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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب SKF Bearing Maintenance Handbook الجمعة 04 ديسمبر 2020, 10:14 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب SKF Bearing Maintenance Handbook
و المحتوى كما يلي :
1 Basics . 8 2 Mounting rolling bearings . 44 3 Mounting bearing units . 92 4 Mounting bearing housings 122 5 Mounting seals 140 6 Alignment 158 7 Lubrication . 178 8 Inspection 216 9 Troubleshooting . 228 10 Dismounting 252 11 Bearing damage and their causes . 288 12 Maintenance support . 324 13 Appendices . 332 14 Index 438 Index abrasive paper 226 abrasive wear 298–299 caused by incorrect fits 300–301 caused by ineffective lubrication 313 caused by ineffective sealing 314–315 abutments accuracy requirements 35–36, 386 dimensions 38 trouble conditions 237, 251 acrylic rubber 201 acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers designation suffixes for bearings 24–25 designation suffixes for seals 145 adapter sleeve locking 94–95 dismounting bearing units 274 mounting bearing units 109–110 tightening torque values 103 adapter sleeves dismounting bearings 260–264 dismounting flanged housings 282 mounting bearings (oil injection method) 62–66 mounting bearings (SKF Drive-up method) 57–61 additives compatibility with materials 188–189, 202, 207, 210 in centralized lubrication systems 212 in grease 184 in oil 203 adhesive wear 298–299 caused by incorrect fits 301 caused by ineffective lubrication 312 adjustable steel levellers See SKF Vibracon SM elements adjusted bearing arrangements 31 axial location 37–38 adjusting bearings angular contact ball bearings 74–77 tapered roller bearings 84–88 troubleshooting 245 alignment 158–177 of belts 176–177 of machines 161–166 of offset drives 175 of shafts 167–174 SKF equipment 419 allen keys See hexagonal keys aluminium heating rings for dismounting bearings 255, 258–259 for mounting bearings 69, 81 ambient temperature considerations for machine alignment 161 considerations for relubrication 195–196 angled foot See soft foot angular contact ball bearings adjusting back-to-back arrangements 76–77 adjusting face-to-face arrangements 74–75 axial internal clearance values 389 axial preload values 389 greasing on initial installation 191 mounting 74–78 stand-alone bearings 74 trouble conditions 243, 245, 247 types and designs 12–13 universally matchable bearings 76 with a two-piece inner ring 78 anti-foaming additive 203 anti-fretting agent 49 anti-oxidant additive in grease 184 in oil 203 anti-rust additive in grease 184 in oil 203 anti-wear additive in grease 184 in oil 203, 207 assembling ball bearing units 121 asset management 326–329 asset reliability 326–329 associated components checking the accuracy 47–49 dimensions for ducts, grooves and holes 405 greasing on initial installation 188 preparations 49 attachment bolts/nuts compensating for soft foot 162 for bearing units 101, 105 for housings 131 automatic lubrication 197 automatic lubricators See SKF SYSTEM 24 automatic particle counting method 212 auxiliary lips greasing on initial installation 149, 190 seal types and designs 143–145 axial displacement 30–31 considerations for fit selection 34 for CARB toroidal roller bearings 91 in plummer block housings 132 measuring axial drive-up 56–57 values for SKF Drive-up method 406–413 axial drive-up measuring axial displacement 56 measuring clearance reduction 55 troubleshooting 240 values for CARB toroidal roller bearings 404 values for self-aligning ball bearings 402 values for spherical roller bearings 403 axial internal clearance 29, 51 trouble conditions 248 values for angular contact ball bearings 389–391 values for cylindrical roller bearings 394–395 values for tapered roller bearings 396 43814 axial load induced loads 241, 243–244, 301, 320 path patterns 294–295 axial location 37–38 in plummer block housings 132 B back-to-back bearing arrangements adjusting angular contact ball bearings 76–77 adjusting tapered roller bearings 86–88 ball bearing units assembly 121 designations 96, 100 dismounting 272–275 mounting 104–114 shaft locking methods 94–96 types and designs 96–100 base frame See machine base frame base oil compatibility 200–201 in grease 183 in oil 203 viscosity 185 base-bound 167, 175 basic rating life 27 bearing arrangements in plummer block housings 127, 132 terminology 11 types 30–31 bearing damage 288–323 causes 230–231, 298 ISO classification 298 operational 309–322 pre-operational 300–308 symptoms 232–235 bearing failure See bearing damage bearing housings See housings bearing life rating life 27–28 service life 28–29 bearing location 31–38 bearing seats accuracy requirements 35–36, 386 bearing damage 302–303 checking the accuracy 47–49 dimensions for relieved fillets 387 surface roughness 36, 387 bearing units designations 96, 100 dismounting 270–277 identification 27 mounting 92–121 shaft locking methods 94–96 storage 41 types and designs 96–100 bearings defect frequencies 224 designation system 22–25 dismounting 254–269 greasing on initial installation 189–191 handling 49–50 identification 26–27 inspection 225–226 mounting 44–91 relubrication 194–198 size categories 46 storage 41, 230 terminology 10 types and designs 12–21 belt alignment 176–177 bolt tensioners 166 bolt-bound 167, 175 brass compatibility with EP additives 202 for machinery shims 163 C calcium soap 185 calibrated cones for belt alignment 176 for shaft alignment 170 cap bolts 131 CARB toroidal roller bearings abutment dimensions 38 axial drive-up values 404 axial location 37 clearance reduction values 404 greasing on initial installation 191 in plummer block housings 132 lock nut tightening angles 404 mounting 90–91 mounting (oil injection method) 62–66 mounting (SKF Drive-up method) 57–61 radial internal clearance values 399–400 SKF Drive-up method values 412–413 trouble conditions 240 types and designs 17 cardan shaft alignment See offset drive alignment cast iron bearing unit housings 100 housings 126 cast steel 126 castle nuts 88 centralized lubrication systems 213–215 centring flanges 84–85 chain oils 209 for SKF SYSTEM 24 lubricators 199 chocking See shimming chocks 164 churning caused by excess grease 190, 199 caused by vibration 194 resulting in lubricant leakage 222 troubleshooting 236 CircOil See SKF CircOil circulating oil 208 in centralized lubrication systems 213–215 mounting SONL housings 137–139 oil change interval 209 taking oil samples 210 cleaning bearings 226 seals 146 cleanliness 28–29, 46–47 clearance See internal clearance clearance reduction 54–55 values for CARB toroidal roller bearings 404 values for spherical roller bearings 403 Client Needs Analysis See SKF Client Needs Analysis cold mounting 53–67 compatibility between base oils 201 between thickeners 201 grease 200–202 oil 210 complex soaps 183 composite material See polyamide compressed air 226 ConCentra See SKF ConCentra condition monitoring 216–224 lubrication 222 noise 221 SKF instruments 432–434 temperature 221 conditions of rotation 32 consistency 185 grease performance test 188 consistency grade See NLGI grade contact seals external seals 39 integral bearing seals 40 removal 284–286 trouble conditions 238 439Index contamination bearing damage progression 231 contaminants 211–212 ISO classification 212 relubrication interval adjustment 195 resulting in abrasive wear 314–315 resulting in indentations 316 troubleshooting 245–246, 249–250 continuous relubrication 195, 197 copper corrosion test 188 corrective maintenance See reactive maintenance corrosion 298–299 frictional corrosion 302–303, 308, 319 moisture corrosion 308, 317–318 corrosion protection test 188 cracking 298–299 crackle test 211 cracks caused by defective seats 303 caused by incorrect fits 300–301 microcracks 309–312 craters 321–322 creep 31 caused by incorrect fits 300–301 considerations for fit selection 33 troubleshooting 243, 246–247 cross holes 150, 152 cross-location See adjusted bearing arrangements current leakage 298–299 caused by passage of electric current 321–322 cylindrical collar locking 94–95 mounting bearing units 119–120 tightening torque values 102 cylindrical roller bearings axial internal clearance values 394–395 axial location 37 dismounting 258–259 greasing on initial installation 191 mounting 80–84 radial internal clearance values 393 types and designs 13–14 cylindrical shaft seats dismounting bearings 256–259 form and position accuracy 386 measurement form 48 mounting bearings 53 cylindricity 36, 386 D deep groove ball bearings greasing on initial installation 191 integral bearing seals 40 radial internal clearance values 388 types and designs 12 defect frequencies 224 dents See indentations designations for bearing units 96–100 for bearings 22–25 for housings 125–129 for seals 143–145 dial indicator methods for adjusting angular contact ball bearings 74–77 for adjusting tapered roller bearings 86–88 for shaft alignment 170–171 for SKF Drive-up method 58–61 dial indicators 56 diameter series 22–23 direction of load indeterminate 32 dismounting bearing units 270–277 preparations 271 tools 270 with an adapter sleeve 274 with an eccentric locking collar 273 with grub screw locking 272 with SKF ConCentra locking 275–277 dismounting bearings 254–269 from a cylindrical shaft seat 256–259 from a solid housing 267–269 from a tapered shaft seat 259–260 methods 255 preparations 254 tools 255, 435–436 using heat 258–259, 269 when bearing damage is present 291 with a withdrawal sleeve 264–267 with an adapter sleeve 260–264 dismounting fluid 254 dismounting housings 278–283 flanged housings 282–283 preparations 278 split plummer blocks 280–281 dismounting seals See removing seals distance rings 134 double row angular contact ball bearings axial internal clearance values 390 designs 12 mounting 78 double row tapered roller bearings designs 17 mounting 89 double-lip seals grease replenishment 196 greasing on initial installation 149, 190 drift punches for installing seals 148 for mounting bearing units 107–108 drive-up See axial drive-up drive-up method See SKF Drive-up method dropping point 185 grease performance test 188 dry lubricant 182–183 Duoflex See SKF Duoflex Duralife See SKF Duralife Duralip See SKF Duralip DURATEMP 145 E eccentric collar locking 94–95 dismounting bearing units 273 mounting bearing units 106–108 tightening torque values 102 elastomer seals installation 140–157 storage 42 electric current current leakage damage 321–322 excessive voltage damage 307 trouble conditions 249–250 electric hot plates 68 electrical erosion 298–299 current leakage 321–322 excessive voltage 307 electronic stethoscopes 221 EMCOR rating See SKF EMCOR rating end covers 133 endoscopes 225–226 energy efficiency 329 enveloped acceleration 224 EP additives See extreme pressure additives Epocast 36 165 epoxy resin for machine alignment 165 for shaft repair 152 escape holes See grease escape holes external seals 39 trouble conditions 238 extractors See pullers extreme pressure additives compatibility with materials 202, 207 in grease 184 in oil 203, 207 extreme temperature applications 182 44014 F face alignment 176–177 face-to-face bearing arrangements adjusting angular contact ball bearings 74–75 adjusting tapered roller bearings 84–85 failure analysis See bearing damage failure modes 298–299 false brinelling 298–299 caused by incorrect transportation or storage 308 caused by vibration 319 fatigue 298–299 subsurface initiated 301, 303–304 surface initiated 301, 303–304, 310–311 fatigue fracture 298–299 caused by operational misalignment 319 faults See machine faults feeler gauges for belt alignment 176 for checking soft foot 162 for measuring clearance reduction 55 for measuring internal clearance 52 for shaft alignment 170 felt seals 238 field service contracts 330 fillets dimensions 38 dimensions (relieved fillets) 387 trouble conditions 247 filter rating 212 fits bearing damage 300–302 for housings 336–337 for shafts 334–336 resultant fits 338–381 selection 32–34 trouble conditions 241–242, 246 FKM See fluoro elastomer flanged housings dismounting 282–283 types and designs 125–126 flanged units 100 dismounting 270–277 mounting 104–120 types and designs 96–100 flourinated grease 189, 200, 202 fluoro elastomer at high temperatures 142 designation suffix for seals 145 fluting caused by electric current 322 caused by vibration 319 foam dam 165 foaming causes 211 prevention 202 food compatible lubricants 209, 424 forced fracture 298–299 caused by defective seats 303 caused by incorrect fits 301 form accuracy 35–36 tolerances for bearing seats 386 tolerances for shafts (sleeve mounting) 384 foundation quality 161 four-lip seals grease replenishment 196 greasing on initial installation 190 four-point contact ball bearings axial internal clearance values 391 designs 13 mounting 78 trouble conditions 244 four-row cylindrical roller bearings designs 14 mounting 82–84 four-row tapered roller bearings designs 17 mounting 89 fracture 298–299 fatigue fracture 319 forced fracture 301, 303 thermal cracking 301 FRB rings See locating rings fretting corrosion 298–299 caused by defective seats 302–303 caused by incorrect fits 300 grease performance test 188 removal 226 frictional corrosion 298–299 false brinelling 308, 319 fretting corrosion 298–299, 302–303 frictional moment 235 G garter springs seal types and designs 143–145 trouble conditions 237 gloves 73 graphite 182, 184 grease ageing 187, 192, 195 analysis 222 comparison with oil 182, 214 compatibility 200–202 consistency 185, 188 datasheets 181, 184–188 function 184 operating temperature range 186–187 performance tests 188 properties 185–188 selection 189 selection chart (SKF greases) 430–431 SKF greases 423–431 stiffness 184, 187 grease escape holes 196, 199 grease fittings for grease replenishment 195 position on plummer block housings 133, 196 grease leakage 182 grease performance tests 188 troubleshooting 202, 236, 238–239 grease lubrication 183–202 Grease Test Kit See SKF Grease Test Kit groove alignment 176–177 grub screw locking 94–95 dismounting bearing units 272 mounting bearing units 104–106 tightening torque values 102 guide rods 81 guiding sleeves See mounting sleeves H hammers for installing seals 146 for mounting bearings 49 handling bearing damage 305–306, 308 bearings 49–50 lubricants 181 heat condition monitoring 221 troubleshooting 233 heater mats 269 heating cabinets 70 heating panels 71 heating rings See aluminium heating rings hexagonal keys 102 high-precision bearings greasing on initial installation 191 types and designs 12, 18 HMV.. nuts See hydraulic nuts HNBR See acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers hollow shafts 34–35 hook spanners 102–103 hot dismounting See dismounting bearings, using heat hot mounting 68–71 441Index housings dismounting 278–283 greasing on initial installation 190 identification 27 mounting 122–139 terminology 11 types and designs 125–127 hubs See wheel hubs humidity when storing bearings and units 41 when storing elastomer seals 42 when storing lubricants 43 hydraulic nuts for dismounting bearings 262, 266 for SKF Drive-up method 56, 406–413 series and designs 73 hydraulic pumps for SKF Drive-up method 56 selection guide 72 hydraulically-assisted pullers 257, 260 HYDROCAM 166 I imbalance 223 impact damage caused by faulty mounting practices 248, 305 caused by incorrect transportation or storage 308 impact rings/sleeves 146 incompatibility See compatibility indentations 298–299 bearing damage progression 211, 231 caused by faulty mounting practices 305–306 caused by ineffective sealing 316 troubleshooting 245, 248 induced loads 301, 320 troubleshooting 241, 243–244 induction heaters for dismounting bearings 255, 259 for installing wear sleeves 152 for mounting bearings 69, 82 infrared radiators 70 initial clearance 29 inner ring expansion 56 insert bearings See Y-bearings inspection 216–227 during operation 220–224 during shutdown 224–227 lubricants 181 installing seals 140–157 greasing on initial installation 190 in plummer block housings 133–139 trouble conditions 238–239 integral seals for bearing units 96 for bearings 40 trouble conditions 237–238, 251 integrated maintenance solutions 329 internal bearing pullers 268 internal clearance before and after mounting 29, 51 considerations for fit selection 33 initial 29, 51 measuring with a feeler gauge 52 operational 29 reduction values when mounting 403–404 residual values after mounting 403–404 troubleshooting 233, 234, 239–242 values prior to mounting 388–401 ISO bearing damage classification 298 contamination classification 212 dimension series 22–23 tolerance classes 35 tolerance grades 385 viscosity grades 203, 415 K keyways 150, 152 kiln bearings 182 kinematic viscosity See viscosity L labyrinth seals 39 grease replenishment 196 greasing on initial installation 190 installation in plummer block housings 136 trouble conditions 238 large diameter wear sleeves 225 installation 152–153 laser alignment methods for belt alignment 176–177 for offset drive alignment 175 for shaft alignment 171–173 leaks 222 troubleshooting 236, 238–239, 245 life See bearing life lifting tackle 50, 68 liquid contaminants 212 troubleshooting 246, 250 lithium soap 185 load distributions considerations for fit selection 32 path patterns 292–297 load ratios 187 load zones 292–297 locating bearing arrangements 30–31 locating rings 132 lock nut tightening angle 55 values for CARB toroidal roller bearings 404 values for self-aligning ball bearings 402 values for spherical roller bearings 403 looseness 163, 220 LuBase 189, 207 LubeSelect 189, 192, 207 lubricant disposal 181 handling 181 inspection 181, 222, 225 selection 182 service life 28 shelf life 43 storage 42 lubricant film formation 204 load carrying capacity 184, 200 lubrication 178–215 management 180 SKF tools and products 420–422 trouble conditions 236–237 lubrication systems centralized 213–215 oil 207–209 LubriLean See SKF LubriLean M machine alignment 161–166 machine base frame casting epoxy resin 165 soft foot condition 162 Machine Condition Advisor See SKF Machine Condition Advisor machine faults 222 machine installation 161–166 machine tools lubrication 191, 215 SKF services 331 machinery shims 163–164 for adjusting angular contact ball bearings 74–75 for adjusting tapered roller bearings 85 for bearing units 101 for plummer block housings 130 in the TMAS series 164 to prevent axial preloading 244 trouble conditions 241 maintenance methodologies 218–219 44214 maintenance strategy review 328–330 maintenance support 324–331 mandrels 146 matched bearing sets 76 material fatigue See subsurface initiated fatigue material safety datasheets 180 interpretation 184–188 measurement form 48 mechanical maintenance services 330 mechanical pullers 256, 260 mechanical stability 188 metal-to-metal contact prevention 183, 202 resulting in adhesive wear 312 troubleshooting 233–234, 237, 246, 249 microcracks 299 caused by ineffective lubrication 310 caused by material fatigue 309 micrometers 47–49 microscope counting method 212 mineral oil in grease 183, 189 in oil 203–204 minimal quantity lubrication 214–215 misalignment bearing damage 304, 320 in ball bearing units with an adapter sleeve 110 in ball bearing units with an eccentric locking collar 106, 108 in ball bearing units with grub screw locking 104, 106 in roller bearing units with a cylindrical locking collar 119 in SKF ConCentra ball bearing units 112, 114 in SKF ConCentra roller bearing units 116, 118 of belts 176–177 of external seals 238 of offset drives 175 of shafts 167–169 path patterns 296–297 vibration frequencies 222–223 mixing greases See grease, compatibility moisture corrosion 298–299 caused by incorrect transportation or storage 308 caused by ineffective sealing 317–318 troubleshooting 250 molybdenum disulphide for mounting bearings 62 in grease 183 Monoflex See SKF Monoflex mounting bearing units 92–121 preparations 101 replacement parts 94–100 tightening torque values 102–103 tools 102–103 with a cylindrical locking collar 119–120 with an adapter sleeve 109–110 with an eccentric locking collar 106–108 with grub screw locking 104–106 with SKF ConCentra locking 111–118 mounting bearings 44–91 faulty mounting practices 248–249, 305–306 instructions by bearing type 74–91 preparations 46–49 tools 72–73, 416–418 trouble conditions 240, 243, 245, 247 using mechanical methods 53–56 using the oil injection method 62–66 using the SENSORMOUNT method 67 using the SKF Drive-up method 57–61 mounting housings 122–139 plummer blocks 134–136 plummer blocks (SONL) 137–139 preparations 130 replacement parts 124–129 mounting sleeves for installing seals 150 for mounting cylindrical roller bearings 81–84 movable machine 167–169 Multiflex See SKF Multiflex multi-row tapered roller bearings See four-row tapered roller bearings N natural oil in grease 183 in oil 203 NBR See acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers needle roller bearings dismounting 255, 258 mounting 80–81 radial internal clearance values 393 types and designs 15–16 NLGI grade 184 grease performance test 188 noise condition monitoring 221 troubleshooting 233 non-contact seals external seals 39 integral bearing seals 40 removal 284 non-locating bearing arrangements 30–31 non-separable bearings 190 non-soaps 183 o offset drive alignment 175 oil analysis 210–212 comparison with grease 182, 214 compatibility 201, 210 filtering 211–212 sampling 210 selection 203–207 viscosity 203–206 oil bath 208 for heating bearings 71 oil change interval 209 oil sampling 210 trouble conditions 236–237 oil bleeding 181, 184, 187 grease performance test 188 relubrication interval adjustment 205 oil change intervals 209 oil injection method dimensions for ducts, grooves and holes 405 for dismounting a bearing from a solid housing 268 for dismounting a bearing on a cylindrical shaft seat 258 for dismounting a bearing on a tapered shaft seat 260 for dismounting a bearing on a withdrawal sleeve 266 for dismounting a bearing on an adapter sleeve 264 for mounting bearings 62–66 oil injectors 72 oil jet 208 oil change interval 209 oil leakage 182 troubleshooting 236 oil level gauge 137, 139 oil lubrication 203–212 oil lubrication systems 207–209 oil pick-up ring 207–208 in SONL housings 137–139 oil change interval 209 oil pressure calculation for SKF Drive-up method 58 values for SKF Drive-up method 406–413 oil separation See oil bleeding oil spot See oil-air oil-air 207–208 SKF Oil+Air 215 one-piece plummer block housings 126 on-site machining 330 443Index operating temperature condition monitoring 221 of bearings 187, 204 of grease 186–187 relubrication interval adjustment 195 troubleshooting 190, 202, 233 operational clearance 29 operator driven reliability 219, 330 o-rings 39 oscillating applications 207 outer ring rotation load conditions 32 path patterns 293 relubrication interval adjustment 195 wheel application 87–88 out-of-balance See unbalance out-of-round 241 caused by defective seats 302–303 path patterns 296–297 troubleshooting 241 out-of-square caused by defective seats 302 caused by static misalignment 304 troubleshooting 251 oval clamping See out-of-round overheating 233 overload 298–299 caused by faulty mounting practices 305 caused by incorrect transportation or storage 308 over-rolling 231 bearing defect frequencies 224 oxidation of grease 187 prevention 81, 185, 203 resulting in corrosion 299 oxidized lubricant 226, 254 P paint on support surfaces 130, 161, 165 seal protection 150 particle counting 212 path patterns 291–297 perpendicularity 36, 386 pick-up ring See oil pick-up ring pillow block See plummer block pinching See out-of-round plastic deformation 298–299 indentations 305–306, 316 overload 305, 308 plugs See end covers plummer block housings dismounting 280–281 mounting SNL housings 134–136 mounting SONL housings 137–139 types and designs 125–126 plummer block units dismounting 270–277 mounting 104–120 types and designs 96–100 polishing wear caused by incorrect fits 300–301 caused by ineffective sealing 315 polyamide bearing unit housings 100 compatibility with EP additives 202 polyurea 183 predictive maintenance 218–219 preload operational 29, 51 troubleshooting 240–245 values for angular contact ball bearings 389 premature bearing failure See bearing damage preservatives compatibility 189, 202 removal from new bearings 47, 202 pressed steel 100 presses for dismounting bearings 258, 267 for installing seals 146 for mounting bearings 53 pressure gauges 56 preventive maintenance 218–219 proactive reliability maintenance 219 ProFlex See SKF ProFlex PTFE at high temperatures 142 compatibility 202 designation suffix for seals 145 radial shaft seals 143, 146, 150 pullers for dismounting a bearing from a solid housing 267–269 for dismounting a bearing on a cylindrical shaft seat 256–257 for dismounting a bearing on a tapered shaft seat 260 for dismounting flanged housings 282 pulley alignment See belt alignment pulling plates 260 pumps for SKF Drive-up method 56 selection guide 72 purging during relubrication 196 during renewal 199 trouble conditions 239 R radial bearings 12–17 radial internal clearance 29, 51 measuring with a feeler gauge 52 reduction values when mounting 403–404 residual values after mounting 403–404 values for angular contact ball bearings 389–390 values for CARB toroidal roller bearings 399–400 values for cylindrical roller bearings 393 values for deep groove ball bearings 388 values for four-point contact ball bearings 391 values for needle roller bearings 393 values for self-aligning ball bearings 392 values for spherical roller bearings 397–398 values for Y-bearings 401 radial location 31–36 trouble conditions 241–242, 246 radial shaft seals cleaning 146 installation into a housing 146–149 installation over a shaft 150 replacement 151 types and designs 143–145 radiators See infrared radiators rating life 27–28 reactive maintenance 218–219 recommended fits See fits reference temperature 203 refurbishment 331 reheat furnaces 182 reliability engineering 327 relieved fillets 38 dimensions 387 relubrication 192–198 effect on temperature 221 of sealed bearings 90, 192 relubrication intervals 192–195 troubleshooting 236, 245–246 remanufacturing 331 removing seals 284–286 renewal 198–199 replacement parts for bearing units 94–100 for housings 124–129 for seals 142–145 replenishment 195–196 44414 resultant fits for housings (inch) 372–381 for housings (metric) 350–359 for shafts (inch) 360–371 for shafts (metric) 338–349 retaining rings 91 reverse rim method 170–171 rim-face method 170–171 ring creep See creep ring gauges 47 RMI See SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute roll neck bearings 259 roll stability 188 roller bearing units designations 96, 100 dismounting 276–277 mounting 114–120 shaft locking methods 94–96 types and designs 96–100 rolling bearings See bearings rotating load 32 troubleshooting 243 rotating outer ring load conditions 32 path patterns 293 relubrication interval adjustment 195 wheel application 87–88 rotational centre 167 rubbing 233 running accuracy 35–36 tolerances for bearing seats 386 tolerances for shafts (sleeve mounting) 384 running-in 191 runout 36 tolerances for bearing seats 386 rust caused by defective seats 302 caused by ineffective sealing 317–318 troubleshooting 246 rust inhibiting preservative 188 compatibility with greases 189, 202 removal 202 S safety datasheets See material safety datasheets salt water 185 seal counterface 142 inspection 226–227 repair 151–154 requirements 146 seal lips made of PTFE 146 materials 145 orientation 146, 239 types and designs 143–145 sealants for installing seals 148, 152 to prevent oil leakage 137 sealed bearings 40 deep groove ball bearings 40 heating 68 relubrication 192 self-aligning ball bearings 79 shelf life 41 spherical roller bearings 90 trouble conditions 238 washing 189 sealing arrangements 39–40 trouble conditions 238 sealing washers 156 seals external seals 39 for bearing units 96 for housings 128–129 installation 140–157 integral bearing seals 40 radial shaft seals 143–145 removal 284–286 service life 28 shelf life 42 terminology 11 trouble conditions 233, 235 seats See bearing seats self-aligning ball bearings axial drive-up values 402 greasing on initial installation 191 lock nut tightening angles 402 mounting 79–80 mounting (oil injection method) 62–66 mounting (SKF Drive-up method) 57–61 radial internal clearance values 392 SKF Drive-up method values 392 types and designs 13 SENSORMOUNT method 67 separable bearings greasing on initial installation 190 mounting 80 serial numbers on four-point contact ball bearings 78 on four-row cylindrical roller bearings 82 on four-row tapered roller bearings 89 on plummer block housings 27 service life 28–29 influencing factors 230–231 set screw See grub screw shaft alignment 167–174 measuring conventions 167–168 methods 170–173 tolerances 169 shaft locking methods 94–96 shaft movement 234 shaft repair 152–154 shelf life of bearings 41 of elastomer seals 42 of lubricants 43 shields 40 shimming 163 shims See machinery shims shock loading additive requirements 207 bearing damage 248, 308 relubrication interval adjustment 195 Shopfloor Awareness Cards 330 short foot See soft foot sine bars 47 size code 22 SKF @ptitude Decision Support 327 SKF @ptitude Exchange 327 SKF Authorized Distributors 331 SKF Bearing fitting tool kit for installing seals 146 for mounting bearings 72 SKF Certified Electric Motor Rebuilders 331 SKF Certified Maintenance Partners 331 SKF CircOil 215 SKF Client Needs Analysis 328 SKF ConCentra ball bearing units dismounting 275 mounting 111–114 SKF ConCentra locking 94–95 SKF ConCentra roller bearing units dismounting 276–277 mounting 114–118 445Index SKF Drive-up method 57–61 axial displacement values 406–413 hydraulic nuts 406–413 oil pressure values 406–413 tools 56–57 SKF Duoflex 215 SKF Duralife 145 SKF Duralip 145 SKF EMCOR rating 188 SKF Energy Monitoring Service 329–330 SKF Grease Test Kit 222 SKF greases 423–431 for SKF SYSTEM 24 lubricators 199 selection chart 430–431 SKF Lubrication Planner 180 SKF LubriLean 215 SKF Machine Condition Advisor 223 SKF Monoflex 215 SKF Multiflex 215 SKF Oil+Air 215 SKF ProFlex 215 SKF rating life 27–28 SKF Reliability Maintenance Institute 326–327 SKF SPEEDI-SLEEVE 225 installation 152–153 SKF Springcover 144–145 SKF Springlock groove 144–145 SKF SYSTEM 24 198–199 SKF tools and products for alignment 419 for condition monitoring 432–434 for dismounting 435–436 for lubrication 420–422 for mounting 416–418 SKF traffic light concept 186–187 SKF V2F rating 188 SKF Vibracon SM elements 162–165 SKF WAVE seal lip 143 skidding See smearing sliding See smearing slotted elements See chocks smearing resulting in adhesive wear 301, 312 troubleshooting 244, 247 SNL housings See plummer block housings soaps 183, 185 soft foot 162 solid additives in centralized lubrication systems 213 in grease 184 in oil 203 solid contaminants 211–212 troubleshooting 245, 249 solid oil 182–183 solid seals installation 133, 149 types and designs 144–145 solvents for cleaning bearings 224 handling 225 types 254 SONL housings See plummer block housings spacer lugs 144 spacer rings 91, 151 spacing washers 156 spalling 231 subsurface initiated 303–304, 309 surface initiated 301, 304, 310–311 troubleshooting 244, 249–250 speed factor 187 limits for grease lubrication 186, 194 SPEEDI-SLEEVE See SKF SPEEDI-SLEEVE spherical roller bearings axial drive-up values 403 clearance reduction values 403 designs 17 lock nut tightening angles 403 mounting 90 mounting (oil injection method) 62–66 mounting (SKF Drive-up method) 57–61 radial internal clearance values 397–398 SKF Drive-up method values 407–411 spheroidal graphite cast iron 126 spindle reconditioning services 331 spirit levels for belt alignment 176 for shaft alignment 170 splines 150, 152 split plummer block housings See plummer block housings split seals 133, 154–155 Springcover See SKF Springcover stabilizing rings See locating rings standstill excessive voltage damage 307 moisture corrosion damage 317–318 vibration damage 319 start-up of grease lubricated bearings 186–187, 190–191 of oil lubricated bearings 207 stationary inner ring 293 stationary load 32 stationary machine 167–168 storage bearing damage 308 of bearings 41 of elastomer seals 42 of lubricants 42–43 straightedge method for belt alignment 176–177 for offset drive alignment 175 for shaft alignment 170–171 subsurface initiated fatigue 298–299, 309 caused by defective seats 303 caused by incorrect fits 301 caused by static misalignment 304 suffix list for bearing units 96 for bearings 24–25 for housings 127–128 for seals 145 super-precision bearings greasing on initial installation 191 types and designs 12, 18 support surfaces for bearing units 101 for housings 130 surface damage 233–235 surface initiated fatigue 298–299 caused by defective seats 303 caused by incorrect fits 301 caused by ineffective lubrication 310–311 caused by static misalignment 304 troubleshooting 249 surface roughness 36 mean values 387 surface wetting 202 sustainability 329–330 synthetic oil in grease 183 in oil 203 SYSTEM 24 See SKF SYSTEM 24 T taconite seals 128–129 take-up housings 125–126 take-up units dismounting 270–277 mounting 104–120 taper gauges 47–48 44614 tapered roller bearings adjusting back-to-back arrangements 86–88 adjusting face-to-face arrangements 84–85 axial internal clearance values 396 greasing on initial installation 191 mounting 84–89 trouble conditions 245 types and designs 16–17 tapered shaft seats dismounting bearings 259–264 measurement form 48 mounting bearings 54–56 temperature ambient 161 condition monitoring 221 operating 186–187 reference 203 trouble conditions 233 temperature difference between inner and outer rings 221 considerations for alignment 161 considerations for fit selection 33 trouble conditions 240 terminology 10–11 test running 174 thermal cracking 298–299 caused by incorrect fits 301 thermal expansion considerations for alignment 161, 169 considerations for fit selection 33–34 mounting CARB toroidal roller bearings 91 thermal inspection 221 thermometers 221 thickeners compatibility 201 types 183 thrust bearings 18–19 tightening torque 166 values for attachment bolts/nuts 105, 131 values for bearing units 102–103 values for cap bolts 131 tolerance classes See ISO, tolerance classes tolerance grades See ISO, tolerance grades tolerance tables for housings (inch) 372–381 for housings (metric) 350–359 for shafts (inch) 360–371 for shafts (metric) 338–349 for shafts (sleeve mounting) 384 modified deviations for inch bearings 382–383 tools See SKF tools and products torque indicator 112–113 torque keys See hexagonal keys Total Cost of Ownership 329 total loss lubrication systems 214 track runner bearings 19–20 traffic light concept See SKF traffic light concept training 326–327 transportation damage 308 troubleshooting 228–251 true brinelling 308 U ultrasonic probes 221 unbalance 243, 246 unit conversion table 437 units See bearing units universally matchable bearings axial internal clearance values 389 axial preload values 389 mounting 76 V V2F rating See SKF V2F rating variable speed machines 223 vertical shafts considerations for lubricant selection 182 relubrication interval adjustment 195 Vibracon SM elements See SKF Vibracon SM elements vibration false brinelling damage 308, 319 grease performance test 188 relubrication interval adjustment 195 troubleshooting 234 vibration monitoring 222–224 bearing defect frequencies 224 taking measurements 223 viscosity calculation 204–206 equivalents 414 of base oil in grease 185 of oil 203 trouble conditions 246, 249 viscosity grades See ISO viscosity grades viscosity index 203 viscosity ratio 204 VKA test 188 voltage 307 V-ring seals installation in plummer block housings 135 installation over a shaft 157 removal 286 W washboarding 322 washdowns 29 washers for bearing units 101 for housings 131 water bearing damage 317–318 contamination 181, 187, 212 content in oil 210–211 resistance of grease 183, 185, 188 WAVE seal lip See SKF WAVE seal lip wear 298–299 abrasive 300–301, 313, 314–315 adhesive 301, 312 wear sleeves 152–153 welding 172 wheel hubs 87–88 withdrawal sleeves dismounting bearings 264–267 mounting bearings (oil injection method) 62–66 mounting bearings (SKF Drive-up method) 57–61 X XNBR See acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers Y Y-bearing units See bearing units Y-bearings assembly 121 radial internal clearance values 401 types and designs
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