90-1, 90,91 Finish xvii, 15 Finished items xvii Fire performance of composites 170-1 design strategy 191, 191 flame spread effect of resin and fibre type 175-6, 175 fire resistance 178, 178 phenolic and methacrylate 179-80, 179, 180 surface spread 177, 177 UL 94 test 174 flash-over 189-90, 189 gas emission industry limits 183 influence of fillers 185-6, 185, 186 influence of reinforcement 188, 188 influence of resin 184, 184 large scale tests 187, 187 test methods 182 heat release test methods 181, 181 ignitability 173, 173 non-combustibility 172 phases of fire development 171 reference information design strategy 193 flame spread 193 flash-over 193 general 192 ignitability 192 Index information sources 193-4 non-combustibility 192 rate of heat release 193 smoke and toxic gas emission 193 Flame spread effect of resin and fibre type 175-6, 175, 179 fire resistance 178, 178 phenolic and methacrylate 179-80, 179, 180 surface spread 177, 177 UL 94 test 174 Flash-over 189, 189 Fluxural modulus/ strength 24-5 effect of fibre volume 69 effect of filler particle shape on flexural modulus of polypropylene 25 effect of glass content on flexural modulus for glassreinforced laminates 65 effect of glass size on flexural strength of laminates 60 flexural strength of CSM laminates with various binders 76 flexural strength of CSM laminates with various resins 86 flexural strength of glass reinforced composites after soaking 82 variation of flexural strength and modulus with glass content 62, 63 Flexural stress carbon/PEEK 264-5 Foams and other core materials XVll properties ABS 28 balsa wood 28 cormat 28 honeycomb 28 PC 28 PES 28 phenolic 28 polyurethane 28 PP 28 PS 28 PVC 28 urea-formaldehyde 28 319Index Fracture 133-7 effects of strain rate 151, 151 design for impact and fracture 152 Fracture energy xvii, 133, 135, 148-50,148, 150, 151, 148 composites 150 influence of strain rate on fracture energy 151 FRP, see Fibre-reinforced plastic FTSOO xiii, 41 FT700 xiii, 41 Gl' G2, G3, see Fracture energies Gas emission chopped strand mat 184 fillers 185-6 industry limits 183 large scale testing 187 smoke and toxic gases 181 test methods 182 Gel coat xvii Gel time xvii Geometric efficiency xvii Glass epoxy fatigue 238-9, 249-50, 252-5 Glass fabric fatigue 246-8 Glass fibre density 42 flammability 175 electrical properties 164 effects of temperature 103, 103,104 fibre orientation ply lay-up 100-2, 100, 100, 101 flammability 175 mechanical properties 39, 40, 97, 98, 98, 99 modulus 42 specific heat 162 strength 43 suppliers 41 thermal properties 97, 156 thermoplastic matrix systems properties 105, 105 types 19, 97 Glass mat thermoplastic xvii, 16, 26,92 properties 92 320 Glass polyester creep 234-5 fatigue 242-3, 251 pultrusion 288-9 Glass-reinforced plastic xvii properties 105 stress-rupture behaviour of GRP pipe 235 Glass size 60, 60 effect of glass size on flexural strength of laminates 60 Glass spheres (fillers) 22, 23 Glass transition temperature xvii, xx Glass vinyl ester creep 236-7 pultrusion 286-7 GMT, see Glass mat thermoplastic Grafil EXAS 81 GRP, see Glass-reinforced plastic GY 40-700 41 GY70 xiii, 41 GY80 xiii, 41 Hardener xvii Hardness 217, 217 HDT, see Heat distortion temperature Heat distortion temperature xvii Heat release apparatus for determining heat release 181 test methods 181 High modulus fibre xvii, 40, 168 High strength fibre xvii High temperature capability resins 21 High temperature soaking 81 effect of soaking at elevated temperature on laminate strength 81 flexural strength of glass reinforced composites after soaking 82 HM fibre, see High modulus fibre HM35 xiii, 40, 156 HM41, 156, 159, 160 HM45 xiii, 40, 164 HM400 xiii, 116, 116 Honeycomb 28 HS fibre, see High strength fibre HTA xiii, 40, 156, 159, 160, 164 Hybrid xvii IEC, see International Electrotechnical Commission ILSS, see Interlaminar shear stress Interlaminar shear stress xvii, 4, 78 IM6130 IM7 xiii, 41, 116, 116, 159 IM43 117, 118 IM400 xiii, 41 IM500 xiii, 41 IM600 xiii, 40, 116, 116 1M, see Injection moulding process IMC, see Injection moulding compound IMO Res. A653 177 Impact 133-7, 136 Charpy impact 138-42, 139, 140, 141 crack extension modes 134 design for impact and fracture 152 effect of glass content on Izod impact strength 139 effect of loading rate 146, 146 effect of reinforcement type 143-4, 143 effect of strain rate 145, 145 effect of support diameter 147, 147 effect on impact properties of adding urethane acrylate to cast iso-polyester resins 136 impact energy as function of material type 138 Impregnation xviii Initiator xviii Injection xviii Injection moulding compound xviii 26 Injection moulding process xvii, XVlll Interface xviii International Electro-technical Commission xvii International Standards Organisation xviii ISO 834 178 ISO 1182172 ISO 3008 178 ISO 3009 178ISOITR 3814 192, 193 ISO 5657 173 ISO 5658 177 ISO/DiS 5658 193 ISO 5660 181 ISOITR 5824 182 ISO 9705 190 ISO, see International Standards Organisation Isophthalic 57 lzod impact data for glass fibre chopped strand mat phenolic specimens 139 J2018L 78, 81, 82 J2027L 80 Japanese industrial standard xviii JAR 853 25, 182 JIS, see Japanese industrial standard K137 xiii, 41 K139 xiii, 41 K, see Stress intensity factor Kaolin 23 Kerimid 601 141 Kevlar xviii, xiii, 39 Kevlar Hp xiii, 39, 106 Kevlar Hm xiii, 39, 41,106, 107, 110, 159, 167 Kevlar 29 106, 167, 167, 168 Kevlar 49 xiii, 39, 41, 112, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 114, 139, 148, 148, 149, 151, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164, 167, 168, 202, 205, 230, 231, 256, 258 Kevlar 129 xiii, 39 Kevlar 149 107 Laminates activation energies for diffusion of water through resins and laminates 199 Charpy test data for types of GRP laminates 140 creep-rupture of CSM laminates in water 232 CSM laminates in various resins 85 effect of exposure and drying on strength of reinforced epoxy laminates 206 effect of fibre alignment on tensile strength of glass laminates 241 effect of glass content on tensile strength and flexural modulus 65 effect of preconditioning treatments on reinforced epoxy laminates 202 effect of soaking at elevated temperature on laminate strength 81 fine fabric epoxy laminates 88 flexural strength of CSM laminates with various binders 76 flexural strength of CSM laminates with various resins 86 glass polyester laminates 66 interlaminar shear strength of phenolic laminates 78 laminates with various reinforcements 80 mechanical properties of woven fabric laminates 87, 87 reduction in strength of epoxy laminates following immersion 205 shear creep compliance of glass laminates 236 tensile fatigue of glass laminate as function of number of cycles 239 weight changes in laminates exposed to atmosphere 203 LEFM, see Linear elastic fracture mechanics Lexan xiii Linear elastic fracture mechanics XVlll Loadl deflection characteristics 6, 7, 9, 10 L554/HY956 219 LY564/HY564 84, 88 LY556/HT972 84, 86, 88 M30162 M35] xiii, 41, 164 M40] 41, 159, 161, 162, 164 M46] 41,116,116,118,120, 120, 159, 160, 162, 162, 164 M50] 159, 160, 162 M55J 41, 160 Index M60J 41, 116, 116, 118, 120, 120 Mandrel xviii Mat xviii examples of mat fabrics 47 Material selection and data assessment data assessment 30 strategy 30 data reduction and presentation 31 burst pressure extrapolation permitted by BS 5480 31 material constituents 14-5 additives 15 fibre size and finish 14 finish 15 principal constituents 15 size 15 material selection 16 compounds 26-7 constituent choice 16 fibre selection by property level 18 fillers 22-5 foam and other core materials 28 glass fibres 19 rating values for resins 21 reinforcing fibres 18 resin matrices 20-1 resin selection by property 20 types of glass fibre 1 9 typical fillers and principal reasons for their use 22 reference information data assessment 33 databases 34 data in design 34 data reduction 34 general 32-3 information sources 34 material constituents 33 material selection and ranking for a glassreinforced composite 32 materials selection 33 search strategies 34 test methods and standards 33 summary 14 test methods and standards 31 use of data in design 32 321Index Matrix xviii Mechanical properties glass fibres and composites 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 Metallic oxide filler 22, 23 Methacrylate xviii, 20 mechanical properties 49 Mica flakes (filler) 22, 23 MM-941 MM-G xiii Modar 143 Modar 826HT 93 Modar 835S 93 Moisture and fatigue 258-9, 259 effect of stress 207, 207 effect on properties 200-1, 200,201,208,208 influence on shear strength 205-6,205 water absorption 198-200, 198, 199 water uptake 202-4, 202, 203, 204 Mould xviii Moulding xviii Moulding compounds xviii Moulding process xviii Mould shrinkage resins 21 MY 750/HT 972 82, 111, 244, 260 N142386 NDE, see Non-destructive evaluation NDT, see Non-destructive testing Needled mat xviii NEN 3883 177, 179, 190 Nextel 312, 39, 156, 164 Nextel 440 xiii, 39, 156, 164 Nextel 480 39 NFF 16, 101, 179 NFP 92501 177 Nicalon xiii, 39,156, 164, 167, 168 NPG-polyester xviii Non-destructive evaluation xviii dimensions 304 fatigue testing 306, 306 mechanical loading 304 other techniques 305 322 principal NDE techniques 304 visual check 304 Non-destructive testing xviii Norpol 20 65, 72 Norpol 41-90 72, 246 Norpol 44M 60, 62, 63, 70 Norpol 72 63, 72 Norpol 92-20 72, 246 Norpol 92-40 72 Noryl xiii NT fire test 182 Orthophthalic 57 Oxygen index xviii, 174,175, 176 P25 xiii, 41 P55S xiii, 44,116,116 P75S 41,121, 122, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164 PI00S xiii, 40, 116, 116 121, 122, 156, 159, 162, 164 P120S xiii, 40, 116, 116, 121, 122, 156, 162, 164 PA, see Polyamide resin PAl, see Polyamide imide resin PAS, see Polyaryl sulphone resin PC, see Polycarbonate resin PE, see Polyethylene fibre or resin PEEK, see Polyether ether ketone resm PEl, see Polyether imide resin PEK, see Polyether ketone resin PERA 152 Permaglass 22 FE 146, 249, 252, 254 PES, see Polyether sulphone resin Phenolic resins xix, 20, 28 case resins properties 75, 75 chopped strand mats effect of chopped strand mat binder 76-7, 76 electrical properties 166 gas emission 187 high-temperature capability 82, 82 high-temperature soaking 81 flexural strength 81 mechanical properties 49 stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103 shear strength reinforcement type 78-80, 78,80 thermal properties 155 weathering 222-3 durability of polyurethane paint on phenolic laminate 222 PIascams 32, 33 Plied lay-ups notation xxiv Ply xix PMR15 127, 128 Poisson's ratio variation in glass content 66 Polyamide 18, 20 Polyamide imide resin xix, 20 mechanical properties 49 Polyamide resin xix mechanical properties 49 Polyaryl sulphone resin xix, 130 mechanical properties 49 properties 105 Polycarbonate resin xix, 28 Polyester xix, 18,20,24 comparison with vinyl ester resins 72, 73 electrical properties 166 gas emission 186 mechanical properties 49, 200-1 water absorption 198-9 Polyester resins cast resins addition of urethane acrylate 57,58 properties 57-9, 57, 71 chemical resistance 212 alkali 216 chopped strand mats mechanical properties by resin type 64, 64 effect of calcite filler on shrinkage of polyester resin 24 effect of fibre volume fraction on flexural modulus, strength and strain-tofailure of polyester resins 69 effect on tensile properties of adding urethane acrylate 58glass size and tex effect of glass size on flexural strength 60 effect of tex on tensile strength of laminates 61 spray mouldings 60-1 high glass fraction effect of fibre volume fraction on mechanical properties 69 mechanical properties 68 mats flexural properties and glass content 63, 63 mats and fabrics glass content 65 mechanical properties 65, 65,66,66 shear properties measurement of 67 reinforcement 67 spray mouldings flexural properties and glass content 62, 62 temperature effect on mechanical properties 70, 70 thermal properties 155 Polyether ether ketone resin xix, 20, 130 effect of temperature and exposure 126 electrical properties 166 flexural fatigue of PEEK 264, 264, 265 fracture energies and stress intensity factors 148 Gnc data 150 mechanical properties 49 stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103 thermal properties 155 Polyether imide resin xix, 20 mechanical properties 49 Polyether ketone resin xix mechanical properties 49 Polyether sulphone resin xix, 20, 28 electrical properties 166 mechanical properties 49 thermal properties 155 Polyethylene fibre xix, 18 mechanical properties 39 density 42 modulus 42 strength 43 Polyethylene resin xix Polyimide xix, 20 mechanical properties 49 effect of temperature and exposure 126 Polymerization additives 15 Polyphenylene oxide resin xix Polyphenylene sulphide resin xix, 20, 130 mechanical properties 49 properties 105 stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103 thermal properties 155 Polypropylene resin xix, 20, 25, 28 effect of filer particle shape on flexural modulus of polypropylene 25 mechanical properties 49 Polystyrene resin xix, 28 Polystyryl pyridine xix, 20 mechanical properties 49 Polysulphone resin xix, 20 mechanical properties 49 Polyurethane 20, 28 mechanical properties 49 Polyvinyl chloride resin xix, 28 PP, see Polypropylene resin PPM, see Prepreg moulding PPO, see Polyphenylene oxide resin PPS, see Polyphenylene sulfide reSIn Preconditioning 258 effect on coupons by drying and water 259 Preforming xix Prepreg xix, 16 Prepreg fine fabrics properties 90, 90 strength retention as function of temperature 91 Prepreg moulding xix, 284 considerations for using prepreg moulding 285 data for prepreg moulding 284 Press moulding fabrication process XIX Index component price in terms of quality and moulding techniques 280 compression-injection moulding 282 consideration for using press moulding 283 data for press moulding 279 data for moulded BMC and SMC components 279 flexural properties of polyester SMC and RTM moulding 281 mechanical properties of moulded BMC 282 types 278 use of SMC and RTM in cars 280-1,280 PRM, see Press moulding fabrication process Processing comparison of materials and processes 270 contact moulding 271-74 comparison of hand lay-up and spray-up 271 effect of fabric 273 effect of processing 272, 272 properties 274, 274 design strategy 294 filament winding 290 consideration for using filament winding 292 creep and cyclic fatigue of pipes 291 data for filament winding 291 typical lay-up construction for a GRP pipe 290 major fabrication processes 269 prepreg moulding 284 considerations for using prepreg moulding 285 data for prepreg moulding 284 press moulding 278-83 compression-injection moulding 282 consideration for using press moulding 283 data for press moulding 279 data for moulded BMC and SMC components 279 323Index flexural properties of polyester SMC and RTM moulding 281 mechanical properties of moulded BMC 282 types 278 use of SMC and RTM in cars 280-1, 280 process limitations 270 pultrusion considerations for using pultrusion 289 mechanical properties 286, 286, 287 reinforcement type 288-9, 288 resin transfer moulding considerations for using RTM 277 data for RTM 277 pre-forming 275-6, 275 recycling 293 BMC laminates containing recycled materials 293 reference information manufacture 294 recycling 295 PS, see Polystyrene resin PSP, see Polystyryl pyridine PSU, see Polysulphone resin PUL, see Pultrusion fabrication Pultrusion fabrication xix considerations for using pultrusion 289 mechanical properties 286, 286,287 reinforcement type 288-9,288 , 288 PVC, see Polyvinyl chloride resin Quality assurance aspects of quality control 296 Barcol hardness 298-9, 298 incoming materials 297 compatibility of constituents 297 possible checks for individual constituents 297 processing 324 Barcol hardness 301 degree of cure 301 destructive testing 308-12, 308, 310, 311 moulded component 300 non-destructive evaluation 304-7, 304, 306 process control 302, 303 process control of a RTM moulded component 300 reference information general 313 quality systems 313 strategy for quality assurance 313 traceability 298 Radel xiii Random and fabric reinforced resins acrylates cast resins 93, 93 epoxy resins cast resins 84-5, 84, 85 chopped strand mats 84, 84, 86, 86 fine fabrics 88-9, 88 prepreg fine fabrics 90-1, 90 woven fabrics 87, 87 phenolic resins cast resins 75, 75 chopped strand mats 76-7, 76 high temperature capability 82-3, 82 high temperature soaking 81,81 reinforcement type 80, 80 shear strength 78-9, 78 polyester resins addition of urethane acrylate 58, 58 cast resins 57, 57 chopped strand mats 64 effect of temperature on mechanical properties 70 glass size and tex 60-1 high glass fraction 68-9 mats and fabrics 65-6 shear properties 67 spray mouldings 62 polypropylene glass mat thermoplastics 92,92 reference informaton 95 vinyl ester resins cast resins 71, 71 comparison with polyester 72,73 effect of temperature on mechanical properties 74,74 RAPRA 225 RB34BXI92 Reaction injection moulding process xix, xx Recycling 293 BMC laminates containing recycled materials 293 Reinforced reaction injection moulding xix Reinforcement xx selection of possible reinforcement 94 Reinforcing fibres properties aramid (HM) 18 carbon (HS) 18 cotton 18 E-glass 18 polyethylene 18 polyamide 18 R-glass 18 Resin xx selection of possible resin 94 Resin matrices chemical resistance to weak alkali 21 cost 21 high temperature capability 21 flame spread 21 mould shrinkage 21 properties 20-1, 48 mechanical properties 49 rating values 21 selection by property 20 tensile strength 21 see also Random and fabric reinforced resins Resin transfer moulding xx data for RTM 277 considerations for using RTM 277 flexural properties of RTM mouldings 281 pre-forming 275-6, 275 use of RTM in cars 280-1R-glass xiii, xix, 18,39, 97, 98, 143, 143, 244, 245 specific heat 162 thermal properties 156 RIM, see Reaction injection moulding process Rods properties 231 Roving xx RRIM, see Reinforced reaction injection moulding RTM, see Resin transfer moulding process Rubber particles (filler) 22, 23 S-2 glass xiii, xx, 39, 97, 98, 98 creep response 231 thermal properties 156 Safimax LD xiii, 39 Safimax SD xiii, 39 Saphikon xiii, 39 Service temperature xx SGS Yarsley Laboratories (UK) 194 Shear creep compliance of glass laminates 236 Shear fatigue 260, 260 Shear modulus/ strength interlaminar shear strength of phenolic laminates 78 measurement of shear properties 67 variation in shear modulus with glass content 66 variation with immersion time 201 Sheet moulding compound xx, 16, 26, 280-81 flexural properties of polyester SMC and RTM mouldings 281 use of SMC in cars 280 Shrinkage and flexural modulus 24-5 effect of calcite filler on shrinkage of polyester resin 24 fillers 24 Sigma BP xiii, 39 Silica 22, 23 Silicon carbide mechanical properties 39 Size xx, 15 SMC, see Sheet moulding compound SOLAS IMO A 472 172 Specific heat of reinforcing fibres 162 Specific property xx Spectra 900 xiii, 39 Spectra 1000 xiii, 39 Spray moulding flexural properties 62 flexural strength and modulus 62 STA 156 Strain relation between initial tensile strain and time to failure for glass polyester composite 234 Strain rate effect on fracture energy 151, 151 Strand xx Stratyl 108 98 Stress intensity factor xviii and fracture energies 133, 148 Stress-rupture behaviour of GRP pipe 235 Swirl mat xx T-A 41 T20041 T300 xiii, 8,41, 116, 116, 118, 119, 120, 120, 123, 123, 127, 148, 148, 150, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164 T400H xiii, 41, 159, 160, 162, 164 T650-42130 TSOOH xiii, 41, 116, 116, 118, 120, 120, 159, 160, 162, 164 nooo 41, 164 nOOOG xiii, 41 T g, see Glass transition temperature Talc 22,23 Technora xiii, 39, 106, 114, 114, 162 Tensile modulus effect of glass content on tensile modulus for laminates 65 Index strength and strain-to-failure of carbon fibres 44 variation in tensile modulus with glass content 66 variation of tensile modulus with temperature 70 Tensile strength resins 21, 200 Tensile stress/ strain curve for chopped strand mat glass polyester laminate 10 Tex xx, 60 effect of tex on tensile strength of laminates 61 Thermal properties of composites 153-4, 159 conductivity 160, 160 expansion 158-9, 159 fibres 156-7, 156 polymer matrices 155, 155 resins 155 specific heat 162, 162 Thermal properties of glass fibres 97 Thermoplastic polymers xx, 48 Thermoplastic resins PA 20 PAS 20 PAl 20 PEEK 20 PES 20 PEl 20 PP 20 PPS 20 PSU 20 Thermoplastic sheet compound xx, 16,26 Thermosetting polymers xx Thermosetting resins bismaleimide 20 epoxy 20 methacrylate 20 phenolic 20 polyester 20 polyimide 20 polystyrylpyridine 20 polyurethane 20 vinyl ester 20 Thorne! 300/934 151 Torlon xiii Tow xx Trademarks and names xiiiXIV 325Index TSC, see Thermoplastic sheet compound Twaron xiii, 39, 106, 107, 109, 156, 162 Twist xx Tyranno xiii, 39, 156, 162, 164, 167 UD, see Unidirectionally aligned fibres UL 94 test 172, 175, 179 Unidirectionally aligned fibres xx Units xxii relation of weight to volume fraction xxii, xxiii UP 333 102, 242 Urea-formaldehyde 28 Urethane acrylate, addition to polyester resins 58, 58 V378A 123 Vacuum bag moulding xx Victrex xiii Vinyl ester xxi, 20 326 mechanical properties 49 Vinyl ester resins cast resins properties 71, 71 comparison with polyester 72, 73 creep 230-1 effect of temperature on mechanical properties 74,74 Volume fraction xxi Warrington Fire Research Centre (London) 194 Water uptake activation energies for diffusion of water through resins and laminates 199 effect on pre-conditioning and fibre type 202-4, 202, 203 water absorption kinetics for iso-polyester resin 198 Weathering glass/phenolic 222-3, 222 phenolic 222-3 durability of polyurethane paint on phenolic laminate 222 sheet mouldings 224, 224 Weight fraction xxi Wet-out xxi Wood flour 22,23 Woven fabrics examples of woven fabrics 47 mechanical properties 87, 87 Woven roving xxi WR, see Woven roving XA 41, 116, 116, 117,118, 156, 159,160, 164, 168 XAS 148 XMC xxi, 26 XN70 xiii, 41 XS4148 Yarn xxi
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