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| موضوع: كتاب Fundamentals of HVAC Systems الإثنين 15 فبراير 2021, 12:19 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fundamentals of HVAC Systems SI Edition Prepared by Robert McDowall, P. Eng. Engineering Change Inc.
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword ix 1 Introduction to HVAC 1 Instructions 1 Study Objectives of Chapter 1 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Brief History of HVAC 2 1.3 Scope of Modern HVAC 3 1.4 Introduction to Air-Conditioning Processes 3 1.5 Objective: What is your system to achieve? 4 1.6 Environment For Human Comfort 6 The Next Step 8 Summary 9 Bibliography 9 2 Introduction to HVAC Systems 11 Instructions 11 Study Objectives of Chapter 2 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart 12 2.3 Basic Air-Conditioning System 20 2.4 Zoned Air-Conditioning Systems 24 2.5 Choosing an Air-Conditioning System 27 2.6 System Choice Matrix 30 The Next Step 31 Summary 31 Bibliography 33 3 Thermal Comfort 34 Instructions 34 Study Objectives of Chapter 3 34 3.1 Introduction: What is Thermal Comfort? 34 3.2 Seven Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort 35 3.3 Conditions for Comfort 38 3.4 Managing Under Less Than Ideal Conditions 41 3.5 Requirements of Non-Standard Groups 42 The Next Step 43 Summary 43 Bibliography 44vi Contents 4 Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality 45 Instructions 45 Study Objectives of Chapter 4 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Air Pollutants and Contaminants 46 4.3 Indoor Air Quality Effects on Health and Comfort 47 4.4 Controlling Indoor Air Quality 49 4.5 ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 54 The Next Step 59 Summary 59 Bibliography 60 5 Zones 62 Instructions 62 Study Objectives of Chapter 5 62 5.1 Introduction 62 5.2 What is a Zone? 63 5.3 Zoning Design 63 5.4 Controlling the Zone 68 The Next Step 69 Summary 69 6 Single Zone Air Handlers and Unitary Equipment 71 Instructions 71 Study Objectives of Chapter 6 71 6.1 Introduction 72 6.2 Examples of Buildings with Single-Zone Package Air-Conditioning Units 72 6.3 Air-Handling Unit Components 73 6.4 The Refrigeration Cycle 78 6.5 System Performance Requirements 83 6.6 Rooftop Units 85 6.7 Split Systems 88 The Next Step 89 Summary 89 Bibliography 91 7 Multiple Zone Air Systems 92 Instructions 92 Study Objectives of Chapter 7 92 7.1 Introduction 93 7.2 Single-Duct, Zoned-Reheat, Constant-Volume Systems 94 7.3 Single-Duct, Variable-Air-Volume Systems (VAV) 96 7.4 Bypass Box Systems 98 7.5 Constant-Volume, Dual-Duct, All-Air Systems 99 7.6 Multizone Systems 102 7.7 Three-Deck Multizone Systems 103 7.8 Dual-Duct, Variable-Air-Volume Systems 104 7.9 Dual-Path Outside-Air Systems 105Contents vii The Next Step 105 Summary 106 8 Hydronic Systems 108 Instructions 108 Study Objectives of Chapter 8 108 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Natural Convection and Low Temperature Radiation Heating Systems 110 8.3 Panel Heating and Cooling 113 8.4 Fan Coils 114 8.5 Two-Pipe Induction Systems 117 8.6 Water Source Heat Pumps 118 The Next Step 120 Summary 120 Bibliography 121 9 Hydronic System Architecture 122 Instructions 122 Study Objectives of Chapter 9 122 9.1 Introduction 123 9.2 Steam Systems 123 9.3 Water Systems 125 9.4 Hot Water Systems 129 9.5 Chilled Water Systems 133 9.6 Condenser Water 134 The Next Step 137 Summary 137 Bibliography 138 10 Central Plants 139 Instructions 139 Study Objectives of Chapter 10 139 10.1 Introduction 140 10.2 Central Plant Versus Local Plant in a Building 140 10.3 Boilers 142 10.4 Chillers 145 10.5 Cooling Towers 148 The Next Step 151 Summary 152 Bibliography 153 11 Controls 154 Instructions 154 Study Objectives of Chapter 11 154 11.1 Introduction 155 11.2 Controls Basics 156 11.3 Typical Control loops 161 11.4 Introduction to Direct Digital Control (DDC) 163 11.5 Direct Digital Control of an Air-Handler 168viii Contents 11.6 Architecture and Advantages of Direct Digital Controls 172 The Next Step 175 Summary 176 Bibliography 177 12 Energy Conservation Measures 178 Instructions 178 Study Objectives of Chapter 12 178 12.1 Introduction 179 12.2 Energy Considerations For Buildings 179 12.3 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 183 12.4 Heat Recovery 186 12.5 Air-Side and Water-Side Economizers 190 12.6 Evaporative Cooling 192 12.7 Control of Building Pressure 194 The Final Step 194 Summary 195 Bibliography 196 13 Special Applications 197 Instructions 197 Study Objectives of Chapter 13 197 13.1 Introduction 198 13.2 Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems 198 13.3 Thermal Storage Systems 201 13.4 The Ground as Heat Source and Sink 211 13.5 Occupant-Controlled Windows with HVAC 212 13.6 Room Air Distribution Systems 213 13.7 Decoupled and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems 217 Summary 220 Your Next Step 222 Bibliography 223 Epilogue 223 Index 22 Index acoustical environment 7 active thermal storage 202–4, 221 activity level, and comfort 8, 35–6 actuator 75, 168 adiabatic process 18, 32 air-and-water systems 26–7 air-conditioning systems basic system 20–4 choice of system 27–30, 32, 82, 87 components 20–2, 32, 87 controls 27 definition 4 economizer cycle 22–4, 32, 93 processes 3–4, 9 rooftop units 85–8, 90 single-zone systems 72–3 split systems 88–9 system performance requirements 83–5, 90 window air-conditioners 4, 27, 79–80, 112 zoned systems 24–7, 32 air distribution systems 213–17, 221 air handlers see single zone air handlers air inlet 74–5 air quality, and comfort 6–8, 47–9, 60 air-side economizers 190–1, 196 air speed, and comfort 38, 41 air temperature and comfort 37 mixed-temperature sensor 75 variations 42 all-air systems 24–5 advantages 93–4 bypass box systems 98–9 disadvantages 94 dual-duct systems 99–100, 101 dual-duct variable air volume systems 104–5 dual path outside air systems 105 multizone systems, 102–3 reheat systems 25, 94–6, 106 three-deck multizone systems 103 variable air volume (VAV) system 26, 104–5 all-water systems 27 analog electronic controls 156 analog input and output 165 art work preservation, HVAC systems 6 ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2004 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings 3, 168, 175, 179, 183–6 Guideline 13–2000 Specifying Direct Digital Control Systems 175 psychrometric chart 12–20 Standard 135–2004 A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks 173 Standard 52.1–1992 Gravimetric and Dust Spot Procedures for Testing Air Cleaning Devices 50 Standard 52.2–1999 Method for Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for the Removal Efficiency by Particle Size 51 Standard 55–2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy 35226 Index ASHRAE (Continued) Standard 62 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 54–9 Standard 62.1–2004 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 46, 54–9 Standard 62.2–2004 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential Buildings 46, 54 axial fan 78 BACnet 173 bag filter 52, 53 barometric dampers 194 boilers central plant 140–2, 145 condensing boiler, 187 replacement 144, 183 steam boilers 125, 145, 152 two boiler system 144–5 boreholes 211 breathing zone 55 building design and air-conditioning 28 and energy conservation 179–83 bypass box systems 98–9 bypass damper 98 carbon dioxide 57–9 carbon monoxide 47 carcinogens 48 ceiling plenum 99 ceilings, radiant heating and cooling 198 central plants 139–52 boilers 140–2, 145 chillers 145–8 comparison with local plants 140–2 cooling towers 148–51 centrifugal compressor 146 centrifugal fan 78 changeover system, fan coils 116 chilled water system 133–4, 171 chilled water, storage 205–8 chillers central plant 139–42, 145–8 energy efficiency 142 client issues 29 climate and dual-path systems 105 and economizer cycle 22–4, 32 effects of 4 and single zone air-handlers 87, 81 and thermal storage 201–11 and zones 62–9 closed loop controls 158–60, 161 closed water circuit 135, 136 clothing, and comfort 8, 36 Coanda effect 214 Coefficient of Performance (COP), 185 comfort and environment 6–8 and indoor air quality 45, 47–9 see also thermal comfort comfort cooling see air-conditioning systems comfort envelope 39, 40 compressor, in refrigeration equipment 78 computers see Direct Digital Controls (DDC) condensate, steam systems 123–5 condenser, in refrigeration equipment 78 condenser water 134–6, 140, 146 condensing boiler 130, 187 contaminants filtration 50–3 health effects 47, 48, 54 indoor air quality 46, 47 source control 49–50 control logic 76, 163 controlled device 160 controlled variable 159 controller 160 controls basics 156–61 choice of 155 closed loop 158–60 Direct Digital Controls (DDC), 156, 163–8, 172–5 economizers 190 electric 155 electronic 156 languages 172 open loop 160–1 pneumatic 156 self-powered 155 thermal storage 198 time control 161Index 227 convection heating 110–13 cooling evaporative cooling 192–4 radiant cooling 113, 198–201 cooling coil 18, 22, 77 cooling towers 78, 135–6, 140, 148–51 costs 29, 186, 204 dampers in air-conditioning system 20, 74–5 bypass damper 98 data gathering panel (DGP), 174 dead band 113, 163 decoupled outdoor air systems 217–20 dehumidification 105 desiccant wheels 189–90 dew point temperature 13 digital/binary input and output 164 dilution ventilation 54 Direct Digital Controls (DDC) 156, 168–75, 210 inputs and outputs 163 naming conventions 165 sequence of operations 165–8, 171 single zone air handlers 168–72 system architecture 173–5 direct evaporative cooling 192–4 disease, and air quality 47–8 displacement ventilation 214 drafts 41 drift eliminators 149 dual-duct systems 99–102 dual-duct variable air volume systems 104–5 dual-path outside air systems 105, 220 dust spot efficiency 51 economizers air-side economizers 190–2 economizer cycle 22–4, 32, 93 water-side 190–2 electric controls 155, 156 electricity, costs, 77, 204 electric thermal storage (ETS) heater 202 electronic controls 156 electronic filter 52 energy conservation air-side economizers 190–1 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.13, 183–6 building design 179–83 building pressure control 194 evaporative cooling 192–4 heat recovery 195 water-side economizers 190–2 energy-cost budget method 186 Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), 185 energy efficiency, hot water systems 130–33 Enthalpy 15–16, 32, 76 entrained air 117 environment, for human comfort 6–8, 9 evaporative cooling 192–4 evaporator 79 expansion valve 79 expectations, and comfort 8, 37, 38 fan coils 114–17 fan, in air-conditioning system 75, 78, 89 farm animals, HVAC systems 11 filters 20, 52–3, 76 firing rate 144 float and thermostatic steam trap 123 floors radiant floor 113, 114, 120, 130, 187, 198 surface temperature 42 four-pipe system, fan coil 116 frozen food storage, HVAC systems 5 gain 158 greenhouse gas emissions 3 ground, heat source and sink 198, 211 head pressure 192 water flow 81, 135 health, and air contaminants 48 heating hydronic systems 110–13 psychrometric chart 12–20 radiant heating 198–201 steam systems 122, 123–5, 137 water systems 122, 133, 137 heating coil in air-conditioning system 20, 76–7 fan coils 114–17, 121 heat pipes 188228 Index heat pumps air-to-air system 82 closed loop systems 120 ground source heat pumps 90, 118, 130 water source heat pumps 118, 121 heat recovery 119, 142, 186, 195 desiccant wheels 189 heat pipes 178, 188 run-around energy recovery coils 187 HEPA filter 52 hospitals ceiling panel heating 114, 201 dual-duct systems 100 filters 50, 76 HVAC systems 3 hotels expectations 8, 37 four-pipe fan-coil system 116 ventilation 55 hot-water fan coils 116 hot water systems 129, 130, 137 boilers 142–5, 152 energy efficiency 130, 179 human comfort see comfort humidification, psychrometric chart 17–18 humidifier, in air-conditioning system 22, 77 humidistat 22, 69 humidity and comfort 5, 38, 43 dehumidification 4, 18–20, 105 relative humidity 13–15 and zones 62, 64 humidity ratio (W) 12, 38 HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) history of 2–3, 8–9 system objectives 4–6, 9 hydronic circuits 123 hydronic systems 108–21 advantages 109 architecture of 122–38 control of 109, 111–13 disadvantages 109 fan coils 114–17 natural convection and low temperature radiation systems 109–13, 120 panel heating and cooling 113–14, 120 steam piping systems 125, 137 two pipe induction systems 117, 121 and ventilation 106, 109, 113 water piping systems 120, 140 water source heat pumps 118, 121 ice, storage 204, 208 IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) see ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers), ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2004 indirect evaporative cooling 192, 193 individuals, and comfort 6, 8, 48 indoor air quality (IAQ) 3, 45–60 contaminants 46 dilution 49, 53 filtration 50–2 source control 49–50 ventilation 45–60 Induction Reheat Unit 95 induction, two pipe induction systems 117, 121 infiltration 14, 78, 117 Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV) 185 Internet 27, 141, 173 interoperability 173 languages, controls 172–3 latent heat 15, 17, 32, 84 latent heat of fusion 205 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 186, 195 legionella 48, 151 lighting and comfort 7 energy conservation 181, 185 and HVAC 7 low-grade heat 186 Low-Temperature Reheat Unit with Induced Air 95, 96 mechanically conditioned spaces, comfort conditions 40 MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values) 51–2, 116 mixed temperature sensor, in air-conditioning system 75 mixing chamber, in air-conditioning system 20Index 229 modulating controls 156, 157 mold, control of 47, 194 multiple zone air systems 92–107 multizone systems 102, 103 offset 158, 176 on-off controls 157 on-off input and output 164 open loop control system 160 open water circuit 136 outdoor air, dual-path system 105, 107 outdoor reset 112, 130, 160, 161 outside air damper, in air-conditioning system 20, 59 overshoot 158, 176 panel filter 52 panel heating and cooling 108, 113, 120, 198 passive thermal storage 202, 220 personal environment model 7 physical space, and comfort 9 piping, water systems 128–9 pleated filter 53 pneumatic controls 156 pollutants see contaminants ponding, steam systems 125 pressure building pressure 194, 196 and zones 67 proportional control 157, 158 protocols 173 psychosocial situation 8 psychrometric chart 12–20, 31 acceptable temperature and humidity 41 cooling coil 19, 22 cooling towers 148, 153 design of 12 evaporative cooling 192 heating 16 humidification 17 relative humidity 13–15 pump curve 128 pumps hot water systems 129–33, 137 water systems 137 radiant cooling 201, 220 radiant floor 113–14, 130, 198 radiant heating high temperature 198, 220 low temperature, 109, 120 radiant temperature 37, 42 radiators, heating system 110, 120 radon 47 reciprocating compressor 146 recuperator 142 refrigerant-based systems 27 refrigeration equipment 78–83, 89 history of 2 see also chillers reheat system 25, 94, 106 Induction Reheat Unit 95 Low-Temperature Reheat Unit with Induced Air 95, 96 relative humidity 13–15 relief air 74 reset chilled water 182 heating 182 outdoor reset 112, 130, 160–1 reset controller 161 return fan 78 rooftop units 85, 90 room air distribution systems 213–17, 221 run-around energy recovery coils 187 safety issues, steam systems 122, 123, 137 saturation line 13, 32 saturation point 13 seasonal efficiency 141, 152 secondary air see entrained air self-powered controls 155 sensible heat 15, 84 sensor 160 setpoint 160 setpoint temperature 69, 160 sick building syndrome 49 single zone air handlers 71–90 components 73–8 direct digital control (DDC) 168–72 solar gain 66 solar heating, water 202230 Index spaces attributes for comfort 6 and zones 63 speed of reaction 176 split systems 88, 90 standalone panel 166, 174 static lift 135 steam systems 122, 123–5, 137 boilers 142, 152 safety issues 125, 140 steam traps 125, 140 storage heater 202 stratified tank 221 system choice matrix 30, 32 system curve 128 system head 128 Task/Ambient Conditioning system (TAC) 217 temperature see air temperature; radiant temperature thermal comfort conditions for 6, 38, 43 definition 34 factors 35, 43 non-ideal conditions 41 non-standard groups 42 thermal storage 198, 201–11, 220 active 202 chilled water storage 205–11 controls 208 ice storage 208–11 passive 202 thermal variation, zones 66 thermostatic steam trap 123 thermostats 69, 114, 161 three-deck multizone systems 103 time control 161 timing, and zones 116 tobacco smoke 48, 53 transducer 156, 165 turn-down ratio 144, 152 Turn it off, Turn it down, Turn it in 183 two pipe induction systems 117, 121 Under Floor Air Distribution (UFAD) 215 unitary refrigerant-based systems 27 variable air volume (VAV) systems 26, 96–8, 104 controls 155 direct digital control (DDC) 163–8 dual-duct system 106, 107 variable input and output 165 ventilation acceptable indoor air quality 60 air distribution 213–17, 221 and hydronic heating systems 113, 120 occupant-operated windows 41, 113, 212, 221 zones 66 vertical temperature difference 42 water heating, passive 202 water piping systems 120, 140 chilled water systems 122, 133, 210 condenser water 134–6 hot water systems 130, 137 water-side economizers 191, 196 water source heat pumps 118, 121 water systems see hydronic systems water vapor, humidity ratio 12 web server 175 wells 118, 211 window air-conditioners 4, 27, 112, 213 windows and energy conservation 179, 183 occupant-controlled 212–13, 221 and zones 63 zone air distribution effectiveness 55, 56 zoned air-conditioning systems 24, 32 all-air systems 25, 99–102 see also single zone air handlers zones control of 68–9 definition 62, 63 design 63–
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