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| موضوع: كتاب CAST Methods in Modelling الثلاثاء 14 سبتمبر 2021, 12:01 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب CAST Methods in Modelling Computer Aided Systems Theory for the Design of Intelligent Machines With 181 Figures Franz Pichler· Heinz Schwfu1:zel (Eds.)
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Problem-Solving by Models 1 1.2 Systems Theory Instrumented Modelling 2 1.3 CAST - Computer Aided Systems Theory 5 1.4 CAST Methods in Modelling: An Overview 7 References - Chapter 1 8 2 CAST METHOD BANK SYSTEMS 11 2.1 CAST Method Bank System Design 11 2.1.1 Systems Theory Method Banks 11 2.1.2 The STIPS Machine STIPS.M 15 2.1.3 Special STIPS Machines 18 2.1.4 Navigation in Systems Problem Solving 25 2.1.5 Requirements for Applications in VLSI-Design 34 2.2 CAST.FSM - Finite State Machine Method Bank System 41 2.2.1 Introduction 41 2.2.2 LOOPS Software Implementation of CAST.FSM 42 2.2.3 STIPS.FSM Implementation 45 2.2.4 CAST.FSM Application Examples 52 2.2.5 CAST.FSM Extension and Perspectives 64 2.3 CAST.FOURIER - Method Bank for Generalized Spectral Techniques 66 2.3.1 Introduction 66 2.3.2 Motivation 67 2.3.3 Generalized Spectral Techniques in Digital Image Processing 68 2.3.4 Goals and State of Development 72 2.3.5 Implementation 73 2.3.6 Concluding Remarks 77 2.4 CAST.LISAS - Simulation Tool for Regular Networks of Finite State Machines 77 2.4.1 Introduction 77x CAST Methods in Modelling 2.4.2 Main Features of CAST.USAS 79 2.4.3 Cell Model and Activation Scheduling 81 2.4.4 Using CAST.USAS 81 2.4.5 Further Simulation Examples 87 2.4.6 Experiences and Conclusion 88 2.5 CAST.PN - An Editor and Simulation Tool for Petri Nets 90 2.5.1 Petri Nets in CAST 90 2.5.2 Condition/Event Systems 91 2.5.3 Place/Transition Nets 92 2.5.4 Implementing the Net Theory 92 2.5.5 Implementing the User Interface 94 2.6 CAST Applications 96 2.6.1 Algebraic Decomposition of MCNC Benchmark FSMs for Logic Synthesis 96 2.6.2 CAST.FSM Applications in Cryptology 105 References - Chapter 2 115 3 MODELLING AND SIMULATION 123 3.1 Introduction 123 3.1.1 The Enterprise of Modelling and Simulation 123 3.1.2 The Systems Approach to Modelling and Simulation 130 3.1.3 Multi-Formalism System Modelling 140 3.2 System Specification Formalisms 141 3.2.1 A Brief Review of System Specification Formalisms 141 3.2.2 Atomic Formalisms for Combined Discrete-Continuous Modelling 149 3.2.3 Coupled Multi-Formalism System Formalism 170 3.3 Abstract Simulator Concepts 175 3.3.1 Abstract Simulator of Discrete Event Systems 177 3.3.2 Abstract Simulator for Discrete Time Systems 181 3.3.3 Abstract Simulator for Differential Equation Specified Systems 190 3.3.4 Simulators for Atomic Multi-Formalism Models 191 3.3.5 Coordinators for Coupled Multi-Formalism Models 197 3.3.6 Root-Coordinator 202 3.4 Implementations of Modelling and Simulation Environments 203 3.4.1 Implementation in PC-Scheme 203 3.4.2 The STIMS Modelling and Simulation Environment 208Contents xi 3.5 Multifacetted Modelling 218 3.5.1 Introduction to Multifacetted Modelling 218 3.5.2 System Entity Structure Definition 220 3.5.3 Pruning the System Entity Structure 222 3.5.4 An Integrated Systems Theory Instrumented Modelling and Simulation Environment 224 3.6 Towards Variable Structure Modelling and Simulation 226 3.6.1 Introduction and Motivation 226 3.6.2 Ranking Typography of Variable Structure Models 228 3.6.3 A Multi-Level System Approach to Variable Structure Modelling 230 3.6.4 DEVS-Scheme Implementation of Multi-Level, Variable Structure Models 232 3.6.5 Models of Intelligent Agents 233 References - Chapter 3 236 4 MACHINE VISION 243 4.1 Introduction 243 4.2 CAST and Machine Vision 244 4.2.1 Building Machines That "See" 244 4.2.2 Dedicated Vision Systems 246 4.2.3 CAST Tools for Vision? 249 4.3 Modelling Objects for Visual Recognition 251 4.3.1 Modelling the Appearance of Real-Word Objects 251 4.3.2 Applying the VMT 255 4.3.3 Building the Model 261 4.3.4 Model Compilation 263 4.3.5 Conclusion 267 4.4 Spontaneous Recognition of Structured Objects 268 4.4.1 Structural Object Recognition 268 4.4.2 Structural Object Representation 271 4.4.3 Matching Structural Descriptions 273 4.4.4 Structural Techniques in Speech Recognition 275 4.4.5 Scan Paths in Human Vision 280 4.4.6 A Framework for Structural Recognition 281 4.4.7 Salient Strings of Tokens 282 4.4.8 Global Context 284 4.4.9 Summary 286xii CAST Methods in Modelling 4.5 An Integrated Development Tool for Machine Vision 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Developing Knowledge-Based Vision 4.5.3 Implementation 4.5.4 Summary References - Chapter 4 5 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 307 5.1 Software Development for CAST 307 5.2 Building Class Hierarchies 312 5.2.1 Data Structures 314 5.2.2 Algorithm to Compute an Optimal Inheritance Hierarchy 314 5.3 Browsers for CAST Tools 321 5.3.1 Standard LOOPS Browsers 321 5.3.2 LOOPS Browser Specializations 323 5.3.3 Implementing Browsers in Common LISP, CLOS, CLX and CLUE 324 5.4 Implementing Data Persistency in LISP 5.4.1 Data Persistency 5.4.2 Internal LISP Objects 5.4.3 External Representation 5.4.4 Implementation 5.4.5 Open Problems 5.4.6 Summary 5.5 Direct Embedding of Procedural Code in LISP 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Conventional Use of Procedural Code 5.5.3 A Foreign Language Toolkit (FLT) 5.5.4 FLT Reference 5.5.5 Examples 5.5.6 Summary References - Chapter 5 . APPENDIX: CAST.FSM USER'S GUIDE A.l CAST.FSM Background A.2 System Requirements 358Contents A.2.1 Hardware A.2.2 Software A.3 CAST.FSM Installation A.4 Starting a CAST Session and Browsing A.4.1 The CAST Class Browser A.4.2 The CAST Instance Browser A.4.3 Defining a System A.4.4 Petri Nets Make the Difference A.5 Table Editing A.6 Analysis Operations A.6.1 I/O-Experiment A.6.2 Lattice A.6.3 Others A.7 Synthesis, System Transformations and the Realization Tree 365 A.8 Living with a Prototype: Errors and Breaks 366 A.8.1 Beginners and casual CAST.FSM Users 366 A.8.2 Power Users 367 A.9 Saving Realizations on Files 368 References - Appendix 368 INDEX A acoustic features 276 algebraic decomposition 96 algorithm 4, 23, 90 analysis problem 26 analytical methods 124 application domain 250 application framework 308 ART 293 Artificial Intelligence 8, 15, 26, 32, 243, 249,310 ASIC 35,115 aspect node 28 association graph 274 atomic model 134 atomic system 28 automatic synthesis 39 autonomous machine 317 autonomous navigation 244, 248 B backtrack search 274 Bayes 277 best match 274 bias 285 binary sequence 46, 50 biological vision systems 249 bipartite graph 16,30,91 INDEX black box 3, 22, 46, 50, 90, 114,246,247, 313 blackboard system 293 BLM22 blob 271 block diagram 55, 323 bottom-up 265, 269 bouncing ball 164 branching factor 34 browser 30, 94, 321, 325, 326 c C programming language 338 CADS, 12, 35 CAD-based vision 251 CALLAS 36 CAM 6, 35 CAST 6, 66, 243, 249, 307, 312 CAST system 12, 71, 74 CAST.FOURIER 7, 66, 71 CAST.FSM 7, 19,41,67, 106,209 CAST.LISAS 7, 77, 106 CAST.PN 7, 90, 91, 94 CASTOR 103 cell machine 108 cellular automata 78, 87, 137 cellular finite state machine 105 character recognition 245 class 313 class browser 52, 53, 91, 216, 359, 362370 class hierarchy 295 classification 246, 270 CLIM 308, 311 CLOS 43, 308, 311 closed partition 51 CLUE 325 CLX325 Common LISP 42, 43, 65, 73, 292, 299, 308,311 complexity 123, 247, 275 composed system 28 composition tree 134 computer simulation model 125 computer vision 67 concept acquisition 253 concession 91 condition/event system 91 congruence relation 54, 55, 365 constraint 25, 65, 319 context 283, 284 contiguous language 308 continuous-change model 127 continuous-time model 127 control 289, 291, 292 coordinator 202 coupled model 134 coupled system 132 coupling 16, 28, 170 coupling structure 50 critical path 96,104 cybernetics 249 cyclic structures 329 D D-transform 23 data flow 85,289,291 data persistency 327 data reduction 69 data-driven control 293 database 65, 308 CAST Methods in Modelling database system 12 DBMS 328, 337 deadlock analysis 40 debugging 308, 367 decision support system 40 decomposition 28, 38, 51, 99 deductive method bank 14 design for testability 38, 39, 355 design process 35, 289, 295 Design Propeller 35 DESS 141 DEV 151 DEVS 141, 143 DFf68 difference equation 3,137 differential equation 3,135,249 digital circuit 38, 40, 355 digital filter 24, 68 discrete event model 127 discrete Fourier transform 68 discrete-change model 127 discrete-time models 127 distributed data persistency 312 divide-and-conquer 109 double subgraph isomorphism 273 DTSS 141, 142, 148 dump-form (function) 328 dynamic class 317 dynamical behavior 125 dynamical system 130 dynamics 3, 22, 90 E early assignment 275 education 19,67 elastic springs 274 engineering education 20 entity structure 26 equivalence (structural) 274 error rate 248Index ESPRESSO 103 event 91 evidence accumulation 281, 285 evolutionary prototyping 307 exhaustive search 274 experimental frame 138 experimental problem-solving 74 explorative programming 65 explorative software engineering 307 extendibility 308 eye movements 280 F factor machine 98 factored form 104 Fano algorithm 278 feature 314 feature ring 280 feedback shift register 47 FFT68 filtering 249 finite state machine 3, 43, 51, 52, 81, 278,355 firing (in Petri nets) 91 firing rule 91 fixation 270, 280 Flavors 311 floor-planning 96 flow function 47 flow-graph 37, 40, 47 FNSS 146 foreign code 299, 338 formal language 32 FORTRAN 299, 338 Fourier transform 23 Function System 313 functional level 42 fuzzy logic 249 G gate level 355, 356 GDFT69 general realization problem 27 general system specification 26 General Systems Problem Solver 25 General Systems Theory 18, 24 general-purpose workstation 300 generalized Fourier transform 69 generator 3, 22, 46, 50, 90, 313 generator graph 16, 17 generic function 311 generic processing structures 248 GFFT73 goal representation 248 graph matching 269, 274 graph search 32 graph theory 268 GRAPHER 321, 323 graphical simulation model 125 graphical user interface 94 grouping 247, 270, 283 GSPS25 GUI94 H Hamming distance 110 hardware 291 hardware architecture 11 371 hardware description language 36, 96 hardware technology 2 heuristic search 293 heuristics 249, 270 hex-connected 87 hierarchical model 134 hierarchical model 134 homomorphic image 16 horizontal system transformation 20 Hough transform 300372 human instructor 253 human interaction 247 human visual system 245, 269 hypothesize-and-test 248, 282 I I/O-behavior 21 I/O-experiment 109,364 iconic memory 262 iconic representation 247 identification 281 image compression 69 image enhancement 249 image processing 67, 245, 247, 293, 297 image understanding 246, 289 imaginary clock 81 implementation 2 impulse response 23 incarnation browser 53 indexing 265, 269, 280, 281, 285 indexing tree 267 inductive transformation 16 inexact matching 275 inference engine 65 inheritance 310, 313 inheritance lattice 64 input port 84 inspector 367 instance browser 323,357 intelligent agent 234, 272 intelligent assistant 77 intelligent threshold sensor 158 interactive method bank 14, 67 InterLISP 41, 42, 80, 91, 203, 311, 321, 359 intermediate representation 247 inverse machine 51 inverse optics 245 isomorphic graphs 268 J JED! 103 K KEE 293 key 109 KLT71 CAST Methods in Modelling knowledge base 26, 66 knowledge representation 323 knowledge-based vision 244 L Laplace transform 23 lattice 51 learning 248 linear automata 22 linear complexity 108 linear difference equation 137 linear difference system 22, 24 linear feedback shift register 47 linear function 319 linear machine 47, 51,109,355 linear realization transformation 51 linear sequential switching circuit 47 linear system 21, 249 Linear Systems Theory 18, 20, 21, 23 linear transform 70 LISP 42, 73, 84, 94, 203, 292, 308 LISP image 327 LISP interpreter 367 load-form (function) 328 local state transition 22 logic minimization 38 logic optimization 39, 96,100 logic synthesis 36, 96 logical architecture 11 long-term persistency 311 LOOPS 42, 77, 91, 94, 208, 311, 318,321, 359Index low-level vision 249 LU-decomposition 88 M machine learning 253 machine vision 243 main system types 90 maintainability 308 man-machine interaction 255 Markov models 277 Massey-Berlekamp algorithm 50 massive parallelism 77 matching 274 matrix-vector multiplication 81, 87 maximum likelihood 278 MCNC benchmark 41, 102 Mealy machine 143, 148,317,364 means-end analysis 26 memoryless model 146 metaclass 43 method bank 7, 11, 12, 13, 249, 312 method efficiency 5 metric distance 110, 111 MGST24 MIS 103 model analysis 1 model application 1, 2, 12 model building 1, 2, 12, 123 model compilation 266 model-transformation 4 modelling 2 Moore machine 53, 142, 148, 317, 364 motor speed control 173 multi-component system 132 multi-echelon system 230 multi-formalism models 138 multi-level method bank 15 multi-level representation 3 multi-level system 14, 230 multi-level vision 288, 292 multi-processing 293 multi-processor 222 multi-strata system 230 multiple decomposition 28 N network 3, 23, 50, 81, 90, 184, 313 neural network 249, 302 Newton-Raphson method 196 non-accidential 271 non-linear finite machine 47 NP-hard269 numerical integration 190 o object hypothesis 265 373 object recognition 243, 246, 251, 253 object-oriented programming 46, 64, 310,313 occlusion 274 one-way function 107 OODBMS 311,337 operations research 13 optimal inheritance 316 orientation 275 orthogonal transform 69, 70 output coding 366 output function 132 output port 84 output-consistent 98, 365 p package 335 parallel decomposition 23, 31, 57, 98, 100,104,365 parallel reduction 58 parsing 284 partial ordering 98 partition 98 partition pair algebra 98374 Pascal 299 pattern recognition 69 pattern-directed inference 293 PCM coding 24 perceptual grouping 270 persistent environment 310 Petri net 4, 40, 90, 185,355,362 PGST24 physical simulation model 125 pipeline structures 292 pixel processing 288 PLA 38, 40, 50 place-function 84 plausibility 265 pop-up menu 321, 366 portability 291, 294 position 275 postcondition 91 precondition 91 primal sketch 247 primitive image features 247 probabilistic methods 276 probabilistic model 282 problem adequacy 5 problem definition 12 problem solving 12, IS, 123 procedural language 338 production system 16 program errors 366 program package 13 programmable logic array 50 programmatic interface 94 programming environment 14,289 property class 319 prototype 262, 366 pruning 222 Q queue 293 Quine-McCluskey algorithm 50 CAST Methods in Modelling quotient machine 54, 56, 58 R R-module theory 21 rapid prototyping 65,291,366 real system 123, 130 realization tree 28, 53, 65, 76, 357, 365 recognition engine 262 reconstructive techniques 245 recursive entity structure 28 reduction algorithm 51 reduction congruence 365 reduction equivalence 54 redundancy 40 register flow machine 47, 49 register transfer synthesis 36 register-transfer level 42 relaxation labeling 269, 274 remote sensing 243 representation 246 RES 28 RES graph 28 reusability 248, 308 reduction partition 98 RFM47 robotics 243 robustness 3 root coordinator 175 s saccades 280 saliency 265 scale 275 scan path 38,280 scene 285 scene labeling 246 scheduler 81 Scheme 203 SCOOPS 203 scrolling 363Index search 26, 32, 97 selective persistency 311 self-documentation 248 self-test 38 semi-systolic design 88 sensory data 275 sequence 46 sequential machine 314, 317 sequential matching 278 sequential switching circuit 47, 58 serial decomposition 23, 31, 98, 100, 104 SES225,323 shape-from-X 245 shift register 23, 51, 110 shift register decomposition 51 side effect 297 silicon compiler 36 similarity (structural) 274 simulation 81, 124, 125 simulation model 125 simulator 78, 202 Smalltalk 321 software architecture 11 software engineering 248, 307 spatial layout 245 spatial relationships 268 spatial variations 274 specialization 28, 137 spectral analysis 249 spectral technique 7, 69 spectral transformation 23 speech recognition 244, 269, 275 stack algorithm 278 stack frame 367 state assignment 38, 39, 58, 96 state graph 111 state graph representation 40 state reduction 39 state space 15, 23 state table 40 state trajectory 89 state transition graph 46 state variables 132 static structure 134 statistical pattern recognition 252 statistics 14 STEXP65 STIMS 203, 208 STIPS7,67 375 STIPS machine 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 66 STIPS.ALS 23 STIPS.FSM 19,20,41 STIPS.GS24 STIPS.LM 23, 24 STIPS.M 16, 18,65 straight lines 265 structural event 284 structural netlist 40 structural object recognition 244, 268 structural representation 271 structure editor 32 structure graph 111 structure matching 269 stuck-at faults 38 subgraph isomorphism 273 substitution property 98 subsystem 28 synthesis 38, 358, 365 synthesis problem 26 system 130 system algorithm 11, 18, 25, 32, 43 system bank 16 system behavior 132 system components 132 system couplings 132 system dynamic 132 system elements 132 system entity structure 28, 204, 220, 323 system environment 131 system formalism 135376 system problem 25 system specification 65 system state 132 system structure 132 system transformation 22, 26, 312 system type hierarchy 90 system types 11,22,312 systems approach 11 Systems Theory 2,42, 312,314 Systems Theory Expert 65 Systems Theory Method Bank 12 systolic array 78, 115 T table representation 46, 363 tank system 167, 168 template matching 268 test pattern generator 38 testability 3, 38, 40, 112 testing 308 third-generation system 35 time-variable system 21 token 91, 271 token game 48 token string 283 top-down 269, 307 torus 84 transfer function 23 transformation bank 16 transition 92 type mapping 344 U undo 364 user interface 44, 216, 250, 308 CAST Methods in Modelling V variable structure simulation 235 VENUS 36, 110 verification 265 verification tree 267 vertical system transformation 20 viewpoint 275 viewports 298 Vision Kernel System 73,289 visual concept 271 Visual Modelling Tool 252 visual routines 253 visual system 243 visualization 291 Viterbi algorithm 278 VKS 73, 289, 292 VLSI 34, 78, 112 vocabulary 284 W Walsh-Hadamard transform 68, 70 window 367 world model 272 x X-Windows 324 y Y-chart35 z z-transform 23
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