Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Process / Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook الجمعة 21 مايو 2021 - 23:42 | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Process / Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook Gregory K. McMillan Editor-in-Chief Douglas M. Considine Late Editor-in-Chief Fifth Edition
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Section 1. Introductory Review 1.1 Section 2. Control System Fundamentals 2.1 Control Principles / 2.4 Techniques for Process Control / 2.30 Basic Control Algorithms / 2.57 Safety in Instrumentation and Control Systems / 2.83 Section 3. CONTROLLERS 3.1 Distributed Control Systems / 3.6 Programmable Controllers / 3.32 Stand-Alone Controllers / 3.50 Hydraulic Controllers / 3.57 Batch Process Control / 3.70 Automatic Blending Systems / 3.85 Distributed Numerical Control and Networking / 3.91 Computers and Controls / 3.100 Manufacturing Message Specification / 3.134 Field-Based Systems / 3.162 Section 4. PROCESS VARIABLES—FIELD INSTRUMENTATION 4.1 Temperature Systems / 4.8 Fluid Pressure Systems / 4.47 Industrial Weighing and Density Systems / 4.188 Humidity and Moisture Systems / 4.194 Section 5. GEOMETRIC AND MOTION SENSORS 5.1 Metrology, Position, Displacement, Thickness and Surface Texture Measurement / 5.5 Magnetostrictive Linear Position Sensors / 5.38 Object Detectors and Machine Vision / 5.65 Flat Web (Sheet) Measurement and Control / 5.92 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Instrumentation / 5.96 Vibration Measurement / 5.111 Section 6. REAL-TIME ANALYTICAL COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS FOR INPUT TO PROCESS CONTROL 6.1 Introduction / 6.6 Concentration Measurement Technology and Devices / 6.10 pH Measurement: Theory and Reality / 6.23 Optical Concentration Transducers / 6.55vi CONTENTS Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Analysis / 6.70 Sample Extraction, Conditioning, and Preparation for On-Line Analysis (Continuous Sample Flow versus Discrete Sampling) / 6.83 System Control and Managing Data / 6.104 Calibration and Validation / 6.112 Application Examples / 6.130 Section 7. CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS 7.1 Data Signal Handling in Computerized Systems / 7.2 Noise and Wiring in Data Signal Handling / 7.27 Industrial Control Networks / 7.34 Section 8. OPERATOR INTERFACE 8.1 Operator Interface—Design Rationale / 8.2 Cognitive Skills and Process Control / 8.11 Distributed Display Architecture / 8.22 Knowledge-Based Operator Training / 8.31 Intelligent Alarms / 8.37 Section 9. VALVES, SERVOS, MOTORS, AND ROBOTS 9.1 Process Control Valves / 9.5 Control Value Cavitation: An Overview / 9.63 Control Valve Noise / 9.75 Servomotor Technology in Motion Control Systems / 9.82 Solid-State Variable Speed Drives / 9.107 Robots / 9.123 Current-to-Pressure Transducers for Control-Valve Actuation / 9.139 Section 10. PROCESS CONTROL IMPROVEMENT 10.1 World-Class Manufacturing / 10.7 Plant Analysis, Design, and Tuning for Uniform Manufacturing / 10.17 Control Valve Response / 10.61 Process Impact / 10.70 Best Practices, Tools, and Techniques to Reduce the Maintenance Costs of Field Instrumentation / 10.86 New Developments in Analytical Measurements / 10.107 Fundamentals of the Quantitative NMR / 10.135 The Improvement of Advanced Regulatory Control Systems / 10.170 Multivariable Predictive Control and Real-time Optimization / 10.190 Neural Networks / 10.222 Section 11. STANDARDS OVERVIEW 11.1 Safety Instrumented (Interlock) Systems / 11.3 An Overview of the ISA/IEC Fieldbus / 11.14 Batch Control: Applying the S88.01 Standard / 11.35 Index / Index terms Links A Abrasion 6.48 Absolute-pressure manometer 4.50 Acceleration instrumentation 1.7 5.96 5.116 Accelerometers 5.11 5.116 Accessibility 10.95 Acid error 6.44 Acoustic pyrometer 4.47 AC synchronous motor 9.87 AC tachometers 5.100 Activity coefficients pH 6.39 Actuators 9.35 9.62 10.67 10.93 AC variable frequency 9.111 Adaptive control 2.48 2.79 10.178 10.228 10.231 Air speed 5.109 Alarms 8.32 8.37 11.8 Aliasing 2.47 2.58 10.32 Algorithms 1.2 2.19 2.28 2.44 2.75 Alkalinity error 6.44 Allocation batch control standard (S88) 11.52 Alphanumeric displays 8.5 Aluminum oxide sensor 4.218 4.221 4.236 4.238 4.247 Analog systems 7.9 Analog-to-digital converters 7.9 7.15 10.32 10.89 10.92 10.173 Analytical measurements 1.12 Analyzers apodization 10.112 applications of 10.129 Beer’s law 6.71 calibration of 6.113 6.129 capabilities of 10.128 chemilluminescence 6.79 coating 10.95 10.100 10.164 diagnostics 6.125 digital signal processing 6.106 diode array 10.125 fluoresence 6.80 Fourier transform in 10.110 information display 6.109 introduction to 1.7 ionization and 6.80 limitations 10.128 linear column 6.102 maintenance of 6.126 microwave analyzers 10.149 near-infrared (NIR) 10.108Index terms Links Analyzers (Cont.) neutron activation and 6.79 10.161 ownership cost 6.9 oxygen 6.122 photometric 6.74 Raman scattering 10.126 resolution 10.112 rules of thumb 10.133 sampling systems 1.8 6.7 6.75 6.84 sonic analyzers 10.149 statistical control 6.11 thermal conductivity 6.10 ultrasonic 6.80 validation 6.128 (See also specific devices; applications) Anemometers revolving vane 5.109 Angular velocity 5.97 Antialiasing 2.47 10.32 Apodization 10.112 Application considerations 4.179 Application matrix 4.139 Area classification 2.84 Artificial vision 5.85 Asset effectiveness management software 10.101 Associative pattern processing 5.88 Asymmetry potential 6.24 Asynchronous operation 3.114 Atomic emission spectrometers 10.168 Attenuation 7.49 Audit 10.24 Autocollimator 5.9 Autocorrelation 10.43 Automatically retractable 6.42 electrode Automatic reset 2.16 Automation impact 8.17 Automotive industry 4.246 B Back calculation 2.71 3.17 Backlash 5.16 10.68 (See also Dead band) Backpropogation 10.224 10.242 Backscatter 6.59 Ball valve 9.10 9.12 Bandwidth 7.49Index terms Links Bang-bang control 2.41 Barometer liquid 4.50 Basic fiber types 7.47 Batch control standard (S88) 1.3 3.70 11.37 11.57 Batch formalism 3.74 Batch operations 10.187 Batch preload 2.70 Batch process control 3.70 Batch sequence 8.37 Bearingless generators 5.102 Bearings 9.102 Beer’s law 6.71 Belt conveyors 4.152 Benefits 5.92 10.7 10.86 Best practices 1.12 10.86 10.179 10.189 11.34 Blackbody 4.35 Blending systems 1.3 3.85 10.46 Blend ratios 10.46 Bode’s integral 10.49 Body selection 9.52 Branch topology 11.18 Brush cleaner 6.34 Brushless motor 9.86 Bubbles 4.166 6.48 Buffer solution 6.50 Bulk effect sensors 4.226 Bulk solids flow measurement 4.151 Bumpless transfer 2.70 3.14 Business benefits 10.7 Butterfly valve 9.11 9.14 C Cable length 7.32 Calibration 1.8 6.50 6.64 6.113 10.97 Capability 5.54 Capacitance 4.176 4.233 Capacitive proximity sensors 5.72 Capacitive sensors 4.86 Capacitive transducers 4.68 Carbon dioxide 4.242 Cascade control 10.181 Cascade loop 10.47 Catalytic beads 6.13 Cathode ray tubes 3.9 3.11 8.5 8.23 8.28 CATV Cable 7.38 Cavitation 1.10 9.63 Central processing unit 3.116Index terms Links Centrifugal method 4.234 Ceramic sensors 4.86 Charge balances 8.32 Chemical cleaning 6.34 6.41 6.43 Chemical industry 4.241 Chemical resistant glass 6.45 Chemical seal 4.87 4.89 4.90 4.92 Chemilluminescence 6.79 Chilled mirror hygrometers 4.121 4.211 4.239 Choked flow 9.33 Cleaning methods 6.32 Clean rooms 4.245 Clinometer 5.9 Closed-loop performance monitor 10.104 Closed-loop time constant 10.50 10.184 Coating 6.47 6.52 10.95 10.100 10.160 Cognitive skills 1.9 8.11 Cold cathode ionization gage 4.82 4.84 Cold-start initialization 2.70 Color differentiation 5.80 Combination electrode 6.27 6.30 Combustion emissions monitoring (CEMS) 10.231 Common cause 5.54 Common-mode rejection 7.13 Communication models 7.41 (See also Signals) Communication standards 3.17 Compiler 3.120 Component balances 8.33 Computers 3.100 Computers terminology 3.111 Concentration measurement 6.10 Concentric flow 4.99 5.13 5.19 Concurrent operation 3.121 Conductivity 4.162 4.234 6.13 6.25 6.52 Control improvement 1.11 Controllability 2.4 2.23 Controllers 2.4 3.46 9.45 batch 3.70 blend 3.87 computers and 3.100 distributed 3.6 hydraulic 3.57 numerical 3.91 programmable 3.32Index terms Links Controllers (Cont.) stand-alone 3.50 Control limits 5.54 Control loop performance 10.43 Control module 11.41 Control network 3.36 Control optimization 10.71 Control rooms 3.10 Control system 1.1 2.1 5.92 10.170 Control valves 1.10 best practices 10.86 body selection 9.52 cavitation 9.63 choked flow 9.33 controller 9.45 damaged 9.66 9.73 diagnostics 9.46 dynamic specification 10.56 10.63 10.68 failures 10.92 flow capacity 9.28 flow control 9.58 10.65 hydrodynamics of 9.64 installation 9.48 10.180 introduction to 1.10 9.58 leakage 9.32 9.55 limit switch 9.47 maintenance procedures 9.59 material selection 9.25 9.69 noise 1.10 9.75 nonlinearities 10.56 nuclear service 9.19 operating temperature 9.24 packing 9.26 9.59 performance 9.21 piping 9.34 9.50 rangeability 9.29 resolution 9.130 10.57 10.171 response 1.11 9.22 9.57 10.61 10.93 selection 9.6 9.23 9.54 shutoff capability 9.30 sizing 9.23 9.31 9.52 10.56 special 9.16 troubleshootin (See also specific devices effects) Coriolis flow 4.193 10.92 Corrosion 6.48 9.54 4.34Index terms Links Critical angle measurement 6.66 Cross-correlation 10.42 Cross direction 5.92 Cryogenic control valve 9.18 CSMA/CD protocol 7.40 Current conversion 7.21 Current fed inverter 9.113 Current proportioning 2.19 controllers Current source inverter 9.113 9.119 Current-to-pressure 1.11 9.139 transducers Cycle time 10.172 Cycling hygrometer 4.215 Cycloconverter 9.121 D Dahlin method 10.186 Daisy-chain topology 11.18 Dampers 10.172 Data aliasing 10.30 Dead bandcontrol valve 9.22 10.63 10.68 10.76 10.78 Dead time 2.6 2.31 3.10 8.34 10.51 10.63 (Cont.) 10.68 10.170 10.182 DECnet 7.38 Deflector bar design 9.142 Density measurement 4.136 Density systems 1.6 4.188 Derivative action 2.19 2.27 Design life cycle 11.3 Device description language 11.27 Device network 3.37 Dew point 4.198 4.212 4.216 Diagnostics 1.12 6.125 9.46 10.28 10.99 10.104 11.23 Diaphragm actuators 9.38 Diaphragm seals 10.93 Differential pH electrode 6.31 6.40 Differential pressure 4.107 flowmeters Differential pressure 4.94 4.132 4.171 measurement Digital systems 2.65 5.10 6.106 7.24 7.47 9.46 Dimension gage 5.61 Diode array process 10.125 spectrometer Direct digital control 3.101Index terms Links Discrete model identification 2.52 5.89 Discrete switches 11.10 Displacement measurement 1.6 Displacers 4.160 Displays 3.9 Dissociation constants 6.38 Distillation 4.235 10.71 10.178 Distributed control systems 1.2 3.6 3.103 10.172 Distributed display architecture 1.9 Distributed numerical networking 1.4 3.91 Disturbance 2.40 Doppler-effect flowmeters 4.141 Dry bulb pyschrometry 4.206 Dryers 4.242 Dunmore sensors 4.221 Dynamic performance 10.63 Dynamic properties 9.127 Dynamic specification 10.56 10.93 Dynamic test 10.68 E Eccentric flow 4.99 Eccentric plug valve 9.11 Economic optimization 10.206 Eddy current 5.107 5.119 Effective wavelength 4.37 Electrical analog 2.7 2.9 Electrodes 6.48 10.93 Electrohydraulic actuator 9.42 Electrohydraulic amplifier 3.63 Electroluminescent panels 8.31 Electrolytic sensor 4.226 Electromechanical switches 4.159 4.162 5.65 Electropneumatic transducers 9.46 Emissions monitoring (CEMS) 6.135 Emissivity 4.35 4.37 Emulated control systems 8.36 Encoders 5.32 rotary motion 5.20 End-effectors 9.132 Energy balances 8.32 Equipment module 11.41 Ergonomic analysis 8.4 Erosion 9.55 10.95 Error analysis 6.24 6.39 10.85 10.88 Ethernet 3.17 3.36 7.36 7.39 ETO sterilizers 4.241 8.23 8.30Index terms Links Evolutionary training 10.242 Exception handling 11.54 Exothermic process 2.10 10.187 Expert knowledge 8.14 Expert systems 8.13 Explosion hazard 2.86 External feedback 2.69 2.71 External reset 3.17 F Fail-safe 10.101 11.10 11.11 Failures 6.39 6.48 10.89 Faraday’s law 4.113 Fast fourier transform 10.38 Fatigue life equation 9.103 Feedback control 2.33 Feedforward control 2.37 3.17 10.180 FET sensors 6.30 Fiber optics 4.43 4.46 5.66 7.46 Fieldbus 1.13 3.21 4.88 7.45 10.92 11.15 best practices 11.34 branch topology 11.18 daisy-chain topology 11.18 device description language 11.27 (DDL) function blocks 11.21 11.23 installation 11.15 simulation 8.34 terminations 11.31 tree topology 11.19 wiring 11.31 Filled-system thermometers 4.44 Filter commutated thyristor drive 9.118 Filters 6.34 7.15 8.37 10.177 10.182 10.187 aliasing and 10.32 First-principle models 10.10 Fisher-Rosemount electrode 6.32 Fixed-point arithmetic 2.61 2.68 3.123 Flapper valve 3.61 9.139 Flat surface electrode 6.34 Flat web (sheet) 1.7 5.92 Floating-point format 2.66 Flow application matrix 4.139 Flowchart 3.129 Flows bulk-solids 4.151 concentric 4.99Index terms Links Flows (Cont.) differential pressure 4.94 4.105 4.107 4.132 Doppler effect in 4.141 eccentric 4.99 Faraday’s law 4.113 magnetic flowmeter 4.113 mass flow measurement 4.130 nozzle 4.96 4.100 open channel flow 4.149 orifice 4.96 oscillatory flowmeters 4.124 Parshall flumes 4.151 4.194 pitot tube 4.104 4.108 positive displacement 4.144 Reynolds numbers 4.121 segmental 4.99 steadiness 10.65 straight pipe lengths 4.106 4.108 tubes 4.100 venturi 4.96 vortex meters 4.126 4.131 4.133 weirs 4.149 Fluidic flowmeters 4.127 Fluted rotor meter 4.147 Forward scatter 6.59 Fouling 10.95 Fourier transform 10.38 10.110 10.122 Frequency outputs 7.24 Frequency responsive systems 5.101 Friction vacuum gage 4.84 Fuel/air ratio control 2.71 Functional specifications 11.49 Function approximation 10.227 Function blocks 3.43 11.21 11.23 Fuzzy logic 10.242 G Gain scheduling 10.178 10.182 Gas density detector 6.12 Gases measurement in 4.206 Gases application guide 4.231 Gas sizing 9.35 Gas turbines 4.245 Gate-turn-off thyristors (GTO) 9.109 Gaussian distribution 10.35 Gel layers 6.23 6.36 6.43 6.48 6.50 Genetic training 10.242Index terms Links Geometric sensors 5.1 Glass electrode 6.37 6.45 Glass fundamentals 6.23 6.27 Goniometer 5.9 Governors 5.108 Graphical user interface (GUI) 8.25 8.34 Graphics 8.22 Grippers 9.132 Grounding 7.29 H Hall-effect proximity sensors 5.69 5.71 Harmonics 10.38 HART transmitters 3.163 3.165 3.169 4.86 4.88 10.92 (Cont.) 10.105 Hazard analysis 11.4 Heaters 2.23 Heat exchangers 10.178 Heat flux sensor 6.13 High-temperature sheath materials 4.18 Histogram 5.54 10.14 10.35 Hot-filament ionization vacuum gage 4.81 Human factors 8.10 Humidity 1.6 (See also Moisture) Hydraulic controllers 1.3 3.57 Hydraulic tachometers 5.108 Hydrocarbons 6.142 Hysteresis 2.12 2.24 I Image processing 5.86 Impulse response modeling 10.213 Induction motor 9.87 9.112 Inductive-bridge transducer 5.29 Inductive proximity sensors 5.66 Industrial control networks 1.9 7.34 Infared radiation thermometers 4.34 Inferential measurements (See Neural networks) Information display 6.109 Information network 3.36 Information overload 8.19 Infrared absorption analysis 4.222 4.233 6.78 Inherent flow characteristic 10.63 Initialization sequences 3.16Index terms Links Installation best practices 6.49 10.95 control valve 9.48 10.178 fieldbus 11.15 11.29 guidelines 4.179 4.182 instrument 10.98 pH and 6.49 turbidity and 6.63 Instruction list 3.44 Insulated gate bipolar transistors 9.109 Insulation class 9.96 Integral-only controller 3.12 3.15 Integrated absolute error 2.31 Integrity level 11.5 Intelligent devices 3.2 3.163 (See also Smart transmitters; Neural networks) Interactivity 10.177 10.182 Interferometer 5.6 Interlock systems (See Safety) Interrupts 3.109 Inverse control 10.229 10.232 Inverse response 10.177 10.181 10.184 Inverters 9.112 9.119 I/O channel 3.116 Ionic equilibrium 6.40 Ionization 4.81 6.80 Ion resonance mass analyser 10.121 IP classification 9.101 Iridium oxide 6.29 ISA standards (See specific types) Isopotential point 6.25 6.29 6.36 J Jet pipe valve 3.59 Justification 10.211 K Kalman filter 2.56 Keyboards 8.8 8.26 Key process variables 10.9 Kicker algorithm 10.189 Kurtosis 5.54 L Ladder diagram 3.41 3.43 Lag calculation 2.74Index terms Links Lambda tuning method 5.94 10.45 10.50 10.51 10.183 10.186 Lapping the seats 9.60 Lasers scanning 5.91 Lead calculation 2.74 Leakage 9.32 9.55 Learning styles 8.17 Least-squares method 2.55 2.79 Lethal service 6.150 Level sensors 1.5 application considerations 4.179 bubblers 4.166 capacitance 4.176 conductivity 4.162 differential pressure 4.171 displacers 4.160 electromechanical 4.159 floats 4.160 installation 4.179 4.182 magnetostrictive 4.183 material buildup 4.158 microwave analyzers 4.182 mounting 4.168 4.175 optics 4.186 plumb bob 4.161 pressure transmitters 4.167 radiometric 4.184 rotating paddles 4.161 rules of thumb 10.47 selection criteria 4.181 selection of 4.155 thermodispersion 4.166 time-domain reflectometry 4.182 ultrasonic 4.166 4.173 4.187 vibrating rod 4.163 vibration 4.158 weighing 4.186 Life expectancy of instrument 10.93 Light scattering 6.56 Light sensors 5.82 7.50 Limit switches 5.65 9.47 Linear column 6.102 Linear motion 5.28 Linear potentiometers 5.36 Linear programs 2.72 Linear-quadratic design 2.40 Linear systems 10.197Index terms Links Linear transformers 5.97 Liquid application guide 4.235 Liquid chromatography 10.168 Liquid crystal displays 8.31 Liquid flow equation 9.3 Liquid material balances 8.32 Liquid velocity 10.98 Load commutated inverter 9.116 Lobed-impeller meter 4.148 Local area networks (LANS) 7.36 7.38 Loop current step response 10.100 (LCSR) Loop performance 9.21 10.43 10.178 Lubrication 9.104 Lyman-alpha absorption 4.223 M Machine vision 1.6 5.84 Magnetic dry-reed switches 5.70 Magnetic flowmeter (magmeter) 4.113 10.93 Magnetic position transducer 5.32 Magnetic properties 5.44 Magnetic speed sensors 5.102 Magnetostrictive linear position sensors 5.38 Maintenance 1.12 3.171 6.25 6.41 6.51 6.64 6.126 9.59 10.25 6.97 Manipulated variables 10.181 Manometers 4.48 Manual handwheel 9.48 Manual reset 2.16 Manufacturing Automation protocol 7.43 Manufacturing message specification 1.4 3.134 Mass flow measurement 4.130 10.92 Mass spectrometer 10.119 Material balances 10.102 Material selection 9.25 9.69 Matrix-oriented issues 2.79 McLeod gage 4.50 Metrology 1.6 5.5 Microwave analyzers 4.182 10.149 Minature positioning tables 5.12 Minimum-time switching control 2.41 Minimum-variance design 2.42 Model feedback control 2.44 Modeling guidelines 10.212Index terms Links Moisture aluminum oxide sensor 4.21 4.233 analysis 1.6 bulk-effect sensors 4.226 capacitance and 4.233 centrifugal 4.237 chilled mirror hygrometers 4.208 4.211 conductivity 4.237 content on paper 4.240 dew point 4.198 4.216 distillation 4.237 Dunmore sensors 4.221 electrolytic sensor 4.226 Fischer titration 4.230 humidity and 4.194 infrared absorption 4.222 liquids selection guide 4.238 lithium chloride sensor 4.221 Lyman absorption 4.223 piezoelectric applications 4.223 polystyrene sensor 4.222 psychrometric charts 4.197 4.199 4.206 sample systems 4.200 silicon chip sensors 4.222 turbidity 6.55 water activity measure 6.65 zirconium oxide sensors 4.230 Motion control 1.10 9.82 Motion sensors 5.1 5.112 5.118 Motor control 7.26 Motors 1.10 AC synchronous 9.87 bearings 9.102 brushes in 9.85 fatigue life equation 9.103 induction 9.87 Motors ((Cont.)) installation class 9.96 IP classification 9.101 lubrication 9.104 mounting 9.98 name-plate ratings 9.91 regulatory considerations 9.93 seals 9.105 torque curves 9.94 variable reluctance 9.89Index terms Links Motors (Cont.) vibration 9.105 Move suppression 10.204 Multi-capacity process 2.25 Multilevel series-cell inverter 9.121 Multiple loop control 2.38 Multiple output control 2.71 3.11 Multiplexers 7.14 Multivariable control 1.12 3.6 3.19 8.32 10.174 N Name-plate ratings 9.91 Natural gas 4.241 Near-infrared (NIR) 10.108 Nernst equations 6.23 6.37 6.38 6.41 6.49 Network selection 3.36 7.38 Neural networks 1.13 10.102 adaptive control 10.231 backpropagation perception 10.224 combustion emission monitors 10.234 evolutionary training 10.242 function approximation 10.227 future directions 10.240 genetic training 10.242 guidelines 10.239 interpolation 10.227 inverse control 10.229 10.232 optimization 10.235 parameter estimation 10.228 pattern recognition 10.226 recurrent network 10.240 selection 10.238 sensor validation 10.234 supervisory control 10.231 system identification 10.228 virtual sensor 10.234 Neural-point-clamped inverter 9.120 Neutron activation analyzers 6.79 10.161 Nitric oxide 6.131 Noise 1.8 1.10 7.27 8.34 9.75 10.175 10.177 10.183 Nominal pipe size 9.7 Noncontacting gages 5.45 5.118 Nonlinearities 10.56 10.172 Normal distribution 5.55 10.35 Nozzles 4.96 4.100 4.150 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 6.151 10.133Index terms Links Nuclear service control valve 9.19 Numerical aperture 7.49 O Object detectors 1.6 5.65 Object link embedding (OLE) 3.164 3.169 Object oriented software 3.24 Offset 2.15 2.25 On-off controller 2.11 2.24 Open-channel flow 4.149 4.151 Open-loop control 2.33 10.54 10.178 10.183 Open systems 3.17 7.44 Operating system 3.121 Operator entry 3.9 Operator interface 1.9 8.3 11.8 Opportunity assessment 10.14 Optical bench 5.12 Optical field 4.39 Optical path length 6.58 Optical pyrometer 4.43 Optical vibrometers 5.119 Optic fibers 7.47 Optimization 2.72 10.190 10.235 Orifice 4.94 10.94 Oscillating-position meters 4.145 Oscillatory flowmeters 4.124 OSI reference model 7.42 Out-of-loop familiarity 8.18 Oval-shaped gear flowmeter 4.147 Override control 5.96 Ownership cost 6.9 Oxidation 10.94 Oxygen 6.122 P Packing 9.26 9.59 Paddle wheel flowmeters 4.124 Paper industry 4.239 Paper machine 10.43 Parallel form 10.60 Parallel installation 6.48 Parameter estimation 10.228 Pareto chart 5.55 Parshall flumes 4.149 4.151 Partial pressure analyzers 4.85 Pattern recognition 2.50 5.85 8.14 10.104 10.226 PC-based control 3.33 3.48 Peak error 10.174Index terms Links Peltier effect 4.12 Performance 10.15 10.58 Personal computer 3.96 8.36 Phase angle control 2.21 Phase equilibrium 8.32 Phase logic 11.51 pH measurement abrasion and 6.48 acid error 6.44 activity coefficients 6.39 alkalinity electrode 6.29 asymmetry potential 6.24 brush cleaner 6.35 bubbles 6.48 6.64 buffer solution 6.51 calibration 6.51 cleaning 6.32 6.41 6.43 6.45 6.53 combination electrode 6.27 6.30 corrosion and 6.48 design 10.93 differential electrode 6.31 6.40 dissociation constants 6.38 electrode life 6.48 failures 6.24 6.39 6.40 6.48 FET sensors 6.30 filters 6.34 Fisher-Rosemount electrode 6.32 flat glass electrode 6.27 flat surface electrode 6.34 flowing junction reference electrode 6.36 6.40 gel layers 6.23 6.36 6.43 6.48 6.51 glass electrode resistance 6.37 6.46 glass fundamentals 6.27 high-purity water 6.39 installation 6.47 ionic equilibrium 6.40 iridium oxide 6.29 isopotential point 6.25 6.36 key points 6.46 maintenance of 6.53 measurement electrode 6.27 6.39 middle select 6.43 6.51 Nernst equations 6.23 6.37 6.38 6.41 6.49 parallel installation 6.48 probes 10.98 reference electrodes 6.27 6.30 6.39Index terms Links pH measurement (Cont.) rugged glass electrode 6.45 rules of thumb 6.54 scale 6.25 selection 6.40 sensor diagnostic 6.46 series installation 6.48 shrouds 6.28 6.33 soaking solution 6.47 sodium ion error 6.44 solids solid-state reference electrodes 6.31 6.40 spurious grounds 6.37 streaming potential 6.37 temperature compensation 6.24 6.38 6.41 6.49 troubleshooting logic 6.53 ultrasonic cleaning 6.41 velocity 6.49 water jet 6.35 Photoelectric sensors 5.77 5.107 Photometric analyzers 6.74 Physical models 11.40 11.43 PID algorithm 2.19 2.28 2.44 2.75 10.80 10.170 Pieozoresistive accelerometers 5.115 Piezoceramic 9.141 Piezoelectric devices 4.70 4.223 5.113 10.68 Piping practices 9.34 9.50 10.98 Pirani gage 4.79 Piston actuator 9.39 Pitot tube 4.104 4.108 5.109 Planck’s law 4.34 Plant analysis 1.11 10.17 10.46 10.107 Plumb bob 4.161 Pole-placement design 2.40 Polling 3.109 Polymerization 8.34 Polymer reference electrode 6.31 Polymer sensors 4.220 Pope polystyrene sensor 4.221 Positioner design 10.67 Position measurement 1.6 Position transmitters 9.45 9.48 Positive-displacement flowmeters 4.144 Power blending 3.86 Power outage 3.14 3.16 Power spectrum analysis 5.94 10.40 Predictive control 10.202 6.48Index terms Links Predictive maintenance 10.107 Predictors 8.16 Pressure capacitive transducers 4.68 ceramic sensors 4.86 chemical seals application 4.87 control and 10.178 10.184 differential pressure transmitters 4.94 piezoelectric transducers 4.72 piezoresistive transducers 4.70 resonant wire transducers 4.74 smart transmitters 4.86 strain-gage systems 4.54 variable differential transformers 4.76 (LVDTs) variable reluctance transducers 4.76 4.79 Pressure recovery factor 9.64 9.73 Pressure switches 10.92 Pressure systems 1.5 Pressure transmitters 4.53 4.167 Preventative maintenance 10.107 Principal component analysis 10.103 (PCA) Procedure control model 11.43 Process capability index 10.12 Process cell 11.42 Process characteristics 3.73 Process constraint 2.72 10.19 10.26 Process control tasks 8.11 10.9 Process dynamics 10.18 10.22 Process gain 2.10 10.178 Process impact 1.12 10.70 Process modeling 10.206 11.43 Process performance 3.18 3.19 10.12 Process reaction curve 2.4 2.23 Process sensitivity 10.178 Process variability 10.1 10.18 10.24 Production cost management 3.17 Production gaging 1.6 5.50 Profibus 3.23 Programmable controllers 1.3 3.9 3.32 Propeller-type anemometers 5.110 Propionic acid 6.122 Proportional band 2.13 Proportional controller 2.12 2.25 Proportional plus integral (PI) controller 2.16 2.70Index terms Links Proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controllers 2.19 2.28 2.44 Proportional valves 3.63 3.67 Protocol analysis 8.14 Proximity sensors 5.66 5.104 Pulsed flame photometric detector 6.79 Pulse inputs 7.24 Pyschrometry (See Moisture) Q Quality control 1.6 5.50 Quantization effects 2.78 (See alsoResolution) Quarter amplitude response 10.174 R Radar devices 10.92 Radiation stimulated fluorescence 6.80 Radio frequency (RF) probes 10.92 Radiometric 4.184 Raman scattering 10.126 Ramps 8.32 Rangeability 9.29 Rapid application tools 3.21 Recovery coefficient 10.95 Reaction kinetics 8.32 8.34 Reactor impact 10.74 Real-time expert system 10.103 Real-time optimization (RTO) 1.13 10.190 Recipe types 11.37 Recycle 10.181 Redundancy 11.11 Reference electrode 6.27 6.30 6.39 Refractive index 6.58 6.65 Refractometer 6.68 Regulatory considerations 9.93 Relative gain array (RGA) 2.38 Relative humidity 4.197 Relay-based control 3.34 Relay driving 7.26 Reliability 10.181 Remote digital heads 10.91 Remote terminal units 3.49 Repeatability 5.13 9.130 10.91 10.177 Reset 2.16 2.25 2.69 10.183 Resistance signals 7.18 Resistance-temperature detectors 4.20Index terms Links Resolution 2.30 3.131 5.13 8.34 9.130 10.57 10.112 10.175 10.183 Resolvers 5.27 Resonance 10.50 10.177 Resonant wire transducers 4.74 Retracting vane meter 4.149 Revolving anemometers 5.109 Reynolds numbers 4.121 Risk assessment 11.4 Robots 1.10 9.123 Robustness 2.34 10.49 Root cause 8.37 Rotary motion 5.19 Rotating paddles 4.161 Runaway response 10.178 Runout 5.13 5.20 S Safety 2.38 2.86 alarms 11.8 design life cycle 11.6 diagnostics 11.12 11.23 discrete switches 11.10 fail-safe 11.10 hazard analysis 11.4 instrumentation 1.2 integrity level 11.5 ISA standard 11.3 key points 11.13 layers 11.7 logic systems 11.9 operators 11.8 redundancy 11.11 risk assessment 11.4 rules of thumb 10.206 11.13 solenoids 11.11 Sampling 1.8 6.7 6.75 6.84 7.8 7.13 Sanitary service control valve 9.17 Saturated-salt/heated lithium chloride 4.221 Saturation 2.18 2.78 SCADA methods 3.48 3.108 Scanning techniques 5.79 5.91 Scan time 10.173 Scientific Apparatus Makers Association (SAMA) 3.74 Seals 4.91 9.105 Seat rings 9.62Index terms Links Seebeck effect 4.12 Segmental flow 4.99 Selection criteria 4.181 6.40 9.23 9.54 10.94 10.238 Self-regulation 10.178 10.181 Sensitivity 10.91 10.176 10.181 Sensor selection 6.19 Sensor sensitivity 6.46 10.175 Sensor validation 10.103 10.234 Sequential function chart (SFC) 3.41 3.44 Serial connections 3.36 3.38 Series installation 6.48 10.60 Servomotors 1.10 9.82 Servo valves 3.63 3.67 5.116 Set point response 10.183 Shaft windup 10.66 Shielding 5.73 5.75 7.29 Shortcut tuning method 10.185 Shrinkage 5.94 Shrouds 6.28 6.33 Shutoff capability 9.30 Signal characterization 7.2 7.12 10.178 10.189 Signal conditioning 5.116 Signal validation 10.103 Silicon chip sensors 4.222 Simulation 8.32 Sine bar 5.11 Single-board controllers 3.34 Single capacity-process 2.24 Single ended-signal 7.12 Sizing control valve 9.23 9.31 9.52 10.64 Skewness 5.58 9.7 Sliding stem 10.92 Sliding-vane rotary meter 4.149 Smart alarms 1.9 8.37 Smart positioners 10.98 Smart transmitters 4.31 4.86 10.91 10.98 10.100 Smith predictors 5.95 Soaking solution 6.47 Sodium ion error 6.44 Soft control 3.46 Software standards 3.44 Solenoids 9.47 11.11 Solids 6.47 Solid-state reference electrodes 6.30 6.40 Solid-state temperature sensors 7.7 Sonic analyzers 10.149Index terms Links Spatial representations 2.31 8.15 8.17 Special cause 5.58 Special control valve 9.16 Specification limits 5.58 Spectral analysis 10.36 10.41 Speed instrumentation 1.7 5.96 Speed sensors (See Tachometers) Spherometer 5.11 Spinning rotor friction gage 4.84 Split-range control 2.72 Spool valve 3.61 Spurious grounds 6.37 Stand-alone controllers 1.3 3.50 Statistical analysis 5.50 6.115 10.11 10.33 10.63 10.104 Status checks 10.100 Steady-state modeling 10.9 Steam conditioning 9.20 Steam sizing 9.35 Stefan-Boltzmann law 4.35 Stochastic data 10.34 Straight-line accuracy 5.13 5.18 Straight pipe lengths 4.106 Strain-gage systems 4.54 Stray light 6.64 Streaming potential 6.37 Stroboscopic methods 5.105 Structured text 3.43 Sulfide stress cracking 9.19 Sulfuric acid alkylation 6.151 Supervisory control 10.183 10.189 10.231 Surface measurement 1.6 Surface scatter 6.59 Surface texture measurement 5.48 Surge protection 7.22 Synchronization 3.133 11.52 System evaluation 3.29 System identification 10.228 T Tachometers 5.98 Temperature compensation 3.91 6.16 6.25 6.38 6.41 6.52 Temperature control 2.5 10.178 10.184 Temperature scales 4.9 Temperature sensors 4.12 10.98 Temperature switches 10.91 Temperature systems 1.5 4.8Index terms Links Terminations 7.4 11.31 Texture measurement 1.6 Theodolite 5.10 Thermal concentration transducers 6.10 Thermal conductivity 6.10 Thermal mass flowmeters 4.138 Thermistors 4.28 Thermocouples 4.12 4.26 7.6 10.176 Thermodispersion 4.166 Thermowell 4.16 Thickness measurement 1.6 5.45 Thin film strain gage 4.62 Thomson effect 4.13 Thoughput stake 10.15 Thyristor 9.108 Tiebacks 8.32 Time-constant 2.6 2.7 Time constant 10.176 10.183 Time delay (See Dead time) Time-domain reflectometry 4.182 Time proportioning controllers 2.19 Time-sequence diagram 3.74 Time series analysis 10.28 10.215 Titration 4.234 10.178 Token bus protocol 7.40 Toroidal sensors 6.16 Torque curves 9.94 Touchscreen 8.26 Transducers 5.45 7.4 Transfer-function form 2.32 Transit-time ultrasonic flowmeters 4.143 Transparent objects 4.39 Transportation delay 10.170 Tree topology 11.19 Trim characteristics 10.78 Trip valve 9.47 Troubleshooting 6.53 9.54 True mass flowmeter 4.134 Tubes 4.100 Tuning 2.25 10.75 Turbine flowmeter 4.121 Two-stage valves 3.61 U Ultrasonic analyzers 4.166 4.173 5.47 5.74 6.80 Ultrasonic cleaning 6.41 10.177 10.183Index terms Links Ultrasonic flowmeters 4.141 Ultrasonic tank resonance 4.187 Ultraviolet/visible analyzers 6.70 6.75 10.123 Underdamped response 2.28 UNIX-based network 3.17 3.98 User interactions 8.25 V Vacuum measurement 4.77 8.31 Validation 1.8 6.128 Vapor material balances 8.32 Variability process 10.10 Variability attenuation 10.49 Variable area flowmeters 4.109 4.112 (rotameters) Variable differential transformers 4.76 (LVDTs) Variable reluctance 4.76 4.79 5.107 9.89 Variable-speed drives 1.10 9.107 10.57 Veleocity effect 6.47 Velocity instrumentation 1.7 5.96 5.118 10.183 Venturi flow 4.96 4.100 5.109 10.91 Vibrating rod attenuation 4.163 4.225 Vibration 5.18 5.111 9.105 Vigilance decrement 8.18 Villari effect 5.40 Virtual manufacturing device model 3.138 Virtual sensor 10.235 Viscous flow 9.34 Voice recognition 8.10 Voltage responsive systems 5.100 Volume booster 9.47 Vortex flow meters 4.126 4.131 4.133 10.91 Vortex shedding flowmeters 4.125 W Waste-water monitoring 6.149 Water (See Moisture) Water jet washers 6.35 6.45 Weighing systems 1.6 4.186 4.188 Weirs 4.149 White noise 10.34 Wiedemann effect 5.40 Wiegand effect 5.69 Wien’s law 4.36 Windows programs 3.165 3.167 5.95 8.36 Wiring 1.8 7.27 10.92 11.31Index terms Links X X-ray methods 5.47 6.79 10.137 Y Yield stake 10.14 Z Ziegler-Nichols method 10.44 10.183 Zirconium oxide sensors 4.230
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