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| موضوع: كتاب Technical Drawing الثلاثاء 31 أغسطس 2021, 10:55 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Technical Drawing Giesecke, Mitchell, Apencer
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Technical Drawing Giesecke, Mitchell, Apencer Contents 1 the Graphic Language 2 Mechanical Drawing 3 Lettering 4 Geometrical Constructions 5 Technical Sketching and Shape Description 6 Multiview Projection 7 Sectional Views 8 Auxiliary Views 9 Revolutions 10 Shop Processes 11 Dimensioning 12 Tolerancing 13 Threads, Fasteners, and Springs 14 Working Drawings 15 Axonometric Projection 16 Oblique Projection 17 Perspective 18 Intersections and Developments 19 Gearing and Cams 20 Graphs 21 Engineering Graphics 22 Structural Drafting 23 Topographic Drawing and Mapping 24 Piping Drafting 25 Welding Representation 26 Aeronautical Drafting 27 Shading 28 Patent Drafting 29 Reproduction of Drawings Appendix Index (numbers listed are page numbers) Abbreviations, ASA, 788 Abscissa, 601 Accumulation of tolerances, 343 Accuracy, 12, 34 Acme thread, 356, 363 American St'd (table), 801 Addition charts, 637 Adjacent areas, 171 Aeronautical draftings, 724 books on, 773 design practice, 727, 731 dimensions in, 726 installation drawings in, 732 lettering in, 726 problems, 745 scales in, 727 views in, 727 working drawings in, 732 Algebraic solution graphs, 639 Aligned dimension figures, 305 Aligned sections, 257 Alignment charts, 613, 623 common forms of, 624 Allowance, 336 Alphabet, inclined, 77 vertical, 76 Alphabet of lines, 21 Alternate 4-center ellipse, 494, 522 Alternate section lining, 219 American Standard abbreviations, 788 Acme threads (table), 801 bolts and nuts, 374 table, 802 cap screws, 379 tables, 802, 804 cast iron flanges and fittings (table), 824-827 cast iron screwed fittings (table), 822, 823 code for pressure piping, 704 cotter pins (table), 813 lettering, 66 limits and fits, 341 tables, 792-798 machine screws, 381 table, 805 pipe threads, 370 table, 820 piping symbols, 704, 816 plain washers (table), 809 rivets, 386, 387 set screws, 381 sheet sizes, 57 symbols for electrical diagrams, 818, 819 taper pins (table), 812 thread fits, 367 threads (National), 356, 367 Unified and American threads (table), 799 wood screws, 383 Woodruff keys, 385 table, 807 wrought steel pipe (table), 820 American Standards, list of, 773 Ames Lettering Instrument, 74, 305 Ammonia development, 767 829830 INDEX Angles, 91 dihedral, 240 dimensioning, 306 drafting, 27 in civil engineering, 306 in isometric, 487 in oblique, 523 to bisect, 94 to lay out, 99 to transfer, 94 tolerances of, 340, 353 true size of, 177, 240 Angular perspective, 533 Annealing, 293 Approximate ellipse, 117 Approximate 4-center ellipse, 492 Arc tangent to arcs, 108 tangent to lines, 106-108 to rectify, 110 Arcs, 92 dimensioning, 307 in isometric, 494 sketching, 134 Architects scale, 29 use of, 30 Area charts, 616 Area law, 645 graphical solution, 647 Areas, adjacent, 171 Arithmetic plottings, 607 Arrowheads, 302 Artgum, 22 Assembly drawings, 398, 404 aeronautical, 732 check, 413 exploded, 498, 725 general, 406 installation, 413 sectioning in, 409 sub-assembly, 408 threads in, 367 working-drawing, 410 Auxiliary plane, 233 Auxiliary sections, 244 Auxiliary views, 233 classification of, 237 depth, 238 ellipses in, 249 half, 243 height, 238 hidden lines in, 243 partial, 242 problems in, 249 reference planes for, 235 secondary, 245 successive, 245 width, 239 Axes, isometric, 485 oblique, 517 of graphs, 601 Axes of ellipse, to find, 114 Axis of revolution, 258 Axonometric projection, 480, 481 method of intersections, 504 problems, 509 sketching in, 131 Backing sheet, 14, 44 Bar graphs, 597 design and layout of, 614 Base-line dimensioning, 343 Basic hole system, 337 shaft system, 338 size, 336 Batter, 306 Bead welds, 718 Beam connections (tables), 814 Bearings, 685 Bends, 740 Bevel gears, 584 definitions and formulas, 584 nomenclature of, 585 working drawings of, 585 Bevels, 306 Bibliography, 773 Bilateral tolerances, 339 Bisect angle, 94 Bisect line or arc, 93 Blocking-in (freehand), 133 views (mechanical), 398 Blue-line blueprints, 765 Blueprint process, 763 Blueprint reading, 7, 169 books on, 775 Bolt circle, 314 Bolts, 372 American St'd, 374 table, 802 high-strength, 675 miscellaneous, 383 series of, 374 specifications of, 378 threads on, 375 to draw, 375 Books, related, 773 Boring, 282, 286 Boring mill, 279 Bow instruments, 40 use of, 41 Box construction isometric, 486 oblique, 520 Braddock-Rowe triangle, 74, 305 Break lines, 21INDEX 831 in auxiliary views, 243 in graphs, 601 in sections, 214 use of, 168, 222 Breaks, conventional, 223 Brick construction, 680 Bridge, plan and elevation of, 692 Bridge, timber, 666 Brinell hardness, 270 Broaching, 281 Broken-out section, 214 Brush, dusting, 22 Buttock lines, 741 Buttress thread, 356, 364 Butt-welded fittings, 701 Cabinet drawing, 517 Cadastral maps, 684 Calculus differential, 640 graphical, 640 integral, 647 problems in, 661 Calipers, 285 Cam problems, 595 Cams, 579, 589 books on, 775 cylindrical, 592 disk, 590 Cap screws, 372 American St'd, 379 tables, 803, 84 Capital letters guide lines for, 73 inclined, 76 large and small, 74 vertical, 75 Carburizing, 293 Cartography, 684 Casting, sand, 271 Cast iron pipe, 698 Cavalier drawing, 517 Center lines, 21, 146, 301 isometric, 486 Center of vision, 533 Centers, shaft, 323 table, 825 Chamfers, dimensioning, 323 Changes on drawings, 402, 767 Charts, 597 addition and subtraction, 637 alignment, 613, 623 common forms of, 624 axes for, 601 books on, 776 column or bar, 614 distribution, 619 flow, 619 logarithmic line, 609 map distribution, 619 N-, 634 network, 638 organization, 619 pie, 617 polar, 612 proportional, 636 scales for, 601 semi-logarithmic, 606 design of, 608 surface or area, 616 time-series, 598 trilinear, 610 volume, 618 Check assembly, 413 Check drawings, 402 Check valves, 704 Checker-board survey, 689 Chord, 92 Circle, 92 in perspective, 545 of centers, 314 revolved, 264 sketching a, 133 tangent to line, 105 through 3 points, 104 to draw, 37, 41 to find center, 104 Circular drawing machine, 508 Circumference, 92 City maps, 689 Clean drawings, 13, 22 Clearance fit, 336 tables on, 794, 795 Cloth, tracing, 57 Coarse thread series, 367, 368 Column charts, 614 Compass, 36, 685 beam, 38 giant bow, 36 lead points, 36 use of, 36 Concentric circles, 113 Concrete construction, 677 drawings for, 677 Condensed lettering, 65 Cone, 93 development of, 558, 561 dimensioning a, 312 oblique, 561 Conic sections, 111 Connections, riveted beam, 672 Constants of integration, 651 Contact prints, 767 Contour dimensioning, 309 Contour interval, 687832 INDEX Contour pen, 45 Contoured surface patterns, 742 Contours, 684, 687, 695 from control points, 687 tolerances for, 352 Conventional breaks, 223 edges, 186 Conversion scales, 627 lines, 20, 21 Coordinate axes (graphs), 601 Coordinate papers, 599 Copper tubing, 699 Copyflex, Bruning, 1188 Core, 272 Cored hole, 272 Corners, projections of, 165, 170 Cotter pins, 385 table, 813 Counterbored hole, 184, 282 Counterrevolution, 265 Countersunk hole, 183, 282, 288 Cross-section, 207 Cross-section paper, 130 in oblique sketching, 152 Cube, 93, 553 Curve fitting (graphs), 605 Curve line types, 605 Curve shapes (graphs), 603 Curved surfaces, 178 dimensioning, 324 Curves, adjustable, 53 dimensioning, 317 elliptical, 182 graph, 604 irregular, 53 isometric, 489 perspective, 545 plotted, 241 power, 657 ship, 741 space, 182 tangent, 109, 110 Cutting plane, 207 Cutting-plane line, 21, 207-209 Cycle designation (charts), 609 Cycloid, to draw, 122 Cylinders, 93 and ellipses, 181 deformities of, 180 development, 555, 557 intersections of, 183, 570 oblique, 557 size dimensions of, 31 1 Cylindrical cams, 592 surfaces, 178 Dardelet thread, 379 Datum plane, 235 Decagon, 92 Decimal dimension figures, 304 dimensions, 303 scale, 29, 32, 33 system, complete, 327 Deformities of cylinders, 1 80 Depth auxiliary views, 238 Depth dimension, transfer, 164 Descriptive geometry, 5, 6 books on, 776 Design, 396 aeronautical, 727 do's and don'ts, 293 evolution of, 395 layout, 396, 731 size, 336 Detail drawings, 273, 397, 732 Detailed threads, 359 Details per sheet, 398 Developed drawing (piping), 704 Development, 552, 553 cone, right circular, 558 cylinders, 555, 570 oblique cone, 561 oblique cylinder, 557 oblique prism, 556 oblique pyramid, 560 of a sphere, 565 of transition pieces, 562-565 prism, right, 555 prisms, 566-569 problems, 575 pyramid, right, 557 Diagrams, 597 displacement, 589 functional, 730 Diazzo-dry process, 766 Diazzo-moist prints, 765 Die casting, 276 Differential calculus, 640 Differentiation graphical, 641 Ray-polygon method, 644 Dihedral angles, 240 Dimension figures, 304 direction of reading, 305 guide lines for, 78 staggered, 305 to letter, 78, 304 Dimension line, 21, 300 Dimensioning, 298 aircraft, 726 angles, 306 arcs, 307 base-line, 343INDEX 833 chamfers, 323 contour, 309 curved surfaces, 324 curves, 318 decimal figures in, 304 do's and don'ts, 329 geometric break-down in, 300, 309 holes, 313 isometric, 497 keyways, 323 knurls, 324 lines used in, 300 notes, 313, 320-322 oblique, 524 piping, 707 prisms, 310 problems, 331 rounded-end shapes, 3i8 tapers, 322 technique of, 299 threads, 322 true-position, 346 Dimensions, 298 and section lines, 305 choice of, 300 for locating holes, 315 forging, 317 fractional and decimal. 303 in inches, 306 limit, 335, 336, 340 location, 310, 314 machine, 317 mating, 316 of prisms, 311 on or off views, 308 pattern, 317 placement of, 299, 301 reference, 314 size, 310, 311 superfluous, 319, 320 tabular, 324 tolerance, 334, 336 truss, 676 Dimetric drawing, approx., 501 exploded, 502 graph paper, 500 piping drawing, 705 projection, 482, 498 sketching, 501 stencil, 501 Diplacement diagrams. 589 Distribution charts, 619 Divide line into equal parts, 96 Dividers, 38 proportional, 39 use of, 39 Division graphs, 638 Dodecagon, 92 Dodecahedron, 552 Do's and don'ts of dimensioning, 329 Double curved surface, 553 Double thread, 358 Draft, on castings, 272 on forgings, 292 Drafting (See drawing) aeronautical, 724 angles, 27 at home or school, 13 machines, 55 objectives in, 12 standards, 6, 773 structural, 663 structural steel, 667 tape, 15, 16 Drag, 272 Drawing (See drafting) assembly, 397, 404, 732 boards, 14, 15 books, 773 checking, 402 detail, 397, 732 early, 3 equipment, 1 1 for aeronautical drafting, 726 ink, 45, 48 instruments, 4, 34, 776 isometric, 483 mechanical, 1 1 numbers, 401 paper, 56 Patent Office, 398 pencils, 16 pictorial, 480 piping, 705 reading a, 172 revisions, 402 structural, 663 types of, 2 undimensioned, 734 Drawings installation, 733 mock-up, 731 model, 731 preliminary, 730 proposal, 731 reproduction of, 737, 763 Drill, tap, 373 Drill press, 278 Drill sizes (table), 801 Drilled hole, 184, 282, 288, 373 Drop forging, 291 Drop spring bow compass, 42 Ducks, 741 Duplicate tracings, 767 Dusting brush, 22834 INDEX Edges, 553 conventional, 186 inclined, 175 normal, 174 oblique, 176 parallel, 176 projections of, 170, 174 Edison, sketch by, 395 Electrical diagram symbols, 818, 819 Electrical drawing books, 776 Elements, 178, 566 Elevation view, 141 Elevations, 684 Ellipse, 111 alternate four-center, 494, 522 approximate, 117 axes of, to find, 1 14 center of, to find, 115 concentric-circle, 113 definition of, 111 foci, 112 four-center, 492, 521 from revolved circle, 264 guides, 495, 500 isometric, 149, 490-495 oblique, 521, 522 oblique-circk, l 1 ' Orth four-center, 493 parallelogram, 114 pin and string, 112 sketching on, 135, 149 tangents to, 115 templates, 116, 494, 500 trammell, 112 trimetric, 503 Ellipses and cylinders, 181 Ellipses in auxiliary views, 249 Ellipsoid, 93, 553 Elliptical curves, 181 Empirical equations, 653, 655 Engine lathe, 277 Engineer, the young, 394 Engineering drawing (concrete), 679 Engineering drawing books, 777 Engineering graph, 598 Engineering graphics, 623 problems on, 659 Engineering master layouts, 736 Engineers scale, 29, 32, 626 Enlarging a drawing, 104 Epicycloid, 123 Equations, empirical, 653, 655 Equator, 565 Equilateral triangle, 99 Erasers, 22 Erasing, 22 ink, 52 machine, 22 shield, 22 Esperanto, 1 Etchings, line, 769 Exploded assemblies, 498, 725 dimetric, 502 isometric, 499 Extended lettering, 65 Extension line, 21, 301 Extra-Fine Threads, S.A.E., 368 Facing, 286 Faired lines, 741 Fastener problems, 391 Fasteners, 354, 384 Feather key, 384 Feet and inches, 305 Figure of intersection, 566 Figures, dimension, 304 Fillet welds, 715 Fillets and rounds, 185, 274, 307 Fine thread series, 367, 368 Finish marks, 273, 307 Finished surfaces, 185, 307 dimensions to, 314 First-angle projection, 188 Fits, 303-336 ASA, 341 tables on, 792-798 American Nat'l thread, 367 Unified thread, 369 Fittings, pipe, 699, 701 Fixtures, 290 Flanged fittings, 701 Flash welds, 721 Flask, 272 Flat pattern layouts, 739 Flow charts, 619 Foci ellipse, 112 Folding lines, 161, 234 Foot marks, 305 Force fits, 342 table, 798 Forging, 291 Forging design, 292 Forging dimensions, 317 Foundry, 275 Four-center ellipse, isometric, 492 oblique, 521 Fractions, guide lines for, 77 in dimensioning, 304 lettering of, 78 "Freak" values (graphs), 602 Freehand sketching (See sketching) French curves, 53 Frontal plane, 160 Full sections, 206 in isometric, 496INDEX 835 Functional diagrams, 730 Functional scales, 625 Funicular polygon method, 649 Gages, fixed, 285 Gate valves, 704 Gear tooth, shape of, 582 involute, 582 Gearing problems, 593 Gears, 579 bevel, 584 definitions and formulas for, 584 nomenclature, 585 working drawings of, 585 spur, 580 definitions and formulas for, 581 working drawings of, 583 worm, 586 working drawings of, 588 General arrangement drawing, 728 Generatrix, 552 Geodedic Survey, U.S., 695 Geological Survey, U.S., 695 Geometric breakdown, 300, 309 Geometric construction, 90 problems, 123 Geometric tolerances, 349 Giant bow set, 35 Glass box, 160, 234 Globe valves, 703 Gothic letters, 65, 83 Grade, 306 Grant's Odontograph, 583 Graphic language, 1 Graphical calculus, 640 Graphical differentiation, 641 area law in, 646 Ray-polygon method of, 644 Graphical representation, 2, 597 Graphics books on, 777 engineering, 7, 623 problems, 659 Graphs, 597 addition and subtraction, 637 algebraic solution, 639 axes for, 601 bar, 597, 614 books on, 776 curve fitting in, 605 engineering, 598 grids of, 599 line, 597 line types on, 605 logarithmic line, 609 mathematical, 598 multiplication and division, 638 notes on, 606 points and curves on, 604 polar coordinate, 612 layout of, 613 problems in, 620 scales for, 601 semi-logarithmic, 606 design of, 608 titles on, 606 trilinear line, 610 layout of, 611 Greek alphabet, 87 Grid, perspective, 547 Grids and composition, 599 Grinding machine, 279 Groove welds, 717 Guide lines, 72 devices for drawing, 74 for capital letters, 73 for fractions, 77 for lower-case letters, 79 for numerals, 77 inclined, 73 spacing of, 73 vertical, 73 Guides, ellipse, 494, 495 Half auxiliary views, 243 Half sections, 213 in isometric, 496 Half views, 168, 222 Handbooks, 778 Hardening, 293 Hatchures, 684 Heat treating, 293 Hectographing, 769 Height auxiliary views, 238 Helix, to draw, 121 Henry Tank Pen, 69 Heptagon, 92 Hexagon, 92 to draw, 100 Hidden lines, 21, 144 in auxiliary views, 243 in sections, 208 Hieroglyphics, 1 High strength steel bolting, 675 Highway plans, 693, 694 History of technical drawing, 2 Holes dimensioning, 313 drilled, 282, 373 locating, 313, 315 tapped, 373 to draw, 184 to produce, 282 Hoover Dam, 692 Horizon, 530, 534 Horizontal lines, drawing, 23836 INDEX Horizontal plane, 160 Hyperbola, 1 1 1 to draw, 119 Hyperboloid, 553 Hypocycloid, 123 Icosahedron, 553 Illustration, production, 742 Inboard profile, 729 Inch marks, 305 Inclined edges, 175 Inclined lines, 26, 175 in perspective, 543 Inclined surfaces, 174 in isometric, 485 Ink drawing, 45 erasing, 52 lettering, 71 lines, 49 tracing, 49 use of, 48 Inking, order of, 51 Installation assembly, 413 Installation drawings, 733 Instrumaster isometric stencil, 494 Instruments, drawing, 5, 34 Integral calculus, 647 Integral curve, ordinate scale of, 650 Integration, 647 constants of, 651 mechanical methods of, 652 semi-graphical, 651 Interchangeable manufacturing, 299, 334 Interference fit, 337 table, 797 Interpolation, 688 Intersections and developments, 552 and tangencies, 182 cone and cylinder, 573 cylinders, 183, 495, 570 in isometric, 495 in sections, 222 method of (trimetric), 504 plane and cylinder, 555 plane and prism, 555 planes and solids, 553 principles of, 553, 566 prism and cone, 572 prisms, 566-569 problems in, 575 solids, 566 sphere and cylinder, 574 Involute, to draw, 122 gear tooth form, 582 Irregular curves, 53, 54 Isometric angles in, 487 arcs, 494 axes, 485 box construction, 486 center lines, 486 curves in, 489 dimensioning, 497 drawing, 483 ellipses in, 149, 490 exploded, 499 intersections, 495 irregular objects in, 488 paper, 151 piping drawings, 709 projection, 482 scale, 483 sectioning, 489, 496 sketching, 148 sphere, 495 Isosceles triangle, 92 Jig, drill, 290 Jig borer, 280 Joints, pipe, 698, 701 welded, 703, 712 Keys, 384 cotter, 385 on graphs, 606 Pratt & Whitney, 384 table, 808 square and flat, 384 table, 806 Woodruff, 385 table, 807 Keyways, dimensioning, 323 King post timber bridge, 666 Knuckle thread, 356 Knurls, dimensioning, 324 Lathe, 277 Layouts, design, 396, 731 flat pattern, 739 master, 736 Lead of thread, 355, 357 Leaders, 302 Left-hand parts, 187 Left-hand threads, 357 Left-handed lettering, 71 Legends on graphs, 606 Leonardo da Vinci, 4 Leroy Lettering Instrument, 82 Leroy pen, 69 Letterguide, 83 Lettering, 64 American Standard, 66 books on, 778 devices, 82INDEX 837 exercises, 87 guide lines for, 72 history of, 64 in aeronautical drafting 726 inclined capital, 76 ink, 71 instruments, 82, 83 left-handed, 71 lower-case, 79, 80 on maps, 86 optical illusions in, 67 pencils, 67, 71 pens, 68, 69 single-stroke Gothic, 66 stability in, 67 styles of, 65 technique of, 70 triangles, 74 uniformity in, 67 vertical capital, 75 Letters, extended and condensed, 6 Gothic, 83 lightface and boldface, 66 Modern Roman, 85 Old Roman, 84, 85 spacing of, 80 Level, 686 Light rays, conventional, 748 Lighting for drafting, 14 Limit dimensions, 335, 336, 340 Limits and fits, ASA, 341 tables on, 792-798 Line, 90 charts, 597 logarithmic, 609 rectangular coordinate, 598 trilinear, 610 types of, 598 divided into equal parts, 96 divided into proportional parts, 96 etching, 769 graph, 597 perpendicular to line, 97 to bisect, 94 true length of, 245, 262 Line gage, 50 Linead, perspective, 541 Lines, alphabet of, 21 buttock, 741 center, 146 conventional, 20 drawing horizontal, 23 drawing vertical, 24 faired, 741 hidden, 144 inclined, 26 ink, 46, 49, 50 meaning of, 148 parallel, 28, 95, 176 perpendicular, 28 precedence of, 148 projections of, 171 section, 207 sketching, 131 station, 741 straight, 90 technique of, 44 water, 741 Lintels, 681 Local notes, 321 Location dimensions, 310, 311 for holes, 314 Locational fits, 342 Lock washers, 379 table, 810 Locknuts, 379 Lofting, 741 Log cycle sector, 608 Log scale designation, 609 Logarithmic line charts, 609 parallel-scale nomographs, 631 Lower-case letters, 79, 80 guide lines for, 79 Machine design, books on, 778 dimensions, 317 operations, 285 pins, 385 screws, 381 table, 805 shop, 277 tools, 277 Machinist's rule, 284 Manufacturing methods, 270 Map charts, 618 Maps, 683 books on, 687, 779 city, 689 definitions for, 683 lettering on, 86 symbols for, 815 topographic, 618, 683 United States, 695 Master layouts, 736 Mathematical graph, 598 Mating dimensions, 316 parts, 316 fits between, 335, 336 Maximum material condition, 348 Measuring in shop, 284 Mechanical draftsman's scale, 29, 33 Mechanical drawing, 1 1 problems, 59838 INDEX three views, 166 two views, 163 Mechanism, books on, 779 Meridian, 565 Metal ring connectors, 667 Metals, hot and cold working, 291 Meter, 298 Microfilm, 768 Milling machine, 278 Mimeographing, 769 Mock-up drawings, 731 Model drawings, 731 Models, 170 Modern Roman letters, 85 Modulus, scale, 626 Monument, 684 Mosaic map, 687 Multiple threads, 357 Multiplication graphs, 638 Multiview perspective, 531 piping drawings, 705-708 problems, 189 projection, 138, 159, 481 sketching, 131 Natural scale N-charts, 6j4 Neatness in drafting, 13, 22 Network charts, 638 Nominal size, 336 Nomographs, 613, 623 common forms of, 624 logarithmic, 631 parallel-scale, 628 problems in, 659 Nonagon, 92 Non-isometric lines, 487 Normal edges, 173 Normal surfaces, 173 in isometric, 484 Normalizing, 293 Notes, 313, 320-322 on graphs, 606 thread, 369 Numbering of points, 165, 171 Numerals guide lines for, 77 inclined, 77 vertical, 77 Numbers, drawing, 401 Nuts, Amer. St'd, 374 Oblique angles in, 523 box construction in, 520 circle ellipse, 1 14 cone, 561 cylinder, 557 dimensioning in, 524 edges, 176 piping drawing, 705 positions in, 519 prism, 556 problems, 525 pyramid, 560 sections in, 524 sketching in, 131, 151, 525 steps in, 519 surfaces, 175, 177, 246 Octagon, 92 to draw, 101 Octahedron, 553 Odontograph, Grant's, 582, 583 Offset ellipse, 490, 522 location measurements, 485, 522 printing, 769 sections, 217-219, 489 Ogee curve, 110 Old English letters, 65 Old Roman letters, 84 Optical illusions, 67 Ordinate (graphs), 601 Ordinate scale of integral curve, 650 Organization charts, 619 Orth four-center ellipse, 493 Orthographic projection, 10, 481 compared with oblique 515 Ozalid Streamliner, 765 Paper coordinate, 599 cross-section, 130 drawing, 56 fastening to board, 16 tracing, 57 Parabola, 111, 244 to draw, 117 to find focus of, 118 Parabolic curve, 118 Parallel edges, 176 lines, 91, 95, 176 ruling straightedge, 50 scale nomographs, 628 Parallelepiped, 93 Parallelogram, 92 ellipse, 114 Partial auxiliary views, 242 Partial views, 168, 222 Parts list, 401 Patent drawing, 398, 753 books on, 779 Pattern, 272, 274 contoured surface, 742 dimensions, 317INDEX 839 layouts, 739 shop, 272 Pencil, 16 drawing technique, 42 grades, 17 lettering, 71 points, 19 Pencils, drawing, 16 lettering, 68 sharpening, 18 sketching, 130 tracing, 43 Pens, Henry Tank, 69 Leroy, 69 lettering, 68 Rapidograph, 70 special lettering, 69 Speedball, 65, 69 Pentagon, 92 to draw, 100 Perpendicular lines, 28 to draw, 97 Perspective, 8, 481, 529 angular, 533 books on, 779 circles and curves in, 545 diagram, 546 grid, 547 linead, 541 measurements in, 542 multiview, 531 plan method, 546 problems, 548 set-up for, 531 sketching in, 131, 152, 547 template, 541 three-point, 535, 540 three types of, 535 two-point, 537 Phantom lines, 21 for threads, 364 Phantom sections, 217 Photo templates, 739 Photogrammetry, 686 Photographic contact prints, 767 Photostats, 768 Pi, 92 Pictorial drawing, 480 Picture plane, 530 location of, 534 Pie charts, 617 Pin and string ellipse, 112 Pins, 385 cotter (table), 813 taper (table), 812 Pipe, 697 cast iron, 821 copper, 699 fittings, 699, 701 tables, 822-824 joints, 698, 702 seamless brass and copper, 699 special, 700 steel and wrought-iron, 697 threads, 370 table, 820 types of, 397 valves, 703 wrought steel (table), 820 Piping, 697 diagrams, 498 dimensioning, 707 drawings, 697, 705 books on, 779 problems, 708 symbols, 704, 816 Pitch of thread, 355, 357 Placing drawing, 679 Plane surface, 552 Planer, 279 Planes frontal, 171 horizontal, 171 of projection, 159, 188 profile, 171 reference, 235 Planimeter, 652 Platonic solids, 553 Plats, 683 survey, 685 Plotted curves, 241 Plug welds, 718 Points, 90 on graphs, 604 projecting, 165, 182 Polar coordinate line charts, 612 design and layout of, 613 Polar planimeter, 652 Polygon, 92 Polyhedra, 553 Positional tolerances, 345 Powder metallurgy, 277 Power curves, 657 Pratt & Whitney keys, 384 table, 808 Precedence of lines, 148 Preliminary drawings, 730 Primary auxiliary views, 243, 245 Printing {See lettering) Prisms, 93 development of, 555, 556 dimensioning, 310, 311 intersection of, 566 oblique, 556 Production illustration, 742 books on, 779840 INDEX Profile, 684 dimensioning, 324 highway, 693 inboard, 729 plane, 160 Projection, 9 axonometric, 486 cabinet, 518 cavalier, 518 classification of. 9 dimetric, 482, 498 first-angle, 6, 188 four types of, 481 isometric, 482 multiview, 138, 159, 481 parallel, 9, 10 perspective, 481, 529 planes of, 159, 188 oblique, 10, 481, 514 of angles, 177 of corners, 170 of edges, 170, 174 of surfaces, 170, 173, 175 of third view, 165 orthographic, 10 third-angle, 6, 159 trimetric, 482, 502 types of, 8, 9, 131 welds, 721 Projectors, 10, 160 direction of (oblique), 516 Proportional charts. 637 Proportional dividers, 40 Proportional parts, 96 Proposal drawings, 731 Protractors, 26 Pyramid, 93, 557 development of, 557, 560 dimensioning a, 312 oblique, 560 right, 557 Pythagoras, theorem of, 92 Quadrant, 92 Quadrilateral, 92 Rectify an arc, 110 Reference dimension, 314 Reference plane, 235, 244, 247 Reinforced concrete drawings, 677 Reinhardt letters, 66 Removed sections, 215 Removed views, 168 Reproduction, of drawings, 763 of undimensioned drawings, 737 Residuals, computation of, 654 Revisions, 402 Revolution, 258 axes of, 258 conventions, 264 of circle, 264 problems, 266 Revolutions, 258 primary, 259 successive, 260 Revolved features (in sections), 220 Revolved section, 215 Revolving a drawing, 240 Rhomboid, 92 Rhombus, 92 Ribs in section, 218, 221 Right-hand parts, 187 Right-hand threads, 357 Rivet symbols, 387 Riveted beam connections, 672 Riveted joints, 386 Rivets, 386, 671 Roman letters, 65 Roof truss, 665 Root of thread, 355 Rough surfaces, 185, 307 Roughness, surface, 325 Rounded-end shapes, 318 Rounds and fillets, 185, 274, 307 Ruled surface, 552 Ruling pens, 45 to sharpen, 51 use of, 46 Running fit, 341 tables, 792, 793 Runouts, 185 Rack teeth, 583 Railroad pen, 45 Rapidograph pen, 70 Rate-of-change chart, 606 Ray-polygon method, 644 Reading a drawing, 7, 169, 172 Reamed hole, to draw, 184 Reaming, 282 Receding axis (oblique), 517 Rectangle, 92 Rectangular coordinate line charts, 598 steps in drawing, 599 "S" breaks, 223 S.A.E. Extra Fine Threads, 368 Sand casting, 271 Sandpaper pad, 19 Scale architects, 30 decimal, 33, 328 engineers, 32, 626 isometric, 483 modulus, 626 Scale guard, 30 Scalene triangle, 92INDEX 841 Scales conversion, 627 dimetric, 500 functional, 625 graph, 601, 603 in aeronautical drafting, 727 of drawings, 30, 299 of sketches, 131 to indicate, 33 trimetric, 502 types of, 29 uses of, 30, 32, 34 Scatter diagrams, 619 Schematic threads, 364 Scotch drafting tape, 15 Screwed fittings, 701 Screws, 372 American St'd Cap, 379, 380 tables, 803, 804 American St'd Machine, 381 table, 805 American St'd Set, 381 American St'd Wood, 383 miscellaneous, 383 Screw threads (See Threads) Seamless brass and copper pipe, 699 Seam welds, 720 Secondary auxiliary views, 245 Secant, 92 Section lines, 21, 207-209, 410 sectioning problems, 224 Sections, 206 aligned, 220 alternate, 219 assembly, 409 auxiliary, 244 broken-out, 214 dimensions over, 305 full, 206 half, 213 intersections in, 222 isometric, 489, 496 oblique, 524 of thin parts, 409 offset, 217-219 phantom, 217 removed, 215 revolved, 215 ribs in, 218, 221 spokes in, 221 visualizing, 212 Sector, 92 for spacing, 627 log cycle, 608 Segment, 92 Selective assembly, 337 Semi-graphical integration, 651 Semi-logarithmic charts, 606 design of, 608 Set screws, 372, 381 Shade lines, 747, 748 Shading, 747, 757-762 exercises, 751 of geometric solids, 751 surface, 750 Shaft centers, 323 table, 825 Shape description, 129, 159, 298 Shaper, 279 Shapes, structural steel, 670 Sharp-V thread, 356 Sheet metal bends, 324 Sheet metal drafting, 552 books on, 779 Sheet sizes, ASA, 57 Shop processes, 269 and tolerances, 344 books on, 780 Simplified drafting, 403 Simplified threads, 364 Simpson's Rule, 252 Single-curved surfaces, 552 Single threads, 357 Size, basic, 336 design, 336 nominal, 336 Size description, 298 Size dimensions, 310 of cylinders, 311 of holes, 313 of miscellaneous shapes, 312 of prisms, 311 Skeleton construction, 520 Sketching, 7, 129 axonometric, 131 blocking-in for, 137 books on, 780 dimetric, 501 isometric, 148 materials, 130 multiview, 131 oblique, 131, 151, 524 on isometric paper, 151 pencils, 131 perspective, 131, 152, 547 problems, 153, 189 sections, 225 views, 146 Sliding fit, 341 tables on, 792, 793 Slope, 306 Slope law, 641 Slopes (graphs), 603 Slot welds, 718 Slots, dimensioning of, 318 Soap models, 170342 IMDEX Solder fittings, 700 Solids, 553 intersections of, 566 Platonic, 553 Space curves, 182 Spacing of letters, 80, 81 of views, 164, 166 Speedball pens, 6.;, o? Sphere, 93, 553 development of, 565 dimensioning a, 312 in isometric, 495 Spiral of Archimedes, 12: Splines, 741 Split-ring connectors, 664. 66'/ Spokes in section, 22 1 Spot welds, 719 Spotfacing, 183, 282 Springs, 387 Sprue, 272 Spur gears, 580 formulas for, 581 working drawings of, 583 Square, 92, 99 Square and flat keys, 384 table, 806 Square thread, 356, 361 table, 806 Stability of letters, 67 Staggered numerals, 305 Standard lettering, jj Standard parts, 325 Standard sheet sizes, 57 Standards, 325 drafting, 6 engineering, 397 Stapler, draftsman's, 16 Station lines, 741 Station point, 53, 534 Steel Construction Manual, 671 Stock forms, 290 Stone construction, 682 Straightedge, parallel-ruling, 56 String-polygon method, 649 Structural clay products, 680 drawing, 663 books on, 780 drawing problems, 682 shapes, 290, 634 steel drafting, 667 Structure location plans, 693 Studs, 372 Subtraction charts, 637 Successive auxiliary views, 245 Successive revolutions, 260 Sun frame, 764 Superfluous dimensions, 319, 32(. Surface charts, 616 quality symbols, 325 roughness, 325 shading, 750 Surfaces, 552 curved, 178 cylindrical, 178 development of, 553 double curved, 553 finished, 185, 307 inclined, 174 normal, 17? oblique, 175, 177 plane, 552 projections of, 17C rough, 185, 307 ruled, 552 . shapes of, 172 single-curved, 552 warped, 552 Survey, 684 checker-board, 689 plat, 685 Symbols electrical diagram, 818, 819 heating, ventilating, and ductwork. 817 piping, 704, 816 rivet, 387 sectioning, 410 surface quality, 325 thread, 364 topographic, 689, 815 welding, 712, 713 Tabular dimensions Tangent, 92 arcs, 105, 106 curves, 109, 110 edges, 185 line, to draw, 105, 106, 642 surfaces, 182 to an ellipse, 115 Tap drill, 373 Taper pins, 385 table, 812 Tapers, dimensioning, 322 Tapped holes, 282, 288, 373 Technical drawing, early, 3 importance of, 7 modern, 6 Technical sketching, 129 Technical terms, 781 Technique, dimensioning, 299 lettering, 70 pencil drawing, 42 sketching, 131INDEX 843 Tempering, 293 Templates, 55 ellipse, 116, 494 isometric, 494 perspective, 541 photo, 739 trimetric, 503 welding, 721 Tetrahedron, 93, 553 Thermofax process, 768 Thread cutting, 286 Thread problems, 391 Threads, 355 Acme, 356, 363, 801 (table) American National, 356, 359, 367 bolt, 375 buttress, 356, 364 cap screw, 380 Coarse, 367, 368 Dardelet, 379 detailed, 358 dimensioning, 322 Fine, 367, 368 fits, American National, 367 Unified, 369 forms of, 356 in assembly, 367 machine screw, 381 nomenclature, 355 notes for, 369 pipe, 370 table, 820 pitch of, 357 right-hand and left-hand, 357 S.A.E. Extra Fine, 367 schematic, 365 series of, 356 simplified, 364 single and multiple, 357 square, 356, 361 table, 806 symbols for, 364 Unified, 355, 359, 368 table, 799 Thumbtacks, 15 Tile, 680 Time-series charts, 598 Title boxes (or strips), 82, 399, 400 Titles, lettering of, 82 on graphs, 606 Tolerance zones, 345 Tolerances, 334, 336 accumulation of, 343 and shop processes, 344 bilateral, 338 for contours, 352 geometric, 349 of angles, 340, 353 of form, 349-351 plus and /or minus, 339 positional, 345 specification of, 339 unilateral, 338 Tool design, books on, 780 Topographic drawing problems, 695 . maps, 618, 683 symbols, 689, 815 Torus, 93, 553 Tracing, ink, 49 pencil, 43 Tracing cloth, 57 Tracing paper, 57 Tracing-paper transfer, 103 Tracings, duplication of, 767 Trammel ellipse, 112 Transfer an angle, 94 Transfer plane figure, 102 Transit, stadia, 684 Transition fit, 337 table, 796 Transition pieces, 561 development of, 562-565 Trapezoid, 92 Trapizium, 92 Traverse, 684 Triangle, to draw, 98 equilateral, 99 Triangle wheel, 26 Triangles, 24 geometry of, 91 lettering, 74 testing of, 25 Triangulation, 560 Trilinear line charts, 610 layout of, 611 Trimetric ellipses, 503 projection, 482, 502 scales, 502 template, 503 Triple thread, 358 True length of arc, 1 10 True length of line, 245, 262 True-position dimensioning, 346 True size of surfaces, 246, 263 Truss dimensions, 676 riveted, 674 roof, 665 welded, 723 T-squares, 14 testing, 15 Twist drill sizes (table), 801844 INDEX Unified thread, 355, 356, 368 fits, 369 table, 799 Unilateral dimension figures, 305 Unilateral tolerances, 338 Upset welds, 721 Valves, 703, 704 Vandyke prints, 765 Vanishing points, 531, 533, 535, 543 Varigraph, 83 Vellum, tracing, 57 Vertical lines, drawing, 24 Viewing-plane line, 21 Views, choice of, 142 . alignment of, 147 alternate position of, 167 auxiliary, 233 in aeronautical drafting, 727 necessary, 143 partial, 168 partial auxiliary, 242 removed, 168 sketching, 146 spacing of, 164, 166 sectional, 206 visualizing the, 169 Views of objects, 138. 159 Visible line, 21 Vision, center of, 533 Visual aids, list of, 786 Visual rays, 530 Visualization, 8, 169 of a section, 212 Volume charts, 618 Warped surface, 552 Washers, lock (table), 810 Washers, plain (table), 809 Water lines, 741 Webs in section, 218 Welded joints, 712 pipe joints, 703 truss, 723 Welding, 290, 674 drawings, 710 processes, 71 1 symbols, 712, 713 templates, 721 Welds, 674 bead, 718 fillet, 715 flash and upset, 721 groove, 717 plug and slot, 718 projection, 720 seam, 720 spot, 719 Whitworth thread, 356 Width auxiliary views. 239 Wire gages (table), 811 Wood construction, 663 Wood screws, Amer. St'd, 383 Woodruff keys, 385 table, 807 Working-drawing assembly, 410 Working-drawing problems, 413 Working drawings, 273, 394 aeronautical, 732 bevel gears, 585 spur gears, 583 worm gears, 586 Worm gears, 586 working drawings of, 588 Worm thread, 356 Wrico Lettering Instrument, 82 Xerography, 768 Zinc etchings, 769 Zone tolerances for contours,
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