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| موضوع: كتاب Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook Volume 1 الأحد 02 مايو 2021, 5:50 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook Volume 1 Fourth Edition Materials and Engineering Mechanics Edited by Myer Kutz
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface ix Vision for the Fourth Edition xi Contributors xiii PART 1 MATERIALS 1 1. Carbon and Alloy Steels 3 Bruce L. Bramfitt 2. Stainless Steels 39 James Kelly 3. Aluminum Alloys 61 J. G. Kaufman 4. Copper and Copper Alloys 117 Konrad J. A. Kundig and Robert D. Weed 5. A Guide to Engineering Selection of Titanium Alloys for Design 229 Matthew J. Donachie 6. Nickel and Its Alloys 267 Gaylord D. Smith and Brian A. Baker 7. Magnesium and Its Alloys 289 Robert E. Brown 8. A Guide to Engineering Selection of Superalloys for Design 299 Matthew J. Donachie, John Marcin, and Stephen J. Donachie (deceased) 9. Thermoplastics, Thermosets, and Elastomers—Descriptions and Properties 353 Edward N. Peters 10. Composite Materials 401 Carl Zweben 11. Smart Materials 439 James A. Harvey 12. Overview of Ceramic Materials, Design, and Application 453 R. Nathan Katz 13. Electronic Materials and Packaging 475 Warren C. Fackler 14. Sources of Material Data 515 J. G. Kaufman 15. Quantitative Methods of Materials Selection 531 Mahmoud M. Farag viiviii Contents PART 2 ENGINEERING MECHANICS 553 16. Stress Analysis 555 Franklin E. Fisher 17. Force Measurement 623 Patrick Collins 18. Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 659 Mark Tuttle 19. An Introduction to the Finite-Element Method 681 Tarek I. Zohdi 20. Failure Models: Performance and Service Requirements for Metals 703 J. A. Collins, G.P. Potirniche, and S. R. Daniewicz 21. Failure Analysis of Plastics 771 Vishu Shah 22. Failure Modes: Performance and Service Requirements for Ceramics 789 Dietrich Munz 23. Viscosity Measurement 809 Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith 24. Tribology Measurements 837 Prasanta Sahoo 25. Vibration and Shock 861 Singiresu S. Rao 26. Acoustics 885 Jonathan D. Blotter, Scott D. Sommerfeldt, and Kent L. Gee 27. Acoustical Measurements 953 Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt Index 997 Index A About.com, 527, 528 ABS (American Bureau of Ships), 26 Absolute viscosity, 810, 811 Absorption: of moisture, 483–484 of sound, 898–900 Absorption coefficients, 898–900, 909, 976–977 ABS polymers (acrylonitrile/butadiene/ styrene) polymers, 363–365 Accuracy, 648 of force transducers, 641 of microphones, 967 of viscometers, 835 Acetals, 378–379 Acoustics, 885–949 active noise control, 916–922 architectural, 922, 923 community noise in, 922–931 decibel scale, 889–890 defined, 886 equal loudness curves, 890–891 and hearing loss, 905–908 human auditory system, 942–946 impedance in, 893, 894 of loudspeakers, 948–949 of microphones, 946–949 nonlinear, 937–942 passive noise control in, 906–915 reflection and transmission of sound, 900–904 sound intensity, 887–888 sound power, 886–887 sound pressure, 888–889 sound quality analysis, 930, 932–937 and theory of sound, 894–900 weighting filters in, 891–893 Acoustical measurements, 953–995 of community and environmental noise, 980–982 decibel scale for, 958–959 frequency weightings, 959–962 fundamental, 954–962 with microphones, 962–969 of octave frequency bands, 962, 963 for rooms, 975–979 sound exposure, 992–995 sound intensity, 958, 982–988 sound isolation, 971–974 sound power, 957–958, 988–992 sound pressure, 955–957 sound pressure level, 969–971 standards for, 954, 955 Acoustic filters, 910–913 bandstop filters, 910–912 high-pass filters, 913 low-pass filters, 911, 912 Acoustic path, 907–908 Acoustic radiation pressure, 940 Acoustic source, 907–908 Acoustic streaming, 940 Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) polymers, 363–365 Acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 365 Active noise control, 916–922 applications of, 921–922 architectures for, 917–919 attenuation limits for, 919 filtered-x algorithm in, 919–920 identifying system for, 920 Adhesives: for electronic packaging, 498–499, 502 smart, 451 Advanced thermal management materials, 430–432 AED (auger electron spectroscopy), 855 Aerospace applications, aluminum alloys for, 113 Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS), 26 AFM (atomic force microscopy), 842–843 Aircraft, aluminum alloys for, 113 Alkyd resins, 395–396 Allowable unit stress, 562 997998 Index Alloys: aluminum, see Aluminum alloys copper, see Copper alloys magnesium, see Magnesium alloys nickel, see Nickel alloys shape memory, 448–449 super-, see Superalloys titanium, see Titanium alloys Alloy Center, 524–526 Alloy elements, microstructure/properties of, 241 Alloy steel(s), 28–36 aluminum in, 23 boron in, 23 calcium in, 23–24 carbon in, 19–21 chromium in, 22 copper in, 22 dual-phase steels, 30 elements used in, 18–24 heat-resistant steels, 34–35 higher alloy steels, 31–36 high-performance steels, 30–31 hydrogen in, 24 lead in, 24 low-alloy steels, 29–31 manganese in, 20, 21 microalloyed steels, 30 molybdenum in, 22 nickel in, 22 niobium in, 23 nitrogen in, 24 phosphorus in, 21–22 rare earth elements in, 24 residual elements in, 24 selenium in, 24 silicon in, 21 stainless steels, 31–34 sulfur in, 22 tantalum in, 23 titanium in, 23 tool steels, 34 trip steels, 30 tungsten in, 23 ultrahigh-strength steels, 35–36 vanadium in, 22–23 wear-resistant steels, 35 zirconium in, 24 Alpha alloys (titanium), 245 Alpha-beta alloys (titanium), 245–247 Alpha iron, 6 Alternating stress amplitude, fatigue with, 572 Alumina-based fibers (as composite reinforcement), 411 Aluminum: in electronic packaging materials, 492–493 in steel, 23 surface finishes of, 487–488 Aluminum alloys, 61–115 advantages of, 62–65 by alloy class, 93–112 applications of, 93–114 cast alloys, 64–65, 80–87, 107–112 corrosion behavior of, 87–89 designation systems for, 65–73 in electronic packaging materials, 492–493 finishing of, 91–93 limitations of wrought/cast, 65 machining of, 89–91 market-area applications, 112–114 mechanical properties of, 73–87 nature of, 61–62 wrought alloys, 62–64, 73–79, 93–108 Aluminum bronzes, 133, 147, 226 American Bureau of Ships (ABS), 26 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 954, 955 American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association (AREMA), 26 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, 470, 832–833 Amino resins, 396 AMS (Aerospace Materials Specifications), 26 Analogue outputs, 648 Angle of twist, 598 Annealing, 25, 26 Anode, 46–47 Anodic coatings, 296 Anodized aluminum and aluminum alloys, 92, 487 ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 954, 955 Antimicrobial copper, 203 Antimony, 24 AOD, see Argon-oxygen decarburization aPP (atactic polypropylene), 359 Apparent viscosity, 813 Applied coatings, for aluminum alloys, 93 Aramid fibers (as composite reinforcement), 411 Architectural acoustics, 922, 923Index 999 AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association), 26 Argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD), 4, 47–48, 332–334 Armor, ceramic wear components, 462 Aromatic polyamides, 377–378 Aromatic polyketones, 389–391 Arsenic, 24 ASA (acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate) polymers, 365 Ashby’s method (materials selection), 536, 537 ASM International, 524–526 ASTM E140, 16–17 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards, 470, 832–833 Atactic polypropylene (aPP), 359 Atmospheric absorption, 898–900 Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 842–843 Attenuation limits, 919 Auditory system, 942–946 nervous system response to sound, 944 psychoacoustic effects of sound, 944–946 structure of ear, 942–944 Auger electron spectroscopy (AED), 855 Austenite, 18–19 Austenitic alloys: nickel, 40 stainless steels, 18–19, 31–32 welding of, 55–56 Automotive engines, ceramic wear components, 461–462 Automotive industry, aluminum alloys in, 112–113 Average sound pressure level, 989 A-weighted filters, 891, 960–961 Axial strain, 648 Axial stress, 557 B Bainite, 14, 15, 25 Band pass filter, 648 Bandstop filters, 910–912 Bars, steel, 5 Barks (unit), 933 Basalt fibers (as composite reinforcement), 411 Basic oxygen furnace (BOF), 4 Beams of uniform strength, 586 Beams, stresses on, 574–595 continuous beams, 586–588 curved beams, 588–591 and design, 584–586 flexure, 574–583 impact stresses, 591–595 vibratory stresses, steady/impulsive, 595 Bearings, in ceramic wear applications, 460 Bending, 601, 619 Bending moment, 576, 579 Bending springs, 619 Beta alloys (titanium), 247 Binary phase diagrams, 6 Binaural quality index (BQI), 922 Bioceramics, 463, 471 Biological corrosion, 764–765 Biomimetric structures, 440 Biostatic properties of copper, 202 Bisphenol A-based high-temperature sulfone (BisA-HTS) polymer, 385, 386 Blades, stresses on rotating, 618 Board-level interconnection, 503 BOF (basic oxygen furnace), 4 Boring (copper alloys), 207 Boron, 23 Boron fibers (as composite reinforcement), 410 Boundary layer absorption, 899, 900 BQI (binaural quality index), 922 Bragg condition for interference, 638 Brass(es), 43, 119, 128–130 envirobrasses, 144 free-cutting, 208 high-strength, 226 high strength yellow, 143 leaded, 128–129 leaded red, 141 leaded semired, 141 red, 141 semired, 141 silicon, 134, 143, 226 tin, 129–130 yellow, 128, 142–143 Brazing, 211 Brazing alloys, 132 Breaking strength, 559 Bridge resistance (load cell), 648 Brinnelling failure, 706 Brittle-coating method, 781 Brittle fracture, 706 Brittle materials, 458, 570 Brittleness, 560 Bronzes, 119 aluminum, 133, 147, 226 high-leaded tin, 1461000 Index Bronzes (continued) leaded phosphor, 132 leaded tin, 145–146 lead-free bearing, 226 nickel-tin, 147 phosphor, 131 silicon, 134, 143 tin, 145 Bubble (tube) viscometers, 823–824, 834 Buckling, 709 Buckyballs, 450–451 Building industry, aluminum alloys in, 112 Bulk modulus, 562 Bulk viscosity, 810 B-weighted filters, 891–892, 961 C CA (cellulose acetate), 370 CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate), 370 Cadmium, 493 Calibration: defined, 648 of force transducers, 644–647 of microphones, 967–969 pistonphone, 967–968 reciprocity, 968 relative, 968 of resistance metal strain gauges, 665–666 switching, 968–969 Calibration fluids, viscosity, 832 Calibration transfer function, 969 Cantilever beams, 574 Capacity: of force transducers, 641 of load cell, 648 Capillary viscometers, 827–829, 834, 856 Carbon fibers (as composite reinforcement), 409–410 Carbon matrix composites: applications of, 432–435 properties of, 429–432 Carbon matrix materials, 414 Carbon steels, 27–28, 53–55 Cast alloys. See also Cast superalloys aluminum, 64–65, 67, 69–72, 80–87, 107–112 copper, 140–149, 156–158 magnesium, 292, 293 manganese bronze, 143 special, 149 titanium, 252–254 Casting(s): AOD, 332–334 component production, 337–339 considerations, 336–337 continuous, 4–5 copper alloys, 209–210 ESR, 332–335 mechanical properties of, 292, 293 remelted ingot processing, 335–336 with superalloys, 332–337 titanium alloys, 258–259 VAR, 332, 333, 335 VIM, 332–334 Cast leaded manganese bronze alloys, 143 Cast superalloys: applications of, 349–350 compositions of, 308 dynamic moduli of elasticity for, 324 effect of temperature on, 313–314, 317 physical properties of, 321–322 Catalysts, smart, 448 Cathode, 46–47 Cauchy–Green strain, 683 Cauchy stress tensor, 685 Cavitation, 764 CCCT (critical crevice corrosion temperature), 45 Cellulose acetate (CA), 370 Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 370 Cellulose proprionate (CP), 370 Cellulosic polymers, 370 Cementite, 9, 14, 20, 25 Ceramics: in electronic packaging, 497 piezoelectric, 441, 443 Ceramic failure, 789–807 delayed, 794–795 and design applying multiaxial Weibull statistics, 799–803 flaws, 791 fracture mechanics, 791–793 at high temperatures, 804–807 scatter, 795–799 strength, 791–793 thermal shock, 803–804 Ceramic materials, 453–472 brittleness of, 455–458 for corrosion resistance, 465–466 future trends in, 471–472Index 1001 information sources about, 469–471 in passive electronics, 466–467 piezoceramics, 467–468 processing of advanced, 454–455 standards and test methods, 469–471 thermostructural applications, 464–465 transparent, 468 in wear applications, 459–463 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs): applications of, 435 properties of, 427–429 Ceramic matrix materials, 414 Cerium, 24 Chemical changes, analysis of, 856 Chemical composition of surface, 855 Chemical conversion coatings, 296 Chemical failure, 777 Chemical finishes (aluminum alloys), 92 Chemical industry, aluminum alloys in, 114 Chemical inertness, 478–479 Chemical method, 782, 783 Chemical resistance, 355 Chromium, 22, 40, 278–279, 493 Circuit board design tools, 511–512 Clear anodized aluminum alloys, 92 CMCs, see Ceramic matrix composites CNEL (community noise equivalent level), 928, 981 Cobble creep, 738 Coffin-Manson equation, 730 Coke, 4 Cold cracking, 54 Color anodized aluminum alloys, 92 Columns: defined, 601–602 eccentric loads on, 604 steel, 605, 607–608 stresses on, 601–608 with transverse/cross-bending loads, 604 wooden, 604–607 Combined stresses, 566–570 Combustibility, 482–483 Community noise, 922–931, 980–982 criteria for, 929–931 and outdoor sound propagation, 923–926 representations of, 926–929, 980–981 response to, 930, 931 surveys of, 982 Community noise equivalent level (CNEL), 928, 981 Comparing/ranking (as method of materials selection), 517, 538–540 case study, 542–544 digital logic, 539 performance index, 539–540 weighted-properties, 538–540 Comparison method for sound power measurement, 992 Compensated temperature range, 654 Compensation, strain gauge circuit, 630–631 Component mounting (electronic), 499–500 of discrete components, 499 of printed circuit board components, 499–500 surface-mount technology, 500 Composite materials (composites), 401–435 classes/characteristics of, 402–403 comparative properties of, 403–407 manufacturing considerations for, 407 matrix, 407–408, 411–414 properties of, 414–417, 427–429 reinforcement, 407–411 Compression, 556, 557, 648 Compressive strain, 558, 661 Compressive stress, 556, 557 Computerized materials databases, 549–550 Computer modeling, of stresses, 620 Concentric cylinder viscometers, 826 Concert halls, listening quality in, 922, 923 Condensation polymers, see Engineering thermoplastics Condenser microphones, 947, 948, 964–965 Conduction, 508 Cone and plate viscometers, 826 Conformal geometry rigs, 846 Connections, electronic equipment, 502–503 Constant life diagrams (master diagrams), 728, 729 Constitutive equations for sound, 895–896 Constrained beam, 574 Construction industry, aluminum alloys in, 112 Contact stress(es), 616, 617 Contact stress theory, 616 Continuous beams, 574, 586–589 Continuous casting, 4–5 Continuous-cooling transformation (CT) diagram, 14, 16 Continuous fiber-reinforced MMCs, 423–424 Continuous sound level, 970–9711002 Index Continuous vibratory systems: of a bar, 874 of a beam, 875 free-vibration solution for, 875–877 of a shaft, 874–875 of a string, 873–874 Control architectures, noise control, 917–919 Convection, 508–509 Conversion, principle of, 758 Copper, 117–118 biostatic/antimicrobial properties of, 202–203 in electronic packaging materials, 493 physical properties of, 118, 119, 150–152 pure, 150–152, 159 safety and health issues with, 202, 214–215 in stainless steel, 41 in steel, 22, 24 Copper alloys, 117–227 biostatic/antimicrobial properties of, 202–203 C10100-C19200, 163–167 C23000-C28000, 168–170 C36000-C52700, 171–173 C61300-C69400, 173–175 C70600-C77000, 175–179 C81100-C89550, 180–186 C90300-C93800, 187–192 C95200-C96400, 193–197 casting, 209–210 compositions of, 119–145 copper–beryllium, 226 copper–phosphorus, 132 copper–silicon, 134 copper–silver–phosphorus, 132 copper–silver–zinc, 132 copper–zinc, 135–136 corrosion behavior of, 199–202 designations of, 119 early history, 117–118 in electronic packaging materials, 493 fabrication of, 204–209 families of, 118–119 forging, 211 impact loading of, 198–199 machining, 204–209 mechanical properties of, 162–199 physical properties of, 150, 153–158 safety and health issues with, 214–215 sleeve bearings, 224–226 standards and specifications, 226–227 strengthening mechanisms for, 150, 152, 159 temperature of, 198 temper designations of, 159–162 temper of, 159–162 tube/pipe products, 215–224 welding of, 211–213 Copper nickels, 119, 137–139, 148 Corrosion: of aluminum alloys, 87–89 biological, 764–765 ceramic materials, 465–466 of copper and copper alloys, 199–202 dry, 279 of electronic materials, 479–480 erosion, 201, 763–764 as failure, 706–707, 759–765 galvanic, 46–47, 89, 201, 761–762 hot-corrosion resistance, 346 intergranular, 46, 763 and magnesium and magnesium alloys, 296 of nickel and nickel alloys, 278–283 pitting, 40, 41, 44–45, 88–89, 281–282, 762–763 of stainless steels, 40, 43–47 stress, 43–44, 201, 709 of superalloys, 346–347 of titanium alloys, 231–232, 260–261 wet, 279 Corrosion fatigue, 709 Corrosion wear, 709 Cost-benefit analysis (materials selection), 547–548 Cost-per-unit-property method (materials selection), 535–536 Cost requirements (materials selection), 534 Courette flow model, 824 CP (cellulose proprionate), 370 Cracking, in copper alloys, 214 Creep, 35, 48, 708, 736–744 defined, 561, 648 deformation mechanism, 737–739 and electronic materials, 483 equations for calculating, 571, 572 for force transducers, 642 mechanism of, 571 mechanisms of creep-fatigue failure, 743–744 under multiaxial state of stress, 742–743 of polymer matrix composites, 423 prediction of long-term, 739–740 and stress analysis, 570–572Index 1003 stress relaxation with, 571 under uniaxial state of stress, 740–742 Creep buckling, 709 Creep limit, 561 Creep rupture: in ceramics, 806–807 failure due to, 736–744 of polymer matrix composites, 423 Creep strain, 805–806 Creep stress, 563, 570–571 Crevice corrosion, 45, 762 Critical angle, 902 Critical band rate, 933–934 Critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCCT), 45 Critical damping, 910 Critical distance, 979 Critical stress intensity, 716 Crystal lattice, 7 CT (continuous-cooling transformation) diagram, 14, 16 Cup viscometers, 829–831, 834 Curved beams, 588–591 Cutting tool inserts, ceramic wear components, 461 C-weighted filters, 891–892, 961 C-weighted sound pressure level (LC), 928 Cylinders, stresses on, 608–610 D Damping capacity (hysteresis), 564–565 Dargies’s method (materials selection), 536–538 Data, 515–528 for analytical comparisons, 517 for failure analysis, 520 for final design, 518 for maintenance, 519–520 for manufacturing, 519 for material specification, 518–519 for materials selection, 516–517 metadata, 521 for modeling material/product performance, 516 numeric databases as type of, 521 for preliminary design, 517–518 for quality assurance, 519 sources of, see Data sources textual, 520–521 Databases, computerized materials, 549–550 Data sources, 522–528 Alloy Center, 524–526 ASM International, 524–526 categories of, 522, 523 Internet, 525, 527–528 knovel.com, 525, 527 platforms for, 524 quality/reliability of, 522–524 STN International, 524–526 Day–night level (DNL), 928, 981 Dealloying (“parting”), 201 Decibel scale, 889–890, 958–959 Deflection: of curved beams, 589–581 defined, 649 elastic, 583 Deformation: defined, 649 elastic, 706, 710–712 nickel alloys, 283 of a solid, 682–684 Degassing, 4, 24 Degree of enclosure, 506–507 Delta iron, 6 Dental restorations, 463 Design: deterministic, 456 electronic packaging, 476–477, 506–509 final, 518 preliminary, 517–518 probabilistic, 456–458 stages of materials selection and, 533 Deterministic design, 456 Dezincification, 763 Diallyl phthalate, 396 DIC (digital image correlation), 659 Die castings, mechanical properties of, 292, 293 Diffuse fields, microphone selection for, 966–967 Diffuse reflection method, 840 Diffusion, 7 Diffusion creep, 738 Diffusive transport, 816 Digital image correlation (DIC), 659 Digital logic method (materials selection), 539 Dilatometer, 14, 16 Direct chemical attack, 706, 759–761 Discontinuities: in reflection/transmission of sound, 904 and stress, 565–5661004 Index Discontinuous fiber-reinforced MMCs, 424–425 Discrete wiring, 502 Disks, stresses on rotating, 616 Dislocation creep, 739 Displacement, 649 Dissimilar-metal combinations, 212 Distortion control, welding, 213–214 Distortion-Energy Theory (Hencky–Von Mises Theory), 569, 570 Diversion, principle of, 758 DNL (day–night level), 928, 981 Double-leaf partitions, 914, 915, 974 Drag-type viscometers, 820–823 Drift, 649 Drilling (copper alloys), 206–207 Dry corrosion, 279 Dual-phase steels, 30 Ductile materials, static working stresses for, 569 Ductile rupture, 706 Ductility, 482, 560, 649 Ducts, HVAC, 913–914, 921 Duplex stainless steels, 33, 50–51, 56, 57 D-weighted filters, 891, 892, 961 D-weighted sound pressure level (LD), 929 Dynamic microphones, 948, 949, 965, 966 Dynamic stress, 563 Dynamic viscosity, 834 Dynamometers, 636–637 E Ear, structure of, 942–944 Early decay time (EDT), 922 Eccentricity, 649 Eccentric loads, 604 Echoes, 979 ECTFE (poly[ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene]), 392, 393 EDT (early decay time), 922 EDX (energy dispersive x-ray analysis), 855 Effective perceived noise level (EPNL), 981, 982 Efflux viscometers, 857–858 EIC (environmentally assisted cracking), 201 Elastic deflection, 583 Elastic deformation, 706, 710–712 Elasticity, 558, 649 Elasticity limit, 854 Elastic limit, 558, 649 Elastomers, 396–398, 497 Elastorestrictive materials, 444 Electret condenser microphones, 947, 948, 965 Electrical conductivity, 477 Electrical contacts, 489 Electrical industry, aluminum alloys in, 112 Electrical steels, 28 Electrochemical finishes, for aluminum alloys, 92 Electrochromic smart windows, 447 Electrolytically deposited coloring, for aluminum alloys, 92 Electromagnetic shielding, 480–481 Electronic equipment: attachment of, 484–485 interconnections of, 502–503 racks, frames, and mounting structures for, 485 Electronic materials: chemical inertness of, 478–479 combustibility of, 482–483 corrosion of, 479–480 creep and, 483 density of, 480 ductility of, 482 electrical conductivity of, 477 electromagnetic shielding of, 480–481 electrostatic shielding of, 480–481 fatigue resistance of, 481 hardness of, 481 magnetic shielding of, 481 moisture absorption by, 483–484 properties of, 477–484 strength of, 480 sublimation by, 482 temperature range for, 480 thermal conductivity of, 477 thermal emissivity of, 478 thermal expansion of, 478 wear resistance of, 482 Electronic packaging, 475–512 applications of, 484–490 availability of information on, 477 component mounting in, 499–500 concerns in, 475–476 design techniques in, 476–477 fastening and joining in, 500–502 interconnections in, 502–503 materials selection process for, 476 physical design process for, 476Index 1005 prevention of shock/vibration failure, 503–506 properties of electronic materials, 477–484 protective, 509–510 scope of process, 475 software design aids for, 510–512 structural design in, 506–507 thermal design in, 507–509 types of candidate materials, 490–499 Electronic packaging applications, 484–490 electrical contacts, 489 encapsulation, 489–490 environmental endurance, 490 equipment and module enclosures, 485 equipment attachment, 484–485 equipment racks, frames, and mounting structures, 485 mechanical joints, 486–487 position-sensitive assemblies, 488 surface finishes, 487–488 temperature control, 485–486 Electronic packaging candidate materials, 490–499 adhesives, 498–499 ceramics and glasses, 497–498 metals, 491–494 plastics and elastomers, 494–497 Electron microscopes, 840–842 Electroplating, 93, 296, 488 Electrorheological materials, 445 Electroslag remelting (ESR), 332–335 Electrostatic shielding, 480–481 Electrostrictive materials, 443 Embrittlement, 22 Enameling steel, 28 Encapsulation, 489–490 Enclosure(s): active noise control in, 921 degree of, 506–507 equipment and module, 485 for passive noise control, 915 Ends, of columns, 602 Endurance limit, 723, 724 Energy, 649 Energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), 855 Engineering shear strains, 660 Engineering thermoplastics, 370–383 polyamides, 374–378 polyarylates, 381, 382 polycarbonate/ABS alloys, 379, 380 polycarbonates, 379, 380 polyester–carbonates, 380–381 polyphenylene ether, 381–383 thermoplastic polyesters, 371–374 Envirobrasses, 144 Environmental controls, for friction measurements, 846 Environmental endurance, 490 Environmental failure, 777, 778 Environmentally assisted cracking (EIC), 201 Environmental noise, 980, 982. See also Community noise EPNL (effective perceived noise level), 981, 982 Epoxy resins, 394 Epoxy-resin-based encapsulation materials, 490 Equal loudness curves, 890–891, 959–960 Equilibrium: defined, 649 and finite-element method, 684–686 Equipment racks, 485 Equivalent continuous sound level, 927–928, 980 Erosion corrosion, 201, 763–764 Erosive wear, 847–849 Esawi’s and Ashby’s method (materials selection), 538 ESR (electroslag remelting), 332–335 Euler’s formula, 602–603 Evaporation, 509 Expert systems, 550–551 Exponential-time-weighted sound pressure levels, 971 Extension, 649 Extensometer, 649 External work, 563–564 Extrinsic (term), 649 F Fabrication, see Manufacturing Factor of safety, 562–563 Failure, 703–766. See also Ceramic failure; Plastic failure analysis/restrospective design, 765–766 brinnelling, 706 brittle fracture, 706 chemical, 777 corrosion, 706–707, 759–765 creep/stress rupture, 736–7441006 Index Failure (continued) criteria of, 703–704 direct chemical attack, 706 ductile rupture, 706 elastic deformation, 706, 710–712 environmental, 777, 778 fatigue, 718–736 fracture mechanics/unstable crack growth, 711–717 fretting, 744–753 galling, 708–709, 754 impact, 707–708 mechanical, 776, 777 modes of, 573–574 spalling, 709 thermal, 777 types of, 704–709 wear, 744–745, 753–759 yielding, 706, 710–712 Failure analysis, 777–786 brittle-coating method, 781 chemical method, 782, 783 fractography, 785, 786 heat reversion, 782, 783 identification analysis, 779–780 materials data for, 520 mechanical testing, 784–785 microtoming, 783–784 nondestructive testing techniques, 785 photoelastic method, 780–781 simulation testing, 785 strain gauge method, 781–782 stress analysis, 780–782 thermal analysis, 785 visual examination, 779 Falling-needle viscometers, 822 Falling-object viscometers, 820–823, 834 Falling-sphere viscometers, 856, 857 Faraday’s law of induction, 965 Fastening, of electronics, 500–501 Fatigue, 706, 709, 718–736 fatigue crack propagation, 732–736 loading/laboratory testing of, 719–723 nonzero mean stress, 728–730 S–N–P curves, 723–728 strain–life approach, 730–732 and stress analysis, 572–574 stress–life approach, 723–730 Fatigue crack propagation, 732–736 Fatigue limit (endurance limit), 723, 724 Fatigue resistance, 481 Fatigue stress, 563 Feedback noise control systems, 918–919 Feedforward noise control systems, 917, 918 FEM, see Finite-element method FEP (fluorinated ethylene–propylene), 392, 393 Ferrite, 9, 26 Ferritic stainless steels, 3, 32–33, 49 Ferrography, 859 FFM (friction force microscopy), 843 Fibers, as composite reinforcement, 408 Fiber-optic connections (in electronic systems), 503 Fiber-reinforced MMCs, 423–425 Figure of merit, for materials, 540 Filler metals, welding, 213 Filters: acoustic, 910–913 band pass, 648 weighting, 891–893, 960–961 Filtered-x algorithm, 919–920 Final design, materials data for, 518 Finishing: aluminum alloys, 91–93 magnesium alloys, 296 Finite-element method (FEM), 681–702 and deformation of solid, 682–684 differential properties of shape functions, 693–695 differentiation in referential coordinates, 695–698 and equilibrium, 684–686 FEM approximation, 690–692 foundations of, 689–690 global/local transformations, 692–693 Hilbertian Sobolev spaces in, 690 and infinitesimal linearly elastic constitutive laws, 686–689 one-dimensional example of, 699–702 postprocessing, 698 in three dimensions, 690–692 Finite strain theory, 660 Fixed beam, 574 Flexural vibration, 875 Flexure, 574–583 bending moment, 576, 579 deflection due to shear, 583 elastic deflection of beams, 583 equilibrium conditions, 575–580 formula for, 580Index 1007 phenomenon, 575 reactions at supports, 575 Flow-type viscometers, 827–829 Fluctuation strength, of sound, 935, 936 Fluids: behavior of solids vs., 809–810 calibration, 832 Newtonian, 812 pseudoplastic, 813 Fluid layers, reflection/transmission of sound through, 902–904 Fluorinated ethylene–propylene (FEP), 392, 393 Fluorinated thermoplastics, 392–393 fluorinated ethylene–propylene, 392, 393 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), 392, 393 poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene), 392, 393 poly(tetrafluoroethylene), 392–393 poly(vinyl fluoride), 392, 393 polyvinylidene fluoride, 392, 393 Foot-pound (lbf), 651 Force, 624, 649. See also Force measurement Force balance transducers, 640, 641 Forced convection, 509 Forced-harmonic vibration, 867 Forced-nonharmonic vibration, 868 Forced vibration, 867, 868, 872–873 Force-induced elastic deformation, 706 Force measurement, 623–656 calibration of devices for, 642–648 with dynamometers, 636–637 with force balance transducers, 640, 641 with force transducers, 624–626 history of, 623–624 with magnetoelastic transducers, 640 with optical force transducers, 637–639 with resonant element transducers, 631–634 with surface acoustic wave transducers, 634–636 terms in, 648–656 uncertainty in, 644–645 universal testing machines for, 627–631 Force transducers, 624–626 accuracy of, 642 calibration of, 642–648 capacity of, 641 creep for, 642 optical, 637–639 output of, 641 repeatability for, 642 temperature coefficient of, 642 uncertainty and temperature characteristics of, 625 Forging: of copper alloys, 211 of steel, 5 of superalloys, 340–341 of titanium alloys, 256–258 Forming (magnesium alloys), 295 Fractography, 785, 786 Fracture, types of, 561, 562 Fracture mechanics, 711–717, 791–793 Fracture toughness, 714, 854 Fragility, of electronic equipment, 503 Free convection, 508 Free-cutting brass, 208 Free fields: microphone selection for, 966 sound power measurements in, 989–991 Free-field radiation, active noise control in, 921 Free-machining steels, 22 Free vibration, 866–867 in multi-degree-of-freedom systems, 872 normal-mode solution, 876–877 in single-degree-of-freedom systems, 866–867 wave solution, 875, 876 Frequency, 649 Frequency response, 649 Frequency weightings, 959–962 Fretting, 708, 744–753 Friction, 650 Friction force microscopy (FFM), 843 Friction measurements, 844–847 with conformal vs. nonconformal geometry rigs, 846 environmental control for, 846 with inclined-plane rigs, 845 with pin-on-disc rigs, 845, 846 techniques for making, 846–847 Frit, 28 FSD (full scale), 650 Fuel gas distribution systems, 217, 224 Full annealing, steel, 25 Fullerenes, 450–451 Full scale (FSD), 650 Functional requirements (materials selection), 5321008 Index G Galling failure, 708–709, 754 Galvanic corrosion, 761–762 of aluminum alloys, 89 of copper alloys, 201 of stainless steels, 46–47 Gamma iron, 6 Gamma loop, 33 Gases: low-density, 816–817, 819 pressure and viscosity of, 819 shielding, 212 temperature and viscosity of, 816–818 Gas–metal arc welding (GMAW), 213 Gas–tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 212, 213 Gauge factor, 650, 665–668 Gauge length, 650 Gauge resistance (strain gauge), 666, 667 Gels, smart, 447–448 Gerber’s Law, 573 Gilmont-type falling-ball viscometers, 822, 823 Glass, in electronic packaging, 497–498 Glass fibers (as composite reinforcement), 408, 409 Global multiaxial fracture criterion (ceramics), 799–800 Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOS), 855 GMAW (gas–metal arc welding), 213 Gold, 493 Goodman’s Law, 573, 730 Grain boundary sliding, 739 Graphite fibers (as composite reinforcement), 409–410 Graphitization, 763 Grating, 650 Gravity, 645, 650 Grazing incidence, 902 Grips/fixtures, 650 GTAW (gas–tungsten arc welding), 212, 213 Guest Theory (Maximum-Shear Theory), 568–570 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, 650 H Haake-type falling-ball viscometers, 822, 823 Hadfield manganese steels, 21 Hard anodized aluminum alloys, 92 Hardenability (of steel), 16–18 Hardness, 481, 561, 852–854 Harper–Dorn creep, 738 HDPE (high-density polyethylene), 357, 358 Head hardening, 14 Health issues, see Safety and health issues Hearing loss, 905–908 Hearing protection, 905–908 Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) ducts, 913–914, 921 Heat-resistant steels, 34–35 Heat reversion, 782, 783 Heat transfer, 508–509 Heat treatment: of nickel and nickel alloys, 285–286 of steel, 24–26 Helical compression springs, 619 Helmholtz resonator, 911, 912 Hencky–Von Mises Theory (Distortion-Energy Theory), 569, 570 High-copper alloys, 119 cast, 140 welding, 211 wrought, 124–127 High-cycle fatigue, 718 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 357, 358 High-density polyethylene fibers (as composite reinforcement), 411 Higher alloy steels, 31–36 heat-resistant steels, 34–35 stainless steels, 31–34 tool steels, 34 ultrahigh-strength steel, 35–36 wear-resistant steels, 35 High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 361, 362 High-leaded tin bronzes, 146 High-molybdenum alloys, 56–58 High-pass filters, 913 High-performance materials, 383–392 aromatic polyketones, 389–391 liquid crystalline polyesters, 386–387 poly(amide imides), 389, 390 poly(p-pheylene), 391–392 polyarylsulfones, 384–385 polybiphenyldisufones, 385–386 polyetherimides, 387–389 polyimides, 387, 388 polyphenylene sulfide, 383–384 High-performance steels, 30–31 High-strength brasses, 226 High strength yellow brasses, 142Index 1009 Hilbertian Sobolev spaces, 690 HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), 361, 362 Hooke’s law, 558, 567, 650 Horizontal shear, 576, 585 Hot-corrosion resistance, 346 Hot cracking, 54, 55 Hot shortness, 20, 22 HQ-HTS (hydroquinone-based hightemperature sulfone) polymer, 385, 386 Humidity: and calibration of force measurement devices, 644 measurement of, 851 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and airconditioning) ducts, 913–914, 921 Hydrodynamic theory of lubrication, 838 Hydrogels, 447–448 Hydrogen: in steel, 24 in titanium alloys, 243–244 Hydrogen damage, 764 Hydrogen flakes, 24 Hydroquinone-based high-temperature sulfone (HQ-HTS) polymer, 385, 386 Hypereutectoid steels, 9, 13 Hypoeutectoid steels, 9 Hysteresis, 564–565, 650 I Identification analysis, 779–780 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), 954, 955 IF (interstitial-free) steels, 3 IL, see Insertion loss Impact failure, 707–708 Impact loading, 198–199 Impact polystyrene (IPS), 361, 362 Impact stresses, 563, 591–595 axial impacts, 592 for impacts on beams, 593 for impacts on structures, 593–595 live loads, 591–592 rupture from impact, 595 sudden loads, 591 Impedance: in acoustics, 893, 894 mechanical, 506 and passive noise control, 909 Impulsive vibratory stress, 595 Inclined-plane rigs, 845 Induction, Faraday’s law of, 965 Industrial tribology measurements, 859 Inertness, chemical, 478–479 Infinitesimal linearly elastic constitutive laws, 686–689 Infinitesimal strain theory, 660 Ingots: melting/casting, 335–336 steel, 5 Initial screening (materials selection), 534–538 Ashby’s method, 536, 537 case study, 541–542 cost-per-unit-property, 535–536 Dargies’s method, 536–538 Esawi’s and Ashby’s method, 538 limits on material properties, 535 Initial time delay gap (ITDG), 922 Ink-on demand printing, 442 Insertion loss (IL), 908, 915, 973 Integral color anodized aluminum alloys, 92 Intensity, sound, 887–888, 958 Intensity probes, 984–985 Intensity reflection coefficient, 900 Intensity transmission coefficient, 900 Interequipment connections (electronics), 503 Interface, reflection/transmission of sound from a, 900–902 Interferometers, 638 Intergranular corrosion, 46, 763 Intermodule connections (electronics), 503 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 954, 955 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 954, 955 International prototype kilogram (IPK), 642–643 Internet, as data source, 525, 527–528 Interstitial-free (IF) steels, 3 Intramodule connections (electronics), 503 Intrinsic (term), 650 Intromission, angle of, 902 IPK (international prototype kilogram), 642–643 iPP (isotactic polypropylene), 359, 360 IPS (impact polystyrene), 361, 362 Iron, 6, 491 Iron alloys, 491 Iron–carbon equilibrium diagram (steel), 6–131010 Index Ironmaking, 4 Iron sulfide, 20 IR spectroscopy, 855 ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 954, 955 Isotactic polypropylene (iPP), 359, 360 Isothermal transformation diagram (steel), 13–15 Isotropic bodies, 688 ITDG (initial time delay gap), 922 J Johnson’s apparent elastic limit, 559 Joining: magnesium and magnesium alloys, 293, 294 superalloys, 341–342 titanium alloys, 259–260 Joint preparation (welding), 213 Jominy test, 16 Joule, 650 K Kilogram force (kgf), 650–651 Kilopascal (kPa), 651 Kinematic viscosity, 810–812, 834 Knovel.com, 525, 527 Knowledge-based systems, 550–551 L Ladle, 4 Lagrangian strain tensor, 683 Lamellar, 9 Lamé relations, 688 Lanthanum, 24 Lateral force microscopy (LFM), 843 lbf (foot-pound), 651 LC (C-weighted sound pressure level), 928 LCPs (liquid crystalline polyesters), 386–387 LD (D-weighted sound pressure level), 929 LDPE (low-density polyethylene), 357, 358 Lead, 24, 493, 494 Leaded brasses, 128–129 Leaded coppers, 119, 148 Leaded phosphor bronzes, 132 Leaded red brasses, 141 Leaded semired brasses, 141 Leaded steels, 29 Leaded tin bronzes, 145–146 Lead-free bearing bronzes, 226 Lead-wire resistance, 676 LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 471 Length of a column, 602 LFM (lateral force microscopy), 843 Life-cycle assessment, of magnesium alloys, 297 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 471 Light-sectioning method, 840 Light-sensitive materials, 446–447 Limestone, 4 Limit of proportionality (LOP), 651 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 357, 358 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), 651 Lined ducts, 913–914 Liquids: pressure and viscosity of, 819 temperature and viscosity of, 818–819 Liquid crystals, temperature measurements with, 851 Liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 386–387 Liquid metal strain gauges, 678 LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 357, 358 Load, 651 Load at yield, 651 Load cell, 651 Local multiaxial fracture criterion (ceramics), 800–803 Longitudinal vibration, 874 LOP (limit of proportionality), 651 Loudness: equal loudness curves, 890–891, 959–960 in sound quality analysis, 934–935 Loudspeakers, 948–949 Low-alloy steels, 29–31 Low-cycle fatigue, 718 Low-density gases, 816–817, 819 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 357, 358 Low-pass filters, 911, 912 Lubricants: chemical analysis of particles in, 858 tribology measurements for, 855–858 Lubricant oxidation tests, 858 LVDT (linear variable differential transformer), 651 LX (X-percentile-exceeded sound level), 928Index 1011 M Machining: of aluminum alloys, 90–91 of copper alloys, 204–209 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 293 of nickel and nickel alloys, 287 Magnesium, 289–291 in electronic packaging materials, 493 nonstructural applications of, 290 structural applications of, 290–291 Magnesium alloys, 289–297 corrosion/finishing of, 296 fabrication of, 293–295 life-cycle assessment of, 297 properties of, 291–293 recycling of, 296 Magnets, organic-based, 444, 450 Magnetic shielding, 481 Magnetoelastic transducers, 640 Magnetorestriction, 651 Magnetorheological materials, 445–446 Magnetostrictive materials, 443–444 Maintenance, materials data for, 519–520 Malleability, 560 Manganese, 20, 21 Manganese bronze, 143, 226 Manufacturers, ceramic, 469 Manufacturing: of composites, 407 of copper alloys, 204–209 of magnesium alloys, 293–295 materials data for, 519 of nickel alloys, 282–285 Maraging steel, 35–36 Marine transportation, aluminum alloys in, 113 Martensite, 14, 15, 24 Martensitic stainless steels, 33–34, 50 Mass, 651 Master diagrams, 728, 729 Material characteristics, measurement of, 852–855 Materials data, see Data Materials databases, 549–550 Material performance requirements, 532–534 in case study, 541 cost, 534 functional, 532 processability, 532, 533 reliability, 534 resistance to service conditions, 534 Materials selection, see Selection of materials Matrix materials, 407–408, 411–414 carbon, 414 ceramic, 414 metal, 413–414 polymer, 412–413 properties of, 411 Maximum-Shear Theory (Guest), 568–570 Maximum-Strain Theory (Saint Venant), 568–570 Maximum stress, 572 Maximum-Stress Theory (Rankine’s Theory), 568–570 MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), 357 Mean stress, 572 Measuring Range, 651 Mechanical design tools, 511 Mechanical failure, 776, 777 Mechanical fastening, of electronics, 500–501 Mechanical finishes, for aluminum alloys, 91 Mechanical impedance, 506 Mechanical joints (in electronics), 486–487 Mechanical testing, 784–785 Median force, 651 Medical gas piping systems, nonflammable, 217 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 357 Megapascal (MPa), 651 Melting: of superalloys, 332–337 of titanium alloys, 255–256 Merit, figure of, 540 Metadata, 521 Metals, in electronic packaging, 491–494 Metallographic observation, 850 Metal matrix, 413–414 Metal matrix composites (MMCs): applications of, 433–434 continuous fiber-reinforced, 423–424 discontinuous fiber-reinforced, 424–425 particle-reinforced, 425–427 properties of, 423–427 unidirectional, 424 Microalloyed steels, 30 Microcomputer-based design tools, 510–511 Microphones, 946–949, 962–969 accuracy of, 967 calibration of, 967–969 condenser, 947, 948, 964–965 dynamic, 948, 949, 965, 9661012 Index Microphones (continued) electret condenser, 947, 948, 965 ribbon, 948 selection of, 965–967 Microscopy, 840–844 atomic force, 842–843 friction force, 843 lateral force, 843 optical, 840 scanning electron, 840, 841 scanning tunneling electron, 841–842 transmission electron, 841 Microstructure of titanium alloys, 236–254 alloy composition/general behavior, 237–240 alpha alloys, 245 alpha-beta alloys, 245–247 beta alloys, 247 cast alloys, 252–254 effects of alloy elements, 241 elastic constants/physical properties, 242–243 hydrogen in, 243–244 intermetallic compounds/transient secondary phases, 241–242 mechanical properties, 244–254 oxygen/nitrogen in, 244 powder-formed alloys, 252, 254 processing effects, 243 strengthening, 238, 241 wrought/cast/powder metallurgy products, 254 Microtoming, 783–784 MIL Handbook 17, Vol 5, 471 Milling (copper alloys), 205, 206 Minimills, 4 Minimum load, 651 Minimum stress, 572 Mish metal, 24 Mixed-mode fatigue crack growth, 736 MMCs, see Metal matrix composites Modulus, section, 580 Modulus of elasticity: defined, 559, 561, 562, 651 of superalloys, 323–324 Modulus of rigidity, 559, 562 Modulus of rupture, 580 Mohr’s Circle, 567, 568 Mohr’s hypothesis, 799, 800 Moisture absorption, 483–484 Molecular theory, 815–816 Molybdenum, 40–41, 44 in stainless steel, 40–41 in steel, 22 Moment of inertia, 580, 596–597 Momentum diffusivity, 810 Motion, equations of, 865, 871 Mounting structures (for electronics), 485 MPa (megapascal), 651 Multiaxial Weibull statistics, 799–803 global multiaxial fracture criterion, 799–800 local multiaxial criterion, 800–803 strength under compression loading, 799 Multi-degree-of-freedom systems, 862, 863, 870–873 equations of motion, 871 forced-vibration response, 872–873 free-vibration response, 872 Multipoint tool machining, 90–91 Music wire, 36 N Nabarro–Herring creep, 738 Nanomagnets, 445–446 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database site, 527, 528 NC (noise criteria) ratings, 979 NDT (nondestructive testing techniques), 785 Nervous system response to auditory input, 944 Newton (unit), 651 Newtonian fluids, 812 Nickel, 267–268 in electronic packaging materials, 493 pure, 268 in stainless steel, 41 in steel, 22 Nickel alloys, 267–287 and austenitic stainless steels, 51–52 classification of, 268–271 corrosion of, 278–283 fabrication of, 282–285 heat treatment of, 285–286 machining of, 287 mechanical properties of, 272 nickel alloys, 269, 270, 272 nickel–chromium–iron alloys, 270, 272–276 nickel–chromium–molybdenum alloys, 271–273, 277–278 nickel–copper alloys, 269, 270, 272–274, 279 nickel–iron alloys, 271, 272, 277Index 1013 nickel–iron–chromium alloys, 270, 272, 273, 276–277 nominal chemical composition, 270–271 rupture stress, 273 trademarks of, 287 welding of, 287 Nickel–chromium–iron alloys, 270, 272–276 Nickel–chromium–molybdenum alloys, 271–273, 277–278 Nickel–copper alloys, 269, 270, 272–274, 279 Nickel–iron alloys, 271, 272, 277 Nickel–iron–chromium alloys, 270, 272, 273, 276–277 Nickel silvers, 119, 139–140, 148 Nickel-tin bronzes, 147 NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) database site, 527, 528 Nitinol, 449 Nitrogen: in steel, 24 in titanium alloys, 244 Noise: community, 922–931, 980–982 environmental, 980, 982. See also Community noise Noise control: active, 916–922 passive, 906–915 Noise criteria (NC) ratings, 979 Noise dosage, 993 Noise dosimeters, 993–995 Noise reduction (NR), 973 Noise reduction coefficient, 909 Noise surveys, 982 Nonconformal geometry rigs, 846 Nondestructive testing techniques (NDT), 785 Nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 217 Nonlinear acoustics, 937–942 applications of ultrasound, 941–942 radiation pressure and streaming in, 940 sonic booms, 940 theory of, 938–940 Nonlinearity (term), 651–652 Nonrepeatability, 652 Nonzero mean stress, 728–730 Normalizing, of steel, 25 Normal stress, 557 Norris–Eyring reverberation time, 976 NR (noise reduction), 973 Numeric databases, 520 Nylons, see Polyamides O Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 905 Octave frequency bands, 892–894, 962, 963 Oil and gas industry, ceramics in, 471–472 One-third octave bands, 892, 893, 962, 963 Operating temperature range, 654 Operator inconsistency, in force measurement, 646–647 Optical force transducers, 637–639 Optical interference technique, 840 Optical microscopes, 840 Optimum solution (materials selection), 540–541, 543–545 Organic-based magnets, 444, 450 Orifice-type (cup) viscometers, 829–831, 834 Oscillating sphere viscometers, 832 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 905 Ostwald viscometer, 828 Outdoor sound propagation, 923–926 Overload, 652 Oxidation, of nickel alloys, 282, 283 Oxygen, 4, 244, 851 P PAs, see Polyamides Packaging, aluminum alloys in, 114 Painted finishes, for magnesium alloys, 296 PAIs (poly[amide imides]), 389, 390 PARs (polyarylates), 381, 382 Parallel-plate viscometers, 826 Particle-reinforced MMCs, 425–427 “Parting” (dealloying), 201 Partitions: passive noise control with, 914, 915 single- vs. double-leaf, 914, 915 sound isolation with, 973–974 PASCC (polythionic acid stress–corrosion cracking), 44 Passivation, 43 Passive electronics, 466–467 Passive noise control, 906–915 acoustic filters for, 910–913 enclosures for, 915 and impedance, 909 lined ducts for, 913–914 single- vs. double-leaf partitions for, 914–9151014 Index Passive noise control (continued) source, path, and receiver components of, 907–908 terminology used in, 908–909 vibration isolation mounts for, 909–910 Patenting, 36 PBT (poly[bytylene terephthalate]), 371, 372 PBT/PC alloy, 371–373 PCs (polycarbonates), 379, 380 PC/ABS (polycarbonate/ABS) alloys, 379, 380 PCTFE (poly[chlorotrifluoroethylene]), 392, 393 PE (polyethylene), 357–358 Pearlite, 9, 14, 20, 24, 25 PECs (polyestercarbonates), 380–381 PEEK (polyetheretherketone), 389–391 PEIs (polyetherimides), 387–389 PEK (polyetherketone), 389–391 Performance, modeling material/product, 516 Performance index (materials selection), 539–540 PES (polyethersulfone), 384–385 PET (poly[ethylene terephthalate]), 372–374 Petroleum industry, aluminum alloys in, 114 Phenolic resins, 394 Phon (unit), 890 Phosphor bronzes, 131 Photoelastic method, 780–781 Photo etching, 652 pH-sensitive materials, 446 Piezoceramics, 467–468 Piezoelectric effect, 652 Piezoelectric force gauges, 846–847 Piezoelectric materials, 440–443, 450 Pin-on-disc rigs, 845, 846 Pipes, reflection/transmission of sound in, 904 Pistonphone calibration, 967–968 Pitting corrosion: aluminum alloys, 88–89 failure due to, 762–763 nickel alloys, 281–282 stainless steel, 40, 41, 44–45 Plane waves, 897 Plastics, 353–398 additives in, 355 chemical/solvent resistance of, 355 classification of, 354–355 elastomers, 396–398 in electronic packaging, 494–497 engineering thermoplastics, 370–383 fluorinated thermoplastics, 392–393 high-performance materials, 383–392 polyolefinic thermoplastics, 357–361 polyurethane/cellulosic resins, 369–370 properties of, 355–357 side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics, 361–369 thermosets, 394–396 Plastic failure, 771–785 chemical, 777 and design, 773–775 environmental, 777, 778 and material selection, 772–773 mechanical, 776, 777 and process, 775, 776 and service conditions, 775, 776 thermal, 777 Plasticity, 558 Plates, stresses on, 610–614 Plate steels, 5 Platforms, database, 524 Pleasantness, of sound, 937 Plumbing tube, copper-alloy, 215–225 type ACR, 216, 223–224 type DWV, 216, 222 type K, 216, 218–219 type L, 216, 219–220 type M, 216, 220–221 PMCs, see Polymer matrix composites PMDA-ODA, 387, 388 PMMA (poly[methyl methacrylate]), 366 PMP (polymethylpentane), 361 Poisson ratio, 558, 628 Polar moment of inertia, 596–597 Polar radius of gyration, 597 Polumeric materials, see Plastics Poly(amide imides) (PAIs), 389, 390 Poly(bytylene terephthalate) (PBT), 371, 372 Poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE), 392, 393 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 372–374 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 366 Poly(p-pheylene), 391–392 Poly(tetrafluorethylene) (PTFE), 392–393 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), 374 Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 392, 393 Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 368–369 Polyacetals, 378–379 Polyamides (PAs, nylons), 374–378 acetals, 378–379 aromatic, 377–378Index 1015 PA 4/6, 376, 377 PA 6 and PA 6/6, 374–376 PA/PPE alloys, 375–376 semiaromatic polyamides, 376, 377 Polyarylates (PARs), 381, 382 Polyarylsulfones, 384–385 Polybiphenyldisufones, 385–386 Polycarbonates (PCs), 379, 380 Polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 379, 380 Polyesters: liquid crystalline, 386–387 thermoplastic, 371–374 unsaturated, 395 Polyestercarbonates (PECs), 380–381 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 389–391 Polyetherimides (PEIs), 387–389 Polyetherketone (PEK), 389–391 Polyethersulfone (PES), 384–385 Polyethylene (PE), 357–358 Polyethylene/poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, 446 Polyimides, 387, 388 Polyketones, aromatic, 389–391 Polymers, 447. See also Plastics Polymer matrix, 412–413 Polymer matrix composites (PMCs): applications of, 432–433 properties of, 417–423 Polymethylpentane (PMP), 361 Polyolefinic thermoplastics, 357–361 polyethylenes, 357–358 polymethylpentane, 361 polypropylene, 358–360 Polyphenylene ether (PPE), 381–383 Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 383–384 Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 384, 385 Polypropylene (PP), 358–360 Polystyrene (PS), 361–362 Polysulfone (PSU), 384, 385 Polythionic acid stress–corrosion cracking (PASCC), 44 Polyurethanes (PUs), 369, 370, 449 Polyurethane-based encapsulation materials, 490 Polyurethane resins (PURs), 369 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 367–368 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 392, 393, 441–443 Position-sensitive assemblies, 488 Postprocessing (finite-element method), 698 Postservice refurbishment, superalloy, 346–347 Powder metallurgy: superalloys, 340–341 titanium alloys, 252, 254 Power reflection coefficient, 900 Power transmission coefficient, 900, 911–913 PP (polypropylene), 358–360 PPE (polyphenylene ether), 381–383 “p–p” principle, 982–984 PPS (polyphenylene sulfide), 383–384 PPSU (polyphenylsulfone), 384, 385 Precipitation hardening stainless steels, 34 Precision, 642, 652 Preliminary design, materials data for, 517–518 Prepared atmosphere, heat treatment in, 285–286 Pressure: radiation, 940 sound, 888–889, 955–957 and viscosity, 816–817, 819 Pressure fields, microphone selection for, 967 Pressure reflection coefficient, 900 Pressure-residual intensity index, 987 Pressure transmission coefficient, 900 Principal strains, 663 Principal strain coordinate system, 663 Printed circuit board components, 499–500 Probabilistic design, 456–458 Processability requirements (materials selection), 532, 533 Process annealing, 26 Proeutectoid phase, 9 Proportional limit, 558 Protective electronic packaging, 509–510 Proving ring, 636–637 PS (polystyrene), 361–362 Pseudoplastic fluids, 813 psi (unit), 653 PSU (polysulfone), 384, 385 Psychoacoustic effects of sound, 944–946 PTFE (poly[tetrafluorethylene]), 392–393 PTT (Poly[trimethylene terephthalate]), 374 PUs, see Polyurethanes Pugh method, 546–547 PURs (polyurethane resins), 369 PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 367–368 PVDC (poly[vinylidene chloride]), 368–369 PVDF, see Polyvinylidene fluoride PVF (poly[vinyl fluoride]), 392, 3931016 Index Q Quality assurance, 519 Quantitative methods of materials selection, 531–551 case study, 541–545 comparing/ranking, 538–540, 542–544 computerization of, 549–551 initial screening, 534–538, 541–542 optimum solution in, 540–541, 543–545 requirements for, 532–534, 541 stages of design and materials selection, 533 substitution, 545–548 and types of material information, 549 Quasi-digital signals, 653 Quenching, 24–26 R Radiation (heat transfer), 509 Radiation, free-field, 921 Radiation damage, 709 Radiation detectors, 850 Radiation impedance, 893, 894 Radiation pressure, 940 Radius of gyration, 597, 602 Rail transportation, aluminum alloys for, 113–114 Random fields, microphone selection for, 966–967 Range of stress, 572 Rankine’s Theory (Maximum-Stress Theory), 568–570 Ranking, see Comparing/ranking RBS (Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy), 855 Reaction injection molding (RIM), 369 Reaming (copper alloys), 207, 208 Receivers, passive noise control, 907–908 Reciprocity calibration, 968 Recrystallization annealing, 26 Red brasses, 141 Reducing atmosphere, heat treatment in, 285–286 Referential coordinates, differentiation in, 695–698 Reflection of sound, 900–904 at discontinuities in pipes, 904 at side branches of pipes, 904 from a single interface, 900–902 from a solid surface, 902–904 through fluid layers, 902–904 Refractive index, 653 Relative calibration, 968 Reliability, of materials data, 522–524 Reliability requirements (materials selection), 534 Remelted ingot processing, superalloy, 335–336 Repeatability, 642, 653 Rephosphorized steels, 22 Reproducibility, 642, 653 Residual stresses, 259, 854 Resilience, 564, 565 Resistance metal strain gauges, 664–676 alloys used in, 666–670 calibration parameters for, 666–670 description of, 664–665 sensitivity of, 665–666 strain gauge rosettes in, 670–673 Resistance to service conditions, 534 Resisting moment, 596 Resisting shear, 576 Resolution, 642 Resonance, 653, 977–978 Resonant element transducers, 631–634 Resonant (vibrational) viscometers, 831–832, 834 Restrained beams, 574, 585 Reverberation, in rooms, 975–977 Reverberation method, 991–992 Reverberation time (RT), 975–976 Reverse-flow viscometers, 828 Rheology, 812–813 Rhodium, 494 Ribbon microphones, 948 RIM (reaction injection molding), 369 Ring dynamometer (proving ring), 636–637 Rockwell hardness test, 853–854 Rolling (steel), 5 Room acoustical measurements, 975–979 critical distance, 979 and echoes, 979 noise criteria ratings, 979 resonance, 977–978 reverberation, 975–977 Rosette equations (for strain gauges), 671–672 Rotational viscometers, 824–826, 834, 856 Roughness: sound, 936 surface, see Surface roughness measurements Round shafts, torsional stresses in, 597Index 1017 RT (reverberation time), 975–976 Rupture: creep, 423, 736–744, 806–807 ductile, 706 modulus of, 580 stress, 708, 736–744 work required for, 564 Rupture strength, 559 Rusting, 47 Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), 855 S Safety, factor of, 562–563 Safety and health issues: with copper, 202, 214–215 with copper alloys, 214–215 Saint Venant Theory (Maximum-Strain Theory), 568–570 SAN (styrene/acrylonitrile) copolymer, 363, 364 Sawing (copper alloys), 208, 210 SAW (surface acoustic wave) transducers, 634–636 Saybolt measurement system, 811, 812 Scanning electron microscopes (SEM), 840, 841 Scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STM), 841–842 Scatter (ceramic failure), 795–798 of lifetime, 798–799 of strength, 795–798 SCC (stress corrosion cracking), 43–44, 765 Scoring, 755 Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) process, 463 Secant formula, 603 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), 855 Section modulus, 580 Seizure (adhesive wear), 754 SEL (sound exposure level), 992 Selection of materials. See also Quantitative methods of materials selection for electronic packaging, 476 materials data for, 516–517 stages of design and, 533 for thermal shock conditions, 803–804 Selective leaching, 763 Selenium, 24 Self-temperature compensation number (strain gauge), 668–670 SEM (scanning electron microscopes), 840, 841 Semiaromatic polyamides, 376, 377 Semiconductor strain gauges, 676–678 Semired brasses, 141 Sensitivity, 653 microphone, 968 strain, 665–666 transverse, 672–673 Sensitization, 32 Sensory pleasantness, of sound, 937 Service conditions, resistance to, 534 Shafts: stresses on rotating, 616 torsional stresses in, 597–600 Shape functions, differential properties of, 693–695 Shape memory alloys, 448–449 Sharpness, sound, 935 Shear: deflection due to, 583 horizontal, 576, 585 resisting, 576 vertical, 576 web, 584 Shear center, 584 Shear diagrams, 576 Shear strain, 558, 660, 662 Shear strain rate, 813 Shear stress, 557, 597 Shielding gases, 212 Shipping, protective packaging for, 510 Shock: electronic equipment failure due to, 503–504 isolation of, 880–881 sources of, 861–862 spectrum of, 868–870 thermal, 464–465, 708, 803–804 Shock testing, 505 Shore hardness test, 854 Side branches, pipe, 904 Side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics, 361–369 acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene polymers, 363–365 acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate polymers, 365 poly(methyl methacrylate), 366 poly(vinylidene chloride), 368–369 polystyrenes (PS, IPS, HIPS), 361–362 polyvinyl chloride, 367–368 styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer, 363, 364 styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer, 3661018 Index Side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics (continued) styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer, 366, 367 syndiotactic polystyrene, 362–363 Signa, 653 Silicon-based encapsulation materials, 490 Silicon brasses, 134, 143, 226 Silicon bronzes, 134, 143 Silicon-carbide based fibers (as composite reinforcement), 410–411 Silver, 493 Simple beams, 574, 585 Simple stress, 557 SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy), 855 Simulation testing, 785 Single-degree-of-freedom systems, 862, 863, 865–868 equation of motion, 865 forced-harmonic vibration, 867 forced nonharmonic vibration, 868 free vibration, 866–867 Single-leaf partitions, 914, 915, 973–974 Single-point tool machining, 90, 204, 205 SI units, 653 Slenderness ratio, 602 Sliding wear, 847, 848 SLMs (sound level meters), 969–970 SMA (styrene/maleic anhydride) copolymer
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