كتاب Resistance Welding Manual
منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

أهلا وسهلاً بك زائرنا الكريم
نتمنى أن تقضوا معنا أفضل الأوقات
وتسعدونا بالأراء والمساهمات
إذا كنت أحد أعضائنا يرجى تسجيل الدخول
أو وإذا كانت هذة زيارتك الأولى للمنتدى فنتشرف بإنضمامك لأسرتنا
وهذا شرح لطريقة التسجيل فى المنتدى بالفيديو :
http://www.eng2010.yoo7.com/t5785-topic
وشرح لطريقة التنزيل من المنتدى بالفيديو:
http://www.eng2010.yoo7.com/t2065-topic
إذا واجهتك مشاكل فى التسجيل أو تفعيل حسابك
وإذا نسيت بيانات الدخول للمنتدى
يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكترونى التالى :

Deabs2010@yahoo.com


-----------------------------------
-Warning-

This website uses cookies
We inform you that this site uses own, technical and third parties cookies to make sure our web page is user-friendly and to guarantee a high functionality of the webpage.
By continuing to browse this website, you declare to accept the use of cookies.
منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

أهلا وسهلاً بك زائرنا الكريم
نتمنى أن تقضوا معنا أفضل الأوقات
وتسعدونا بالأراء والمساهمات
إذا كنت أحد أعضائنا يرجى تسجيل الدخول
أو وإذا كانت هذة زيارتك الأولى للمنتدى فنتشرف بإنضمامك لأسرتنا
وهذا شرح لطريقة التسجيل فى المنتدى بالفيديو :
http://www.eng2010.yoo7.com/t5785-topic
وشرح لطريقة التنزيل من المنتدى بالفيديو:
http://www.eng2010.yoo7.com/t2065-topic
إذا واجهتك مشاكل فى التسجيل أو تفعيل حسابك
وإذا نسيت بيانات الدخول للمنتدى
يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكترونى التالى :

Deabs2010@yahoo.com


-----------------------------------
-Warning-

This website uses cookies
We inform you that this site uses own, technical and third parties cookies to make sure our web page is user-friendly and to guarantee a high functionality of the webpage.
By continuing to browse this website, you declare to accept the use of cookies.



 
الرئيسيةالبوابةأحدث الصورالتسجيلدخولحملة فيد واستفيدجروب المنتدى

شاطر
 

 كتاب Resistance Welding Manual

اذهب الى الأسفل 
كاتب الموضوعرسالة
Admin
مدير المنتدى
مدير المنتدى
Admin

عدد المساهمات : 19002
التقييم : 35506
تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009
الدولة : مصر
العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى

كتاب Resistance Welding Manual  Empty
مُساهمةموضوع: كتاب Resistance Welding Manual    كتاب Resistance Welding Manual  Emptyالثلاثاء 01 يونيو 2021, 7:45 am

أخوانى فى الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Resistance Welding Manual
Revised Fourth Edition
RWMA

كتاب Resistance Welding Manual  R_w_m_10
و المحتوى كما يلي :


Contents
Section 1
PROCESSES
PREFACE iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
Fundamentals Of ResistanceWelding 1-1
INTRODUCTION . 1.1
RESISTANCE WELDING PROCESSES . 1-1
RELATED PROCESSES . 1-3
FUNDAMENTALSOF THE RESISTANCEWELDING PROCESS . 1-3
APPLlCATiONS 1-8
ECONOMICS . 1-9
DESiGN PRINCIPLES 1-12
MATERIALS . 1-18
LIMITATIONS 1-18
Spot Welding 2-1
INTRODUCTlON . 2-1
FUNDAMENTALSOFTHE PROCESS 2-1
TYPESOFWELDS . 2-2
ELECTRODES 2-5
MATERIALS . 2-5
WELDQUALiTY . 2-7
IMPLEMENTATION . 2-8
ProjectionWeldlng 3-1
INTRODUCTION . 3-1
TYPESOF PROJECTIONS 3-3
GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 3-8
WELDQUALITY . 3-12
Seam Weldlng 4-1
INTRODUCTION . 4-1
FUNDAMENTALSOFTHE PROCESS 4-2
WELDQUALITY . 4-8
MATERIALS . 4-11
Flash And UpsetWelding 5-1
FUNDAMENTALSOFTHE PROCESS 5-1
APPLICATIONS 5-3
EQUIPMENT 5-3
WELDING PROCEDURES . 5-7
PROCESSVARIABLES . 5-11
WELDQUALITY . 5-13
TESTINGAND INSPECTION . 5-15
WELDINGOFSTEEL . 5-15
UPSETWELDiNG 5-18
vllContents
Addltlonal Reslstance Welding Processes 6-1
CROSS WIRE WELDING 6-1
RESISTANCEBRAZING . 6-4
HOT RIVETING AND UPSETTING . 6-10
PERCUSSION WELDING 6-12
BUTSEAMWELDING ............................................................. 6-14
RESISTANCECUTTING . 6-16
Section 2
MATERIALS
Low Carbon Steels 7-1
INTRODUCTION . 7-1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 7-1
SPOTWELDING . 7-3
PROJECTION WELDING 7-11
SEAMWELDING . 7-12
ROLLSPOTWELDS 7-13
MASHSEAMWELDS . 7-13
FLASHWELDING 7-13
UPSETWELDING 7-16
RESISTANCEWELDS IN SCALY STOCK . 7-17
Hlgh Carbon And Low Alloy Steels 8-1
INTRODUCTION . 8-1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 8-1
SPOTWELDING . 8-3
SEAMWELDING . 8-12
FLASHWELDING 8-12
HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEEL (HSLA) 8-14
9-1
INTRODUCTION . 9-1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 9-1
SPOTWELDING . 9-5
PROJECTION WELDING 9-8
ROLLSPOT AND SEAM WELDING 9-8
FLASHWELDING 9-8
STAINLESS-CLADSTEEL . 9-9
Stalnless And Hlgh Alloy Steels
Coated And Plated Steels 10-1
SPOTWELDING ................................................................... 10-1
PROJECTIONWELDING 10-5
SEAM WELDING . 10-5
FLASHWELDING 10-5
vlllContents
Alumlnum And Alumlnum Alloys 11-1
INTRODUCTION . 11-1
MATERIAL PREPARATION . 11-3
SPOTWELDING . 11-5
QUALITYCONTROL 11-24
ELECTRODES 11-29
SEAM AND ROLLSPOTWELDING 11-30
PROJECTION WELDING 11-33
UPSETWELDING 11-33
FLASHWELDING 11-34
Magneslum And Magnesium Alloys 12-1
INTRODUCTION . 12-1
SPOTWELDING . 12-2
FLASHWELDING 12-3
Copper And Copper Base Alloys 13-1
INTRODUCTION . 13-1
ALLOYINGAGENTS 13-1
COPPER BASE ALLOYS 13-3
GENERALPRINCIPLES . 13-5
SPOTWELDING . 13-7
PROJECTION WELDING 13-10
SEAMWELDING . 13-10
FLASHWELDING 13-11
Nlckel And Nickel-BaseAlloys 14-1
INTRODUCTION . 14-1
SPOTWELDING . 14-6
PROJECTIONWELDING 14-15
CROSS WIREWELDING 14-15
SEAMWELDING . 14-16
FLASHWELDING 14-18
MiscellaneousAnd Dissimilar Metals 15-1
TITANIUM 15-1
COBALT BASE ALLOYS . 15-2
REFRACTORY METALS . 15-4
ZINC ANDZINC DIECASTINGS 15-4
LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS ........................................................... 15-5
DISSIMILARMETALS . 15-5
IxContents
Section 3
EQUIPMENT
Machlnes 16-1
~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~
INTRODUCTION .
ROCKER ARM MACHINES
BENCH MOUNTED WELDING MACHINES
PRESS TYPE WELDING MACHINES
SEAM WELDING MACHINES .
FLASH AND UPSETWELDING MACHINES .
MULTIPLE SPOT WELDING MACHINES
PORTABLE GUN WELDING MACHINES
ROBOTSYSTEMS INTEGRATION
HIGH FREQUENCY WELDING .
MISCELLANEOUS MACHINES .
16-1
16-2
16-4
16-5
16-6
16-8
16-11
16-13
16-1 5
16-16
16-1 7
Jigs. Fixtures And Tooling 17-1
INTRODUCTION . 17-1
WORKHOLDINGDEVICES 17-10
JIGS AND FIXTURES FOR GUN WELDING MACHINES . 17-12
HOPPER AND MAGAZINE FEEDS 17-13
SEAM WELDING FIXTURES . 17-15
FLASH AND UPSET WELDING MACHINE CLAMPING FIXURES 17-15
TYPESOFOPERATION . 17-16
BACKUPSAND LOCATORS . 17-17
ResistanceWelding Electrodes 18-1
INTRODUCTION . 18-1
ELECTRODE FUNCTIONS 18-1
ELECTRODE MATERIALS . 18-2
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ELECTRODE MATERIALS . 18-1 1
SPOTWELDING ELECTRODES 18-12
PROJECTION WELDING ELECTRODES . 18-24
SEAM WELDING ELECTRODES 18-25
UPSET AND FLASH WELDING ELECTRODES 18-26
PROPER ELECTRODE COOLING . 18-27
Weidina Transformers And Power Conversion EauiDment 19-1
INTRODUCTION . 19-1
ELECTRICALSYSTEM . 19-1
SINGLE-PHASERESISTANCEWELDING TRANSFORMERS . 19-4
FREQUENCY CONVERTER SYSTEM . 19-9
HIGH FREQUENCY DIRECT CURRENT WELDING POWER SUPPLIES 19-11
DIRECT-CURRENTPOWER CONVERSION EQUIPMENT . 19-11
XContents
Welding Controls 20-1
INTRODUCTION . 20-1
CONTROL SYSTEMS . 20-1
CONTROLTECHNOLOGIES . 20-3
STANDARD NEMA CLASSIFICATIONS . 20-4
USERINTERFACE . 20-5
CONTACTORS 20-6
HEATCONTROL . 20-7
COMPENSATION AND FEEDBACK SYSTEMS 20-11
COOLING REQUIREMENTS . 20.14
Power Supply 21-I
INTRODUCTION . 21-1
OUT-PLANT POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM 21-1
IN-PLANT POWERSUPPLY SYSTEM 21-7
Instrumentation 22-1
INTRODUCTION . 22-1
PROCESSVARIABLES . 22-2
EQUIPMENTAVAILABLE 22-5
Fluid Power Systems 23-1
INTRODUCTION . 23-1
FLUIDS 23-1
PRESSURE SUPPLY SYSTEMS 23-2
CYLINDERS 23-7
SYSTEMSELECTION 23-14
Quality Control 24-1
INTRODUCTION . 24-1
PERSONNEL . 24-1
FACTORS AND VARIABLES AFFECTING WELD QUALITY . 24-1
OPERATOR . 24-4
STANDARD METHODS FOR TESTING RESISTANCEWELDS 24-4
MECHANICALTESTING OF RESISTANCEWELDS . 24-27
Maintenance And Service 25-1
INTRODUCTION . 25-1
INSTALLATIONOF EQUIPMENT 25-1
SETUPOF EQUIPMENT 25-4
MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE . 25-4
PERIODIC INSPECTION AND SERVICE. . 25-11
SPAREPARTS 25.14
APPLICATIONOF STANDARD METHODS FOR
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1-1
INDEX 11-
INDEX
Index Terms Links
A
Air Consumption
defined 23-4
Air Cylinders
See, Cylinders
Air Systems
accessories, lubricators defined 23-4
accessories, mufflers defined 23-5
accessories, regulators defined 23-4
accessories, types of 23-4
air consumption, calculation of 23-3 23-4
compressors 23-2
coolers 23-2
coolers, after-coolers 23-2
coolers, inter-coolers 23-2
general description 23-2
maintenance 25-9
reservoirs 23-2 23-4
typical installation 23-3
valves, types of 23-12
Alloy Steels
See, Aluminum; Copper; High Carbon,
Low Alloy Steels; Magnesium; Nickel;
Zinc
Alternating Current
See, Current; Electrical System
Aluminum
alloys 11-2
alloys, corrosion resistance 11-1 11-22
alloys, dissimilar 11-19
alloys, lithium 11-2
alloys, spot welding 11-5
alloys, weldability chart 11-15Index Terms Links
Aluminum (Cont.)
alloys, welding schedules 11-22 11-23 11-32
chemical composition 11-2
clad materials, applications 11-1
cleaning, abrasive 11-4
cleaning, chemical 11-4
cleaning, methods 11-4
composition 11-2
corrosion resistance 11-1
current-force diagram 11-20 11-21
electrical conductivity 11-8
electrode life 11-6
flash welding 11-34 11-35
flash welding, "flash time" 11-34
general description 11-1
impurities, chemical 11-3
impurities, mechanical 11-3
material preparation 11-3
mechanical properties 11-12
physical properties 11-1
projection welding 11-33
quality control 11-24 11-25
recycle 11-12
roll spot welding 11-30 11-31
roll spot welding, machines 11-30
safety 11-2
seam welding 11-30 11-31
seam welding 2014 alloy 11-31
seam welding, electrode cleaning 11-31
seam welding, machines 11-30
seam welding, welding schedules 11-32
spot weld, narrow plastic range 11-9
spot weld, surface finish 11-9
spot welding 11-5
spot welding 2024-T Alclad 11-5 11-11
spot welding 5052-H34 Alclad 11-10 11-11 11-31
spot welding, edge distance 11-20 11-22
spot welding, electrode cooling 11-30Index Terms Links
spot welding, electrode material 11-28
spot welding, equipment 11-5
spot welding, machines 11-5
spot welding, multiple thicknesses 11-11
spot welding, peel test 11-26
spot welding, porous weld 11-28
spot welding, radiography test 11-27
spot welding, setup procedure 11-22
spot welding, sheet separation 11-28
spot welding, shunting effect 11-19
spot welding, surface burning 11-27
spot welding, tensile-shear strength 11-26
spot welding, tip pickup 11-27
spot welding, unequal thicknesses 11-11
spot welding, unsymmetrical weld 11-28
spot welding, weld consistency 11-27
spot welding, weld cracks 11-27
spot welding, weld defects 11-27
spot welding, weld indentation 11-27
spot welding, weld metal expulsion 11-28
spot welding, weld quality 11-6 11-25
spot welding, weld tests 11-25
spot welding, welding current 11-9
surface preparation 11-3
temperature, effect of 11-2
tensile properties 11-1 11-13
thermal conductivity 11-8
upset welding 11-33
weld defects, causes—remedies 11-27
weld quality 11-6
weld quality, factors affecting 11-27
weldability chart 11-15
welding equipment 11-6
welding machines, polyphase direct
energy 11-7
welding machines, single-phase direct
energy 11-6
welding machines, stored energy type 11-6 11-7 Index Terms Links
welding schedules 11-24
welding schedules, electrostatic
stored-energy machines 11-23
welding schedules, single-phase direct
energy machines 11-23
welding schedules, three-phase direct
current rectifier machines 11-22
welding schedules, three-phase
frequency converter machines 11-22
welding techniqe 11-10
welding variables 11-27
American Iron & Steel Institute (AISI)
See, High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
control standards 20-5
American Welding Society (AWS)
standard tests 24-4
Ammeter
calibration of 22-6 22-7
general description 22-8
Applications 1-8 1-9
B
Backups
applications 17-17
general principles 17-17
Bench Mounted Welding Machine
applications 16-5
large type 16-4
materials welded 16-4
options available 16-4
setup of 16-4 16-5
small type 16-4
Brasses
See, Copper
Bronzes
See, Copper Index Terms Links
Butt Joining
definition 1-2
Butt Seam Welding
applications 6-14
equipment 6-15 6-16
general description 6-14
process, examples of 6-14 6-16
C
Capital Investment 1-12
Caps
See, Electrodes
Carbon
See, High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels;
Low Carbon Steels
Circuits
See Also, Electrical System
secondary 19-1
welding 19-1
Coated Steels
flash welding 10-5
painted surfaces, welding of 10-4
projection welding 10-5
seam welding 10-5
spot welding 10-1
Cobalt Base Alloys
defined 15-2
physical properties 15-2 15-3
surface cleaning 15-2
variables 15-4
weldability 15-2
welding techniques 15-2 15-4
Contactors
defined 20-6 20-7
electromechanical type 20-6
ignitron tube 19-9 20-7
maintenance of 25-10 25-11Index Terms Links
Contactors (Cont.)
mechanical type 20-6
silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) 19-9 20-7
Controls
acoustic emission type 20-13
amortized stepper 20-10
basic systems 20-1
compensation systems, defined 20-11
computer based 20-4
contactors, defined 20-6 20-7
cooling, requirements defined 20-14
current compensation 20-11
data line input 20-6
delayed firing 20-10
dial input 20-5
discrete solid state devices 20-4
downslope, defined 20-10
downslope, illustrated 2-6
electronic timers 20-3 20-4
electrostatic principle 20-3
feedback systems, defined 20-11 20-12
heat control 20-7
history 20-1
"hold time", defined 20-4
ignitron tube, construction of 20-7
incremental switch 20-6
keypad input 20-6
line voltage compensation 20-11
maintenance 25-10 25-11
motor timing 20-3
multiple-phase 19-14
NEMA classifications & standards 20-4
"off time", defined 20-4
phase-shift heat control 20-8
pneumatic timing 20-3
power factor compensation 20-11 22-22
resistance monitoring 20-12Index Terms Links
Controls (Cont.)
RWMA standards 20-5
SCR's 20-4 20-7
silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) 20-7
single-phase 19-11
slope control 20-10
stepper heat control 20-10
"squeeze time", defined 20-4
systems, defined 20-1 20-3
three-phase 19-14
thumbwheel input 20-5
timers, types of 20-2
tip voltage regulations 20-12
transistors 20-4
upslope, defined 20-10
upslope, illustrated 2-6
user interface, types of 20-5 20-6
voltage compensation 22-22
"weld interval" 20-5
"weld interval", illustrated 2-5
"weld time", defined 20-4
"weld time", illustrated 2-2
Cool
cool period 8-10
"cool time" 8-8 8-9 20-5
Coolers
See, Air Systems
Copper
alloy weldability, factors affecting 13-5
alloying agents, effect of 13-1 13-3
alloying agents, list of 13-1
alloys, aluminum 13-2
alloys, aluminum bronze 13-4
alloys, applications 13-3 13-5
alloys, arsenical 13-3
alloys, beryllium 13-2
alloys, beryllium-copper 13-4 Index Terms Links
Copper (Cont.)
alloys, brasses 13-3
alloys, bronzes 13-4
alloys, bronzes, special 13-4
alloys, cadmium 13-2
alloys, cadmium bronze 13-4
alloys, chromium 13-2
alloys, classification 13-3
alloys, copper-nickel 13-4
alloys, cupro-nickel 13-4
alloys, defined 13-1
alloys, electrical conductivities 13-2 13-6 13-7
alloys, electrode considerations 13-7
alloys, flash welding 13-11
alloys, lead 13-2
alloys, leaded 13-3
alloys, leaded phosphor bronze 13-4
alloys, nickel 13-2 13-4
alloys, nickel-silver 13-4
alloys, phosphor bronze 13-4
alloys, physical properties 13-1 13-6 13-7
alloys, projection welding 13-10
alloys, seam welding 13-10
alloys, silicon 13-2
alloys, silicon copper 13-4
alloys, silver bearing 13-3
alloys, spot welding 13-8
alloys, surface cleaning 13-5
alloys, thermal conductivities 13-2 13-7
alloys, tin 13-2 13-4
alloys, "weld time" 13-7
alloys, welding characteristics 13-7
alloys, welding forces 13-7
alloys, welding schedules 13-7 13-10
alloys, zinc 13-3
applications 13-1 13-3
brasses 13-3 Index Terms Links
Copper (Cont.)
bronzes 13-4
commercial bronze 13-3
deoxidizing agents 13-3
flash welding 13-11
general description 13-1
general principles 13-4
high brass 13-3
high copper , defined 13-3
leaded brasses 13-3
low brass 13-3
muntz metal 13-3
nickel alloys 13-4
physical properties 13-6
plain brasses, listing of 13-3
plain brasses, properties defined 13-3
projection welding 13-10
red brass 13-3
seam welding 13-10
spot welding 13-5
spot welding, cartridge brass 13-9
spot welding, copper alloys 13-8
spot welding, copper silicon 13-9
spot welding, high brass 13-8
spot welding, low brass 13-8
spot welding, muntz metal 13-8
spot welding, phosphor bronze 13-10
spot welding, red brass 13-9
spot welding, silicon brass 13-9
spot welding, silicon bronze 13-10
spot welding, yellow brass 13-8
surface cleaning, methods defined 13-5
surface preparation 13-5
tin alloys, listing of 13-4
weldability, factors affecting 13-5
yellow brass 13-3
zinc alloys, listing of 13-3 Index Terms Links
Corrosion
See, Aluminum
Costs 1-9
Cross Tension
See, Tests
Cross Wire Welding
applications 1-9 1-15 6-1
design considerations 1-14
electrode, setup of 6-3
equipment 6-1 6-3
general description 6-1
heat, determining factors 6-3
machines 6-2 6-3
materials 6-1
nickel 14-15
nickel, welding conditions 14-9
"percent setdown" 6-3
setup for 6-2
surface preparation 6-1
tests 6-4
variables 6-3
weld quality 6-3
weld strength 6-3
"weld time" 6-3
welding conditions, Inconel 14-9
welding conditions, Monel 14-9
welding conditions, nickel 14-9
welding current 6-3
welding force 6-3
welding technique 6-2
welds, examples of 6-4
Current
See Also, Electrical System
alternating 19-3
alternating-current (ac) circuits 19-2
bidirectional pulses 19-12
compensation 20-11Index Terms Links
Current (Cont.)
constant 22-22
control of 22-2
direct-current (dc) circuit 19-2
equivalent continuous ratings 21-6
nameplate ratings 21-6 21-7
secondary 19-2 19-3
short-circuit, measurement of 22-14
unidirectional pulses 19-12
welding current 2-5 19-3 19-12
welding current diagram 11-20 11-21
Cylinders
air-operated 23-12
double acting, adjustable-retractable
stroke 23-9
double acting, adjustable stroke 23-9
double acting, defined 23-9
double acting, fixed stroke 23-9
double acting, types of 23-9
fixed stroke, cable 23-10
fixed stroke, intensifying 23-10 23-11
fixed stroke, multipiston 23-10
fixed stroke, multiposition 23-10
fixed stroke, rodless 23-10
general description 23-8
hammer blow 23-12
maintenance 25-9
mounting options, types of 23-10 23-11
mounts, centerline 23-11
mounts, foot 23-11
mounts, pivot 23-11
one-piece type 23-11
pressure regulator 23-4
single acting, diaphragm style 23-8
single acting, ram style 23-8
single acting, spring-return style 23-8
single acting, standard configuration 23-8 Index Terms Links
Cylinders (Cont.)
single acting, types of styles 23-8
speed conrol valves 23-12
threaded-head type 23-10
tie-rod type 23-10
types, determination of 23-10 23-11
valves, types of 23-12
D
Defects
See, Quality Control; Weld
Design Considerations 1-12
Dies
See Also, Flash Welding; Projection
Welding
locator type 17-2
projection welding, die set 17-7
Direct Current
See, Current; Electrical System
Direct Energy
machine, defined 16-1
polyphase welding machine 11-7
single-phase current-forcce diagram 11-21
single-phase welding machines 11-6
single-phase welding schedules 11-23
three-phase current-force diagram 11-20
Direct Welding
defined 2-3
Dissimilar Metals
applications 15-6 15-7
flash welding, applications 15-9
flash welding, welding technique 15-9
spot welding 2-5 15-5
spot welding, electrode material 15-7
spot welding, heat balance 15-7
spot welding, weldiing schedules 15-8
upset welding, welding technique 15-9
welding conditions 15-7 Index Terms Links
Downslope
See, Controls
Dressing
See, Electrodes
Duty Cycle
defined 19-3
equation 19-3
E
Economics 1-9
Eddy Current
See, Tests
Electrical System
alternating current 19-2
alternating-current circuits 19-2
alternating current, definition 19-2
alternating current, impedance 19-2
characteristics 19-1
direct current 19-2
direct-current circuits 19-2
electrical circuit 19-2
electrical law 19-2
impedance 19-3 19-11 19-12
Ohm's law 19-2
power conversion equipment 19-3
reactance 19-2 19-3
requirements 19-1
resistance 1-4 19-2 19-3
secondary circuit, reactance 19-2
secondary circuit, resistance 1-4 19-2 19-3
secondary welding circuit 19-1
welding controls 19-1 19-2
welding current 19-2
Electricity
See, Power Supply
Electrodes
adapter shanks, female 18-17Index Terms Links
Electrodes (Cont.)
adapter shanks, male 18-16
cap tips, female 18-17
cap tips, male 18-16
cleaning 11-31
cooling of 11-29 11-31 18-27 18-28
definition 18-1
deformation of 18-11
dissimilar metals 18-2
dressing 11-31
electrode life 18-28
flash welding 18-26 18-27
flash welding, application 18-26
flash welding, clamping 18-27
flash welding , designs 18-27
flash welding, materials 18-26
force 2-5
functions of 18-1
heat generation 1-5
holders 18-20
holders, special 18-23
holders, standard offset 18-22
holders, straight ejector 18-21
holders, straight nonejector 18-21
holders, water-cooled low inertia 18-24
irregular 18-19
maintenance 11-29 18-2 25-6 25-7
materials 11-28 18-2
materials, choice of 18-12
materials, copper base 18-11
materials, electrical resistivity 18-12 18-28
materials, group classifications 18-12
materials, mechanical properties 18-3
materials, physical properties 18-3
materials, refractory metals 18-11
materials, RWMA Class 1 to 20 18-4 18-11 18-12
materials, RWMA classifications 18-11Index Terms Links
Electrodes (Cont.)
materials, specialty 18-12
materials, weldability 18-8
mushrooming 18-12
offset 18-19
projection welding, designs 18-24
projection welding, deterioration of 18-24
projection welding, die sets 18-24
projection welding, factors effecting 18-25
projection welding, materials 18-24
projection welding, selection of 18-25
projection welding, setup 18-25
redressing 12-2 25-6
seam welding, applications 18-26
seam welding, wheel contours 18-26
seam welding, wheel designs 18-26
spot welding, adapter shanks 18-15
spot welding, applications 18-12
spot welding, caps 18-15
spot welding, cap-shank assemblies 18-15
spot welding, cooling of 18-27
spot welding, designs 18-15
spot welding, electrode size 18-15
spot welding, flat-faced design 18-20
spot welding, holder, applications 18-24
spot welding, holder, design of 18-20
spot welding, holder tapers 18-20
spot welding, holder, types of 18-20
spot welding, material selection 18-12
spot welding, nose designs 18-15
spot welding, offset designs 18-20
spot welding, shank assemblies 18-15
spot welding, special 18-19 18-20
surface cleaning 11-29
tapers 18-13 18-18
tip-dressing tool 11-29
water-inlet tube 18-28Index Terms Links
Electro-forging
definition 1-3
Equipment
See Also, Machines;
Section 3-(Chapters 16-25)
ac to dc equipment 19-11
direct-current equipment 19-11
selection of 1-9
single-phase rectifier equipment 19-11
three-phase rectifier equipment 19-14
two-phase rectifier equipment 19-13 19-14
F
Fatigue
See, Tests
Feedback
See, Controls
Feeders
See, Hopper Feeds; Magazine Feeds
Filters 23-4
Fixtures
See Also, Jigs
applications 17-1
conveyor type 17-12
design considerations 17-5
design principles 17-5 17-6
flash welding, alligator type 17-16
flash welding, general description 17-15
flash welding, horizontal type 17-16
flash welding, slide type 17-16
flash welding, vertical type 17-16
function defined 17-1 17-2
general description 17-1
gun welding machines 17-12
interchangeable, examples of 17-7
Iron-Man type 17-15
materials 17-3 Index Terms Links
Fixtures (Cont.)
press welding 17-10
sandwich type 17-7
seam welding, general description 17-15
selection of 17-2
shuttle type 17-2 17-12
upset welding, general description 17-15 17-16
use of 17-1
workholding devices, types defined 17-10
Flash Welding
See Also, Aluminum; Coated Steels;
Copper; Dissimilar Metals; Electrodes;
High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels; Low
Carbon Steels; Machines; Magnesium;
Nickel; Stainless Steel; Titanium
advantages 5-2 5-3
aligned joints 5-9
aluminum 11-34
applications 1-8 1-16 1-17 5-3
backups 5-5
base metal structure 5-13
bend tests 5-15
clad steel, welding of 10-5
clamping pressure 5-5
coated steels, welding of 10-5
controls 5-4
copper 13-11
costs 1-10
cracking 5-13
current 5-7
definition 1-2 5-1
design considerations 1-16
die burns 5-5 5-13
die material 5-4
die opening 5-10
die wear 5-5
dies 5-4 5-10Index Terms Links
Flash Welding (Cont.)
dimensional variables 5-7
discontinuities 5-13
discontinuities, mechanical 5-13
discontinuities, metallurigcal 5-13
dissimilar metals, applications 15-9
dissimilar metals , welding technique 15-9
electrodes 18-26
end preparation 5-7 5-9
equipment 5-3
equipment, costs 1-10
equipment, selection 1-10
fixture, design considerations 5-5
fixtures 5-5 17-15 17-16
flash removal 5-11
"flash time" 5-7 5-15
flash welding cycle 5-7
flashing 5-2 5-11
flashing, parabolic 5-2
flashing pattern 5-2
flashing voltage 5-1 5-11
flashing voltage cutoff 5-12
flat spots 5-13
force 5-7
gas shielding 5-10
general principles 1-17 5-1
heat balance 5-9
heat generation 1-7
high carbon, low alloy steels 8-12 8-13
hot spots 5-5
initial die opening 5-10
joint, bevel type 1-17
joint design 5-7
joint geometry 5-10
joint lengths, maximum 5-9
joint, miter 1-17
limitations 5-2 5-3 Index Terms Links
Flash Welding (Cont.)
low carbon steels 7-13 7-16 7-17
machines 5-3 5-11 16-8
magnesium 12-3
material certification 5-15
materials 5-3
metal loss 5-2 5-10
metals welded 5-3 5-15
miter joints 5-3 5-9
nickel 14-18
nickel, fixturing 14-18
nickel, flashing distance 14-18
nickel, jaw spacing 14-18
nickel, surface preparation 14-18
nickel, weld quality 14-20
nickel, weld tests 14-20
nickel, welding conditions 14-17
nickel, welding current 14-19
operation, sequence of 5-1
oxides 5-13
part alignment 5-10
part design 1-17 5-7 5-9
part, random samples 5-15
plated steels 10-5
platen motion 5-6 5-7 5-10
postheat cycle 5-4
postheating 5-7 5-11
preheat cycle 5-4
preheating 5-7 5-10
principles 5-1 5-2
procedure qualification 5-15
procedures 5-7
products welded, examples of 5-3
rings 5-9
samples, random testing 5-15
setup for 5-2 5-4
shapes welded 5-3 Index Terms Links
Flash Welding (Cont.)
stainless steels 9-8
steel, flat sheets 5-5
steel, tubing 5-5
steel, welding of 5-15
surface preparation 5-10
temperature distribution 5-2 5-9
tests 5-15
tests, destructive 5-15
time, welding variables 5-7
titanium 15-2
tubing diameters, maximum 5-9
upset distance 5-12
upset, requirements of 5-12
upsetting 5-2 5-12
upsetting current 5-2 5-7 5-12
upsetting force 5-18
upsetting pressure 5-12 5-18
upsetting rate 5-12
upsetting variables 5-12
variables 5-6 5-7 5-11 5-13
visual inspection 5-15
voids 5-13
weld quality 1-11 5-13
"weld time" 5-7
welding schedule 5-11 5-15
welds, common types 5-8
Flash Welding Machine
clamping 16-10
controls 16-9
electro-hydraulic servo 16-10
fixturing 16-10
flashing mechanism 16-9
horizontal clamping 16-10
hydraulic 16-9
hydraulic system 16-9
motor-operated 16-9 Index Terms Links
Flash Welding Machine (Cont.)
servo system 16-10
setup of 16-8 16-9
transformer 16-9
upsetting mechanism 16-9
vertical clamping 16-10
Flicker
cause and effect 21-3
cyclic 21-3
noncyclic 21-3
objectionable limits 21-4
Fluid Power
air fluid, general description 23-1
general description 23-1
hydraulic fluids, general description 23-1
hydraulic fluids, mixtures 23-1
hydraulic fluids, petroleum-based oils 23-1
hydraulic fluids, synthetics 23-2
system, selection of 23-14
Fluids
See, Fluid Power
Force
control of 22-3
electrode force 2-5
forging force 8-9 8-10
welding force 1-6 11-20 11-21
Forge
"forge delay time" 2-5
forging force 8-9 8-10
Frequency Changer Machine
defined 16-17
Frequency Converter System
conventional type 19-9
defined 19-9
full wave type 19-9
general principles 19-9
Full Wave
See, Rectifier Systems Index Terms Links
Fusion
See, Weld
G
Gage
force type 22-20
hydraulic force type 22-20
strain type 22-21
Grain
refinement 8-9 8-10
Guards
See, Installation; Machines
Gun Welding Machine
jigs & fixtures 17-12 17-13
portable type 16-13 16-14
Guns (Welding)
general description 16-14
scissor 16-14
self-equalizing 16-14
straight acting 16-14
H
Half Wave
See, Rectifier Systems
Heat
See Also, Flash Welding, preheat &
postheat; Heat Generation; Postheat;
Preheat
"heat time" 2-5
"preheat time" 2-5
treatment 8-1 8-9
Heat Control
circuit diagram 20-10
defined 20-7
electronic method 20-7 20-9
mechanical method 20-7
monitoring 20-10Index Terms Links
Heat Control (Cont.)
phase-shift 20-8
stepper 20-10
Heat Generation
contacting surfaces, considerations of 1-5
defined 1-3
effects of 1-5
electrodes, considerations of 1-5
flash welding 1-7
heat energy, equation 1-4
projection welding 1-7
shunting effect, considerations of 1-6
time, considerations of 1-6
upset welding 1-7
welding force, considerations of 1-6
work materials, considerations of 1-6
High Alloy Steels
defined 9-1
High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels
alloys, carbon 8-2
alloys, chromium 8-2
alloys, cobalt 8-3
alloys, composition of 8-2
alloys, effects of 8-2
alloys, manganese 8-2
alloys, molybdenum 8-2
alloys, nickel 8-2
alloys, silicon 8-2
alloys, sulfur 8-2
alloys, tungsten 8-2
alloys, vanadium 8-2
chemical composition 8-1
classification, numbering of 8-2
definition 8-1
flash welding 8-12
flash welding, considerations 8-12
flash welding, equipment 8-13Index Terms Links
High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels (Cont.)
flash welding, postheating 8-13
flash welding, preheating 8-13
general description 8-1
heat treatment 8-1 8-9
high strength–low alloy, HSLA 8-14 8-15
HSLA, weldability of 8-14 8-15
machine setup, AISI 4130 8-5 8-6
postweld heat treatment 8-1
principles 8-1
seam welding 8-12
seam welding, welding schedules 8-12
spot welding 8-3
spot welding, automatic tempering 8-4
spot welding, comparison to low carbon
steel 8-3
spot welding, electrode pressure 8-4
spot welding, electrode tip size 8-4
spot welding, forging 8-8 8-10
spot welding, grain refinement 8-8 8-10
spot welding, low alloy steels 8-11
spot welding, multiple-impulse 8-4
spot welding, postweld heat treatment
cycle 8-4
spot welding, preheating 8-8
spot welding, "quench time" 8-4 8-7
spot welding, single-impulse 8-4
spot welding, temper current 8-5 8-7
spot welding, "temper time" 8-5
spot welding, temperature, critical
factors 8-3 8-4
spot welding, tempering 8-8
spot welding , tensile-shear strength 8-4 8-7
spot welding, time-temperature curve 8-4
spot welding, weld structure 8-4
spot welding, "weld time" 8-3 8-4 8-7
spot welding, welding current 8-3 8-7 Index Terms Links
High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels (Cont.)
spot welding, welding pressure 8-3
spot welding, welding schedules 8-3 8-7 8-8 8-11
steel, AISI 4130 8-5 8-7
steel, AISI 4340 8-6 8-8
steels, AISI 1020, 1035, 1045 8-6 8-7
steels, types of 8-1
surface preparation 8-3
welding variables, effects of 8-4
High Frequency Welding
application 16-16
defined 16-16
direct current, defined 19-11
welding schedules 16-17
High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA)
defined 8-14
welding practices 8-15
Hold
"hold time" 2-5 20-4
Holders
See, Electrodes
Hopper Feeds
applications 17-13 17-14
defined, types of 17-14
general description 17-13
knife type 17-14
rotary type 17-14
vibrating type 17-14
Hot Riveting
advantages 6-11
applications 6-9 6-11
defined 6-10
equipment 6-11
Hydraulic Systems
components 23-5
general description 23-5
maintenance 25-8 25-9 Index Terms Links
Hydraulic Systems (Cont.)
pumps, types of 23-6 23-7
reservoirs, defined 23-7
I
Ignitron Tube 20-6
See Also, Installation
Impedance 19-3 19-11 19-12
Indirect Welding
advantages 2-4
circuit 2-4
defined 2-4
fixtures 17-8 17-9
tooling 17-8
Inspection
air system 25-11
annually 25-13
cooling system 25-11
dies 25-11
electrical system 25-11
electrodes 25-11
hydraulic system 25-11
mechanical 25-11
monthly 25-12
periodic 25-11
quarterly 25-13
visual 8-10 14-14
weekly 25-12
x-ray 22-29 24-12
Installation
air service 25-2
cylinders 25-4
electrical power 25-4
electrical service 25-2
equipment setup 25-4
flow switches 25-3
general description 25-1 Index Terms Links
Installation (Cont.)
guards 25-3 25-4
hydraulic service 25-3
ignitron tube 25-3
lighting 25-4
lubrication 25-4
machine settings 25-1 25-2
motor 25-2 25-4
preparation, steps for setup 25-1
thermal considerations 21-14
transformer 25-2 25-3
valves 25-4
water service 25-3
weld control 25-4
Instrumentation
ammeter 22-7
comparative meters 22-21
current meter 22-25
cycle counter 22-25
digital meter 22-11 22-12
effective power meters 22-28
equipment 22-5
feedback methods 22-21
force, measurement of 22-12
gages 22-20 22-21
general description 22-1
megger 22-17 22-18
microhm meter 22-16
millivolt-second monitor 22-27
ohmmeter 22-16
oscilloscopes 22-18
personnel safety 22-2
potentiometer 22-5
power factor, measurement of 22-15
pressure, measurement of 22-12
process control 22-21
process monitoring 22-18Index Terms Links
Instrumentation (Cont.)
process verification 22-27
recorders 22-18
resistivity probe 22-28
safety procedures 22-1 22-2
short-circuit, measurement of 22-15
standard cell 22-5
temperature devices 22-13
thermocouple 22-13
thermometer 22-13
transducers 22-20 22-21
ultrasonics 22-27
variables, considering factors 22-4 22-5
voltmeter 22-6 22-10 22-11
watt-second monitor 22-25 22-26
weldscopes 22-18
Insulation
construction 17-4 17-5
general description 17-5
materials 17-3
Interval
See, Weld
J
Jigs
See Also, Fixtures
applications 17-1 17-2
design considerations 17-5
design principles 17-5
function defined 17-1 17-2
general description 17-1
gun welding machines 17-12
materials 17-3
selection of 17-2 Index Terms Links
K
kVA
See Also, Transformers
demand, defined 19-3
rating, defined 19-3
L
Lap Joining
definition 1-2
Lap Seam Welding
See, Seam Welding
Lead
alloys 15-5
welding technique 15-5
Lighting
See, Installation
Limitations 1-18
Load Factor 21-5
Locators
applications 17-17
calibration 17-3
design considerations 17-3
examples of 17-2
general description 17-2 17-17
guidebars 17-17
maintenance 17-3
materials 17-3
nonconductive 17-3
setup of 17-2 17-3
stops 17-17
workpiece contact 17-3
Low Carbon Steels
alloys, carbon 7-2
alloys, composition of 7-2
alloys, effects of 7-1
alloys, manganese 7-2 Index Terms Links
Low Carbon Steels (Cont.)
alloys, phosphorus 7-2
alloys, silicon 7-2
alloys, sulfur 7-2
definition 7-1
flash welding 7-13 17-15 17-16
flash welding, dimensional variables 5-16 5-17 7-13 7-14
flash welding, scaly stock 7-17 7-18
flash welding, upsetting forces 5-12 5-18 7-16
general description 7-1
mash seam welding 7-13
projection welding 7-11
projection welding, scaly stock 7-18
projection welding, variables 7-11
projection welding, weld shape 7-11
projection welding, weld size 7-11
projection welding, "weld time" 7-12
projection welding, welding schedules 3-13 7-11
roll spot welding 7-13
scaly stock, considering factors 7-17
seam welding 7-12 7-13
seam welding, continuous timing 7-12
seam welding, interrupted timing 7-12
seam welding, materials 7-12
seam welding, scaly stock 7-17
seam welding, timing 7-12
seam welding, welding current 7-12
seam welding, welding force 7-12
seam welding, welding schedules 7-12 7-17
seam welding, welding speeds 7-12
spot welding 7-3
spot welding, automotive grade mild
steel 7-5 7-6
spot welding, destructive tests 7-10
spot welding, electrode selection 7-5 7-6 7-7
spot welding, heat effect 7-9 7-10
spot welding, multiple-impulse weld 7-11
spot welding, peel test 7-10Index Terms Links
spot welding, quality control 7-10
spot welding, scaly stock 7-17
spot welding, setup 7-5
spot welding, single-impulse weld 7-6 7-11
spot welding, stock weldability 7-10
spot welding, tensile-shear strength 7-4
spot welding, tension-shear test 7-10
spot welding, variables 7-5 7-6
spot welding, visual test 7-10
spot welding, weld quality 7-3 7-10
spot welding, weld strength 7-3
spot welding, weld tests 7-10
spot welding, "weld time" 7-5 7-10
spot welding, welding current 7-5
spot welding, welding force 7-5
spot welding, welding schedules 7-6 7-14 7-15
surface cleaning 7-3
surface preparation 7-2
upset welding 7-16
Lubrication
See, Maintenace
Lubricators 23-3 23-4
M
Machines
See Also, Equipment; Flash Welding
Machine; Seam Welding Machine;
Spot Welding Machine
aluminum welding 11-6 11-8 11-29
battery-operated 11-7
bench mounted 16-4 16-5
capital investment 1-11
control equipment 16-1
controls, SCR's 16-14
costs 1-9 16-1
design considerations 1-12
design of 16-1 Index Terms Links
Machines (Cont.)
dial tables 17-11
direct energy type 16-1
electrical circuit 16-1
fixture, configurations 16-12
flash welding 16-8
frequency changer 16-17
frequency converter type 11-7
general principles 16-1
guards 25-3 25-4
gun welding 16-13 16-14
mechanical systems 16-1
miscellaneous types 16-2
multiple electrode 17-7
multiple spot type 16-11
multiple spot welding, hydraulic 17-12
multipoint welding 1-10
operating costs 1-9
polyphase direct energy type 11-7
press welding 16-5 17-10
projection welding 1-10
rectifier type 11-7 16-17
rocker arm 16-2 16-3
roll spot welding 11-30
safety 25-3
seam welding 1-10 11-30 16-6
single-phase direct energy type 16-1
single-phase type 16-1
special types 16-2
spike welding 16-17
spot welding 1-9 16-11
standard type 16-2
stored energy type 11-6 11-7 16-1 16-2
three-phase type 16-1
types of 1-8 16-2
upset welding 16-8 16-10
Macroetch
See, Tests Index Terms Links
Magazine Feeds
general description 17-13
setup 17-14 17-15
Magnesium
alloys 12-1
alloys, chrome-pickle coating 12-1
alloys, electrode cooling 12-3
alloys, electrode maintenance 12-2 12-3
alloys, oil coating 12-2
alloys, spot welding 12-2
alloys, surface cleaning 12-2
alloys, surface preparation 12-1
alloys, welding schedules 12-2
chrome-pickle coating, removal of 12-1
cleaning solutions 12-5
electrode life 12-2 12-5
electrode material 12-2 12-5
flash welding 12-3
general description 12-1
material preparation 12-1
oil coating, removal of 12-2
physical properties 12-1 12-4
seam welding 12-2
spot welding 12-2 12-3
spot welding, dissimilar metals 12-3
spot welding, equipment 12-2
surface cleaning 12-2
variables 12-6
weldability of 12-1
welding schedules 12-2 12-6
welding schedules, electrostatic stored
energy machines 12-8
welding schedules , single-phase
alternating current machines 12-7
welding schedules , three-phase dry disc
rectifier machines 12-7
welding schedules , three-phase
frequency converter machines 12-6 Index Terms Links
Maintenance
See Also, Electrodes
air system 25-9
controls 25-10
cylinders 25-9
electrodes, care of 25-6 25-7
electronic contactors 25-10
general description 25-5
good housekeeping 25-4 25-5
hydraulic system 25-8 25-9
ignition contactors 25-8
lubrication 25-6 25-9
preventive 25-4
primary disconnect 25-8
routine 25-4
secondary circuit 25-7 25-8
spare parts 25-4 25-14
switching devices 25-10 25-11
tooling 25-6 25-7
transformer 25-6 25-8
welding contactors 25-10 25-11
Mash Seam Welding
applications 4-2
low carbon steels 7-13
materials 4-2
weld quality 4-2
welding technique 4-2
Materials
See Also, Section 2-(Chapters 7-15)
copper-cadmium alloy, RWMA Class 1 11-29
copper, hardness-temperature curves 18-2
dissimilar 2-5
electrode 18-2
ferrous 2-5
fixtures 17-3
jigs 17-3
locators 17-2 Index Terms Links
Materials (Cont.)
magnetic 17-3
nonferrous 2-5
nonmagnetic 17-3
savings 1-11
synthetic 17-3
thickness 2-5 2-6
tooling 17-2
Megger 22-17 22-18
Metal Gathering
general description 6-12
limitations 6-12
process, defined 6-12
Metals
See Also, Dissimilar Metals;
Refractory Metals
dissimilar, applications 15-7
dissimilar, upset welding 15-9
dissimilar, welding conditions 15-8
dissimilar, welding technique 15-5
similar, weding technique 15-5
Microhm meter 22-16
Millivolt-second monitor 22-25
Molybdenum
See, Refractory Metals
Mufflers 23-5
Multiple Welding
fixtures 17-9 17-10
tooling 17-9
N
Nameplate Rating
defined 19-4
National Electrical Code (NEC®)
See, Power Supply
National Electrical Manufacturers'
Association (NEMA)
classifications & standards 20-4 20-5 Index Terms Links
Nickel
alloys, chemical composition 14-1 14-3
alloys, coring 14-13
alloys, defined 14-1
alloys, distortion 14-13
alloys, Duranickel 14-3
alloys, expulsion 14-12
alloys, Inconel 14-3 14-11 14-18
alloys, Inconel 'X' 14-7 14-10
alloys, indentation 14-12 14-13
alloys, low strength 14-14
alloys, mechanical properties 14-1 14-3
alloys, Monel 14-3 14-11 14-13 14-18
14-19
alloys, nickel 14-3 14-11
alloys, nugget misplaced 14-14
alloys, nugget misshaped 14-14
alloys, physical properties 14-4
alloys, porosity 14-13
alloys, spot welding defects 14-12
alloys, surface burning 14-12
alloys, surface preparation 14-2
alloys, weld cracking 14-13
alloys, welding technique 14-8
chemical cleaning 14-2
chemical composition 14-3
coring 14-11 14-13
corrosion resistance 14-1
cross tension 14-10
cross wire welding 14-9 14-15
die burns 14-2 14-18
distortion, factors affecting 14-12
flash welding 14-18
flash welding, alloy rods 14-17
flash welding, fixturing 14-18
flash welding, flashing distance 14-18
flash welding, jaw spacing 14-18Index Terms Links
Nickel (Cont.)
flash welding, surface preparation 14-18
flash welding, upset requirements 14-18
flash welding, weld quality 14-20
flash welding , weld tests 14-20
flash welding , welding current 14-19
general description 14-1
hot spots 14-2
indentation, factors affecting 14-12
macroetch test 14-15
mechanical cleaning 14-2
mechanical properties 14-3
peel test 14-14
physical properties 14-1 14-4
pickling 14-2
porosity 14-10
projection welding 14-15
projection welding, weld tests 14-15
radiographic test 14-14
seam welding 14-16 14-17
seam welding, electrode suggestions 14-16
seam welding, Monel 14-17
seam welding, weld quality 14-16
seam welding, weld tests 14-16
spot welding 14-6
spot welding, dissimilar metals 14-9
spot welding, electrode maintenance 14-8
spot welding , electrode suggestions 14-6
spot welding, variables 14-6
spot welding, weld defects 14-12
spot welding, weld quality 14-8
spot welding, weld tests 14-14
spot welding, welding schedules 14-4 14-5 14-9
surface burning 14-11
surface preparation 14-2
tensile-shear strength 14-10
tension-shear test 14-14Index Terms Links
Nickel (Cont.)
twist test 14-14
visual inspection 14-14
weld defects 14-12
weld distortion 14-11 14-12
weld size 14-10
"weld time" 14-6
welding current 14-6
welding force 14-6
welding specifications 14-8
O
Ohmmeter 22-16
Ohm's Law
equation 19-2
Operator
machine set up 24-4
safety equipment 25-5
Oscilloscopes 22-18
P
Panels
placement of 16-14
valve accessory 16-14
Parallel Welding
advantages 2-3
defined 2-3
Part
See Also, Workpiece
moving part 16-12
spare parts 25-14
Peel
See, Tests
Percent Setdown
See, Cross Wire Welding
Percussion Welding
applications 6-13 6-14Index Terms Links
Percussion Welding (Cont.)
definition 1-2
general description 6-12
joints, butt welded 6-14
limitations 6-14
materials 6-13 6-14
principles of operation 6-12
process, diagram of 6-13
Personnel
equipment setup 25-4
safety 22-2 25-3
Pillow
See, Tests
Plated Steels
See, Coated Steels; Steels
Pneumatic Systems
See, Air Systems
Polyphase
See, Direct Energy; Machines; Power
Supply
Portable Gun Welding Machine
controls 16-14
guns 16-14
panel 16-14
secondary cables 16-14
setup of 16-13
system configuration 16-13
transformer configurations 16-13
transformer sizes 16-13
Postheat
See Also, Flash Welding; High Carbon,
Low Alloy Steels
defined 8-12 8-13
Postweld
heat treatment 8-1 8-4
"postweld interval" 2-5
Potentiometer 22-5 Index Terms Links
Power Conversion
ac to ac conversion 19-3
ac to dc conversion 19-3
frequency, defined 19-3
high frequency direct current, defined 19-11
kVA demand, defined 19-3
kVA rating, defined 19-3
Power Factor
See Also, Power Supply
compension 20-11 22-22
defined 21-3 21-5
factors affecting 21-3
improvement of 21-3
measurement of 22-14
Power Rates
defined 21-5
determining factors 21-5
Power Supply
cables, conduit sizes 21-6 21-7
composite curves 21-4
connected load 21-5
diversity factor, defined 21-13
electricity, source of 21-1
equivalent continuous current ratings 21-6
feeder size, calculation of 21-7
in-plant system, description of 21-7
in-plant system, determining factors 21-7
lamp flicker 21-3 21-4
load factor 21-5
nameplate current ratings 21-6 21-7
NEC® carrying capacities,
for wires & cables 21-6 21-7
out-plant system, description of 21-1
power factor 21-3 21-5
protective devices 21-15
service solutions for 21-2
single-phase load 21-1 21-2 Index Terms Links
Power Supply (Cont.)
thermal loading, equivalent continuous 21-14
thermal rating 21-7
utilities, metering methods 21-5 21-7
voltage drop 21-9
Preheat
See Also, Flash Welding; High Carbon,
Low Alloy Steels
defined 8-13
"preheat time" 2-5 8-8 8-9
Press Welding Machine
defined, type of 16-5
jigs & fixtures 17-10
projection welding 16-5
RWMA Size 1 17-8 17-11
RWMA Size 3 17-11
RWMA Size 4 17-7 17-10
spot welding 16-5
Pressure
control of 22-3
regulator 23-4
Preweld
"preweld interval" 2-5
Primary
coils 19-7
transformer 19-6
voltage 19-3
Primary Windings 19-4
Principles 1-3
Process
calibration 22-5
control 22-21
monitoring 22-18
variables 22-2
variables, measurement of 22-8
verification 22-27Index Terms Links
Processes (Welding)
See Also, Section 1-(Chapters 1-6)
additional 6-1
defined 1-1
Production Rate
defined 19-3
Projection Welding
See Also, Aluminum ; Coated Steels;
Copper; Electrodes; Low Carbon
Steels; Machines; Nickel; Stainless
Steels
advantages 1-14 3-1
advantages, circular shape 3-3
aluminum 11-33
applications 3-3 3-4 17-10
coated steels 10-4
conical punch 3-3
copper 13-10
costs 1-10
definition 1-2 3-1
design considerations 1-14 3-3
die set 17-7
dies 3-11
electrode design 3-12
electrode force, principal functions 3-8 3-10
electrode material 3-12
electrodes 3-11 18-24
electrodes, flat 3-11
general description 3-1
heat balance 3-17
heat balance, factors affecting 3-17
heat dissipations 3-17
heat generation 1-7
low carbon steels 7-11 7-12 7-17
machines, press type 16-5 17-10
materials 3-3 3-17
multiple projections 3-11Index Terms Links
Projection Welding (Cont.)
nickel 14-15
nickel, dissimilar alloys 14-15
nickel, weld tests 14-15
part preparation 3-12
part tolerance, effect of 3-12
plated steels 10-5
principal uses 3-2
principles 3-8
projection design 3-3
projection shape 3-12
projection size 3-12
projections, annular 3-5
projections, bubble type 3-3
projections, elongated 3-6
projections, type of 1-14 3-3
quality control 24-32
ring welds, formation of 3-10
spherical punch 3-3
spherical radius 3-3
stainless steels 9-8
surface cleaning 3-12
surface marking 3-12
truncated punch 3-3
weld, factors affecting 3-8
weld formation 3-8
weld nut, applications 3-7
weld nut, types of 3-7
weld quality 3-12
"weld time" 3-8 3-11
welding current 3-8
welding force 3-17
welding technique 3-17
welds, types of 1-14
Projection Welding Machine
See Also, Press Welding Machine
defined 1-10 16-5
press type 17-10 17-11Index Terms Links
Pulsation Welding
definition 1-2
Pumps
classificatins 23-6
gear type 23-7
non-positive displacement 23-6
piston type 23-7
positive displacement 23-6
radial piston 23-7
reciprocating 23-5
screw type 23-7
vane types 23-6
Push-Pull Welding
defined 2-4
Q
Quality Control
See Also, Tests
control charts 24-20
electrode force, effects of 24-1 24-2
general description 24-1
nondestructive tests 24-4
standard test data forms 24-4
statistical control, determination of
factors 24-20
statistical control, installation of 24-19
statistical methods 24-19
surface resistance analyzer 24-17 24-18
tensile-shear strength 24-5
(Note 2)
test, torsional-shear 24-13
testing, general description 24-4
testing, methods defined 24-4
tests, data sheets 24-24
tests, flash welds 24-6
tests, preparatio n for 24-6
tests, roll spot welds 24-5 Index Terms Links
Quality Control (Cont.)
tests, seam welds 24-5
tests, spot welds 24-5
tests, types of 24-5 24-6
tests, various types 24-5
weld quality, factors affecting 24-1
weld quality, variable factors 24-1 24-2
weld tests, AWS standards 24-4
Quench
"quench time" 2-5 8-5 8-7
R
Radiographic
See, Tests
Reactance 19-2 19-3
Recorders 22-18
Rectifier
See Also, Transformers
circuit, six-phase star 19-14 19-15
leg 19-12
transformer 19-12 19-13
Rectifier Machine
See Also, Equipment; Magnesium,
welding schedules
defined 11-7 11-8 16-17
dry-disc type 16-2
Rectifier Systems
single-phase, advantages 19-13
single-phase, defined 19-12
three-phase, defined 19-14
three-phase, full wave 19-14
three-phase, half wave 19-14
two-phase, advantages 19-14
two-phase, defined 19-13
two-phase, disadvantages 19-14
Redressing
See, Electrodes Index Terms Links
Refractory Metals
defined 15-4
general description 15-4
molybdenum, welding technique 15-4
nickel, use of 15-4
oxidation 15-4
spot welding 15-4
tantalum, welding technique 15-4
tungsten, welding technique 15-4
upset welding 15-4
"weld time" 15-4
welding conditions 15-4
Regulators 23-4
Reservoirs
See, Air Systems; Hydraulic Systems
Resistance 19-2 19-3
Resistance Brazing
advantages 6-10
cables 6-8
"cool time" 6-6
definition 1-3 6-4
electrode assembly, example of 6-7
electrode, materials 6-7
electrodes, cooling of 6-6 6-8
electrodes, grades of carbon 6-7
equipment 6-6
equipment, portable 6-8
facing material 6-6 6-8
filler metal 6-6 6-9 6-10
fluxes, types of 6-8
fluxing 6-8
general description 6-4
heat generation 6-6
"heat time" 6-6
incandescent 1-3
joints, butt 6-9
joints, lap 6-9 Index Terms Links
Resistance Brazing (Cont.)
joints, scarfed butt 6-9
joints, solidified 6-9
joints, straight or square butt 6-9
joints, types of 6-9
machine 6-6
materials 6-6
pickling 6-8
procedure, defined 6-4
setup, typical 6-7
surface preparation 6-6 6-8
timing range 6-7
tongs 6-8
"weld time" 6-6
Resistance Cutting
applications 6-16
cables, examples of 6-17
equipment 6-16 6-18
process, defined 6-16
Resistance Parting
process, defined 1-3 6-16
Resistance Welder Manufacturers'
Association (RWMA)
See Also, Electrodes, materials
control standards 20-5
Resistivity Probe 22-28
Robots
anthropoid style 16-15
applications 16-15 16-16
electric 16-15
force systems 16-15
gantry style 16-16
general description 16-14
hydraulic 16-15
implementation, considerations 16-16
integration 16-14
pneumatic 16-12Index Terms Links
Robots (Cont.)
Robot Industries Association (RIA) 16-16
selection of 16-16
styles, defined 16-15
turret style 16-14 16-15
use of 16-12
Rocker Arm Welding Machine
air operated 16-3
electrode force 16-3
electrode settings 16-3
foot operated 16-3
hopper applications 17-14
principles 16-3
Roll Spot Welding
See Also, Low Carbon Steels; Seam
Welding; Stainless Steels
aluminum 11-30 11-31
applications 1-8
definition 1-2
quality control 24-31
S
Safety
devices 25-4
hazards 25-3
machine guarding 25-3
operator 25-5
personnel 25-3
procedures 22-2
Schedules (Welding)
See, Aluminum; Copper; Flash Welding;
High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels; Low
Carbon Steels; Magnesium; Nickel;
Seam Welding; Spot Welding
Seam Welding
See Also, Aluminum; Coated Steels;
Copper; Electrodes; High Carbon , Index Terms Links
Seam Welding (Cont.)
Low Alloy Steels; Low Carbon Steels;
Machines; Magnesium; Nickel;
Stainless Steels; Titanium; Zinc
aluminum 11-30 11-31
aluminum, electrode cleaning 11-31
aluminum, electrode cooling 11-31
angle joint 4-1
applications 1-15 1-16 4-2 4-4
applications, lap seam 4-8
butt seam 4-1
chrome plated steels 10-5
coated steels 10-4
"cool time" 4-6
cooling 4-9 4-10
copper 13-10
costs 1-10
current, continuous 4-4
current, interrupted 4-4
definition 1-2 4-1
design considerations 1-15 4-2
direct current 4-5
electrodes 18-25
equipment, selection of 1-10
fixtures 17-15
flange joint 4-1
foil butt 4-4
gaging fixture, 'Z' Bar 4-7 4-8
galvanized iron 10-5
general description 4-1
"heat time" 4-6
high carbon, low alloy steels 8-12
lap joint 4-1
lap seam 4-1
lap weld 4-1
lead plated steels 10-5
leak test 4-10Index Terms Links
Seam Welding (Cont.)
low carbon steels 7-12 7-13
machines 11-30 16-6 18-26
machines, circular type 4-1
machines, longitudinal type 4-1
macroetch test 24-29
magnesium, equipment 12-2
mash seam 4-2
materials 4-2 4-7 4-11
nickel 14-16 14-17
nickel, electrode suggestions 14-16
nickel plated steels 10-3
nickel, weld quality 14-16
nickel, weld tests 14-16
nickel, welding conditions 14-17
peel test 4-9
pillow test 4-9
plated steels 10-4
production factors 4-5
quality control 4-8 24-31 24-32
roll spot weld 4-7
spot tack welding 4-7
stainless steels 9-4 9-8
surface cleaning 4-8
tension-shear test 4-9
terne plated steels 10-2 10-4
terne plated steels, welding schedules 10-4
tests 4-9 4-10
tin plated steels 10-2 10-4
titanium 15-2
unweldable stock 4-7
warpage, prevention of 4-10
weld appearance 4-10 4-11
"weld interval" 4-6
weld quality 1-11 4-8 4-9
weld strength 4-9
weldable stock 4-7 Index Terms Links
Seam Welding (Cont.)
welding current 4-4
welding schedules 4-5 4-6
welding schedules, low carbon steel 7-16 7-17
welding speeds 4-5 4-6
welding variables 4-4
welds, continuous 4-4
welds, roll spot 4-1
welds, seam 4-1 4-3
welds, types of 4-1 4-2
wheel depressions 4-9
zinc plated steels 10-5
zinc, welding conditions 15-5
Seam Welding Machine
applications 16-8
drive arrangements 16-7
electrode arrangements 16-7
general principles 16-6
materials welded 16-8
setup of 16-6
types of 16-6 18-26
Secondary Circuit
See, Electrical System
Secondary Coil 19-7
Secondary Current
See, Current
Secondary Windings
See, Windings
Series Welding
advantages 17-8
applications 17-7
circuits 2-3
defined 2-3 2-4
general description 17-7 17-8
tooling 17-7
Service
air installation 25-2 Index Terms Links
Service (Cont.)
hydraulic installation 25-3
removing equipment 25-13
water installation 25-3
Shunting
See, Heat Generation
Shuttle Devices
applications 17-12
general description 17-11 17-12
Single-Phase
See Also, Aluminum, welding schedules;
Controls; Direct Energy; Equipment;
Machines; Magnesium, welding
schedules; Rectifier Systems;
Transformers
direct energy, current–force illus. 11-21
Slope Control
See, Controls
Spike Welding Machine
defined 16-17
Spot Welding
See Also, Aluminum; Coated Steels;
Copper; Dissimilar Metals; Electrodes;
High Carbon, Low Alloy Steels; Low
Carbon Steels; Machines; Magnesium;
Nickel; Stainless Steels; Titanium; Zinc
aluminum 11-5
aluminum alloys 2024-T Alclad 11-5
aluminum, electrode cooling 11-29
aluminum, electrode maintenance 11-29
aluminum, peel test 11-26
aluminum, radiography test 11-26
aluminum, visual inspection test 11-26
aluminum, weld consistency 11-27
aluminized steel 10-3
bonderized steel 10-3
cadmium plated steel 10-4 Index Terms Links
Spot Welding (Cont.)
cartridge brass 13-9
chromium plated steel 10-3
coated steels 10-1
consistency test 24-31
contacting overlap 1-13
copper 13-5
copper alloys, physical properties 13-6
copper alloys, welding schedules 13-9
copper alloys, welding technique 13-7
copper, electrode configuration 13-7
copper silicon 13-10
costs 1-9
definition 1-2 2-1
design considerations 1-12
direct welds 2-3
dissimilar metals 15-5
dissimilar metals, electrode material 15-7
dissimilar metals, heat balance 15-7
dissimilar metals, welding schedules 15-8
downslope 2-6
edge distance 11-22
electrode force 2-8
electrode holders 18-20
electrode materials 18-8
electrode space 1-13
electrodes 18-12
electrodes, choice of 2-5
electrodes, effects of 2-7
equipment, costs 1-9
equipment, selection of 1-9 1-13 2-8
fatigue test 24-29
forging 8-8
galvanneal plated steel 10-2
general principles 2-1
grain refinement 8-8
hardness test 24-31Index Terms Links
Spot Welding (Cont.)
heat balance 2-2
high brass 13-8
high carbon and low alloy steels 8-3
high carbon and low alloy, welding
cycle 8-9 8-10
indirect welds 2-4
internal discontinuities, causes of 2-8
impact test 24-29
implementation of 2-8
lead 15-5
low brass 13-9
low carbon steels 7-3
machines 16-11
machine setup, AISI 4130 8-5
machines, multiple spot 16-11
machines, press type 16-5
macroetch test 24-29
magnesium 12-1
magnesium, chrome-pickle coating 12-1
magnesium, dissimilar metals 12-3
magnesium, equipment 12-2
magnesium, physical properties 12-4
materials, dissimilar 2-5
materials, ferrous 2-5
materials, nonferrous 2-5
materials, selection of 1-18 2-5
materials, thickness considerations 2-5
microetch examination 24-31
Monel, welding conditions 14-17
muntz metal 13-8
nickel 14-6
nickel alloys, weld defects 14-12
nickel alloys, welding technique 14-8
nickel, electrode maintenance 14-8
nickel, electrode suggestions 14-6
nickel plated steel 10-3 Index Terms Links
Spot Welding (Cont.)
nickel, variables 14-6
nickel, weld defects 14-12
nickel, weld quality 14-8 14-11
nickel, weld size 14-11
nickel, weld tests 14-14
nickel, welding schedules 14-4 14-5 14-9
painted surfaces 10-4
parallel welds 2-3
parkerized steel 10-3
phosphor bronze 13-10
plated steels 10-1
preheating 8-8
principles, general 2-1
process, selection of 2-8
quality control 24-28
radiographic test 2-7 24-30
red brass 13-9
secondary circuit 2-2
series welds 2-3 2-4
sheet separation 2-8
sherardized steel 10-3
shunting effect 11-19
silicon brass 13-9
silicon bronze 13-10
similar metals 15-5
stages, defined 8-8
stainless steels 9-5
steel, AISI 4130 8-5 8-6
steel, AISI 4340 8-6
steels, AISI 1020, 1035, 1045 8-6 8-7
surface cleaning 2-7
surface condition 1-14 2-6
surface contaminants, effects of 2-6
tensile-shear strength 2-7
tension-shear test 2-7 24-27 24-28
terne plate 10-2 Index Terms Links
Spot Welding (Cont.)
tests, types of 2-7
throat depth, provision for 1-13
tin plate 10-2
titanium 15-1
titanium, electrode suggestions 15-2
titanium, welding conditions 15-2 15-3
twist test 24-29 24-30
upslope 2-6
weld cycle 2-5
weld, development 11-8
weld, structure 11-8
weld quality, determination of 2-7
weld quality, improvement of 1-11
weld strength 1-13 2-7
"weld time" 2-1
welding current 2-1
welding schedules 2-7
welding schedules, aluminum 11-24
welding schedules, low carbon steel 7-6
welds, types of 1-12 2-2
work surface, appearance of 2-7
work surface, evaluation of 2-7
workpiece, design considerations 1-12
workpiece, surface condition 2-6
workpiece, thickness 2-5
yellow brass 13-8
zinc plated steel 10-2
zinc, welding conditions 15-4
Spot Welding Machine
controls 16-13
general description 1-9 16-11
moving part 16-12
multiple 16-11
portable 1-10
setup of 16-11 16-12
stationary 16-11
system configurations 16-12Index Terms Links
Squeeze
"squeeze time" 2-5 20-4
Stainless Steels
applications 9-3
austenitic 9-1 9-3
carbide precipitation 9-3
carbide precipitation zones 9-4
clad steel, definition 9-9
clad steel, welding technique 9-8 9-11
classification 9-1
corrosion, intergranular 9-3
definition 9-1
ferritic 9-1 9-2
flash welding 9-8
general principles 9-1
intergranular corrosion 9-3
martensitic 9-1 9-2
martensitic, applications 9-3
mash seam welding 4-2
oxidation, resistance to 9-1
physical properties 9-4
pickling 9-5
projection welding 9-7
projection welding, welding schedules 9-10
properties, consideration of 9-4
roll spot welding 9-8
seam welding 9-4 9-8
seam welding, equipment 9-8
seam welding, heat distortion 9-8
seam welding, machines 9-8
seam welding, warping 9-8
seam welding, weld shrinkage 9-8
seam welding, weld structure 9-8
seam welding, welding schedules 9-11
spot welding 9-5
spot welding, electrodes 9-5
spot welding, heat distortion 9-6 Index Terms Links
Stainless Steels (Cont.)
spot welding, multiple-impulse 9-7
spot welding, spot spacing 9-5
spot welding, variables 9-5
spot welding, weld shrinkage 9-7
spot welding, weld structure 9-6 9-7
spot welding, "weld time" 9-5
spot welding, welding controls 9-6
spot welding, welding current 9-5
spot welding, welding force 9-5
spot welding, welding schedules 9-9 9-10
stabilized alloys 9-4
surface cleaning 9-5
types of, groups defined 9-1
variables 9-6
weld quality 9-6
weld structure 9-6 9-7
Statistical Process Control (S.P.C.)
See, Quality Control
Steels
See Also, Coated Steels; High Carbon,
Low Alloy Steels; Stainless Steels
coated steels, types of 10-1
coated steels, welding technique 10-1
Stored Energy
electrochemical welding machine 11-7
electromagnetic welding machine 11-7
electrostatic current–force diagram 11-21
electrostatic welding machine 11-7
homo-polar welding machine 11-7
welding machine, types defined 11-6 11-7 16-1 16-2
T
Tables
dial 17-11
dial, Geneva 17-11
dial table machine 17-11Index Terms Links
Tables (Cont.)
eight station 17-11
rotary index table 16-12
Tantalum
See, Refractory Metals
Tapers
See, Electrodes
Temper
"temper time" 2-5 8-5
Temperature
measurement of 22-13
sensing devices 22-14
Tensile-shear Strength
See Also, Aluminum; High Carbon, Low
Alloy Steels; Low Carbon; Nickel
defined 24-5
(Note 2)
Tensile Strength
defined 24-5
(Note 2)
Tension-shear
See, Tests
Tests
See Also, Qualit y Control
AWS standards 24-4
bend 24-15
cross-tension 24-7 24-8
drop-impact 24-9
eddy current 22-29 24-16
fatigue 24-11
flash welds 24-6
hardness 24-14
impact 24-8
leak 4-10
macroetch 14-15 24-11
pattern signals 22-26 22-27
peel 4-9 14-14 24-15Index Terms Links
Tests (Cont.)
pillow 4-9 4-10 24-12
projection welds 24-5
radiographic 2-7 14-14 22-29 24-12
roll spot welds 24-5
seam welds 24-5
shear-impact 24-8
shear-impact loading 24-10 24-11
spot welds 24-5
tension 24-7
tension-impact loading 24-11
tension-shear 14-14 24-6
tension-shear, fatigue 24-11
torsional 24-13
torsional-shear 24-13 24-14
torsional, straight-shear strength
equation 24-14
twist 14-14 24-13
u-tension 24-7 24-8
water flow 25-8
water leaks 25-8
Thermocouple 22-13
Thermometer 22-13
Three-Phase
See Also, Aluminum, welding schedules;
Controls; Direct Energy; Equipment;
Machines; Rectifier Systems;
Transformers
three-phase direct energy,
current-force diagram 11-20
Time
See Also, Cool; Flash Welding; Heat;
Postheat; Preheat; Squeeze; Temper;
Weld
control of 22-4
defined 1-6
diagram, weld cycle 2-5
welding current time 22-2 Index Terms Links
Timers
absolute 20-2
electronic timers 20-3 20-4
nonsynchronous 20-2 20-3
synchronous 20-2 20-3
synchronous precision 20-2
transistorized 20-3
Timing
motor timing 20-3
pneumatic timing 20-3
Tin
See, Copper
Tips
See, Electrodes
Titanium
alloys 15-1 15-3
flash welding 15-2
general description 15-1
physical properties 15-1
seam welding 15-2
spot welding 15-1
spot welding, electrode suggestions 15-2
spot welding, welding conditions 15-2
surface preparation 15-1
welding technique 15-1
Tooling
configurations 16-12
general description 17-2
indirect welding 17-8
location type 17-2
maintenance 25-6 25-7
materials, types & use of 17-3
multiple welding 17-9
parallel welding 17-9
perishable 17-2
quick change 16-12
series welding 17-7 Index Terms Links
Torsional-shear
See, Tests
Transducers 22-20 22-21
Transfer Lines
transfers, mechanical 16-12 16-13
Transformers
center tap 19-13 19-14
configuration 19-5 19-6
defined 19-2
design 19-6
diodes 19-13
excitation current test 25-8
fixture type 17-9 19-5 19-8
frequency converter type 19-3 19-9 19-10
general principles 19-4
high frequency type 19-11
Hipersil 19-6 20-10
Hipot test 25-7
kVA demand 19-8
kVA rating 19-7 19-8
machine type 19-7 19-14
main 19-14
maintenance 25-7 25-8
multiple spot 19-5 19-7 19-8
nonrectified 19-14
package type 17-9
portable gun 19-6
power supply transformer, rating of 21-14
power transformer, selection of


كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net
The Unzip Password : books-world.net
أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم

رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Resistance Welding Manual
رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Resistance Welding Manual
الرجوع الى أعلى الصفحة اذهب الى الأسفل
 
كتاب Resistance Welding Manual
الرجوع الى أعلى الصفحة 
صفحة 2 من اصل 1
 مواضيع مماثلة
-
» كتاب Haynes Welding Manual
» كتاب The Haynes Welding Manual
» كتاب Underwater Cutting & Welding Manual
»  كتاب Soldering, Brazing & Welding - A Manual Of Techniques
» كتاب Welding Technical Manual Design, Procedures And Inspection

صلاحيات هذا المنتدى:لاتستطيع الرد على المواضيع في هذا المنتدى
منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى :: المنتديات الهندسية :: منتدى الكتب والمحاضرات الهندسية :: منتدى الكتب والمحاضرات الهندسية الأجنبية-
انتقل الى: