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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب A Quick Guide to Pipeline Engineering الجمعة 12 نوفمبر 2021, 11:49 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب A Quick Guide to Pipeline Engineering D. Alkazraji BEng, CEng, MIMechE Series editor: Clifford Matthews
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents The Quick Guide Series vii Invitation to New Authors viii Preface ix Summary xi Chapter 1 Principles of Pipeline Design 1.1 Effect on the environment 2 1.2 Routing 4 1.3 Approval and legal considerations 8 Chapter 2 Design Approach 2.1 Factors that influence the length of a pipeline 10 2.2 Choosing a wall thickness for the pipeline 11 2.3 Choosing an appropriate material grade for the pipeline 12 2.4 Toughness 13 2.5 Operational pressure 14 2.6 Temperature effects 16 2.7 Surge 17 2.8 Pipeline coating 18 2.9 Pipeline protection 21 Chapter 3 Pipeline Construction and Risk Assessment Techniques 3.1 Pipeline manufacturing methods 23 3.2 Land preparation, excavation and pipe stringing 26 3.3 Corrosion protection 29 3.4 Pipeline codes and standards 32 3.5 Risk assessment techniques 34 3.6 Quantitative risk assessment 35 3.7 Qualitative risk assessment 38 Chapter 4 Pressure Testing and Commissioning 4.1 Pressure testing 43 4.2 Commissioning Chapter 5 Pipeline Operation 5.1 Magnetic inspection 55 5.2 Ultrasonic inspection 58 5.3 Geometric tools 60 5.4 In-service defects and corrosion mechanisms 61 Chapter 6 Pipeline Maintenance 6.1 Assessment of internal and external corrosion features 75 6.2 Assessing dents/profile distortions 95 6.3 Significance of manufacturing and construction defects 103 Chapter 7 Pipeline Condition Monitoring and Repair Methods 7.1 Pearson survey 127 7.2 CIPPS survey 129 7.3 DCVG survey 130 7.4 Repair techniques 131 Chapter 8 Pipeline Decommissioning and Industry Developments 8.1 Pipeline decommissioning 139 8.2 Pipeline industry developments 141 References 149 Index Index Acceptance curves 88 Aerial surveillance 53 ALARP 35, 36 American National Standards Institute 1 American Petroleum Institute 1 Anode 29, 31 Anodic reaction 66 API 579 105, 110–112 Area classification 14 As low as reasonably practicable, ALARP 35, 36 ASME B31.G 77, 78–80 Assessment of corrosion features 75–95 effective area methods 75, 77–78 UTS-based methods 75, 82–86 Axial stress 74 Bacterial corrosion 67 Barlow equation 16 Battelle PCORRC 82, 85– 86 British Standards 1 Brittle fracture 106 BS 7910 105, 109–110 Buckling 60 lateral 7 upheaval 7 Bulging factor 76, 91 Carbon dioxide 68 Cathode 29 Cathodic protection 18, 29 CIPPS survey 129 Cleaning pigs 54 Coating surveys 53 Coatings 18–21, 29 coal tar enamel 20, 65 fusion-bonded epoxy- 21 heat-shrinkable plastic 20 polyethylene 20 tape 20 Colebrook–White equation 11 Commissioning 43, 48–51 Composite sleeve 135 Concrete mattress 22 Condition monitoring 127– 137 Consequence of failure 34– 38 Construction defects 63, 103–125 Corrosion allowance 12 bacterial 67 cell 29 costs 64 features, assessment of 75–95 general 56, 66 microbiologically induced 67 pitting 56, 66 protection 29–32 sour 67, 69–70 sweet 67, 68–69 Cracking hydrogen-induced 69 stress-oriented hydrogeninduced 70 sulphide stress corrosion 70 Cracks 103, 104–106 Cut-out 132 DCVG survey 130 Decommissioning 139–141 Dents 56, 60, 63, 95–103 constrained 63 plain 63 smooth 63 unconstrained 63 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) 8 Design 9 Design factor 14 Disbonding 65 DNV 82 DNV-RP-F101 82–84 DOT 34 Double stroking 46 Drag 7 Drying 49–51 Echo time 58 Effective area methods 75, 77–78 Electric resistance welded pipe 23 Environmental impact assessment 3 Epoxy sleeve 132 Event frequency 37 External corrosion 64 External pressure 12 Failure assessment diagram 105 Failure stress 93 Fatigue cracks 60 Fatigue 98–103, 116–122 Field applied tapes 65 Flow stress 76, 91, 109 Folias bulging factor 76 Fracture ratio 107 Fracture toughness 108 Free spans 7 Fusion-bonded epoxy 18, 21 coatings 21 Galvanic series 30 Gauge pigs 54 General corrosion 56, 66 Geometric tools 60–61 Girth or seam weld defects 63 Girth weld anomalies 56 Gouges 56, 63, 122–123 Grinding 132 Group or societal risk 35, 37 Half-slope 45 Health and Safety Executive, HSE 32, 34, 35 Heat-shrinkable plastic coatings 20 Hoop stress 16, 74 Hydrodynamic loads 7 Hydrogen cracking 69 Hydrogen sulphide 67 Hydrogen-induced cracking 69 Hydrotest 25, 43 safety margin 44 IGE/TD/1 1 Impressed current protection system 29 Inclusions 62 Individual risk 35 Inertia forces 7 Inhibitors 72 In-line vibration 7 In-service defects 61–72 Inspection 104 inspection tools 54 Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers 1 Integrity and management strategy 73 Intelligent inspection 53 Internal corrosion 67–70 Internal pressure 12 J-lay 28 Lack of fill 63 Laminations 56, 62, 103, 112–115 Land preparation 26–29 Lateral buckling 7 Leak clamp repair 132 Leakage 75 Life cycle 1 Lift 7 Load ratio 107 Longitudinal-seam submerged arc welded pipe, LSAW 23 Magnetic inspection 55–58 Major accident prevention document, MAPD 33 Manufacturing defects 56, 103–125 Manufacturing features 62– 63 Manufacturing methods 23–26 MAOP (maximum allowable operating pressure) 86 Material grade 12 Mechanical clamps 136 Mechanical expansion test 25 Methanol swabbing 49–50 Microbiologically induced corrosion 67 Minimum yield 12 Minor’s rule 125 Misalignment 63 Modified B31.G 80 Office of Pipeline Safety, OPS 34 On and off potentials 32 IndexOperational drying 50 Operational pressure 14–16 Ovality 60 Overburden pressure 65 Panhandle method 11 Paris law 119 Patch repair 134 PD 8010 1 Pearson survey 127–129 Pigs 53 cleaning 54 gauge 54 Pipeline codes 32–34 Pipeline Safety Regulations 32, 34 Piper Alpha 32 Pitting corrosion 56, 66 Plastic collapse 85, 106 Polarized potential 32 Polyethylene coatings 20 Porosity 62 Pressure cycling 123 Pressure testing 43–48 Primary stress 109 Probability of failure 35, 38 Protection 21–22 Public Gas Transporter Pipeline Works Regulations 3 Qualitative risk assessment 35, 38–41 Quantitative risk assessment 35–37 Rainflow counting 124–125 Ranking 38 Reduction reaction 66 Reel lay 28 Repair techniques 131–137 composite sleeve 135 cut-out 132 epoxy sleeve 132 grinding 132 leak clamp 132 mechanical clamps 136 patch 134 snug-fitting sleeve 133 stand-off sleeve 134 stopple and bypass 133 weld deposition 134 Reynolds number Re 11 Risk assessment 34–35 Risk matrix 38 Risk-based inspection 38 Ritchie and Last 82, 84–85 Routing 4–8 RSTRENG assessment method 80, 81–82 Rupture 75 Sacrificial protection system 29 SCADA 53 Seam weld anomalies 56 Seamless pipe 23 Secondary stress 109 S-lay 28 S–N curves 117 Snug-fitting sleeve 133 Sour corrosion 67, 69–70 Span 7 A Quick Guide to Pipeline EngineeringSpecified minimum yield strength, SMYS 13 Spiral submerged arc welded pipe, SSAW 23 Stand-off sleeve 134 Stopple and bypass 133 Stress 90 concentration 100, 119 corrosion cracking 56, 60, 66, 67 intensity factor 108, 119 Stress-oriented hydrogeninduced cracking 70 Submarine Pipelines Act 34 Sulphate-reducing bacteria 67 Sulphide stress corrosion cracking 70 Surge 17 Survey methods 127–130 Sweet corrosion 67, 68–69 Synchronous interrupting 32 Tape coatings 20 Temperature 16–17 transition 17 Tensile strength 12 Third-party damage 63 Total usage factor 83 Toughness 13–14 Toughness-dependent mode 85 Transformer 31 Transition temperature 17 Ultrasonic inspection 58–60 Upheaval buckling 7 UTS 13 UTS-based methods 75, 82–86 Vacuum drying 50 Vortex-induced vibration 7 Walking survey 53 Wall thickness 11–12 variations 115 Weld deposition 134 Weymouth method 11 Index WPNL2204
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