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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Technical Drawing With Engineering Graphics الجمعة 20 أغسطس 2021, 10:12 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Technical Drawing With Engineering Graphics Fifteenth Edition Frederick E. Giesecke Late Professor Emeritus of Drawing Texas a&m University Alva Mitchell Late Professor Emeritus of Engineering Drawing Texas a & M University Henry Cecil Spencer Late Professor Emeritus of Technical Drawing Illinois Institute of Technology Ivan Leroy Hill Late Professor Emeritus of Engineering Graphics Illinois Institute of Technology John Thomas Dygdon Professor Emeritus of Engineering Graphics Illinois Institute of Technology James E. Novak Senior Lecturer and Director, Engineering Graphics Division Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Shawna Lockhart Formerly Adjunct Professor, Engineering Graphics Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Montana State University Marla Goodman Cindy M. Johnson
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Contents Xi Chapter One The Worldwide Language for Graphic Design Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings The Design Process Concurrent Engineering Computer-Aided Design and Product Development Designing Quality into Products The Digital Database . GRAPHICS TOOLS IN ACTION Design Phase: Problem Identification Design Phase: Ideation Design Phase: Decision Process/Design Selection Design Phase: Refinement Design Phase: Analysis Design Phase: Decision Process/Design Selection Design Phase: Implementation Design Phase: Documentation . RAPID PROTOTYPING . DRAFTING STANDARDS . CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES Examine Manufactured Products Study the Natural World Watch the Web Research Patent Drawings Design Groups . PRODUCT DEFINITION . SHOWING THE DESIGN PROCESS IN A PORTFOLIO KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES REVERSE ENGINEERING PROJECTS Can Opener Project Locking Pliers Project C H A P T E R T W O LAYOUTS AND LETTERING UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS Types of Projections Drawing Vocabulary . ALPHABET OF LINES . FREEHAND LINES . MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS U.S. Customary Units The Metric System . DRAWING SCALE . SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWING . LETTERING . LETTERING STANDARDS . USING GUIDELINES FOR HAND LETTERING . VERTICAL AND INCLINED LETTERS AND NUMERALS . FRACTIONS . SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS . LETTERING FOR TITLES . DRAWING PENCILS . TEMPLATES . CAD TOOLS . SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA . STANDARD SHEETS . STANDARD LAYOUT ELEMENTS Margins and Borders Zones Typical Letter Sizes Title Block . LAYOUTS CONTENTSxii C O N T E N T S . ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS . MAKING AN ISOMETRIC DRAWING . OFFSET LOCATION MEASUREMENTS Isometric Drawings of Inclined Surfaces . HIDDEN LINES AND CENTERLINES . ANGLES IN ISOMETRIC . IRREGULAR OBJECTS . CURVES IN ISOMETRIC . TRUE ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC . ORIENTING ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS . DRAWING ISOMETRIC CYLINDERS . SCREW THREADS IN ISOMETRIC . ARCS IN ISOMETRIC . SPHERES IN ISOMETRIC . OBLIQUE SKETCHES Appearance of Oblique Drawings Choosing the Front Surface Angle of Receding Lines . LENGTH OF RECEDING LINES Cavalier Projection Cabinet Projection . CHOICE OF POSITION IN OBLIQUE DRAWINGS . ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS . ANGLES IN OBLIQUE PROJECTION . SKETCHING ASSEMBLIES . SKETCHING PERSPECTIVES The Three Types of Perspective Bird’s-Eye View Versus Worm’s-Eye View . CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE . SHADING . COMPUTER GRAPHICS . DRAWING ON DRAWING KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS SKETCHING EXERCISES . PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH Show Details Clearly KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Drawing Exercises Lettering Exercises C H A P T E R T H R E E VISUALIZATION AND SKETCHING UNDERSTANDING SOLID OBJECTS Types of Solids UNDERSTANDING SKETCHING TECHNIQUES Analyzing Complex Objects Viewpoint Shading Edges and Vertices Points and Lines Angles Drawings and Sketches Freehand Sketching . TECHNIQUE OF LINES Lineweights . SKETCHING STRAIGHT LINES Blocking in a Freehand Drawing . SKETCHING CIRCLES, ARCS, AND ELLIPSES Circles Sketching Arcs Sketching Ellipses . MAINTAINING PROPORTIONS . ONE-VIEW DRAWINGS . PICTORIAL SKETCHING . PROJECTION METHODS . AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION Axonometric Projections and D Models . ISOMETRIC PROJECTION Isometric Axes Nonisometric Lines Isometric Scales C O N T E N T S xiii . USER COORDINATE SYSTEMS . TRANSFORMATIONS Geometric Transformations Viewing Transformations KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY SKILLS SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R F I V E MODELING AND DESIGN REFINEMENT AND MODELING KINDS OF MODELS Descriptive Models Analytical Models . D MODELS Paper Drawings D CAD Models D Constraint-Based Modeling . D MODELS Physical Models D CAD Models . TYPES OF D MODELS Wireframe Models Surface Models Solid Models . CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELING . CONSTRAINTS DEFINE THE GEOMETRY Feature-Based Modeling . PLANNING PARTS FOR DESIGN FLEXIBILITY . SKETCH CONSTRAINTS Overconstrained Sketches Underconstrained Sketches Applying Constraints Setting the Base Point . THE BASE FEATURE Adding Features to the Model Parent-Child Relationships Datum Planes and Surfaces . EDITING THE MODEL Standard Features Working with Built-in Features Complex Shapes C H A P T E R F O U R GEOMETRY FOR MODELING AND DESIGN COORDINATES FOR D CAD MODELING Specifying Location GEOMETRIC ENTITIES Points Lines Planes Circles Arcs . MANUALLY BISECTING A LINE OR CIRCULAR ARC . DRAWING TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES . DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO A LINE OR ARC AND THROUGH A POINT . BISECTING AN ANGLE . DRAWING A LINE THROUGH A POINT AND PARALLEL TO A LINE . DRAWING A TRIANGLE WITH SIDES GIVEN . DRAWING A RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH HYPOTENUSE AND ONE SIDE GIVEN . LAYING OUT AN ANGLE . DRAWING AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE . POLYGONS . DRAWING A REGULAR PENTAGON . DRAWING A HEXAGON . ELLIPSES . SPLINE CURVES . GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS . SOLID PRIMITIVES Making Complex Shapes with Boolean Operations . RECOGNIZING SYMMETRY Right- and Left-Hand Parts Parting-Line Symmetry . EXTRUDED FORMS Swept Shapes . REVOLVED FORMS . IRREGULAR SURFACES xiv C O N T E N T S . NORMAL EDGES . INCLINED EDGES . OBLIQUE EDGES . PARALLEL EDGES . ANGLES . VERTICES . INTERPRETING POINTS . INTERPRETING LINES . SIMILAR SHAPES OF SURFACES . INTERPRETING VIEWS . MODELS Rules for Visualizing from a Drawing: Putting It All Together . PROJECTING A THIRD VIEW . BECOMING A D VISUALIZER KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R S E V E N D DRAWING REPRESENTATION PRACTICES FOR D DOCUMENTATION DRAWINGS Common Manufactured Features Conventional Representations Intersections and Tangencies Removed Views . VISUALIZING AND DRAWING COMPLEX CYLINDRICAL SHAPES . CYLINDERS WHEN SLICED . CYLINDERS AND ELLIPSES . INTERSECTIONS AND TANGENCIES Intersections of Cylinders . FILLETS AND ROUNDS . RUNOUTS . CONVENTIONAL EDGES . NECESSARY VIEWS . PARTIAL VIEWS Showing Enlarged Details Conventional Breaks . CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELING MODES Assemblies Drawings from the Model . CHOOSING THE RIGHT MODELING METHOD KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R S I X ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS Views of Objects The Six Standard Views Principal Dimensions Projection Method The Glass Box Spacing between Views Transferring Depth Dimensions Measuring from a Reference Surface Necessary Views Orientation of the Front View First- and Third-Angle Projection Third-Angle Projection Alternative Arrangements for Third-Angle Projection First-Angle Projection Projection System Drawing Symbol Hidden Lines Centerlines . HIDDEN LINE TECHNIQUE . PRECEDENCE OF LINES . CENTERLINES . LAYING OUT A DRAWING . DEVELOPING VIEWS FROM D MODELS Placing the Views Isometric Views . VISUALIZATION Surfaces, Edges, and Corners . VIEWS OF SURFACES . NORMAL SURFACES . INCLINED SURFACES . OBLIQUE SURFACES . EDGES C O N T E N T S xv CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R N I N E AUXILIARY VIEWS UNDERSTANDING AUXILIARY VIEWS The Auxiliary Plane Primary Auxiliary Views Visualizing an Auxiliary View as a Revolved Drawing Classification of Auxiliary Views Successive Auxiliary Views Secondary Auxiliary Views Reference Planes . USING TRIANGLES TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS . USING GRID PAPER TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS . USING CAD TO CREATE AUXILIARY VIEWS . CIRCLES AND ELLIPSES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS . HIDDEN LINES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS . PARTIAL AUXILIARY VIEWS . HALF AUXILIARY VIEWS . REVERSE CONSTRUCTION . AUXILIARY SECTIONS . VIEWING-PLANE LINES AND ARROWS . USES OF AUXILIARY VIEWS . TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE . POINT VIEW OF A LINE Showing the Point View of a Line . EDGE VIEW OF A PLANE Showing the Edge View of a Plane . TRUE SIZE OF AN OBLIQUE SURFACE Showing the True Size and Shape of an Oblique Surface . DIHEDRAL ANGLES UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS Surface Terminology Developable Surfaces Principles of Intersections . ALIGNMENT OF VIEWS . REMOVED VIEWS . RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND PARTS . REVOLUTION CONVENTIONS Common Hole Features Shown in Orthographic Views Common Features Shown in Orthographic Views KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R E I G H T SECTION VIEWS UNDERSTANDING SECTIONS Sections of Single Parts Full Sections The Cutting Plane Lines behind the Cutting Plane . PLACEMENT OF SECTION VIEWS . LABELING CUTTING PLANES . LINE PRECEDENCE . RULES FOR LINES IN SECTION VIEWS . CUTTING-PLANE LINE STYLE Visualizing Cutting-Plane Direction . SECTION-LINING TECHNIQUE Section Lining Large Areas Section-Lining Symbols Section Lining in CAD . HALF SECTIONS . BROKEN OUT SECTIONS . REVOLVED SECTIONS . REMOVED SECTIONS . OFFSET SECTIONS . RIBS IN SECTION . ALIGNED SECTIONS . PARTIAL VIEWS . INTERSECTIONS IN SECTIONS . CONVENTIONAL BREAKS AND SECTIONS . ASSEMBLY SECTIONS KEY WORDS xvi C O N T E N T S . ASSEMBLIES AND DESIGN Layout Drawings Assembling to a Skeleton Global Parameters Seed Parts Constraint-Based Drawing Elements . ASSEMBLIES AND SIMULATION . PARTS FOR ASSEMBLIES Standard Parts Fastener Libraries . USING YOUR MODEL TO CHECK FITS Interference Checking Accessibility Checking . MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Designing Plastic Parts Cast Parts Modeling Machined Parts Modeling Sheet Metal Parts Other Methods of Production . DOS AND DON’TS OF PRACTICAL DESIGN Casting Design Practical Considerations . MANUFACTURING MATERIALS Material Assignment in Models . APPEARANCE, SERVICE LIFE, AND RECYCLING . DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND SURFACE FINISH . NET-SHAPE MANUFACTURING . COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING . SHARED MANUFACTURING . MANUFACTURING METHODS AND THE DRAWING . MODELING FOR TESTING AND REFINEMENT . DETERMINING MASS PROPERTIES Understanding Mass Property Calculations . EXPORTING DATA FROM THE DATABASE File Formats Common Formats for Export Vector versus Raster Data . DOWNSTREAM APPLICATIONS Spreadsheets Equation Solvers Finite Element Analysis . DEVELOPMENTS Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Prism and Developing the Prism Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Cylinder and Developing the Cylinder . HEMS AND JOINTS FOR SHEET METAL AND OTHER MATERIALS . MORE EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS Developing a Plane and an Oblique Prism Developing a Plane and an Oblique Cylinder Developing a Plane and a Pyramid Developing a Plane and a Cone Developing a Hood and Flue . TRANSITION PIECES . TRIANGULATION . DEVELOPING A TRANSITION PIECE CONNECTING RECTANGULAR PIPES ON THE SAME AXIS . DEVELOPING A PLANE AND A SPHERE . REVOLUTION Axis of Revolution Creating a Revolved Drawing . PRIMARY AND SUCCESSIVE REVOLUTIONS . TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE: REVOLUTION METHOD KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Design Project Auxiliary View Exercises Revolution Exercises Development Exercises C H A P T E R T E N MODELING FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE, ASSEMBLY, DISASSEMBLY, AND SERVICE . ASSEMBLY MODELS Constraint-Based Assemblies Choosing the Parent Part Assembly Constraints Managing Assembly Files C O N T E N T S xvii . FILLETS AND ROUNDS . SIZE DIMENSIONING: PRISMS . SIZE DIMENSIONING: CYLINDERS . SIZE DIMENSIONING: HOLES . APPLYING STANDARD DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS . DIMENSIONING COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES WITH FILLETS . DIMENSIONING TRIANGULAR PRISMS, PYRAMIDS, AND CONES . DIMENSIONING CURVES . DIMENSIONING CURVED SURFACES . DIMENSIONING ROUNDED-END SHAPES . DIMENSIONING THREADS . DIMENSIONING TAPERS . DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS . SHAFT CENTERS . DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS . DIMENSIONING KNURLS . FINISH MARKS . SURFACE ROUGHNESS Applications of Surface Roughness Symbols . LOCATION DIMENSIONS . MATING DIMENSIONS . COORDINATE DIMENSIONING . TABULAR DIMENSIONS . DIMENSIONING FOR NUMERICALLYCONTROLLED MACHINING . MACHINE, PATTERN, AND FORGING DIMENSIONS . SHEET METAL BENDS . NOTES . STANDARDS . DOS AND DON’TS OF DIMENSIONING KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Simulation Software Human Factors Integrated Modeling and Design Software . PROTOTYPING YOUR DESIGN Rapid Prototyping Translating the Model Rapid Prototyping Systems Rapid Tooling KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Mass Properties Exercises C H A P T E R E L E V E N DIMENSIONING UNDERSTANDING DIMENSIONING Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning Tolerance Geometric Breakdown . LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING . USING DIMENSION AND EXTENSION LINES . ARROWHEADS . LEADERS . DRAWING SCALE AND DIMENSIONING . DIRECTION OF DIMENSION VALUES AND NOTES . DIMENSION UNITS . MILLIMETER VALUES . DECIMAL-INCH VALUES . RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES . RULES FOR ROUNDING DECIMAL DIMENSION VALUES . DUAL DIMENSIONING . COMBINATION UNITS . DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS . PLACING AND SHOWING DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly . SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS . DIMENSIONING ANGLES . DIMENSIONING ARCS xviii C O N T E N T S . TOLERANCES AND DIGITAL PRODUCT DEFINITION . COMPUTER GRAPHICS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Design Project Tolerancing Projects C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N THREADS, FASTENERS, AND SPRINGS UNDERSTANDING THREADS AND FASTENERS Screw Thread Terms Screw Thread Forms Thread Pitch Thread Series Right-Hand and Left-Hand Threads Single and Multiple Threads American National Thread Fits Metric and Unified Thread Fits Three Methods for Drawing Thread . THREAD NOTES Acme Thread Notes . EXTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS . INTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS . DETAILED REPRESENTATION: METRIC, UNIFIED, AND AMERICAN NATIONAL THREADS Detailed Internal Square Thread Detailed External Square Thread . THREADS IN ASSEMBLY . MODELING THREAD . AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS . USE OF PHANTOM LINES . TAPPED HOLES . BOLTS, STUDS, AND SCREWS . STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS . DRAWING STANDARD BOLTS . SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOLTS AND NUTS . LOCKNUTS AND LOCKING DEVICES . STANDARD CAP SCREWS C H A P T E R T W E L V E TOLERANCING UNDERSTANDING TOLERANCE Tolerance Quality Control Definitions for Size Designation Variations in Form Tolerance Envelope Implied Right Angles Fits between Mating Parts Selective Assembly Hole System Shaft System . SPECIFYING TOLERANCES . GENERAL TOLERANCE NOTES . LIMIT TOLERANCES Single-Limit Dimensioning . PLUS-OR-MINUS TOLERANCES . TOLERANCE STACKING Chained or Continuous Dimensioning Baseline Dimensioning . USING AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LIMITS AND FIT TABLES . TOLERANCES AND MACHINING PROCESSES . METRIC SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES AND FITS . PREFERRED SIZES . PREFERRED FITS . GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING . SYMBOLS FOR TOLERANCES OF POSITION AND FORM . DATUM FEATURES Datum Features Versus Datum Feature Simulator Datum Reference Frame Datum Targets . POSITIONAL TOLERANCES . MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION . TOLERANCES OF ANGLES . FORM TOLERANCES FOR SINGLE FEATURES . ORIENTATIONS FOR RELATED FEATURES . USING GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING C O N T E N T S xix . DRAWING REVISIONS . SIMPLIFYING DRAWINGS . PATENT DRAWINGS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Design Project Working Drawing Exercises C H A P T E R F I F T E E N DRAWING CONTROL AND DATA MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION AND THE DESIGN DATABASE . REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERING DOCUMENTATION . DRAWING CONTROL METHODS Drawing Approval and Release Change Orders Revision Block A Drawing as a Snapshot in Time . GOOD PRACTICES FOR ELECTRONIC DRAWING STORAGE Storing Electronic Files Organized Directory Structures File Naming Conventions . DRAWING STANDARDS . PERMISSION AND OWNERSHIP . BACKING UP DRAWING FILES . STORAGE MEDIA . USING THE D DESIGN DATABASE IN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING . QUALITY MANAGEMENT ISO / . PRODUCT DATA MANAGEMENT Organized by Product A Relational Database . MANAGING WORK FLOW Archiving Work History Individual Productivity . DATA MANAGEMENT AND THE WEB CAD Files on the Web KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY . STANDARD MACHINE SCREWS . STANDARD SET SCREWS . AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD WOOD SCREWS . MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS . KEYS . MACHINE PINS . RIVETS Riveted Joints Rivet Symbols Small Rivets Blind Rivets . SPRINGS Helical Springs . DRAWING HELICAL SPRINGS . MODELING SPRINGS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Design Project Thread and Fastener Projects C H A P T E R F O U R T E E N WORKING DRAWINGS WORKING DRAWINGS OR CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS Assembly Drawings Detail Drawings or Piece Part Drawings . SUBASSEMBLIES . IDENTIFICATION Multidetail Drawings . PARTS LISTS . ASSEMBLY SECTIONS . WORKING DRAWING ASSEMBLY . INSTALLATION ASSEMBLIES . CHECK ASSEMBLIES . WORKING DRAWING FORMATS Number of Details per Sheet Digital Drawing Transmittal Title and Record Strips . DRAWING NUMBERS . ZONING . CHECKING DRAWINGS xx C O N T E N T S . DRAWING SIZE, FORMAT, AND TITLE . LINE CONVENTIONS AND LETTERING . STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS . ABBREVIATIONS . GROUPING PARTS . ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS . CONNECTIONS AND CROSSOVERS . INTERRUPTED PATHS . TERMINALS . COLOR CODING . DIVISION OF PARTS . ELECTRON TUBE PIN IDENTIFICATION . REFERENCE DESIGNATIONS . NUMERICAL VALUES . FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION AND OTHER INFORMATION . INTEGRATED CIRCUITS . PRINTED CIRCUITS . COMPUTER GRAPHICS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R E I G H T E E N STRUCTURAL DRAWING STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS . WOOD CONSTRUCTION Nominal Sizes for Wood Products Symbols for Finished Surfaces on Wood Products Wood Joints Connector Designs Metal Ring Connectors Straps and Plates . STRUCTURAL STEEL Piece Marks Erection Plans . STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES . SPECIFICATIONS . WELDED AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R S I X T E E N GEARS AND CAMS UNDERSTANDING GEARS Using Gears to Transmit Power Spur Gear Definitions and Formulas . CONSTRUCTING A BASE CIRCLE . THE INVOLUTE TOOTH SHAPE . APPROXIMATE INVOLUTE USING CIRCULAR ARCS . SPACING GEAR TEETH . RACK TEETH . WORKING DRAWINGS OF SPUR GEARS . SPUR GEAR DESIGN . WORM GEARS . WORKING DRAWINGS OF WORM GEARS . BEVEL GEARS . BEVEL GEAR DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS . WORKING DRAWINGS OF BEVEL GEARS . CAMS . DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS . CAM PROFILES . OFFSET AND PIVOTED CAM FOLLOWERS . CYLINDRICAL CAMS . OTHER DRIVE DEVICES KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R S E V E N T E E N ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS Standard Symbols CAD Symbol Libraries Types of Electronic Diagrams C O N T E N T S xxi . STEEL AND WROUGHT IRON PIPE . CAST IRON PIPE . SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE . COPPER TUBING . PLASTIC AND SPECIALTY PIPES . PIPE FITTINGS . PIPE JOINTS Flanged Joints Welded Joints . VALVES Globe Valves Check Valves Gate Valves Solenoid-Actuated Valves . AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R T W E N T Y - O N E WELDING REPRESENTATION UNDERSTANDING WELDMENT DRAWINGS Welding Processes Standard Symbols UNDERSTANDING A WELDING SYMBOL . TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS . TYPES OF WELDS . WELDING SYMBOLS . FILLET WELDS . GROOVE WELDS . BACK OR BACKING WELDS . SURFACE WELDS . PLUG AND SLOT WELDS . SPOT WELDS . SEAM WELDS . PROJECTION WELDS . FLASH AND UPSET WELDS . WELDING APPLICATIONS . WELDING TEMPLATES . RIVETED CONNECTIONS . FRAME BEAM CONNECTIONS . WELDING . HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTING FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS . ACCURACY OF DIMENSIONS . CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION . REINFORCED CONCRETE DRAWINGS . STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS . STONE CONSTRUCTION KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R N I N E T E E N LANDFORM DRAWINGS UNDERSTANDING LANDFORM DRAWINGS Definitions GETTING INFORMATION FOR MAPS . SYMBOLS . BEARINGS . ELEVATION . CONTOURS Interpolating Elevation Data D Terrain Models . CITY MAPS Subdivision Plats Uses for Subdivision Plats Landscape Drawings . STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS . HIGHWAY PLANS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R T W E N T Y PIPING DRAWINGS UNDERSTANDING PIPING DRAWINGS Standard Symbols Types of Drawings Dimensioning Piping Drawings xxii C O N T E N T S . DRAWING AN ANGULAR PERSPECTIVE . POSITION OF THE STATION POINT . LOCATION OF THE PICTURE PLANE . BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OR WORM’S-EYE VIEW . THE THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES . ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE . ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE OF A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE . TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE . THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE . MEASUREMENTS IN PERSPECTIVE . DIRECT MEASUREMENTS ALONG INCLINED LINES . VANISHING POINTS OF INCLINED LINES . INCLINED LINES IN PERSPECTIVE, JOINING ENDPOINT METHOD . CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE . THE PERSPECTIVE PLAN METHOD . PERSPECTIVE DIAGRAM . SHADING . COMPUTER GRAPHICS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES GLOSSARY G- APPENDICES A- INDEX I- CREDITS C- . COMPUTER GRAPHICS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES Roof Truss Exercises C H A P T E R T W E N T Y - T W O AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION ONLINE ONLY UNDERSTANDING AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION Projection Methods Reviewed Types of Axonometric Projection . DIMETRIC PROJECTION . APPROXIMATE DIMETRIC DRAWINGS . TRIMETRIC PROJECTION . TRIMETRIC SCALES . TRIMETRIC ELLIPSES . AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION USING INTERSECTIONS . COMPUTER GRAPHICS . OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS Directions of Projectors . ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS Alternative Four-Center Ellipses Four-Center Ellipse for Cavalier Drawings . OFFSET MEASUREMENTS . OBLIQUE DIMENSIONING . COMPUTER GRAPHICS KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER EXERCISES C H A P T E R T W E N T Y - T H R E E PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS ONLINE ONLY UNDERSTANDING PERSPECTIVES . PERSPECTIVE FROM A MULTIVIEW PROJECTION . NONROTATED SIDE VIEW METHOD FOR PERSPECTIVEINDEX I- D CAD models, – D drawings. See also drawings. aligned sections, aligning views, – break lines, – common manufactured features, , complex cylindrical shapes, conventional breaks, – conventional edges, conventions, cylinders, – ellipses, enlarged details, fillets, – hole features, in orthographic views, intersections, , – necessary views, – partial views, – plotting curves by hand, removed views, , – revolution conventions, revolved sectional views, right- and left-hand parts, – rounds, – runouts, tangencies, , – tangent surfaces, hiding, D models constraint-based modeling, paper drawings, wireframe, D CAD modeling assembly drawings, example, – case study: bicycle brake, – combining shapes. See solid primitives. coordinates, – creating auxiliary views, vertices, virtual prototypes, VR (virtual reality), D data, contour maps from, D models developing views from, – isometric projection, physical models, – prototypes, – solid models, , surface models, – terrain models, types of, – , wireframe modeling, – , visualizing, D printing, as prototyping tool, D shapes, formulas for, A- –A- -pitch thread, -pitch thread, -pitch thread, ° angles, estimating, ° miter line, , A abbreviations dimensioning, electronic diagrams, list of, A- –A- absolute coordinates, , accessibility, checking fits, accuracy checking working drawings, dimensional, – dimensioning, structural drawings, importance of, isometric drawings, surface models, verifying, working drawings, Acme threads detailed description, forms, notes, fits, specifications, A- , A- actual local feature, actual mating envelope, actual minimal material envelope, actual size, adapters between copper pipe and threaded pipe, adaptive control (AC), addendum, addendum circle, adjacent views, aerial photogrammetry, aeronautical maps, AISC Manual of Steel Construction, align constraint, align offset, aligned sections, , – Allen key screw drivers, allowance, , alloys and their characteristics, alternate views, aluminum, as drawing medium, American bond, American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), American National screw threads, A- –A- American National Standard cap screws, American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, American National Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, American National Standard pipe thread, – American National Standard Unified screw threads, A- –A- American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, abbreviations, A- to A- bolts, – , A- to A- cap screws, , A- to A- cast iron pipe flanges and fittings, A- –A- cast iron pipe screwed fittings, A- –A- cast iron pipe thicknesses and weights, A- clearance locational fits, A- –A- cotter pins, A- dimensions, – , electronic diagram symbols, A- flanged fittings, force and shrink fits, A- –A- heating, ventilating, and ductwork symbols, A- locational interference fits, A- machine screws, A- –A- metric hole basis clearance fits, A- –A- metric hole basis transition and interference fits, A- –A- metric shaft basis clearance fits, A- –A- metric shaft basis transition and interference fits, A- –A- nuts, – , A- –A- pipe threads, – piping symbols, A- rivets, – running and sliding fits, A- –A- screw threads, – , – , A- –A- sheets, I- I N D E X American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, continued slotted and socket heads, , A- –A- springs, taper pins, A- tolerance, , transition locational fits, A- twist drill sizes, A- to A- washers, A- to A- wood screws, Woodruff keys, A- wrought steel pipe and taper pipe threads, A- American National thread, , American National thread fits, American Records Management Association (ARMA), American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), American Welding Society Standards, A- –A- analysis stage, design process, , – analytical models, – analyzing complex objects, – angle of thread, angles bisecting, dihedral, dimensioning, implied right, isometric drawings, oblique projection, sketching techniques, tolerance, views of, angles, laying out chord method, sine method, tangent method, angular perspective. See two-point perspective. angular tolerance, angularity, specifying, – annotation scaling, annular space, copper pipe, ANSI/AF&PA NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction, ANSI/AWS A . , Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, ANSI/IEEE Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, apparent intersection, appearance, manufacturing materials, approval, engineering documents, approval block, , approximated curves, , arc welding, , Archimedes, history of the screw principle, architects’ scale, , A- architectural terra cotta, archiving work history, arcs bisecting manually, defining, – delta angles, dimensioning, drawing tangents to, – formulas for, – included angles, isometric, sketching, – arrow-side welds, arrowheads, dimensioning, artificial intelligence (AI), ASCII file formats, – ashlar masonry, ASME Y . Digital Product Definition Data Practices, , ASME/ANSI Y . Screw Thread Representation, , assemblies constraint-based modeling, – DFA (design for assembly), simulation, sketching techniques, assemblies, and design assembling to a skeleton, – bottom-up design, , – constraint-based drawing elements, – global parameters, – layout drawings, middle-out design, overview, seed parts, – top-down design, , – assemblies, checking fits, – assembly constraints, – assembly drawings D CAD, example, – assembly sections, , – check assemblies, dimensions, exploded views, – hidden lines, installation assemblies, outline assemblies, overview, – poche, section lining, views, working drawings, assembly files, managing, assembly mode, constraint-based modeling, assembly models constraint-based assemblies, dynamic assemblies, , parent parts, choosing, static assemblies, subassemblies, assembly parts fastener libraries, standard parts, – assembly sections, , , – associativity, constraint-based modeling, AutoCAD D CAD models, – D constraints, annotation scaling, constraint defaults, changing, constraints, , electronic diagram symbols, geometric construction geometry, isometric drawings, object snap, , , perspective views, scaling text, Autodesk Inventor, spur gears, automated assembly, automated materials handling, auxiliary plane, auxiliary sections, auxiliary views adjacent views, alternate views, circles and ellipses, , classification of, creating with CAD, , depth, – descriptive geometry, developments and intersections, – front adjacent, half, height, – hidden lines, partial, plotting curves manually, – primary, projecting, – purpose of, , reference planes, reverse construction, secondary, showing true size, , sketching, successive, third, top adjacent, visualizing as revolved drawing, width, – AWS Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, axes, positioning in isometric drawings, axes method for sketching ellipses, axis of revolution, axis of screw, axonometric projection, , – piping drawings, sketches, B back or backing welds, , backing up drawing files, ball tags, – I N D E X I- balloon numbers, – barreled parts, tolerance, base circle, constructing, base features, – base points, setting, – baseline dimensioning, , basic angle tolerancing method, basic dimension symbols, basic hole system, – , basic shaft system, – , basic size, metric tolerances, batter, beam web, bearings, landform drawings, bell and spigot joints, bend allowance, , “bent” arrow symbol, bevel gears, – Bezier curves, – bidirectional associativity, constraint-based modeling, bilateral system of tolerances, bilateral tolerance, bill of materials (BOM), , – bird’s-eye view, bisecting angles, arcs, lines, , black pipe, blind holes, blind rivets, blocking freehand, irregular objects, bolted steel connections, bolts, high-strength steel, – bolts and nuts bolt lengths, clearance holes, drawing standard bolts, finish, hex head bolt grades, lock nuts, overview, – proportions, SAE grades, sketching, specifications, A- –A- threads, BOM (bill of material), , – Boolean operations, – border blocking, borders, boss, , bottom views, – bottom-up design, , – bowed parts, tolerance, box construction isometric drawings, oblique drawings, box primitive, bracket method for dual dimensioning, brake press, break lines, – breaks, in D drawings, – BREP (boundary representation), brick and mortar construction, Briggs standard threads, – broken out sections, B-splines, – built-in features, bushing, , butt joint, butt welded fittings, buttress thread, C C (centralizing) thread fits, Acme, cabinet projection, CAD (computer-aided design). See also D CAD modeling; AutoCAD. advantages of, creating auxiliary views, database, definition, files, documentation management on the Web, lettering examples, model space, paper space, in product development, – tools for structural drawings, – cadastral maps, CAE (computer-aided engineering), calibration and inspection of tolerances, CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), , cam followers definition, offset, – pivoted, – cams cylindrical, definition, displacement diagrams, pitch curve, profiles, , – cap screws American National Standard, sketching, specifications, A- –A- capillary joints. See solder joints. cartography, case studies Ability Fabricators, Inc., – bicycle brake, – brake assembly, – coffee brewer, , Delta Design, documentation management, – floating bridge, – furniture design, graphics and design process, Santa Cruz Bicycles, – heart model, Hyatt Regency walkway collapse, modeling sheet metal parts, – Oral-B toothbrush, – vibration analysis, Quantel USA, – robot hand, – Santa Cruz Bicycles, – sketching techniques, , – Smart Tourniquet, – surface models, – symmetry, – Zuma coffee brewer, , cast iron pipe, cast iron pipe ANSI standards drilling for bolts, A- –A- flanges and fittings, A- –A- screwed fittings, A- –A- thicknesses and weight, A- casting design tips, – metal parts, sand casting, , cavalier projection, cavities, cellular manufacturing, – center of gravity, centerline method for four-center ellipses, for sketching circles, centerlines dimensioning, isometric drawings, uses for, , centralizing (C) thread fits, centroid, ceramic manufacturing materials, cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system, chained dimensions, chamfers definition, , , dimensioning, change permission, engineering documents, chassis, displaying functional designations, check valves, checked-by block, checking assemblies, chord method for laying out angles, chordal addendum, chordal dimensions, chordal thickness, chords, circled numbers in drawings, – circles in auxiliary views, Circle command, circumference, defining, – diameter, dividing equally, drawing tangents to, formulas for, – , A- I- I N D E X circles, continued great, – involutes, oblique, , radius, sketching, in perspectives, circuit diagrams, – circular pitch, circularity (roundness) tolerance, circumference, city maps, – Class thread fits, Class thread fits, Class thread fits, clay construction, clearances fits, , A- –A- holes, – clip angles, close running fits, A- close sliding fits, A- CMM (coordinate measuring machine), CNC (computer numerical control), coarse threads, coincident (align) constraint, color coding, electronic diagrams, combination screw drivers, combination units, dimensioning, combined tolerance symbols, combining surfaces, comma-delimited text format, common manufactured features, , complex cylindrical shapes, in D drawings, complex surfaces, , composite materials, compression springs, computer graphics electronic diagrams, sketching techniques, computer numerical control (CNC), computer-aided design (CAD). See CAD. computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), , computer-aided process planning (CAPP), computer-integrated manufacturing AC (adaptive control), AI (artificial intelligence), automated assembly, automated materials handling, CAPP (computer-aided process planning), cellular manufacturing, – CNC (computer numerical control), expert systems, FMS (flexible manufacturing systems), GT (group technology), industrial robots, JIT (just-in-time) production, concentric (insert) constraint, concentricity tolerance, – concrete construction, – concurrent engineering design process, documentation management, cones definition, developments, – dimensioning, formulas, A- primitive, conic sections, connection diagrams, – connections electronic diagrams, structural steel drawings, welded and bolted, constraining degrees of freedom, sketches, constraint-based modeling D models, advantages of, assemblies, – , case studies, , – , – cosmetic dimensions, definition, design intent, – , – drawing elements, – driven dimensions, , driving dimensions, feature dimensions, feature-based modeling, – formulas in dimensions, – global parameters, parameters, reference dimensions, variables, constraint-based modeling, features adding, base features, – built-in, datums, – editing, existing, specifying an edge for, hole properties, parent-child relationships, – placed, standard, constraint-based modeling modes assembly mode, associativity, bidirectional associativity, drawing mode, drawings from the model, – part mode, subassemblies, constraints applying, base points, setting, – AutoCAD, defaults, changing, design intent, – geometric, overconstrained sketches, sketch constraints, , – underconstrained sketches, relationships, table of, size, types of, construction drawings. See working drawings. construction lines, , continuous dimensioning, contour intervals, landform drawings, contour maps from D data, contours landform drawings, , sketching techniques, convex, conventions for D drawings, breaks, – , edges, converting motion with gears. See gears. between U.S. and metric measures, A- Coon’s patch, coordinate dimensions, , coordinate measuring machine (CMM), coordinate systems for D CAD modeling, – , invention of, origins (point of intersection), right-hand rule, specifying location, , – user-created, – X- and Y-axes, coordinates absolute, cylindrical, definition, polar, relative, spherical, copper pipe adapting to threaded pipe, drawings, joints and fittings, copper tubing, – cores, corner joint, corner views, . See also vertices. corners, rounding on plastic parts, cosmetic dimensions, cost estimates, modeling, – cotter pins, , A- counterbored holes definition, – , dimensioning, countersunk holes, – , , CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) pipe drawings, creativity techniques, – crest (of thread), cross section. See section views.I N D E X I- crossovers, in electronic diagrams, cubic splines, curved surfaces, dimensioning, curves dimensioning, freeform. See spline curves. isometric drawings, perspectives, plotting by hand in D drawings, cutaway views. See section views. cutting planes choosing, description, direction, visualizing, half sections, labeling, cutting-plane lines definition, illustration, line style, cycloids, A- cylinder primitive, cylinders in D drawings, complex shapes in D drawings, definition, elements of, formulas, A- intersection with a plane, isometric drawings, size dimensioning, – sliced, cylindrical cams, cylindrical coordinates, cylindricity tolerance, , D da Vinci, Leonardo, , DAI (Design Activity Identification), in title blocks, databases, , – datum description, – identifying, landform drawings, tolerance symbols, , A- datum features, – versus datum feature simulator, , datum planes, – datum reference frame, datum targets, decimal dimension values, rounding, decimal-inch drawing scale, A- , A- decimal-inch values, dimensioning, dedendum, default coordinate system, Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC), degrees of freedom, constraining, delta angles, depth auxiliary views, – thread, in orthographic views, depth dimensions, transferring, derived surfaces, Descartes, René, descriptive geometry, , descriptive models, Design Activity Identification (DAI), in title blocks, design database, documentation management, design drawings, design for assembly (DFA), design for manufacture (DFM), . See also manufacturing processes. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), design intent capturing, – case study: Santa Cruz Bicycles, constraint-based modeling, – planning for, – design process case study: Santa Cruz bicycles, – design intent, in a portfolio, – stages of, – , - definition, designating fitting size, designing quality into products, detail drawings, , – detailed thread drawings, – , Detailing for Steel Construction, developable surfaces, developed piping drawings, development of a surface, developments definition, equator, generatrix, great circle, – hems and joints, hood and flue, – hyperboloids, intersections, – laying out a surface, meridian, plane and a cone, – plane and a pyramid, plane and a sphere, – plane and an oblique cylinder, plane and an oblique prism, polyconic method, polycylindric method, surface types, transition pieces, – triangulation, deviation, metric tolerances, DFA (design for assembly), DFM (design for manufacture), . See also manufacturing processes. DFSS (Design for Six Sigma), diameter, diametral pitch, , difference (subtract) operation, – differential leveling, landform drawings, digital databases, , – digital product definition, – digitizing, surface models, dihedral angles, dimension lines, , dimension values, rules for, dimensional accuracy, – dimensional constraints, dimensioning abbreviations, angles, arcs, arrowheads, BA (bend allowance), centerlines, chamfers, choosing dimensions, cones, coordinate, counterbores, curved surfaces, curves, cylinders, – direction of values and notes, dos and don’ts, – drawing scale, indicating, extension lines, , fillet welds, fillets, finish marks, general notes, geometric breakdown, – holes, – IML (inside mold line), isometric drawings, keyways, knurls, lay symbols, leaders, legibility, , – lines used in, local notes, – mold line, neutral axis, for numerically-controlled machining, OML (outside mold line), overview, – piping drawings, placing dimensions, , – portfolio, – prisms, pyramids, roughness values, rounded-end shapes, rounds, shaft centers, sheet metal bends, spotfaces, standards, stretchout, structural steel drawings, I- I N D E X dimensioning, continued supplementary notes, – surface roughness, – surface texture symbols, – , symbols, , – tabular, tapers, technique, in terms of material removal, threads, tolerance, triangular prisms, units, – waviness values, dimensions assembly drawings, baseline, chordal, coordinate, forging, holes about a common center, – location, – , – machine, mating, pattern, size, – superfluous, units of measure, dimetric projection, diode symbol, electronic diagrams, directory structures, documentation management, – displacement diagrams for cams, Divide command, Dividers Method for drawing pentagons, dividing lines equally or proportionally, DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control), documentation purpose of technical drawing, design process, documentation management approval block, archiving work history, ARMA (American Records Management Association), ASME Y . Digital Product Definition Data Practices, backing up drawing files, case studies, , – checked-by block, in concurrent engineering teams, design database, drawing control methods, – drawing standards, drawn-by block, ECOs (engineering change orders), electronic storage, engineering ethics, enterprise level, FDA guidelines, file naming conventions, flat-file databases, – individual productivity, International Organization for Standardization, – ISO / , – organizing by product, organizing directory structures, – ownership, PIN (part identification number), PDM (product data management) system, , permissions, quality management, – relational databases, – release, requirements for, retention period, revision blocks, – storage media, on the Web, work flow management, – work group level, dos and don’ts, dimensioning, – double-curved surfaces, , double-line piping drawings, – double-square screw drivers, doughnut-shaped solids. See tori. downloading, fasteners, downstream applications. See modeling, downstream applications. draft, plastic parts, , drafting standards. See standards. drawing control methods, – Drawing Exchange Format (DXF), drawing format, electronic diagrams, drawing media, drawing mode, drawing number, in title blocks, drawing pencils, – drawing scales, – , , A- –A- drawing size, electronic diagrams, drawing standards, drawing title, electronic diagrams, drawings. See also D drawings; electronic diagrams; sketching. ball tags, – balloon numbers, – BOM (bill of material), , – for buildings. See structural drawings. circled numbers, – for civil structures. See structural drawings. concrete construction. See structural drawings, concrete construction. construction. See structural drawings; working drawings. detail, – identification, – of individual parts, – of landforms. See landform drawings. laying out, managing. See documentation management. multidetail, part, – parts list. See BOM (bill of material). piece part, – piping. See piping drawings. reading, sheet metal, , , size, in title blocks, standard bolts, structural steel. See structural drawings, structural steel. subassemblies, threads. See threads, drawing. title, in title blocks, welding, , wood construction. See structural drawings, wood construction. drawings, assembly. See assembly drawings. drawings, lines. See also lines. definition, freehand technique, , types of, – drawings, scale. See also scale. definition, indicating, laying out a drawing, specifying on a drawing, drawn-by block, drill bits, sizes, A- –A- driven dimensions, , driving dimensions, dual dimensioning, ductwork symbols, A- Dview, AutoCAD command, DXF (Drawing Exchange Format), dynamic assemblies, , E ECN (engineering change notification), ECOs (engineering change orders), , ECR (engineering change request), edge joint, edges in D drawings, sketching techniques, in views, – editing features, surface models, EDM (enterprise data management), egg-shaped solids. See ellipsoids. -pitch thread, eight-point method for sketching ellipses, ejector pins, plastic parts, – elasticity, electric resistance welding. See resistance welding. electron tube pin identification, in electronic diagrams, electronic diagrams abbreviations, IEEE Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, I N D E X I- chassis, displaying functional designations, circuit diagram, – color coding, computer graphics, connection diagram, – connections, crossovers, division of parts, drawing size, format, and title, electron tube pin identification, examples, , functional block diagram, functional identification, ground points, grouping parts, inductance, integrated circuits, interconnection diagram, interrupted paths, lettering, line conventions, MIL-STD- Identification Coding and Application of Hook Up and Lead Wires, numerical values, part value placement, portfolio, printed circuits, reference designations, resistors, schematic diagram, – semiconductors, signal paths, single-line diagram, standards, , A- terminals, – transformer windings, types of, – UL (Underwriters’ Laboratory) standards, wiring diagram, – electronic diagrams, symbols arranging, – AutoCAD tool palette, diodes, relays, signal paths, – size, stages, standard symbols, , , A- switches, symbol libraries, template for, electronic survey instruments, elements cylinders, standard layouts, – surface, elevation view, . See also landform drawings, elevation. ellipses in D drawings, approximate, A- approximating perimeter of, in auxiliary views, definition, double-curved surface, drawing, examples, formulas, A- locating the foci of, orienting in isometric drawings, pencil and string method for drawing, sketching, embryo heart model, enclosing-square method for sketching circles, enclosing-rectangle method for four-center ellipses, engineering change notification (ECN), engineering change orders (ECOs), , engineering change request (ECR), engineering drawings. See documentation management; drawings; sketching. engineering ethics, engineering maps, engineers’ drawing scale, , A- , A- English bond, enlarging shapes with a grid of squares, enterprise data management (EDM), enterprise level documentation management, epicycloid, A- equation solvers, equator, equilateral hyperbolas, A- erasers, erection plans, – ergonomics, . See also human factors. essential shapes, ethics, of engineering drawings, examples. See case studies; portfolios (examples). expert systems, exploded views, assembly drawings, – export formats, – exporting data from the database. See modeling, exporting data from the database. extension figure, extension lines, , extension springs, – external square thread, external threads defined, dimensioning, forms, – notes, – symbols, extruded forms, extruded surfaces, – extrusion, definition, F faces flanges, objects. See planar surfaces; polyhedra. factor of safety, fasteners downloading, overview, , portfolio, – FDA guidelines, documentation management, FDM (fused deposition modeling), FEA (finite element analysis), , , – feather keys, features. See also constraint-based modeling, features. datum, – definition, first created. See base feature. size designation, tolerance, feature control frame, feature dimensions, feature of size, feature-based modeling, – . See also constraint-based modeling. ferrous metals, manufacturing materials, field rivets, file formats, – file naming conventions, documentation management, filler beams, fillets. See also runouts. in D drawings, – definition, , dimensioning, example, , shading, fillet weld length, fillet welds, , , – filling sectioned areas, assembly drawings, fillister head cap screws, fine thread, finish, bolts, finish marks, dimensioning, finishing operations, finite element analysis (FEA), , , – finite elements, first-angle projection, – , – fit. See also tolerance. allowance, – , assemblies. See assemblies, checking fits. case study, clearance locational, A- –A- force and shrink, A- –A- interference, , – line, locational interference, A- mating parts, metric hole basis clearance, A- –A- I- I N D E X fit, continued metric hole basis transition and interference, A- –A- metric shaft basis clearance, A- –A- metric shaft basis transition and interference, A- –A- metric system, – running and sliding, A- –A- specifying, study, thread, – transition locational, , A- types and subtypes, fit, threads Acme thread notes, American National thread fits, C (centralizing), definition and classes, G (general purpose), metric, unified, fitting size, designating, flanged fittings, flanged joints, , flanges cast iron pipe, A- –A- definition, , in structural steel shapes, flared joints, – flash welds, , , flat head cap screws, flat keys, , A- flat patterns. See also developments. definition, modeling sheet metal parts, – flat springs, – flat-file databases, – flatness tolerance, Flemish bond, flip constraint, flush symbol, FMS (flexible manufacturing systems), foci of an ellipse, locating, folding lines, , fonts (lettering), force fits, A- –A- foreshortening, forging, , form tolerance for single features, – symbols, – variations, forming metal, principal methods, formulas circles and arcs, in dimensions, – for geometric entities, A- –A- operators, table of, ° miter line, , four-center ellipses, sketching, – fps (foot-pound-second) system, fractions, lettering, frame beam connections, freeform curves. See spline curves. freehand compass, freehand sketching arcs, blocking in borders, construction lines, ellipses, finding the midpoint on a line, lines, , , long freehand lines, friction wheels, front adjacent, front orientation, front views, – frontal plane projection, full sections definition, – visualizing, – functional block diagrams, functional decomposition, as design aid, functional identification, in electronic diagrams, fundamental deviation, metric tolerances, – fused deposition modeling (FDM), G G (general purpose) notes for thread fits, gage line thickness, thread pitch, wire, standards, A- gage blocks, gage line, of angles, galvanized pipe, gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas welding, , gaskets, gate valves, gauge, sheet metal, GDT (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing), , A- –A- gear blanks, gear ratio, gears alternative devices, base circle, constructing, bevel, – circular pitch, converting motion, definition, friction wheels, gear ratio, helical, herringbone, hypoid, line of contact, linear pitch, pinion, pitch circles, pitch diameter, portfolio, – rack, rack teeth, rpm (revolutions per minute), spacing gear teeth, spur, – stock models and drawings, transmitting power, worm, – gears, involute tooth shape addendum circle, approximating with circular arcs, – diametral pitch, hobbing, root circle, chordal addendum, chordal thickness, dedendum, definition, – designing, diametral pitch, formulas, – gear blanks, outside diameter, pitch diameter, root diameter, whole depth, working drawings, – general notes, dimensioning, general purpose (G) notes for thread fits, generatrix, Genesis space capsule crash, geometric breakdown, dimensioning, – geometric characteristic symbols, , A- geometric constraints, , , geometric constructions angle layout, arcs, arcs tangent to arcs, bisecting angles, bisecting lines and circular arcs, circles, – , conic sections, cycloids, A- ellipses, , – , A- epicycloid, A- equilateral triangles, equilateral hyperbolas, A- geometric entities, – helix, A- hexagons, hyperbolas, A- hypocycloids, A- involutes, A- parabolas, A- –A- parallel lines, pentagons, polygons, – spiral of Archimedes, A- spline curves, – I N D E X I- tangents with arcs, – tangents with circles, triangles, , geometric continuity, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT), , A- –A- geometric entities. See specific shapes. geometric method for drawing pentagons, geometric methods for plane figures, geometric tolerances. See GDT (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing). geometric transformations, gib head keys
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