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 |  موضوع: كتاب Boatowner’s Mechanical and Electrical Manual الجمعة 05 فبراير 2021, 12:16 am | |
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أحضرت لكم كتاب
Boatowner’s Mechanical and Electrical Manual
Third Edition
How to Maintain, Repair, and Improve Your Boat’s Essential Systems
Nigel Calder
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
List of Troubleshooting Charts viii
List of Tables ix
Preface and Acknowledgments to the Third Edition xii
Preface and Acknowledgments to the Second Edition xiv
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 . Establishing a Balanced Battery-Powered Electrical System 002
Introduction 4
Batteries 5
Getting Down to Specifics 16
Putting the Pieces Together 35
Summary: A Balanced System 45
Chapter 2 . Electrical Systems for Energy-Intensive Boats 046
Additional Energy Sources 48
Dual-Voltage DC Systems 57
Fuel Cells, Higher-Voltage DC Boats, and Electric Propulsion 65
Chapter 3 . Maintaining and Troubleshooting a Battery-Powered Electrical System 072
Batteries 74
Alternators 85
Voltage Regulators 104
Diodes 109
Chapter 4 . Understanding and Troubleshooting Electrical Circuits 112
Basic Concepts and Measurements 114
DC Circuits 121
AC Circuits 133
Proper Electrical Installations 157
Chapter 5 . Corrosion, Bonding, Lightning Protection, and Grounding 196
Corrosion 198
Bonding and Cathodic Protection 212
Lightning Protection 219
Grounding 231
Chapter 6 . Battery Chargers, Inverters, Wind and Water Generators, and Solar Panels 236
Battery Chargers 238
Inverters 250
Wind and Water Generators 266
Solar Panels 281
Chapter 7 . AC Generators, DC Generators, Electric Motors (DC and AC),
and Electric Lights 288
AC Generators 290
DC Generators 305
Electric Motors 306
Electric Lights 326
Chapter 8 . Marine Electronics: Antennas and Radio Grounds, Electromagnetic and
Radio Frequency Interference, and Saving Soaked Equipment 338
Marine Electronics 340
Antennas and Radio Grounds 343
Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference 353
Saving Soaked Equipment 360Chapter 9 . Diesel Engines: Operation and Maintenance,
Troubleshooting, and Winter Layup 362
Operation and Maintenance 364
Troubleshooting Part 1: Failure to Start 377
Troubleshooting Part 2: Operating Problems 395
Winter Layup and Recommissioning 414
Chapter 1 0 . From Transmission to Propeller 422
Transmissions and Shaft Brakes 424
Connecting a Transmission to a Propeller Shaft 437
Shaft Seals 442
Struts, Bearings, and Propellers 449
Chapter 1 1 . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning 458
CFCs and the Ozone Hole 460
Balancing Refrigeration Needs with Boat Use 463
Air-Conditioning 488
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning: Maintenance,
Troubleshooting, and Repair 491
Charging and Topping-Off Procedures 509
Chapter 1 2 . Tanks, Plumbing, Toilets, and Through-Hull Fittings 516
Tanks and Fittings 518
Plumbing 527
Marine Toilets (Heads) 540
Through-Hulls and Seacocks 560
Chapter 1 3 . Pumps and Watermakers 570
Pumps 572
Pump Switches 601
Watermakers 607
Chapter 1 4 . Steering Systems, Autopilots, and Wind Vanes 620
Steering Systems 622
Autopilots 647
Wind Vane Self-Steering 653
Chapter 1 5 . Stoves, Cabin Heaters, Gas-Powered Water Heaters, and Lanterns 662
Gas 664
Alcohol, Kerosene, and Diesel Appliances 676
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 684
Chapter 1 6 . Blocks, Winches, Windlasses, and Bow Thrusters 692
Blocks 694
Winches 699
Windlasses 709
Bow Thrusters 729
Chapter 1 7 . Spars, Standing Rigging, and Roller Reefing 730
Spars 732
Standing Rigging 748
Roller Reefing and Furling 767
Glossary 782
Appendix A: Checklist of Winterizing Procedures 790
Appendix B: Freeing Frozen Parts and Fasteners 792
Appendix C: Tools and Spare Parts 794
Appendix D: Useful Tables 797
Index 805
oil pump
full-flow
filter
to engine oil
galleriesList of Troubleshooting Charts
Chart 3-1. Battery/Alternator/Regulator Problems: Undercharging 93
Chart 3-2. Battery/Alternator/Regulator Problems: Overcharging 94
Chart 3-3. Battery/Alternator/Regulator Problems: No Alternator Output 98–99
Chart 4-1. Tests with a Voltmeter 127
Chart 4-2. Circuit Tests with an Ohmmeter 128
Chart 4-3. Equipment Tests with an Ohmmeter 128
Chart 4-4. Testing for Short Circuits with an Ohmmeter 129
Chart 4-5. Testing for Ground Leaks 131
Chart 6-1. Battery Charger Problems: No Output 247–48
Chart 6-2. Wind Generator Output Problems 279
Chart 6-3. Solar Panel Problem: No Apparent Output 287
Chart 7-1. Armature-Type AC Generators: No Output 298
Chart 7-2. Starting Circuit Problems: Engine Fails to Crank 318
Chart 8-1. Electronic Equipment Problems: Unit Will Not Come Online 341
Chart 8-2. Electronic Equipment Problems: Unit Comes On but Gives
No Data or Incorrect Data 341–42
Chart 9-1. Diesel Engine Problems: An Overview 376
Chart 9-2. Diesel Engine Problems: Engine Cranks but Won’t Fire 383
Chart 9-3. Overheating on Start-Up 399
Chart 9-4. Overheating in Operation 400
Chart 9-5. Smoke in Exhaust 402
Chart 10-1. Transmission Problems 433
Chart 11-1. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Problems: A Brief Overview 497
Chart 13-1. Flexible Impeller, Vane, and Rotary Pump Problems: No Flow 587
Chart 13-2. Centrifugal Pump Problems: No Flow or Reduced Flow 591
Chart 14-1. Wheel Steering Failures: Rack-and-Pinion 637
Chart 14-2. Wheel Steering Failures: Cable and Pull-Pull 637
Chart 14-3. Wheel Steering Failures: Hydraulic 646
Chart 16-1. Electric Windlass: Failure to Operate 726
VIIIList of Tables
Table 1-1. Summary of Pros and Cons of Different Battery Technologies 15
Table 1-2. Life Cycles Versus Depth of Discharge for East Penn
Gel-Cells and AGMs 15
Table 1-3. Typical Power Consumption of Electrical Loads (12 Volts) 17
Table 1-4. Daily Power Requirements (12 Volts) of a Hypothetical
Cruising Boat Anchored Off a Bahamian Beach 18
Table 1-5. Cycle Life of Trojan Industrial Batteries 19
Table 1-6. Typical KKK Alternator Outputs as a Function of Speed of
Rotation and Temperature 24
Table 1-7. Horsepower Ratings for 3VX Super HC Molded Notch
V-Belts (approximately 3⁄8 in. belts) 27
Table 1-8. Horsepower Ratings for 5VX Super HC Molded Notch V-Belts
(between 1⁄2 in. and 5⁄8 in.) 27
Table 1-9. Horsepower Ratings for AX-Section Tri-Power Molded Notch
V-Belts (1⁄2 in. belts) 27
Table 1-10. Gassing Voltages for a 12-Volt Battery as a Function of
Electrolyte Temperature 33
Table 1-11. Recommended Temperature-Compensated Charging and
Float Voltages for East Penn Gel-Cells 34
Table 1-12. Recommended Temperature-Compensated Charging and
Float Voltages for East Penn AGMs 34
Table 1-13. Designing Your Boat’s DC Electrical System 44
Table 3-1. Electrolyte Freezing Point as a Function of Battery
State of Charge 76
Table 3-2. Electrolyte Specific Gravity as a Function of Temperature
and Battery State of Charge 80
Table 3-3. Typical Specific Gravity Variations by Region 80
Table 3-4. Open-Circuit Voltage Versus State of Charge for East Penn
Wet-Cell, Gel-Cell, and AGM Batteries 81
Table 4-1. Common Electric Cables Acceptable to the ABYC (U.S.) 159
Table 4-2. ABYC DC Color Coding 160
Table 4-3. ABYC Color Codes for Engines and Accessory Wiring 160
Table 4-4A. Allowable Ampacity of Conductors (ABYC) 162
Table 4-4B. Allowable Ampacity of Conductors (adapted from the
ISO standard) 163
Table 4-5. Conductor Sizes for 10% Drop in Voltage (ABYC) 164
Table 4-6. Conductor Sizes for 3% Drop in Voltage (ABYC) 165
Table 4-7. Conversion of American Wire Sizes to European Standards 167
Table 4-8. European-Style Volt Drop Table 168
Table 4-9. AIC Ratings for AC Circuit Breakers 181
Table 4-10. AIC Ratings for DC Circuit Breakers 181
Table 5-1. Galvanic Series of Metals in Seawater 199
Table 5-2. Weight of Zinc for Cathodic Protection of Boats 216
Table 5-3. Clamping Voltage and Time as a Function of Surge Current
for a Sample TVSS Device 229
IXTable 6-1. Typical AC Appliance Loads 260
Table 6-2. Typical Loads for Induction Motors 260
Table 6-3. Sample Load Calculations 260
Table 6-4. Sizing DC-to-AC Inverters 261
Table 7-1. Typical Generator Speeds, Frequencies, and Voltages 295
Table 7-2. Typical Running Amperages for 120-Volt Induction Motors 311
Table 8-1. VHF Antenna Range in Nautical Miles 345
Table 8-2. Minimum Horizontal Spacing (in feet) Between Antennas
for Different Types of Radio-Based Equipment 347
Table 8-3. Representative Loss (Attenuation) in dB per 100 Feet of
50-Ohm Coaxial Cable 347
Table 8-4. Representative Loss (Attenuation) in dB per 100 Feet of
75-Ohm Coaxial Cable 348
Table 8-5. Maximum Acceptable Signal Losses 348
Table 8-6. Calculating Signal Losses for a VHF Radio Antenna Cable 349
Table 8-7. Connector Types and Their Suitability for Different
Equipment 350
Table 9-1. Basic Preventive Maintenance for Marine Diesel Engines 369
Table 9-2. Pressure Conversion Factors 404
Table 11-1. Properties of Popular Icebox Insulation Materials 465
Table 11-2. Heat Influx per 24 Hours per Square Foot of Interior Icebox
Surface Area 470
Table 11-3. Sample Test Results and Calculations 474
Table 11-4. Danfoss BD50 Vital Statistics: Capacity in Btu per Hour
(watts in parentheses) 479
Table 11-5. Danfoss BD50 Vital Statistics: Btu of Heat Removed per
Watt-Hour of Energy Consumed 480
Table 11-6. Danfoss BD50 Vital Statistics: Current (amp) Consumption
at 12 Volts 480
Table 11-7. Pressure-Temperature Chart for HFC-134a 494
Table 12-1. Pipe Sizes 528
Table 12-2. Size Relationships 529
Table 13-1. Chemical Compatibility for Impellers 576
Table 13-2. Pump Types and Common Applications 577
Table 13-3. Resistance of Various Common Fittings (expressed as
feet of pipe) 578
Table 13-4. Resistance per Foot of (Old) Pipe (expressed as feet of head)
as a Function of Pipe Size and Water Flow Rate 578
Table 13-5. Total Head Pressure 579
Table 13-6. Flooding Rates (gpm) of Various Size Openings at
Various Depths 581
Table 13-7. Flooding Rates (gpm) of Various Size Openings at Various
Depths, Assuming a Seacock with a 1-Foot Hose in Place 581
Table 13-8. Flow Rate (gph) at Specified Head Pressure, with
Smooth-Bore and Corrugated-Bore Hoses 585
Table 13-9. Average Pump Life 585
Table 14-1. Hydraulic Oil Recommendations 644
XTable 15-1. LPG Cylinder Pressures in PSI as a Function of Ambient
Temperature and Gas Composition 664
Table 15-2. Propane Flow as a Function of Tubing Length and Diameter 671
Table 15-3. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Symptoms 685
Table 16-1. Block Loading as a Function of Turning Angle 695
Table 16-2. Loads on the Adjusting Tackle for Headsail Cars 696
Table 16-3. Approximate Chain Dimensions (U.S.) 713
Table 16-4. Windlass Current Draw Versus Load 722
Table 16-5. Conductor Sizes for 10% Voltage Drop at 12 Volts 722
Table 17-1. Spar Maintenance Checklist 746
Table 17-2. Breaking Loads for Stainless Steel Wire Rope 749
Table 17-3. Rigging Checklist 757
Table D-1. Fraction, Decimal, and Metric Equivalents 797
Table D-2. Inches to Millimeters Conversion Table 798
Table D-3. Torque Conversion Table, Pound Feet to Newton Meters 798
Table D-4. Feet to Meters Conversion Table 799
Table D-5. Meters to Feet Conversion Table 799
Table D-6. Inches to Centimeters Conversion Table 799
Table D-7. Degrees Fahrenheit to Degrees Celsius/Centigrade
Conversion Table 800
Table D-8. Nautical Miles to Kilometers Conversion Table 801
Table D-9. Kilowatts to Horsepower Conversion Table 802
Table D-10. Pounds per Square Inch to Kilograms per Square Centimeter
Conversion Table 803
Table D-11. Pound Feet to Kilogram Meters Conversion Table 803
Table D-12. Comparative Sheet Metal Thicknesses 803
Table D-13. Equivalencies
INDEX 805
Numbers in bold refer to
pages with illustrations
A
absorbed glass mat batteries. See AGM (absorbed
glass mat) batteries
absorption phase, 29–30,
32–33
ABYC. See American Boat
and Yacht Council (ABYC)
AC circuits, 2–3, 133–56;
color codes, 145–46; galvanic corrosion and, 135,
137, 200; galvanic isolation, 137–39, 141, 143–44;
grounding circuits, 134–37,
141, 142, 144, 232; leaks,
138–39, 152, 153, 208,
218; loads, 49–50, 258–59,
260; polarity testers,
149–50; receptacles,
150–51; ship-to-shore
transfer switch, 151; singlephase circuits, 145–51;
testing, 151–54, 156. See
also circuit breakers
AC compressors, 475, 499
accumulator tanks, 606
AC current, 85, 238
AC generators, 290–305;
battery chargers and, 242;
cogeneration, 53–54; features, 294; maintenance,
294–95, 303; operational
principles, 290–94; setup,
133, 134; troubleshooting,
295–303, 297, 298, 299,
300, 301, 302; types of,
291–94; use of, 48–49,
51, 67; variable-speed
technology, 303–5
AC refrigeration, 472,
475–76
AC ripple voltage, 97, 241
AC watermakers, 613
Adaptive Energy Optimizer
(Danfoss), 481–82, 486
aerials. See antennas
aft-hung rudders, 622–23
AGM (absorbed glass mat)
batteries, 8, 14–16; charging, 239, 241, 245; problems with, 9, 84, 85; reliability of, 12, 257;
temperature and, 75
AGS (automatic generator
start) devices, 56–57
Ah (amp-hours), 4, 13
AIC (ampere interrupting
capacity), 181–82
air-conditioning systems:
installation, 288–89,
458–59, 490–91, 662–63;
maintenance, 495–96;
operational principles,
493, 495; options, 488–89;
power demand of, 67;
pressures, 498; sizing,
489–90
air-conditioning system troubleshooting and repair,
496–509; clutch replacement, 501–4; coolingwater differentials,
496–97; failure to run,
498–504; leak detection,
498; pressures, 497–98;
sight glass, 496; superheat adjustments, 507–9;
unit cuts an and off, 504;
unit fails to cool, 504–7,
506
air-cooled condensers,
484–85, 497, 505
Air Head toilets, 558
air switches, 604
alcohol, 676
alcohol appliances: burners,
678–81; carbon monoxide
formation, 686–87; stoves,
677–78
alloys, 200–203
Alston, Kevin, 467
alternating current. See AC
entries
alternators, 4, 45, 86–87;
belts, 26, 27–28, 89–91,
90; charging battery
banks, 37–41; construction, 86, 88; diode testing,
97–99; dual-voltage DC
systems, 62–64; horsepower requirements, 26;
ignition-protected alternators, 24, 87; installation,
24, 25–26, 37, 38, 72–73,
88–91; interference, 355,
358–59; isolated-ground
alternators, 87; maintenance, 88–91; operational
principles, 85–88; output,
23–24, 25, 26, 104–5;
overcurrent protection,
190; pulleys, 24–25,
27–28, 89–90; repairing,
99–104; speed of rotation,
24–25
alternators, troubleshooting:
no output, 94–99; overcharging, 94; undercharging, 91–93
aluminum, 199, 201, 205–6
aluminum hulls, 215, 216,
217, 568–69
aluminum seacocks, 562
aluminum spars and spreaders, 737–43, 746
aluminum tanks, 520–21,
523
American Boat and Yacht
Council (ABYC) standards, 536; batteries, 35;
battery chargers, 243; battery isolation switch, 42;
bearings, 450; cables,
electrical, 157–58, 159,
161, 162–63, 175, 178;
capacitors, 139; carbon
monoxide alarms, 689; circuit breakers, 149, 184,
193–94; connectors and
terminals, 170, 178–79,
181; corrosion protection,
215, 217; distribution panels, 179, 180; electrical
circuits, 70, 233; electric
motors, 184–85; electromagnetic compatibility,
340; fuel hoses, 537; galvanic isolation, 139,
143–44; gas appliances,
665, 668, 669, 670, 671,
673, 678, 684; graphite
packing tape, 444; ground
fault circuit breakers, 140;
grounding circuits, 144;
heating systems, 683;
hoses, 533, 538; isolation
transformers, 144, 146;
lightning protection, 219,
223–24, 226; motors, 583;
overcurrent protection,
188–90; receptacles, 151;
reverse polarity indicating
device, 150; seacocks,
560–61, 564; shaft seals,
442, 443; shore power,
146, 147; switches, 602;
tanks, 518, 520, 521, 525,
527; voltage drop tables,
164, 165, 168
American Petroleum Institute
(API), 366–67
American Wire Gauge
(AWG), 164, 166
ammeters, 17, 42, 43, 116,
310
ampacity of cables, 161–64,
184
amperage (amps), 85; ampsto-watts conversion, 17;
measuring, 116, 118,
119–20, 310–11, 321;
shore power choices, 149;
water system analogy,
114–16
ampere interrupting capacity
(AIC), 181–82
Indexamp-hour meters, 82–83
amp-hours (Ah), 4, 13
anchor lights, 55, 336, 337
anchor lockers, 709, 710
anchor windlasses. See
windlasses
antennas, 227, 230; features,
343; gain, 343–45, 344;
installation, 346–51; types
of, 343, 345–46, 756
API (American Petroleum
Institute), 366–67
arcing faults, 148
armature-type AC generator,
291, 293–94, 296–99
austenitic stainless steel,
202–3, 204, 205
automatic generator start
(AGS) devices, 56–57
Automatic Power Selector
(Newmar), 342
Automatic Start Up
(Isotherm), 481, 482, 486
automotive batteries, 4–5,
9–11, 10
autopilots, 620–21, 647–53
auxiliary rudders, 655, 656
AWG (American Wire
Gauge), 164, 166
B
B & R rigs, 764
backstays, 345–46, 756, 763,
770–71
baffles, 524, 526, 527
balancing a boat, 660
ball-and-socket terminals,
756, 757
ball valves, 548, 552, 562,
566, 567
Balmar generator, 56
Barient winches, 705–6
Barrier Ultra-R vacuum insulation panels, 466, 467,
470, 472, 473–75
batteries, 19; ABYC standards, 35; capacity, 6, 13,
18–22; choosing, 14–15,
16–17; conditioning, 12,
15, 33, 84–85; construction, 5; discharge, 10–11,
13, 15, 18–19, 35,
256–58, 257; electrolytes
in, 5, 6–8, 9, 12, 14–16,
31, 33; equalization, 12,
15, 33, 84–85; explosions,
22; failure modes, 8–9, 10;
gassing, 7, 9, 14, 15, 31;
installation, 70, 74, 76–78,
183; ISO standards, 35;
life cycles, 10–11, 15, 19,
35; maintenance, 72–73,
74–78, 75, 76; monitoring
and control, 41–43; operational principles, 5–6;
overcharging problems,
31, 94, 109; plates, 5–6;
problems with, 83–85, 93,
94, 98–99; safety issues,
74; temperature and, 13,
76, 78; testing, 78–83, 79,
80, 81, 82; undercharging
problems, 91–93, 107–9,
108
batteries, types of, 187; automotive, 4–5, 9–11, 10;
cranking, 4, 9–11, 10, 35,
36–37, 45, 187; deepcycle, 5, 10–11, 35, 257;
marine, 4–5, 10–11
battery banks, 19–22; charging, 35–41; parallel connection, 20–22, 35; series
connection, 20–22; 12/24-
volt DC system, 58–64
battery boxes, 74, 76–78
battery chargers, 67,
236–37, 238–50; ABYC
standards, 243; AC generators and, 242; converters
as, 61, 62, 63; features,
241–42, 244–46; installation, 243; interference,
359–60; inverters as, 258;
as isolation transformer,
52, 53; operational principles, 238; output, 239,
240, 244, 249; overcurrent
protection, 190; power factor, 242; size, 245; specifications, 242; troubleshooting, 246–50, 248, 249;
types of, 238–41, 245;
voltage regulation, 240–41
battery charging, 30–31;
absorption phase, 29–30,
32–33; battery banks,
35–41; bulk charge,
29–30, 31–32, 33, 240,
245; charge acceptance
rate, 19, 23, 29, 31, 33,
51; DC-to-AC inverters,
258; float charge, 33, 34,
240, 244, 245, 285; temperature and, 33, 34, 70;
trickle charge, 239; water
tank analogy, 28–30,
31–32
battery isolation/selector
switches, 37–38, 42,
72–73, 186, 187, 338–39
battery paralleling relays,
39–40, 43, 45, 62, 63, 64
battery tester, 79, 80, 81–82
BC5W2 oil-resistant cable,
158, 159
bearings: ABYC standards,
450; alternators, 90–91;
Cutless bearings, 422–23,
424, 449–51; preloaded
thrust bearings, 435; pulley-end bearing, 90;
replacement, 587–88;
roller reefing and furling,
769–72; rubber sleeve
bearings, 422–23, 424,
449–51; rudder bearings,
631–33; self-aligning bearings, 632; thrust bearings,
426, 435, 441, 442
bearing tubes, 633–34
bearing-type block, 695
behind-the-mast reefing,
778–81, 779, 780
bellow seals, 634–35
bellows switches, 726
below-the-waterline hoses,
534–35, 537
belt-driven compressors,
458–59, 476, 495, 496
belt-driven VST generators,
304, 305
belts, 26, 27–28, 89–91, 90,
495
Beneteau 57, 326
bevel box, 626–27
bevelheads, 624, 626–27
bilge pumps: alarms, 584;
centrifugal pumps,
579–84; choosing, 575,
577; electrical circuits,
582–84; electronic circuit
breaker, 194; failures, 584,
606; flooding rates, 581,
583; installation, 288–89,
516–17, 570–71; locked
rotor conditions, 583; overcurrent protection, 583;
shutdown requirements,
583–84; switches, 208–9,
603–7; testing, 585
bilge sump, 518, 519
biological digesters, 556–58
black pipe, 530
bladder tanks, 526
Blakes toilet, 548
BLDC (brushless DC)
motors, 66–68, 70–71
Blissfield compressors, 501,
504
blocking diodes, 283–84
blocks, 692–99
Blueboard, 467, 473, 474,
475
BMEA (British Marine Electronics Association), 353
bonding circuits: air-conditioning systems, 491;
installation, 196–97,
213–14, 232, 233; interference, 358; purpose of,
212–14; testing, 218;
through-hulls and seacocks, 562–63
booms, 730–31, 744, 781
806 INDEXbosun’s chair, 636
bowsprits, 736
bow thrusters, 41, 729
brake band, 425
brass, 186, 199, 201, 205–6,
562
bridge rectifiers, 87, 88, 292,
297
British Marine Electronics
Association (BMEA), 353
bronze, 186, 198, 204,
205–6, 207, 216, 218,
562, 569
Brunton Autoprop, 457
brushes, 86, 103; maintenance, 91; repairing,
100–102
brushless AC generators,
292–93, 300–303, 301,
302
brushless alternators, 86
brushless DC (BLDC)
motors, 66–68, 70–71
brush spring, 91
bulk charge, 29–30, 31–32,
33, 240, 245
burners: alcohol, kerosene,
and diesel, 677, 678–81;
gas appliances, 672–75
bus bars, 180–81, 185, 186,
187, 263
butane. See gas
bypass valves, 643
C
cabin heaters: carbon monoxide formation, 686–87;
diesel and kerosene, 677,
682–84, 683; gas, 674;
installation, 662–63
cable clamps, 641, 750, 757
cables, electrical, 157–68;
ABYC standards, 157–58,
159, 161, 162–63, 175,
178; ampacity, 161–64,
184; color codes, 160;
construction, 157–58,
160, 166; cost, 57–58, 64;
data, 193; equalizer vs.
converter installation,
59–60; European cablesizing procedures, 167,
168; installation, 175–79,
176, 177, 178, 185; ISO
standards, 157–58, 159,
161, 162–63, 178; labeling, 158, 159; size, 57–58,
160–61, 166; three-cable
boat, 192–95; UL standards, 158, 159, 166; U.S.
Coast Guard standards,
159; voltage drop and,
164–68; weight, 57–58, 64
cable steering, 627, 628,
637, 638–41
calcium buildup, 546–47
cam cleat, 695
Campingaz cylinders,
665–66
capacitive coupling, 117–18
capacitors, 138–39, 298–99,
499
capacitor-start motors, 308
capacity testing, 82
capillary tubes, 486, 506
cap shrouds, 736, 761, 762,
763, 764, 765
captive-air accumulator
tanks, 606
carbon-ceramic seals, 575,
588, 589
carbon dioxide, 462, 664
carbon fiber spars, 226–27,
743–45, 746
carbon monoxide, 664
carbon monoxide alarms,
688–91, 690
carbon monoxide poisoning,
684–88, 689
carbon-silica aerogel core
material, 466, 467
Castlok terminals, 751, 752
catamarans, 232, 629
cathodic disbondment, 217
cathodic protection, 214–19
CE (Conformité Européene)-
marked equipment, 228,
245, 340, 342
central bonding straps, 233
centrifugal pumps: applications, 577; chemical compatibility, 575; installation,
490–91, 574, 577–84;
operational principles,
573; performance, 579,
580; troubleshooting,
591–92
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons),
460, 461–62
chain, 712–14, 713
chain lockers, 709, 710
chainplates, 730–31,
757–58, 760
charge acceptance rate, 19,
23, 29, 31, 33, 51
charge-divert regulators,
271–72, 273
chart lights, 333
check valves, 582, 643, 677
check valve wrench, 677,
678
chemical compatibility, 575,
576
chilled-water circuits, 491
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC) pipe, 531
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
460, 461–62
chromium, 199, 202, 203,
522
circuit breakers: ABYC standards, 149, 184, 193–94;
ampere interrupting
capacity (AIC), 181–82;
electronic, 194; ground
fault circuit breakers, 140;
installation, 180, 181; ISO
standards, 149, 192; performance, 191–92;
remotely operated,
192–94; size, 183–84;
smart, 194, 606; two-pole
breakers, 149
clamping voltage, 228
Clark Pump (Spectra), 609,
610, 611, 612
Clean Air Act (1990), 461
clevis pins, 759
Climate Control compressors, 501, 504
clutches: adjustments, 429,
430–31, 432; Blissfield,
501, 504; Climate Control, 501, 504; forward,
424, 425, 426; Hurth
adjustments, 432; installation, 422–23; maintenance and troubleshooting, 589–91; replacement,
501–4; reverse, 424, 425,
426; Sanden, 501–4;
Sanden clutch, 500; slipping, 433; wheel clutch,
641, 642
CNG (compressed natural
gas), 538, 664–65, 674
coaxial cable, 157, 346–51
Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR), 518
Code of Practice for Electrical and Electronics Installations in Boats (BMEA),
353
coffee-grinder winches, 699
cogeneration, 53–55, 54, 256
coil-spring seals, 588, 589
cold cranking amps (CCA),
11, 13, 42
common ground point,
232–33
commutator: construction,
306; electronic commutator, 66, 71; maintenance,
311–14, 323, 324, 325
compasses, 231, 354, 640
compressed natural gas
(CNG), 538, 664–65, 674
compression fittings, 529,
751–53
compressors: installation,
458–59; refrigeration
cycle, 492–94, 493;
speed, 480, 481–82, 486;
troubleshooting, 505–6;
vacuuming a unit, 514–15
INDEX 807compressors, types of: AC,
475, 499; belt-driven,
458–59, 476, 495, 496;
Blissfield, 501, 504; Climate Control, 501, 504;
Danfoss, 478, 479, 480,
486, 500; externally driven, 495, 496; hermetic,
475, 476, 486; Masterflux,
487; reciprocal, 506;
Sanden, 501–4
condensates, 491
condensers: air-cooled condensers, 497, 505; air
cooling vs. water cooling,
484–85; installation,
458–59; refrigeration
cycle, 493–95; throughhull condensers, 484–85;
troubleshooting, 505;
water-cooled condensers,
497, 498, 505
conditioning batteries, 12, 15,
33, 84–85
conductive heat loss,
463–64, 465
conductivity of metals, 186
conductivity sensors, 604
cone of protection, 222–23
Conformité Européene(CE)-
marked equipment, 228,
245, 340, 342
connectors and terminals:
ABYC standards, 170,
178–79, 181; cable-end
fittings, 640–41; electrical,
168–75, 178–79, 181,
186; ISO standards, 170,
178–79, 181; rigging,
755–56, 757–59; rod rigging, 753–54; wire rope,
749–53
constant-cycling AC refrigeration units, 472
constant-cycling capacity calculations, 478–79
constant-cycling DC refrigeration units, 464, 478–81,
483, 484–87, 499–501
constant-velocity joints
(CVJs), 441–42
control cables, 431–33
controllable-pitch propellers,
452, 457
convective heat loss, 464,
465
converter circuits, 62–65, 63,
64
converters, 58–62, 60, 61,
357
cooling circuits, 490–91
cooling-water differentials,
496–97
copper, 186, 199, 201, 206,
520, 521
copper pipe or tubing,
528–30
cored hulls, 567, 568
corrosion: ABYC standards,
215, 217; blocks, 698–99;
bonding circuits, 212–14,
213; cathodic protection,
214–19; cleaning up, 206;
crevice corrosion, 201,
203, 204, 206, 760; electrical circuits and, 122–23,
135, 137, 157, 208; electrolytes and, 198–201,
203, 205, 206, 215; paint
and, 206, 207, 217; pitting
corrosion, 201, 202, 204,
206; rigging, 759–60;
saildrives, 428; stray-current corrosion, 207–12,
218; through-hulls and
seacocks, 562; windlasses, 710–11. See also
galvanic corrosion
corrosion and grounding test
procedures, 234–35
corrosion fatigue, 204, 205
cotter pins, 759
coupling puller, 434
couplings, 434–35, 437–41,
438, 439, 440
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride) pipe, 531
Crane shaft seal, 446
cranking batteries, 4, 9–11,
10, 35, 36–37, 45, 187
crevice corrosion, 201, 203,
204, 206, 760
cross-linked polyethylene,
525
CRT displays, 360
current clamp, 119–20
Cutless bearings, 422–23,
424, 449–51
CVJs (constant-velocity
joints), 441–42
D
daily load calculation, 17–18
Danfoss: Adaptive Energy
Optimizer (AEO), 481–82,
486; compressors, 478,
479, 480, 481, 486, 500
data bus, 193, 195
data cables, 193
DC circuits, 2–3, 121–33;
adequacy of, 45; battery
capacity requirements,
18–22; charging capabilities, 22–26; common
ground point, 232–33; corrosion and, 122–23, 208;
design worksheet, 44;
dual-voltage, 57–65;
grounded circuits, 231–32;
ground faults, 130–32;
ground-return circuits,
121–23; heating systems,
684; high-capacity, 21, 35,
483, 485; insulated-return
circuits, 122–23; leaks,
218; load calculation,
17–18, 20, 46–48, 51, 55,
260; monitoring and control, 41–43; ohmmeter
troubleshooting, 127–30;
safety standards, 70; short
circuits, 129–30; sizing,
44, 45; voltage regulation,
28–35; voltmeter troubleshooting, 123–27;
windlasses, 722–24, 725
DC current, 85
DC generators, 53, 55–57,
56, 68–71, 190, 305
DC motors, 495
DC refrigeration units: constant-cycling units, 464,
478–81, 483, 484–87,
499–501; high-capacity
holding-plate units, 483,
485–86, 487; holding-plate
units, 476, 483, 485–86,
489; refrigeration load,
480
DC-to-AC inverters, 4, 67;
batteries and, 36, 256–58;
cogeneration, 53–55, 54;
features, 254–56; installation, 259, 262–64;
inverter-based boats,
49–53; load calculation,
55, 261; operational principles, 250–51; troubleshooting, 264–66;
types of, 251–53; waveform choices, 251–54
DC watermakers, 613
deck washdown pumps, 575,
577
Deep Creek Design lighting,
337
deep-cycle batteries, 5,
10–11, 35, 257
depth sounders, 338–39
Detroit Diesel engines, 385,
392
diaphragm lift pumps,
393–95
diaphragm pumps: applications, 575, 577; electric
diaphragm pumps, 575,
598–601; manual
diaphragm pumps,
595–98; operational principles, 573; running dry,
574; troubleshooting,
595–601
diesel, 676–77
diesel appliances: burners,
678–81; carbon monoxide
808 INDEXformation, 686–87; drippot stoves, 677, 681–82;
heating systems, 682–84,
683; tanks, 677–78
diesel/electric boats, 69, 71
diesel engines: engine surveys, 416–21; maintenance, 362–63, 368–77;
operational principles,
364–68; recommissioning,
416; winter layup, 414–16,
415
diesel engines, troubleshooting, 376; airflow problems,
382–83; compression,
385–86; engine instrumentation, 409–14; engine runaway, 405–6; engine won’t
fire, 382–95; exhaust back
pressure, 403, 404; failure
to crank, 377–82, 378,
379, 380, 381; failure to
shut down, 405–6; fuel
problems, 386–88; fuel
systems, bleeding,
388–93, 389, 390, 391;
ignition temperatures,
383–85; knocks, 403; loss
of performance, 403–5;
misfiring, 405; oil pressure,
407–8; overheating,
395–401; smoke, 401–3;
turbochargers, 408–9;
water in the crankcase,
406–7; water in the
engine, 378–81, 382
diesel tanks, 519, 525–27,
526
diodes: alternators, 86–87,
88, 89; blocking diodes,
283–84; brushless generators, 301–2; heat sinks,
110–11; identification,
109–10; installation,
72–73; isolation diodes,
95, 110–11; reverseavalanche silicon diodes,
88–89; snubbers, 88–89;
split-charging diodes,
38–39, 92; testing, 97–99,
111, 118, 120–21, 301,
302
direct current. See DC
entries
distributed power systems,
193, 195
distribution panels, 179–82,
183–84
Dole Refrigerating Company
holding plate, 477
double-acting piston toilets,
547–53, 548, 549, 550,
551, 552
downwind poles, 745–48,
746
drag link, 637–38
drinking water hoses, 537
dripless packing, 444–45,
449
drip-pot stoves, 677, 681–82
dual-station control cables,
431–33
dual-voltage DC systems,
57–65
duplex stainless steel, 202,
207
dynamic rig tensioning,
764–65
E
earth leaks, 130–32, 152,
153
East Penn batteries, 34
ECBs (electronic circuit
breakers), 194
ECCP (European Climate
Change Programme),
462
8D batteries, 19
electrical circuits: ABYC
standards, 70, 233; bilge
pumps, 582–84; conservative wiring, 161; ISO standards, 233; lightning protection, 227–30, 231;
troubleshooting, 112–13;
water system analogy,
114–17. See also AC circuits; DC circuits
electric clutches, 590, 591
electric diaphragm pumps,
575, 598–601
electric motors: ABYC standards, 184–85, 583; interference, 359; operational
principles, 306–8; overcurrent protection, 184–85;
speed regulation, 308–9;
troubleshooting, 309–15,
310, 312, 314. See also
starter motors
electric propulsion, 65–71,
66, 67, 68, 69
electric shock, 134–35, 141
electric toilets, 553–55, 577
electric windlasses, 710,
719–26, 720, 721, 723,
724, 725
electrified double-acting piston toilets, 552–53
electrolytes: in batteries, 5,
6–8, 9, 12, 14–16, 31, 33;
corrosion and, 198–201,
203, 205, 206, 215; seawater as, 135, 137
electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC), 340
electromagnetic interference
(EMI), 245, 340; equipment installation, 196–97;
prevention, 355–60, 356,
357, 359; sources of,
353–55, 354; tracking
down, 355
electronic circuit breakers
(ECBs), 194
electronic commutator, 66,
71
electronic equipment: batteries for, 40–41; grounding
of, 196–97; installation,
46–47, 338–39; interference, 340; lightning protection, 227–31; power
consumption, 17; soaked
equipment, 360–61; troubleshooting, 340–43, 342;
24-volt, 58
electronic switches, 604–5
emergency steering, 646–47
Energy Transfer Device (Horizon Reverse Osmosis/Sea
Recovery), 609–11
engine-driven refrigeration
units, 476–78, 499,
501–4, 510
engine-driven watermakers,
613–14
engines: alignment, 438–41,
439, 440, 443, 449; alternator size and, 26; installation, 443–44, 448–49,
686; lightning protection,
227
engine surveys, 416–21
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 461, 462
epicyclic gearing, 722
epicyclic transmissions,
424–25, 430–31
epoxy tanks, 519
equalization bus, 233
equalization of batteries, 12,
15, 33, 84–85
equalizer circuits, 62–65
equalizers, 58–60, 59, 61
ethyl alcohol, 676
European cable-sizing procedures, 167, 168
European Climate Change
Programme (ECCP), 462
European refrigerant use,
460, 461–62
evaporator plates, 478–79,
486–87
evaporators, 493–94
excitation test, 97
exciter windings, 292, 302–3
exhaust hoses, 533–34, 583
expansion valves, 493,
506–8
externally driven compressors, 495, 496
extrusions, 771–72
eye terminals, 749–50, 758
INDEX 809F
fasteners: in aluminum,
738–40, 741; stainless
steel, 704, 740; in wood,
733–34
FCC Rule 15, Part B, 245,
340, 342
feathering propellers, 453,
455–56, 457
ferritic stainless steel, 202–3
ferro-resonant chargers, 238,
239, 240, 244, 249
fiberglass hulls, 216, 217,
562–63, 567, 568
fiberglass marine exhaust
tubing, 533
fiberglass rudders, 630
fiberglass tanks, 518, 524,
527
fiber rigging, 754–55
field winding, 85, 86
filament igniters, 673,
714–19
filtering techniques, 356–58,
357
Fischer Panda generator, 56,
294
fishhook, 639
fixed-pitch propellers, 452
flame primers, 384
flapper valves, 548, 549, 551,
552
flare fittings, 529–30
flashing the field, 96, 97,
297–98, 302–3
flexible-impeller pumps. See
variable-volume impeller
pumps
flexible tanks, 526
Flex-O-Fold propellers,
454–55
float charge, 33, 34, 240,
244, 245, 285
float switches, 208–9, 602–3,
605, 606
flooded electrolyte batteries,
6–7
flooding rates, 581, 583
fluorescent lights, 326, 327,
329–32, 359, 662–63
flute stopper, 781
fluxgate compasses, 231,
647
folding propellers, 453–55,
454, 456–57
forestays, 730–31, 763,
768–69
fork terminals, 758, 759
four-part purchase, 698
Fourwinds generators, 269
fractional rig tuning, 764
freezers, 458–59, 479, 480,
497
Freon-12, 460–61, 462–63
Freon-22, 460, 490
frequency, 85, 238
freshwater pumps, 575, 577
freshwater tanks, 516–17
Frigoboat: couplings and tubing, 481; evaporator
plates, 478–79; keel
cooler, 484–85, 495;
Smart Speed Control,
481–82, 486
fuel, 676–77. See also specific fuels
fuel-burning appliances,
686–87. See also alcohol
appliances; diesel appliances; gas appliances;
kerosene appliances
fuel cells, 65–66
fuel filters, 677, 681
fuel injection pumps, 388–95
fuel pumps, 577
fuel tanks and systems, 214,
677–78; hoses, 536–37;
ISO standards, 214, 524,
527; pipe, 531; tanks, 518,
519, 521, 524, 525–27;
U.S. Coast Guard standards, 214, 524
full-skeg rudders, 622
fuses, 183–84, 189
G
gain, 343–45, 344
gaiter-type rudderstock
seals, 634–35
Galley Maid Central Waste
Treatment System,
559–60
galvanic cells, 199–200
galvanic corrosion: AC circuits and, 135, 137, 200;
conditions for, 203, 205;
electrolytes and, 198–201,
203, 205, 206, 215; galvanic cells, 199–200;
galvanic series, 198–203;
prevention, 53, 203–7
galvanic isolators: ABYC
standards, 139, 143–44;
converters used for,
61–62; corrosion and,
200, 219; location, 139,
141; operational principles, 137–39, 145; testing,
143
galvanic series of metals,
198–203
galvanized chain, 713–14
galvanized pipe, 530–31
gas: cylinder types, 665–66;
hoses, 538; pressure
measurement, 668, 669;
refilling cylinders, 665–67,
666; safety precautions,
665; types of, 664
gas appliances: ABYC standards, 665, 668, 669, 670,
671, 673, 678, 684; gas
lockers, 667–68; installation, 667–72; ISO standards, 668, 669–70, 671;
troubleshooting, 672–75
gasoline engines, 358
gasoline tanks, 518, 524,
525–27, 526
gassing of batteries, 7, 9, 14,
15, 31
gassing voltage, 33
gate valves, 561, 567
gauge sets, 463, 510,
511–15
geared steering, 623–27,
624, 625, 626, 636–38
gears, 719–21
gear-type lift pumps, 394
gel-cell batteries, 7–8,
14–15; charging, 239,
241, 245; problems with,
9, 84, 85; reliability of, 12,
257; temperature and, 75,
76, 78
generators, 236–37; BLDC
motors and, 66–68,
70–71; limitations of, 303;
use of, 18
generators, types of: beltdriven VST generators,
304, 305; DC generators,
53, 55–57, 56, 68, 190,
305; permanent-magnet
generators, 68; prop-shaft
generators, 267; VST,
303–5; water generators,
266, 267. See also AC generators; wind generators
genoa sheet loads, 697
Glacier Bay: holding plates,
477; hose clamps, 538;
insulation, 467, 472, 473,
474–75; insulation tests,
465; Micro Blast Chiller,
488; Micro HPS system,
487–88
globe valves, 561, 567
glow plugs, 384–85
going aloft, 747
golf-cart batteries, 15
Gori three-bladed folding propeller, 456–57
The Gougeon Brothers on
Boat Construction, 734
governors, 309
graphite packing tape, 444
Groco ball valve, 566
grounded circuits, 231–32
ground fault circuit breakers
(GFCBs), 140
ground fault circuit interruptors (GFCIs), 140, 150
ground faults, 130–32, 152,
153
810 INDEXgrounding and corrosion test
procedures, 234–35
grounding circuits, 134–37,
141, 142, 144, 196–97,
231–33
ground plates, 224–25, 232
ground-return circuits,
121–23
ground tackle, 709, 710
gudgeons, 622, 630
H
half-skeg rudders, 623
Halide leak detectors, 498
halogen lights, 60, 326, 342
halyards: halyard wrap,
772–74; replacing,
742–43; spinnaker, 743;
tension on, 770–71
halyard winches, 699–701
HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons), 460, 461–62
heads. See marine toilets
headsails: damage, 775–76;
powered headsail reefers,
776; roller furling, 777–78;
roller reefing, 766–76
headsail sheet loads, 695–96
headstays, 756, 768–69
heating systems, 662–63,
674, 677, 682–84, 683,
686–87
heat removal, Btu per hour,
478–79, 480, 489–90,
496–97
Heat Shield, 473, 474, 475
heat sinks, 110–11
heeled waterline, 561
hermetic compressors, 475,
476, 486
Hertz (Hz), 85, 238
HFC-134a, 460–63, 492–94
HFC-152a, 462
HFC-404A, 462, 463
higher-voltage DC circuits:
battery connections, 21,
35, 58; electric propulsion,
68–71, 69; holding-plate
refrigeration units, 483,
485–86, 487; overcurrent
protection, 185, 187, 188;
safety issues, 70. See
also dual-voltage DC systems
high-frequency battery
chargers, 241
high-frequency inverters,
252, 253, 258
high-frequency isolation
transformers, 145
high-load tester, 81–82
high-pressure switches, 601
holding-plate refrigeration
units: AC units, 472,
475–76; cooling-water
differentials, 496–97; DC
units, 483, 485–86, 489,
499, 500; limitations of,
476–78; troubleshooting,
509
holding plates, 458–59
holding tanks: hoses,
535–36; installation,
516–17, 541, 543–45,
544; materials, 522, 525,
526
Horizon Reverse Osmosis
Energy Transfer Device,
609–11
horizontal windlasses,
714–19
horsepower requirements, 26
hose clamps, 533–34, 537,
538, 568
hoses, 532–40; ABYC standards, 533, 538; connections, 533–34, 537–38;
ISO standards, 533, 535,
538; resistance effect,
578–79; sizes, 537; types
and materials, 532–37; UL
standards, 533
Hurth transmission, 425,
426, 429, 432, 435
hybrid inverters, 252–53
hydraulic hoses, 538–40, 539
hydraulic shaft lock, 436
hydraulic steering, 627–28,
629, 642–45, 646
hydraulic systems, 644,
727–28
hydraulic transmissions, 424,
429, 430, 431–33, 435–36
hydraulic windlasses, 726–28
Hydrocaps, 6, 33
hydrochloric acid, 546–47
hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs), 460, 461–62
hydrogen-powered fuel cells,
65–66
hydrometer, 79, 80
Hz (Hertz), 85, 238
I
iceboxes, 463–72; adding a
refrigeration unit, 464;
construction, 468–70; heat
loss calculations, 470–71;
heat loss testing, 471–72;
insulation, 463–68
ignition-protected alternators,
24, 87
ignition warning lights,
410–11
Imanna Laboratory, 585
impeller pumps: applications,
577; chemical compatibility, 575, 576; head pressure, 574; maintenance
and troubleshooting,
584–89; operational principles, 572–73; running dry,
574–75
Imperial measurements, 577
impressed-current cathodic
protection systems, 217
inboard/outboard units, 424,
427–28
incandescent lights, 326,
327, 342, 662–63
induction motors, 307–8,
309, 310–11, 315
inductors, 356–57
inertia starters, 316, 317,
320, 321
in-mast reefing, 730–31,
778–81, 779, 780
Installation Standards for
Marine Electronic Equipment Used on ModerateSized Vessels (NMEA),
353
insulated-return circuits,
122–23
insulation, cable, 166
insulation, refrigerator,
463–68; improvements to,
486; superinsulation,
465–68, 466, 467; testing,
465, 473–75
interference: electromagnetic
interference, 245, 340;
equipment installation,
196–97; prevention,
355–60, 356, 357, 359;
radio frequency interference, 241, 245, 278, 340;
sources of, 353–55, 354;
tracking down, 355
intergranular corrosion, 203
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
standards: batteries, 35;
battery isolation switch,
42; cables, electrical,
157–58, 159, 161,
162–63, 178; circuit breakers, 149, 192; connectors
and terminals, 170,
178–79, 181; distribution
panels, 179; electrical circuits, 233; electromagnetic compatibility, 340;
fuel hoses, 536–37; fuel
tanks, 214, 524, 527; gas
appliances, 668, 669–70,
671; hoses, 533, 535, 538;
lightning protection, 219;
seacocks, 561, 564; shore
power, 146, 147; tanks,
518, 520, 521, 525
inverter-based boats, 49–53,
57
inverters. See DC-to-AC
inverters
INDEX 811iron, 202
ISO. See International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
isolated-ground alternators,
87
isolation diodes, 95, 110–11
isolation transformers: ABYC
standards, 144, 146; battery charger as, 52, 53;
circuit testing, 154; corrosion prevention, 200, 219;
grounding circuits, 148,
149, 589; installation,
236–37; operational principles, 144–45; testing, 246
isopropyl alcohol, 676
Isotherm: Automatic Start
Up, 481, 482, 486;
through-hull condensers,
484–85, 495
J
Jefa: rudders, 631; steering,
624
Jeremiah, 231
Jett Head toilets, 554
joker valves, 548, 549, 551,
552
K
keel cooler, 484–85, 495
keel-stepped masts, 764
kerosene, 664, 676–78
kerosene appliances: burners, 678–81, 680; carbon
monoxide formation,
686–87; heating systems,
682–84; lanterns, 685;
tanks, 677–78
Kevlar rigging, 754
Kiss wind generators,
268–69
KKK-rated alternators, 23,
24, 87
Kyoto Protocol, 462
L
lanterns, 662–63, 685
lash compensators, 770
latent heat, 492
Lavac toilets, 555–56
leak detectors, 498
leaks: earth leaks, 130–32,
152, 153; electrical,
138–39, 152, 153, 208,
218; flooding rates, 581,
583; refrigerants, 496,
498; shaft seals, 442, 447,
448, 584; stuffing boxes,
443, 444
LectraSan MSD, 558–59
LED lights, 326, 332–37,
333, 334, 336
level switches, 602–7
lift pumps, 388–95
light-activated switches,
604–5
light-emitting diode (LED)
lights, 326, 332–37, 333,
334, 336
lightning bypass, 227
lightning prevention, 230–31
lightning properties, 220–21
lightning protection, 219–31;
ABYC standards, 219,
223–24, 226; antennas,
227, 230; arrestors, 227,
228; cables, 214, 223–24;
carbon fiber spars, 744;
catamarans, 232; cone of
protection, 222–23; connections, 225; dissipators,
230; electrical circuits,
137, 227–30, 231; electronic equipment, 227–31;
ground plates, 224–25;
installation, 196–97; ISO
standards, 219; lightning
rods, 221–22; map, 220;
parallel paths, 223,
225–26; path to ground,
223–27, 232, 233; powerboats, 227; rolling ball
concept, 223; sailboats,
222–23; zone of protection, 222–23
lights, 326–37, 662–63;
anchor, 55, 336, 337;
chart, 333; fluorescent,
326, 327, 329–32, 359;
halogen, 60, 326, 327–28,
342; incandescent, 326,
327, 342; LED, 326,
332–37, 333, 334, 336;
power consumption, 17,
18, 20; xenon, 326,
328–29. See also navigation lights
linear polyethylene, 524–25
linear transformer chargers,
238–39, 241
line cutters, 452
line-frequency inverters,
251–52, 253, 255, 258
line loads, 695–98
lip-type seals, 447–48; failures, 448; installation,
448, 635; lubrication,
447–48, 575; replacement, 588, 589; use of,
424, 449, 634
liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG). See gas
load, 116; calculation, 17–18,
46–48, 49–51, 55, 258–59,
260; reduction strategies,
20; testing, 81–82
load-sensing switches,
605–6
load testing, 81–82
locked rotor conditions, 184,
583
long-distance cruising,
660–61
loose neutrals, 148
low-pressure switches, 602
LPG (liquefied petroleum
gas). See gas
Luke fully feathering propeller, 456
M
macerating toilets, 553–55
macerator pumps, 516–17,
543, 570–71
mainsails: behind-the-mast
reefing, 778–81, 779, 780;
in-mast reefing, 730–31,
778–81, 779, 780
mainsheet loads, 696–98, 697
Malo 45, 60, 68, 518, 710
Mamba system, 626–27
manganese bronze, 199, 206
manual diaphragm pumps,
595–98
manual propeller shaft lock,
436–37
manual windlasses, 714–19
marine batteries, 4–5, 10–
11
marine-grade alloys, 201
marine sanitation device
(MSD) types, 540,
558–60, 559
marine toilets, 540–60; calcium buildup, 546–47;
clogging, 546; discharge
regulations, 540–41; electrified double-acting piston, 552–53; installation,
516–17, 541–45; maintenance, 545; odors, 545–
46; seat hinges, 545;
winterizing, 545
marine toilets, types and
troubleshooting, 540; Air
Head, 558; biological
digesters, 556–58; doubleacting piston, 547–53,
548, 549, 550, 551, 552;
electric (macerating),
553–55; Jett Head, 554;
Lavac, 555–56; Microphor,
556–58; Royal Flush, 554;
Type I MSD, 558–60, 559;
VacuFlush, 556, 557; vacuum, 555–56
martensitic stainless steel,
202–3
Masterflux compressor, 487
masthead boxes, 734, 736,
737, 741–42
masthead lights, 133, 334,
336
812 INDEXmasthead rigs, tuning,
761–64
masthead toggle, 756
masts, 730–31; aluminum,
738, 739, 740; bend, 740,
778, 781; carbon fiber,
226–27; chocking, 764;
cutouts, 740–41, 742, 743;
going aloft, 747; lightning
protection, 226; maintenance, 743; rake, 761, 763;
tuning a rig, 765; wooden,
222, 734, 736, 737
maximum heeled waterline,
561
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) voltage regulator, 273, 284–85
Max-Prop propeller, 455
measurement conversions,
577
mechanical seals, 445–47,
446, 449
MerCruiser inboard/outboard
installations, 217
mercury float switches,
602–3
Meridian batteries, 16
metal hulls, 568–69
metal oxide semiconductor
field effect transistors
(MOSFETs), 193–94, 238,
239
metal oxide varistors
(MOVs), 227, 229
metals: alloys, 200–203;
chemical compatibility,
575, 576; conductivity,
186; galvanic series,
198–203. See also specific metals
metal tanks, 519–24, 520,
521, 522, 523
metal through-hulls and seacocks, 562–63, 567
metric measurements, 577
Micro Blast Chiller (Glacier
Bay), 488
Micro HPS system (Glacier
Bay), 487–88
Microphor toilets, 556–58
Mid-Capacity Rule, 19
modified-sine-wave inverters,
251, 252, 253, 258
Monel, 199, 205, 206
MOSFETs (metal oxide
semiconductor field effect
transistors), 193–94, 238,
239
motors. See electric motors
MOVs (metal oxide varistors), 227, 229
MPPT (maximum power
point tracking) voltage regulator, 273, 284–85
MSD (marine sanitation
device) types, 540,
558–60, 559
multimeters, 117–21,
132–33. See also ammeters; ohmmeters; voltmeters
multiple-speed winches,
701–2
multistep chargers, 240–41,
245
multistep regulators, 31–35,
32, 33, 45
muriatic acid, 546–47
N
Nada, 606
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA), 140
National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA), 219,
224, 226
National Marine Electronics
Association (NMEA), 178,
353
navigation equipment: power
consumption, 17, 20; voltage requirements, 71
navigation lights: installation,
46–47, 662–63; LED
lights, 334, 336; masthead, 133, 334, 336;
power consumption, 17,
18, 20
NEC (U.S. National Electrical
Code), 161
NEMA (National Electrical
Manufacturers Association), 140
Newmar’s Automatic Power
Selector, 342
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), 219,
224, 226
nicad batteries, 16, 343
nickel, 199, 202, 203
nickel-cadmium batteries, 16,
343
Nicopress fittings, 750
Nitronic 50, 753
NMEA (National Marine
Electronics Association),
178, 353
no-discharge zones (NDZ),
540–41
noise suppression, 358–60,
359
Norseman Dyform wire rope,
748, 749
Norseman terminals, 641,
751, 752
N-type alternators, 95–97,
96, 98, 103–4
nylon, 633
O
offset gears, 719, 720
ohmmeters, 120, 127–30,
133
ohms, 114, 117, 118, 120–21
Ohm’s law, 117
oil, 366–67
oil-lubricated lip seals, 448
oil pressure regulating valve,
429–30
oils, refrigeration, 463, 510,
514–15
open-cable steering, 627,
639–40
open-circuit voltage, 80–81
open neutrals, 148
Optima batteries, 15–16
output-shaft seals, 434–35
overcurrent protection,
182–92; ABYC standards,
188–90; bilge pumps, 583;
fuses, 183–84, 189; location, 188–90; remote
switches, 193–94; U.S.
Coast Guard standards,
188; windlasses, 722. See
also circuit breakers
ozone layer protection, 460,
461
P
packing, 444–45, 449
packing glands, 422–23, 424,
442–45, 449, 633, 634
packing removal tool, 444
paints and painting, 206,
207, 217, 520
paraffin appliances, 676–81,
686–87
Paragon transmissions,
424–25, 430–31
Pardey, Larry, 736
Pardey, Lin, 736
passivated stainless steel,
201, 202, 203
PBO rigging, 754
PDMs (power distribution
modules), 194
pedestal steering, 624–29,
636–42, 646
permanent-magnet generators, 68
permanent-magnet motors,
307, 312, 315
phosphoric acid, 206
photo-optic compasses, 647
Piezo igniters, 673, 675
pilot lights, 673
pintles, 622, 630
pipes and plumbing systems,
527–40; compression fittings, 529; copper pipe
or tubing, 528–30; flare
fittings, 529–30;
(continued)
INDEX 813(continued)
pipes and plumbing systems: fittings, 531, 578;
pipe sizes, 527–28; plastic
pipe, 531–32; resistance
effect, 578–79; steel pipe,
530–31
piston pumps: applications,
577; operational principles, 573; running dry,
574; troubleshooting,
592–95, 593, 594
piston-rod seals, 548,
550–51
pitting corrosion, 201, 202,
204, 206
planetary gearing, 722
planetary transmissions,
424–25, 430–31
plastic pipe, 531–32
plastics: chemical compatibility, 575, 576; water
absorption, 633
plastic tanks, 524–26
plastic through-hulls and seacocks, 563–64, 567–68
plumbing. See pipes and
plumbing systems
plywood tanks, 519
pneumatic switches, 604
polarity testers, 149–50
polarization transformer,
144–45, 148, 149
polyethylene plumbing systems, 531–32
polyethylene tanks, 524–26,
525, 527
polypropylene tanks, 526
polyurethane tanks, 526
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe,
531
positive-displacement
pumps, 573, 574, 575,
577
powerboat lightning protection, 222–23, 227
power distribution modules
(PDMs), 194
powered headsail reefers,
776
powered winches, 708–9
power factor, 242, 245
power requirements, 17–18,
20, 46–48
preengaged starters,
316–17, 318, 320, 321,
322–23, 325
preloaded thrust bearings,
435
prepressurized accumulator
tanks, 606
pressure gauges, 411–13,
412
pressure switches, 601–2
pressure tanks, 606
Primus-type burners, 678–81
propane. See gas
propeller puller, 453
propellers, 451–57; blade
alignment, 452; blade
pitch, 452, 456–57; controllable-pitch propellers,
457; feathering propellers,
453, 455–56, 457; folding
propellers, 453–55, 454,
456–57; installation,
422–23, 453; line cutters,
452; standard propellers,
452–53
propeller shaft generators,
267
propeller shafts: couplings,
437–38; installation,
422–23, 424, 450; lip-type
seals, 447–48, 449;
mechanical seals,
445–47, 446, 449; shaft
brakes, 435–37; shaft
seals, 442–49, 584; stern
tubes, 422–23, 445, 449,
450; struts, 449, 450, 451;
stuffing boxes, 442–45
PSS shaft seal, 446
P-type alternators, 95–97,
98, 103–4
pulley-end bearing, 90
pulleys, 24–25, 27–28,
89–90, 495
pull-pull cable steering, 627,
628, 639, 640
pump cup washer, 678
pumpout deck fittings, 536
pumpout lines, 535–36
pumps, 584–601; applications, 577; chemical compatibility, 575, 576; choosing, 574–77; clutches,
589–91; installation,
570–71; maintenance and
troubleshooting, 584–601;
operational principles,
572–73; running dry,
574–75; types of, 572–73,
577. See also specific
pumps
pump switches, 601–7, 602,
603, 604, 605
purchase, 698
push-pull cable steering, 628,
639, 640
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe,
531
Q
quadrant steering, 627, 628
R
R-12, 460–61, 462–63
R-22, 460, 490
R-404A, 463
R-407C, 490
R-409A, 460, 463
R-410A, 490
R-417A, 490
rack-and-pinion steering,
624–27, 636–38, 646
radar antennas, 338–39,
345–46
radial steering, 627, 629
radiated heat loss, 464–65
radio frequencies, 347, 348
radio frequency interference
(RFI), 241, 245, 278, 340;
prevention, 355–60, 356,
357, 359; sources of,
353–55, 354; tracking
down, 355
radios: antennas, 338–39,
350–51; grounding, 233,
351–53, 352; installation,
353–54, 360
ratchet-geared windlasses,
716–17
rate gyro, 647
raw-water circuits, 583; airconditioning systems,
490–91; ball valves, 566;
hoses, 534; installation,
458–59, 516–17; pumps,
577; strainer, 490–91, 546
receiver-filter-drier (RFD),
493, 494, 514
receptacles, 150–51
reciprocal compressors, 506
refrigerants: handling,
509–10; leaks, 496, 498;
loss of, 505; recovery and
recycling equipment, 461,
462; topping off, 462, 495;
types of, 460–63, 462,
490; U.S. Coast Guard
standards, 462; venting,
461
refrigeration cycle, 492–95
refrigeration gauge sets, 463,
510, 511–15
refrigeration oils, 463, 495,
510, 514–15
refrigeration systems, 55,
458–59; adding to existing
icebox, 464; charging,
462; charging procedures,
498, 510, 511–15; choosing, 472, 488; heat
removal, Btu per hour,
478–79, 480, 489–90,
496–97; maintenance,
495–96; operational principles, 491–95, 492, 493,
494; pipe or tubing, 528;
pressures, 497; pumps,
577; topping off, 462,
509–10; vacuuming a unit,
514–15. See also iceboxes
814 INDEXrefrigeration systems, types
of: AC units, 472, 475–76;
constant-cycling AC units,
472; constant-cycling DC
units, 464, 478–81, 483,
484–87, 499–501; DC
units, 476; engine-driven
units, 476–78, 499,
501–4, 510; high-capacity
holding-plate DC units,
483, 485–86, 487; holding-plate AC units, 472,
475–76; holding-plate DC
units, 483, 485–86, 489,
499, 500; holding-plate
units, 476–78, 509; hybrid
systems, 487–88
refrigeration system troubleshooting and repair,
496–509; clutch replacement, 501–4; coolingwater differentials,
496–97; failure to run,
498–504; leak detection,
498; pressures, 497–98;
sight glass, 496; superheat adjustments, 507–9;
unit cuts an and off, 504;
unit fails to cool, 504–7,
506
relays, battery paralleling,
39–40, 43, 45, 62, 63, 64
remotely operated circuit
breakers (ROCBs), 193
remotely operated switches,
192–94
reserve capacity, 13
residual current circuit breakers (RCCBs), 140
residual current devices
(RCDs), 140
resistance, 114, 115–16,
117, 120–21
resistance effect, 578–79
resistance tests, 311
reverse-avalanche silicon
diodes, 88–89
reverse polarity indicating
device, 149–50
rheostats, 309
rigging. See standing rigging
ripple voltage, 97, 241
rod rigging, 748, 753–54,
762
roller reefing and furling,
766–81; bearings,
769–72; behind-the-mast
reefing, 778–81, 779, 780;
booms, 781; extrusions,
771–72; halyard wrap,
772–74; headsails,
766–76, 777–78; in-mast
reefing, 778–81, 779, 780;
installation, 730–31; maintenance, 776–77; powered
headsail reefers, 776; riding turns on the reefing
drum, 774–75; sail damage, 775–76; tips, 776
rolling ball concept, 223
rope lockers, 709, 710
rotary pumps: applications,
577; chemical compatibility, 575, 576; operational
principles, 572–73; troubleshooting, 587, 590, 591
rotational molding, 524
Rotolock valves, 505–6,
511–14
rotors, 85, 86, 103–4, 305
rotor windings, 292, 301–2
Royal Flush toilets, 554
rubber-plug seacocks,
566–67
rubber sanitation hoses, 535
rubber sleeve bearings,
422–23, 424, 449–51
rudder bearings, 631–33
rudderhead fittings, 635–36,
640
rudders: auxiliary, 655, 656;
construction, 630–31;
installation, 620–21; maintenance and troubleshooting, 630–31; twin installation, 628–30, 629;
wide-angle geometry,
637–38
rudder shaft seals, 449, 584,
634–35
rudderstocks, 623, 630–31,
632, 634–35
rudderstops, 645–46
Rule Industries, 580
Rule pumps, 603, 605
S
sacrificial anodes. See zinc
anodes
SAE (Society of Automotive
Engineers), 164, 166
sailboats: antennas, 345–46;
lightning protection,
222–23, 232; stainless
steel corrosion, 204;
struts, 449
saildrives, 424, 428
sail locker, 710
sails. See headsails; mainsails
sail tracks and slides, 743
saltwater intrusion, 360–61
Sanden clutch, 500, 501–4
Sanden compressors, 501–4
sanitation hoses, 535–36,
542
sanitation systems, 516–17,
535–36, 541, 542, 544,
558–60, 559
SanX MSD (Sealand), 560
scarf joints, 732, 737
Schaefer in-boom reefing,
781
Schrader-type valves, 506,
511–14
scientific rig tensioning,
763–64
sealed valve regulated (SVR)
batteries. See gel-cell batteries.
SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier), 86–87, 88, 238, 240
seacocks, 560–69; ABYC
standards, 560–61, 564;
galvanic isolation, 207;
handles, 561, 562; installation, 490–91, 567–69;
ISO standards, 561, 564;
maintenance, 532; materials, 562–64, 567–68;
resistance, 578; testing,
564–65, 568; types of,
561, 562, 565–67
Sea Frost holding plate, 477
SeaLand SanX MSD, 560
sealed combustion chamber,
686
Sea Recovery Energy Transfer Device, 609–11
self-aligning bearings, 632
self-steering. See wind vane
self-steering
self-tailing winches, 703–4,
708
series regulators, 40, 41, 45
series-wound motors, 306–7,
308–9, 311, 314–15
servopendulum wind vane
self-steering, 654, 655,
656
setscrew, 437, 438
shaded-pole induction
motors, 308
shaft brakes, 435–37
shaft log, 446, 447, 449
shaft seals: ABYC standards, 442, 443; carbonceramic seals, 575;
engine alignment and,
448–49; externally driven
compressors, 495, 496;
leaks, 584; lip-type seals,
424, 447–48, 449, 575,
588, 589, 634, 635;
mechanical seals,
445–47, 446, 449;
replacement, 588–89;
rudder shaft seals, 449,
584, 634–35; stuffing
boxes, 422–23, 424,
442–45, 449, 633, 634
sheaves, 627, 638–39
shedding (battery failure),
8–9, 19
shielding techniques, 356
INDEX 815ship-to-shore transfer switch
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