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| موضوع: كتاب Improving Machinery Reliability - Practical Machinery Management for Process Plants الأربعاء 27 أكتوبر 2021, 11:28 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Improving Machinery Reliability - Practical Machinery Management for Process Plants Volume D Third Edition Heinz P. Bloch
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface x Introduction xx 1 RequirementsSpecification . 1 Industry Standards Available for Major Machinery in Process Plants, 1; How to Deal with the Typical API Data Sheet, 2; Narrative Specifications Lead to Better Machinery, 15;Considering Uprateability and Low Failure Risk, 21; Auxiliary Systems for Turbomachinery: The Systematic Approach, 24; Dealing with Deviations from the Specification, 34; Specifying Machinery Documentation Requirements, 37; Conclusion, 51 2 Vendor Selection and Bid Conditioning 53 Selecting Major Machinery Vendors, 53; Applying and Reviewing Machinery Reliability Improvements Derived from Modern Electronics, 54; Selecting a Pump Vendor, 64; Bid Tabulation and Bid Conditioning: An Overview, 76; Reference, 81 Audits Versus Reviews, 82;Where to Concentrate Audit and Review Efforts, 82; Rotordynamic Design Audits, 83; Auditing and Reviewing Centrifugal Compressors, 125; Auditing and Reviewing Steam Turbines, 135;Evaluating Major Reciprocating Compressors, 139; Reliability Review for Centrifugal Pumps, 146;Significant Differences in Bearings and Bearing Housings, 156;Marginal Lubrication: A Factor in Pump Failures, 160;Applying Roller Bearings in Centrifugal Pumps, 168;How Much Oil Is Enough?, 171; Bearing Selection Can Make a Difference, 172;Air Cooling Provisions for Bearing Housing-How Good? 173; Stuffing Box Cooling Is Not Usually Effective, 174; Pumps for Handling Entrained Gases, 176;Selection Criteria for Zero Emission Pumps, 178; Design Appraisals for Special-Purpose Gearing, 181;Evaluating Cooling Tower Fans and Their Drive Systems, 200; Reliability Reviews in Uprate Situations, 203; Reliable Shaft-Hub Connections for Turbomachinery Couplings, 213; How to Keep Track of Reliability Review Tasks, 224; Machinery Reliability Audits for Existing Plants, 224; References, 238 3 MachineryReliabilityAudits and Reviews 82 V4 Maintenanceand Benchmarking Reliability 242 Maintenance Measurement, 242; Organize to Manage Reliability, 249; Maintenance Cost vs. Replacement Asset Value: Another Maintenance Spending Benchmark, 257 5 Life Cycle Cost Studies . . . . . . . , .259 Simplified Life Cycle Cost Estimating, 259; Life Cycle Cost Assessment: The Rigorous Method, 272; Summary, 3 10; References, 310 6 Extending Motor Life in the Process Plant Environment ., . . . , . . . .,313 Squirrel-cage Motors Are Most Prevalent, 314; Motor Insulation Systems, 314; Insulation Classification, 315; Ambient Plus, 315; A Bank of Motor Life, 317; Running Cooler-A Relative Term, 318; Thermal Cushion, 319; Enclosures, 319; Standard, but Different, 319; Learning from Failures, 320; More about Thermal Loading, 320; Economics of Oversizing, 321; Keep Bearings in Mind, 323; Motor Mounting Basics, 325; Motor System Tuneup, 326; Pumping and Piping, 326; Power Points, 326; Over-Current Insurance, 327; Motor Life Insurance Terms, 328; Notes, 328 7 Equipment ReliabilityImprovement through Reduced Pipestress . . ., .,. . ., m . . . . .,329 Allowable Load, 331;Excessive Flexibility, 333; Theoretical Restraints, 334; Expansion Joints, 335; Other Practical Considerations, 337; References, 338 8 Startup Responsibilities . . .m . . . . . . .339 Summary of Startup Preparations for Process Plant Machinery, 339; Machinery Startup Review Tasks, 342; Machinery Startup Reporting Structure, 344; Documentation for Effective Tracking of Progress, 348; Vendor Assistance and Outside Facilities, 359; Consultants and Contract Assistance. 359 9 Spare Parts and Their Effect on Service Factors . .361 Spare Parts Philosophies, 361; Spare Parts Storage and Retrieval, 361; Spare Parts Documentation, 363 10 Maintenancefor Continued Reliability .,. . . 365 Modern Maintenance Approaches and when to Apply Them, 365; Maintenance Management Options, 374; Detailed Task Descriptions viImprove Maintenance Effectiveness, 380; Machinery Turnaround Planning, 394; Turnaround Scope Developmentthrough Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Analysis, 401;Effective Maintenance: Preventive or Predictive?, 416; Preventive Versus Predictive Maintenance for Typical Centrifugal Pumps, 421; How to Be a Better Maintenance Engineer, 429; The Role of the Maintenance Engineer in the Knowledge Age, 43I; References, 432 11 Maintenance Cost Reduction 434 Eliminating Cooling Water from General-Purpose Pumps and Drivers, 434; Economics of Dry-Sump Oil-Mist Lubrication for Anti-friction Bearings, 440; Gear Couplings Versus Non-lubricated Couplings, 45 1; Elastomeric Couplings, 457; Quantifying the Reliability Impact of Laser Alignment Techniques, 461;Quantifying Impact, 470; Why and How to Monitor Centrifugal Pump Condition, 477; References, 483 12 Lubrication and Reliability .485 Methods and Criteria for Lube-Oil Purification, 485; Cost Justification and Latest Technology for the On-Stream Purification of Turbomachinery Lube Oil, 49 1; Synthetic Lubricants and Reliability Improvement, 503; Vibration Performance Improved with Synthetics, 515; Automatic Grease Lubrication as a Reliability Improvement Strategy, 517; References, 525 13 ProvidingSafety and Reliabilitythrough Modern Sealing Technology ,527 API Standard 682,528; Low-Emission Single Seal Design, 531; Dual Seal Arrangements, 543; Compact Gas Seal Technology for Pumps, 550; The Reliability Impact of Special Seals for Non-Pump Applications, 558; Specialty Seals for Non-Pump Applications, 565; Dry Gas Compressor Seals, 581;Warding off Equipment Reliability Setbacks: A Postscript, 593; References, 598 AppendixA 600 Useful and Interesting Statistics AppendixH . .609 Common Sense Reliability Models Index A Abnormal parameter detection, 478-483 Accumulator, 28-30 Acoustic housing, 3 Acquisition cost tree, 282 Acquisition costs, 279, 283,289, Adjustable chocks, 461-463 Air cooled bearing housings, Air cooling, 173-1 74 Air stripping, 501-506 Alignment, laser, 62-63,461-476 Allowable piping load, 331-333 Ambient temperature, 315-317 American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 182 Analytical cost model, 289, 292 Anderson hub clamp, 223 ANSI pumps, 154-155,271, API (American Petroleum Institute) data sheet, 2-14, 68, 69 flush plans, 69 specification sheet, 66 standards, I, 2 295 173- Z74 278-279,289-291,295,296 API Standard 682,528 Assembly procedures, 44,46 Assessing life cycle costs, Audits 272-3 10 centrifugal compressor, 125-1 35 independent, 119 machinery reliability, 82-238 steam turbine, 135-139 Automatic grease lubrication, Autonomous maintenance, Auxiliary systems, 24-33 Axial preloading, 156 Axial thrust, 194-198 517-525 366-367 Babbitt, 9 Back electromotive force, 316 Backlash values, 192-193 Balance, 6, 8,9 Bank of motor life, 317-3 18 Barrier fluid leakage, 572 Barrierbuffer fluid selection, Bearing 546-549 clearance,53,95-96 coefficients, 89-90, 104 contamination,324,447-450 668Index 669 cooling, 435-439 design, 53 housings, 156-160, 173-174 internal clearances, 436 life, 324 loads, 103 lubrication, 440-450 maintenance,422-425 re-lubrication, 324 selection, 172-173 size, 53 stiffnessand damping, 88,89,94 support flexibility, 94 wear, 323 angular contact, 159, 161, 163 anti-friction,435,440-450 Conrad, 157 flexure pivot, 9 fluid film, 11 flush ground, 158, 172 grease-lubricated electric motor, 262 life cycle, 262 loading, 53 magnetic, 9, 11 oil film I 1 open, 262 product-lubricated, 179 pump, 158-159 radial, 157, 159 roller, 168-171 rolling element, 11, 159-160, l61,440-450,515 rotor shaft, 323 sealed, 262 span, 53 thrust, 23, 156, 172, 194-195 tilting pad, 89-90 Bearings Bellows expansion joints, 335-337 Benchmarking, 247-249,257,286, Bending moments, 208-210 Benefit-to-cost calculations, 267 Best practices, 658-659 Better practices, 660-661 Bid comparison, 53,74-75 conditioning, 78 requests, 68-69 tabulation, 75-80 372-373 Blowers, 266 Boundary lubricated gas and liquid Break-even charts, 299,301, 302 Broadband measurements, 480, Buffer fluid contamination,576 Buffedbarrier fluid selection, seals, 562-563 482 546-549 C Capital costs, 297 Captive maintenance, 375-376 Cartridge construction, 69 Cash flow, 276-277 Casing, 53 Cavitation erosion, 75 Centrifugal pump, 26, 39, 122-1 25, 146-155, 168-17 1, 176,266,356-358,421-429, 477-483 Centrifuge seal reliability, 574-575 Centrifuges, 573-574 Chocks, 461-463 Coalescers, 497-498 Compact gas seal technology, Behavioral training, 367 550-558670 Machineiy Failure Analysis & Troubleshooting barrier gas consumption, 553 materials, 555 operating performance, 553 power consumption, 554 reversed pressure, 555 sealing concept, 551-553 Component strength analysis hyper compressor, 143-146 reciprocating compressor, Component upgrading, 263-267 Compression systems, cost Compressor 140-1 43 analysis, 38 centrifugal, 2-14, 20, 21,23, 39, component strength analysis, 141 control systems, 55-56 diaphragms, 9 discharge drum, 414-416 frame ratings, 140, 141 process gas, 21-23 reciprocating, 39, 139-146 surge protection, 54-55 uprateability,21-23 pump, 477-483 80, 119-120,125-135 Condition monitoring, centrifugal Containment shell, 180 Contamination levels, 485-486 Cooling tower fans, 200-203 Cooling water analysis, 410 elimination, 434-440 elimination program, 439-440 Cost benefit ratios, 272 Cost justification methods, 272 Cost profiles, 301 Coupling Anderson-type, 223 design, 53 diaphragm, 452,453,454 disc-pack couplings, 453 elastomeric,457460 failure records, 456-457 gear, 208-210,451457 high-speed, 198-200 life expectancies, 266 lubricated-gear-type, 11 non-lubricated,451-457 non-lubricated metallic disc, 11, reviewing, 454 spacers, 455 turbomachinery, 2 13 Crew concept, 256 Critical business issues (CBI), Critical-dimension diagram, 44 Critical speed map, 86-88, 92-94 Cumulative fatigue theory, 114 Cupped oil flinger design, 164, 167 453-454 243-244 Depreciation calculation, 277,278 Depropanizer feed bottoms Derating, 321 Derating factor, 185 Design appraisals exchanger,4 11-412 shortcuts, 182-1 86 special purpose gearing, 181-200 Detecting abnormal parameters, 478-483 Diesel engines, 39 Digital control systems, 55-56, 57 Dimensional records, 3 Disassembly procedures,44,46 Discount factors, 276Index 671 Discounted cash flow (DCF),278 Disposal costs, 297,299 Distributed seal flush, 530 Dodd Bar technique, 463 Downtime, 367 Dry gas compressor seals, 581-599 Dry-sump oil-mist lubrication, 440450 Dual seal arrangements, 529, 543-558 Dynamic factor, 183 Dynamic rotational balance, 643-647 E Effectivemaintenance, 416-421 Effectiveness,285,304 Elastohydrodynamic oil film, 441 Elastomeric couplings, 457-460 Elastomeric lip seals, 447 Electric motors, 39 See also motor Electricalpower analysis, 410 Electronic governor, 259-26 1 Element of effectiveness equation, 285 Energy usage, precision alignment programs, 469-476 Engineering problem solving, Enterprise assets, 242 Enterprise goals, 243-244 Entrained gases, 176-178 Environmental Protection Agency Equipment 288-307 (EPA)v527 availability, 366 density, 253 effectiveness,366 Equipment assessment, 407-408 Equipmentreliability setbacks, Equipment tabulation, 351, 352 Equivalent daily capacity, 250 Event log, 354 Excessive mist velocity, 444 Exhaust-temperature measurement Expansionjoints, 335-337 External contamination, 447-450 593-595 errors, 61 F Face-to-face bearing mounting, Failure 163, 164 analysis,392-393 component, 417-418 data, 267-269,304 frequencies,261-263 of components,417-418 of valve, 418-420 risk, 21-23 statistics, 83 centrifugalcompressor, centrifugalpump, 122-124 gas turbine, 121-122, 124 steam turbine, 120-121 Fan cooled bearing housings, 174 Fire system analysis,411 Flashing hydrocarbon services, 528 Flexibility of pipe, 333-334 Flinger disks, 163, 164 Fluid flow circulation,545-546 Forced non-synchronous instability, 106 Fretting, 213 119-120672 Machinery Failure Analysis h Troubleshooting Friction, 334 Full contract maintenance, 376 Full-fluid film gas and liquid Fully crowned coupling tooth, 451 lubrication, 562 G Gas entrainment, 176-178 Gas seals cost comparison,588-589 design, 582 leakage, 583-584 operating principle, 582-583 power loss, 584-585 safety, 587 seal arrangements,585-587 technology, 550-558 Gear mesh, 195-200 Gear tooth backlash review, 191-193 compressive stress, 182 couplings, 194 design appraisals, 181-200 double-helical, 181, 196 single-helical, 181 service factor, I88 strength, 186-1 87 Good practices, 662-663 Governors, 24, 55,58 electronic,259-261 repair cost, 260 Grease lube, 446-447 Grooved rings, 164 Grouting, 653-657 H Gears Hot-alignmentmonitoring systems, 62, 63 Hub mounting, 217-219,223 Hydraulic hub dilation, 220-223 Hydropad faces, 542 I Impeller overspeed test, 20-21 single suction, 148 Impeller and blade response analyses, 114-1 16 In-house maintenance, 375-376 Income tax, 277-278 Increasing profits, 371-372 Independent maintenance, Independent service contractor, Indikon technique, 463 Interference diagram, 114 Inquiry document, 1 Instability vibrations, 106 Installation completeness checklists,49-51 Instrumentation analysis, 409-410 Insulation classification,315 Insulation systems, 314 378-379 378-379 J Jackso alignment technique, 463 Job procedures, 380 Just-in-time (JIT), 365 L Laser alignment techniques, Laser optics, 62,463 461 4 7 6Index 673 Lateral response analyses, 99-107 gear shaft, 100-104 liquid pump, 99 rotor stability analyses, 104-107 LJD suction straight run Lean oil contact cooler, 413-414 Life cycle effects, 632 calculation (governor options), 262 total cost (LCC total), 261 Life cycle cost analysis, 272 assessment,272-309 breakdown (per SAE model),284 components of, 279-284 estimating, 259, 272 limitations, 274 models, 283-284 studies, 259-3 12 trade off tools, 285-288 tree, 281 uncertainty, 307-309 process, 281 uses, 273,275-279 Life expectancies, 261, 263-264 Load distribution factor, 185 Locked rotor current by Lomakin effect, 99 Loss of pump life horsepower, 3 17 BEP practice, 622-624 intake L/D practice, 629-63 1 piping alignment practice, rotational alignment practice, 639-640 634-6 35 Lost gross margin, 297 Low-emission single seal design, 531-543 Lube oil coalescers,497-498 contamination levels, 485-486 dewatering centrifuges,495-497 filterddryers, 498 purification, 485-491 ~ 498-499 purification costs and technologies, 491-503 water contamination,486-491 specifying, example, 24-34 Lube system, Lubricant viscosity, 436 Lubrication automatic, 517-525 data, 46-48 effect on service life, 424 gear tooth, 451 grease, 446447,517-525 marginal, 160-1 68 mesh, 193 motor, 445-446 oil-mist, 440-450 pump failures, 160-168 seal, 561-562 synthetic, 503-515. See also Synthetic lubricants. M Machinery availabilityh-eliability, Machinery data-file folders, 4 0 4 3 Machinery documentation Machinery reliability audits, 82-238 601-602 requirements, 37-5 1 application, 238 definition, 82 functional checklist, 233-234 interview questions, 232-233 methods and scope, 228-230674 Machinery Failure Analysis & Troubleshooting purpose, 82 rotordynamic design audits, Machinery reliability reviews, 83-125 82-238 definition, 82 purpose, 82 tracking, 224 uprate situations, 203-213 Machinery review checklist, Machinery turnaround planning, Main fractionator tower, 414 Maintenance approaches, 365-374 Maintenance cost, 37, 39,251, 230-23 1 394-400 255,257-259,434-438, 600-604 Maintenance engineer,429-432 Maintenance index, 251,252 Maintenance management function, 375 options, 374-380 Maintenance measurement, operational level, 247 strategic level, 245-248 tactical level, 247 Maintenance organization structure, 255 Maintenance spending, 251-252 Maintenance strategies, 604-605 Managing reliability, 254-255 Marginal lubrication, 160-168 Material index numbers, 189 Mean-time between failure 242-249 (MTBF), 172,260-263, 266-267,269-270,285, 292-294,304,310,366, 466-468 Mean time to repair or replace, Measurement attributes, 245 Measurement program, 243 Measurements,242-247 Mechanical availability,251, 252 Mechanical pipe alignment, Mechanical procedures manual, Mechanical reliability, 254-255 Mechanical seal clamping methods, 70-71 failure, 124 gas-lubricated, 75, 76 life expectancies, 266 selection, 67-68 260,261 638-642 344,394-399 Mechanical startup section, 344, 347,348 Mesh lubrication, 193 Metrics, 242-247 Mezzanine, 3 Minimum continuous stable flow Mixer seal reliability problems, Mixers, 568 Monte Carlo simulation Motor (MCSF), 151-153 568-573 techniques, 307-3 10 ambient temperature, 315-3 17 bearings, 323-324 enclosures, 319 failure, 3 13 insulation classification, 315 insulation systems, 314-3 15 life, 313-328 life insurance, 328 mounting, 325 oversizing, 321-323Index 675 part load efficiency,322 power points, 326-327 running cooler, 318 squirrel-cage,314,328 system tuneup, 326 thermal cushion, 319 N Nameplates, 15,20 Narrative document. See Single narrative document. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 314, 316,319 Net positive suction head (NPSH) influence on service life, 146, insufficient, solution to, 66 Net present value (NPV), 276, Non-coupled equipment, 572-573 148-154 278-280,299 0 O-ring, 69-70, 157-165,223, 576 011 coolers, 27 mist systems, 440-450,5 12 purification. See Lube oil purifiers, 491-492 replacement intervals, 421422 reservoir, 25 flow, 171-172 purification. On-stream lube oil purification, Operational level maintenance Organization 491-503 measures, 247 reliability focused, 252-253 repair focused, 252-253 style and structure, 255-256 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) maintenance, 3 79-3 7 9 Outage log sheet, 353 Overcurrent insurance, 327 Overhead tank, 30-32,34 Overload factor, 183, 184 Oversizing (motors), 321-323 Overtime,468-469 P Parallel reliability models, 615 Pareto charts, 301-303 Pareto distributions of severity, Peak shaving maintenance,377-380 Pedestal and foundation flexibility, Pedestal cooling, 434 Performance deterioration, 59, Performance optimization,61-62 Phase displacement technique, 57 Phosphate esters, 508 Pipe flexibility,333-334 Pipe restraints, 334-335 Pipe stress, 329-338 Piping alignment, 638-642 Piping loads, 330-333 Poseidon pump, 177 Predictive maintenance, 373, 4 16-429 Preload, 156, 172 Pressure thrust force, 336 Pressurized barrier fluid, 549 Pressurized dual seal, 549-550 664-665 97-99 60-6 1 Polyglycols, SO8676 Machinery Failicre Analysis & Troubleshooting Preturnaround requirements, 401,404 Preventive maintenance, 365,373, 416-429 Prime movers, 60 Proactive maintenance documenting, 383 implementing, 392 measuring, 392-394 program template, 390-391 programs, 38 1-382 task information, 383 technologies, 382-383 Procedures manual, 344,394-399 Process operators, 255-256 Process piping assessment, 408 Process plant machinery startup preparations, 339-342 Procurement costs, 273 Proximity reference system, 463 Published failure data, 267-269 Pulsations, 117-1 18 Pump ANSI, 154-155,271,278-279, 289-291,295,296 API, 154-155,297-299 back-pullout, 154-155 bearing set MTBF, 293 between bearing style, 154-155 body, 331 canned motor, 178, 179 centrifugal, 26, 39, 122-125, 146-155, 168-171, 176, 477-483 266,356-358,421-429, condition monitoring, 477-483 coupling MTBF, 293 Goulds, 168 housing MTBF, 293 impeller MTBF, 293 inducer-equipped, 176 installation, 33 1 load, 331-333 lubrication, 441-445 magnetic drive, 178 motor MTBF, 293 multiphase, 177 multistage horizontal, 66 multistage vertical, 66 outages, 352 positive displacement, 26 reciprocating,66 repair costs, 477 seal MTBF, 292 shaft MTBF, 292 single-stage high-speed, 66 Sulzer “Poseidon,” 177 tabulation, 349 upgrading, 271 vendor selection, 64-76 vertical deep-well, 66 zero emission, 178-181 characteristics, 618, 620 effects on component practices, 621 responsibilities, 625 Pump curve characteristic life, 627 Pump foundations, 648-652 Purge mist (wet sump) lubrication, 441-443 Q Quantifying water effects, 490491 R RAM (reliability,availability, and maintainability) principles, 401,416Index 611 Rated load capacity, 3 16 Reclassifier nozzle, 441 Reed frequency vibration, 326 Relationship matrices, 244 Reliability audits, 82-238. See also Machinery reliability ,audits. Reliability centered maintenance definition, 368 prerequisites, 370-37 1 questions about, 369-370 Reliability curves, 304 Reliiabilityhierarchy, 616 Reliiability measures, 6 11 Reliability models, 609-667 Reliability-oriented repairs, 256 Reliability reviews. See a h Machinery reliability reviews. centrifugal pumps, 146-155 component analysis procedures, reciprocating compressors, 140-143 139-146 Relubrication interval, 16 1 Replacement asset base Replacement asset value (RAV), Resourcefulness, 429-43 1 Rigid bearing critical speeds, 86 Rotation arrow, 15,20 Rcttational balance, 643-647 Rotational shaft alignment, Rotor (RAB), 393 257-258 effect of pump life, 633-637 balance, 6 response to unbalance, 94-95 sensitivity to bearing clearance, sensitivity to pedestal and 95-96 foundation flexibility, 97-99 sensitivity to unbalance location, 96-97 stability analyses, 104- B07 Rotordynamic design audits, 83-125 impeller and blade analyses, lateral critical speed analyses, pulsation analyses, 117-1 19 torsional critical speed analyses, transient torsional analyses, 114-1 17 85-107 107-112 112-SI4 “Running cooler,” 3 18 S Safety and reliability, 527-599 Scoping studies, 1 Screw spindle, 418 Seal balance ratio, 533-534 bearing housing, 266 bellows, 73,74 cartridge, 69 classification, 559, 560 design, 72, 99 dry gas, 581-599 elastomeric lip, 447 face deflections, 532-533 face materials, 535-536 face warpage, 569 face width, 534-535 flush arrangement, 537-540 gas lubricated, 551 geometry, 564-567 hermetic, 449678 Machiizery Failure Analysis & Troubleshooting labyrinth, 487, 576,579 leakage, 575 lubrication modes, 561 magnetic, 447-449 manufacturer qualification mechanical, 67-68,70,71,75, mixer, 568 non-pusher,559,561 performance enhancement, pusher, 559 recoverability,536-5 37 reliability, 558-559 rotating labyrinth, 447,487 rotor-stator,488-489 selection, 67-68 stationary,70, 72, 74 stiffness and damping coefficients, 94 types, 559-561 vapor pressure margin, 540-542 Seal oil system, specifying, 24-34 Segmented carbon bushings, Sensitivity analysis, 303-307 Serial reliability model, 614 Service conditions, 53 Shaft alignment tolerances, 465 Shaft-hub connections, 213 Shaft orbiting, 568-569 Shaft stress, 204-207, 211, 212 Shaker tests, 115 Shimming, 325 Silicon carbide hard face Silicones, 508 Single flinger spool, 168 Single narrative document, 15,20 testing, 531 76,272,579-580 538-539 578-579 material, 69 Single seal design, 531-543 Size factor, 184 Skiddingof rolling elements, 172 Slip of electric motor rotors, 328 Sneak analysis, 63-64 Society of Automotive Soderberg diagram, 204,205 Sommerfeld number, 88, 89 Spare parts documentation, 363 Engineers, 273 effect on service factors, identification sheets, 46, 47,364 philosophies, 361 recommended, 362 storage and retrieval, 36 1, 363 Special lateral response analysis. See Lateral response analyse Specialty seals, 565-581 Specification deviation, 34, 36 Spiral groove gas seal, 582-583 Standardization,65,68 Startup 361-364 documentation, 348-360 preparations, 339-342 reporting structure, 344-348 responsibilities, 339-360 review tasks, 342-344 Strategic level maintenance measures, 245-248 Stress alternating, 210-21 1 combined, 206,217 concentration factors, 206, 207,211 pipe, 329-338 torsional, 112, 113,207-208 uniaxial, 206Index 679 Stripping units, 501-503 Strouhal frequency, 117 Stuffingbox cooling, Surface-condition factor, 185 Surge 174-175,434 control, 3,54 protection, 3, 54 Sustaining cost tree, 283 Sustaining costs, 279,283, 289, Synthetic hydrocarbon fluids, Synthetic lubricants, 503-5 15 295,296 507-508 additives, 509-5 10 case studies, 511-5 15 effective characteristics, examining, 507-509 origin, 507 properties and advantages, 509 testing, 516-517 vibration performance, 515-5 17 510-5 11 System effectiveness, 285, 286-288 T Tactical level maintenance Tapered-bore coupling hubs, Task descriptions, 380-394 Team activities, 367-368 Technical startup section, 344 Technical training, 367 Thermal cushion, 319 Thermal loadling, 320-321 Throat bushings, 531 Throttle bushings, 531 measures, 247 220-22 I Top-down goals development,245 Torque sensors, 56-62 operating principles, 56-58 performance deterioration, detecting, 59-61 Torque vs. speed curves, 314 Torsional critical speed analyses, 107-1 12 excitation, 110 holding, 214-217 natural frequencies, 107-109 stress calculations, 111 stresses, 112, 113,207-208 vibrations, 107 Total productive maintenance Total quality management (TQM), Tracking sheets, 224-229 Trade-off studies, 287 Transducers,478-479 Transient torsional analysis, Triplshutdown log, 355 Turbines control systems, 55 efficiency calculation, 59 gas, 39,6041, 121-122, 124 governors, 55 performance deterioration, 59, steam, 45, 120-121, 135-139, (TPM), 365-366 365 112-114 60-6 1 204,490,576-578 Turbomachinery auxiliary systems, 24-33 control systems, 56 on-stream cleaning methods, 59 performance, 59 rotordynamics, 83 Turnaround documentation, 44-46680 Machinery Failure Analysis & Troubleshooting Turnaround management team, 404-405 Turnaround planning, 394-400 Turnaround scope development, 401-416 form, 402-403 previous practices, 401 Two-phase pumping, 177 U Unbalance, 94-97, 100-102 Undamped mode shapes, 92-93 Undamped natural frequencies, Unit assessment, 407 Unpressurized buffer fluid, 544-545 Unscheduled outages, 468 Upgrading project, 269-272 Uprate speed, 22-23 Uprateability, 21-23 92-94 V Vacuum oil purifiers, 49 1, Vane passage frequency, 115 Vapor pressure margin, 529-530, 498-500 540-542 Variable speed drives, 110-112 Vendor experience, assessing, 65-66 qualifications, 53 selection, 64-76 Vibration monitoring,478433 Vibrations, 106 Viscosity selection,440-441 Viscosit y-temperature Volatile organic compounds Voltage imbalance, 326-327 chart, 437 (VOCs), 527 W Water contamination, 486-498 dissolved water, 493,494 emulsified water, 492,494 free water, 492-494 Water levels, quantification, 494 Water removal, 495-498 Watt loss equilibrium, 3 16 Weibull distributions for failures, Wet sump oil-mist lubrication, Work process documentation
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