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| موضوع: كتاب Mechanical Measurements الثلاثاء 01 سبتمبر 2020, 11:19 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mechanical Measurements Cal Poly Pomona Engineering
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 The Process of Measurement: An Overview Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 2 Standards and Dimensional Units of Measurement Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V 15 3 Assessing and Presenting Experimental Data Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H.Lienhard V 35 4 The Analog Measurand: Time-Dependent Characteristics Thomas G. Beckwilh/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V 111 5 The Response of Measuring Systems Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 145 6 Sensors Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 191 7 Signal Conditioning Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 239 8 Digital Techniques in Mechanical Measurements Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 301 9 Strain and Stress: Measurement and Analysis Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V 347 10 Measurement of Pressure Thomas G. Beckwilh/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 393 11 Measurement of Fluid Flow Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 431 12 Temperature Measurements Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 483 13 Measurement of Motion Thomas G. Beclcwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 563 14 Appendix: Standards and Conversion Equations Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 59915 Appendix: Theoretical Basis for Fourier Analysis Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Mara11go11VJoh11 H. Lienhard V . 603 16 Appendix: Number Systems Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marongo11VJoh11 H. Lienhard V 609 17 Appendix: Some Useful Data Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Marangoni/John H. Lienhard V . 615 18 Appendix: Stress and Strain Relationships Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. Mara11gonVJohn H. Lienhard V . 621 19 Appendix: Statistical Tests of Least Squares Fits Thomas G. Beckwith/Roy D. MarangonVJohn H. Lienhard V . 637 Index A Abeorpthllly. 522-523 - .lion. 184, 419-420, 584 p1eme-, 212, 575-679 theory, 564 Allasing, 131-132, 328 Amsican National 5-.ds lnsllule (ANSI). 2 Ampltt- al .,.,,.,,., 111 Analog signals, 303 Analog-lo-digital CIXlversion . 11, 42-44, 318. 312, 394, 473, 507 palllllel encador, 335 quanlizalion . 337-338 resolution, 43, 131-132, 337-338, 459. 517, 579 Ample rale, 1 31-135, 328 signal cordtlaning for, 338 An- c:hlmber. 138 An-r hol .n and ullfBlonlo.Dapp, 432 ASCII, 319-321 ? -. 22, 84-85. 3113-384, *· 491 , 599, 817 8 Balance analytical (bum) cum1nl 17-18, 102, 180, 218-221, 253, 347, 496, 565 ·- cin:uil, 239, 347 llllr, 20, 47, 322, 387, 394, 800 - anllOid, 403 Bell pnwer, 457 llemouli's eqllllion. 434 Bias anor. 38-41 , 225, 555 Blas uncertainty, 44-45 Binary codes alphanumeric, 303 bar code, 322 llaudol, 318-319 Gray code. 317-319 1n1-.1 Mana. 318 parily, 321? ?. 321 Btt lnlerval, 303 Boda plol. 284 Bourdon lube. 8, 194, 403 Bridge ac. 259 balancing ogamanll, 252 CIXllllalll 231 , 245, 347, 409, -7. 498-500 a.illanl .,._ 256-257, 347, 498-499 .-. 242-243, 360 de-. 252-253. 358, 405, 487, 498 faclar, 242, 357. 408, 501 lour_ _ _ 498-499 llol-wil9 -. 488 null, 252-253, 358, 498 raaclance, 203, 253 --· 202-203. 242-243. 347. 407-410. 487, 495-502 -in -· 241. 351-352 lempaiahn ,.,_sa11on, 230, 347, 405 -. 253-255, 358, 487 wi.ais1one. 251-252, 351, 552 . 265, 598 Bue exlemal. 287, 328-329 1- i. 328-329 llyla, 303 c ?llan al accallramal . 564 of liquid?n-9m 549 of prmai-ng ayslafM, 393 ol aailllllc ?Is, 575 of aysl8rn -· 1"41 or _ -. 519 of .,_, 584 . and dynarric, 393-394 Celoriasympllltic. 547 -l capacilanca, 547 Cspacitenc:e, 6, 18, 100-101, 154, 197, 240, 407, 544. 575 Conni llmll 111-. 58 Cenlnl pracaulng un? (CPU), 329 Qlalced llow, 448-449 Clrallls bdal, 239, 359, 501 brtclge. 242. 359-381 , 501 lnl8graled. 222. 285-288. 304, 517 239 ?. 258, 305, 381 ,._. d_, 248-248 Qua lnlarvlla. 0.70 Clock - . 21, 230-231, 302-304 .-, 231, 313 - iilgMI, 231 , 302-304 ? . dllclialVe. 187 hmnonlc. 148, 584 Coi1mHnOde nolla nijecticn nijecaon rallo (CMRR? 268 Compllralar dspllcemenl """"""· 8, 74, 180, 193, 239-240, 383, 407. 449. 565 Coupling malhcxll, 239 Cilllcal pt9llUi9 ratic, 448 Clyoganlc .,iemanll liquid halum - - . 2. 44-45, 143, 192, 241 , 305, 347-348, 396, 479, 495, 621 -4i22 2. 15, 41-42, 143, 185-187, 198-197. 268. 328. 347. 393, 453. 483-510, 618-817 D Demping allical, 158, 570 ratic, 158-157, 218, 570-671 undeRlamping, 188 Dale d- of. 38-39. 638 gqpllical -- ol. 38 pracaulng of. 304 Ample of, 11-12, 44, 324, 383 Dabt singl&-lampla, 38 Deacl-weighl -. 388 Daliouncar, 309 Decl>al. 283 Daftaclfon conatanl. 107, 161 , 223-224, 404, 588 DlmodoAallon. 241 Demulllpl-. 312 Dllvilllon -· 44, 200, 405, 520, 838 Dllleranllld .- r. 192-193, 240. 585 Digilll - 304, 531-632 codal, 302 Imaging. 339, 531 --. 8, 129, 241, 304, 360-381. 579 lignels, 8, 129, 239-240, 303-305. 473 -. 331'333, 385, 531 Olgllal dil:ui _ . displays, 304, 508 Dlgllml ciR:uilry 11181og--igilol, 130, 253, 302 digll9l-lcHlnlkig, 274, 302-303 .,, c:cunlor, 309 INquancy -· 324 microprac11w. 130, 302. 508-509 mullfplexw, 32&327 -· 7. 253. 304, 508. 577 w hoping, 325 Digllal lmoglng hlgh ?. 340 Olgbl mlgnal - (DSP), 343 Discltvgo coefticienl. 437 Dilc:nila Ampllng. 129 Dillrtbulian chi-sq . 38 ?llly. 45, 840 Weibul, 69 Doppler burst, 472 Doppler llequency lhift, 470 Drill, 5, 21, 40, 200, 251, 313. 407. 452, 5 E Edllan ellec:l, 285 - . . 25 ElmQanlc caunter, 519 ElmQanic -. 204-205 e-.,. 488 Encador biMry, 318-320 dilplacemanl. 317 E.,., _ Ma.Id, 21-22 Enor biaa, 1 1 , 38, 225. 555-558 hyslefelia, 40-42, 494 --. 259. 381 loading, 38, 247-248. 379. 426, 573 -. 4, 38, 494, 597. 837-839 pyromtllry, 528 -ng. 4, 4 1 , 225, 248. 490-492 -· 4, 41 , 225-226. 248. 489-492 lamperature drill. 78 lamperature maa -.nant. 5, 82-43, 4 zero ollaa? 11 EV81'11 ccunler, 324 e.n.omaior. 350 F Fadar bttdge expansion, 230, 382. 448-447. 490-49: lrequency encl . disloltion. 149 v-.y of appioecll, 435 Fsaday's law, 206, 451 Filler (alaclrical) aclive. 239, 408 nllaliallng. 338-339 band-. 278-277 -. 11 cutoll froquancy, 277-21111 digital, 4. 73, 212, 240, 301-303, 386, ? 531-532, 579 high--. 182. 278-277 LC , 183 ,, _, 1 53-154, 278-280. 338. 558 -. 290 o_,. of, 100. 215, 352, 429, 559, 588 lu-. 282 Flip.flop S-R, 309 Flow visuallmlion -- lluoroocanc:e. 432 Flowmelers calilnllon of, 431 Coriolis. 432e11uca1 now n111d, 432 eleclrOmagnellc, 432 obstrucllon, 431-433 olifice. 434-435 ftow nozzle. 435 posllive displ ,.1111111, 449-4llO lherm1I, 431-432 turbine, 432 ul"-'lc, 432 venlud, 432 Flu: ':shedcfng, C53 clla-rl$tics of, 449-460 cllolced. 448-449 ioc;ry ., urernent, 475 Fluid velocily, -- of ? nulds, 445 Doppler-shill me.-. 432 frequency response, 41, 151-153. 219, 240, 397, 459, 548 Klellube, 462 luer-Ooppler ,omal8r, 432 Pilot lube, 198, 4!58 pressure probes, 431-432 ulllasonlc-Oopple -. 432 Force measurement of lnlnsducers, 5, 152-153, 192·195, 292, 342, 363, 393, 454, 565 Forcing !Unction genero? 23, 1 59-160, 195. 288-289, 351-352, 399-400, 455, 493, 588. 604 sbtpped, 151, 422 Fourier a,.lysis dlacrale, 10, 1 29-132, 608-e!7 .mplesof, 38, 118, 561 Fourier-· 115, 160, 64l!MI07 F-beat drculer, 31-32, 111-114, 155, 304, 402, 586 cydlc, 111, 165 damped 1u . 188 _.1111 -. a !Un-? 4, 15-18, 120, 149, 20f, 302, 417, 585, 808 meuurement ol, 23. 184, 208. 239-240, 398-396, 452-455, 521 , 583-679 . merer, 12, 1&-17, 158, 207, 302, 545 Nyqui? 131-132, 340, 807 reson.,co, 143, 163, 210, 261-262, 339, 41 7, 566 response, 1 1 , 16, 40-42, 122, 145-159, 201 , 239-240, 312, 39&-397, 458-459, 541-645, 584 s"91'1rum, 1 1 1 , 328, 423, 521 undamped natural, 159, 589-570 Fringe (interference) laser-Ooppler, 470-471 Funcdon generolllr, 579 G Gage -r. 1 1 , 259, 353-355, 408 Gate, 307-309 Gausaian or normal diotribufion, 99 G-ral Conleftlnce on Weighla and Measures, 17 Goodness-ol.fil, 66 Graphlcal p .,,lallon ofdola choosing coonlinalas, 87 genaral rules for, 65 slraight-line lnlnlformations, 92 Grounding, 239, 309 H Hall ellecl quanlum, 28, 108 Harmonic> analysis, 1 1 1 , 151, 584, 604 coelllclont, 588 Older, 122, 146, 277, 589-570 slmple. 111-114, 146, 565 HolmhollZ fllOllBlor, 417 HerlZ, 17, 113, 155, 324, 4 1 7-418 Hislogram, 47 Hurricane Bob, 84-85 Hl'POU-is lellting I large sample, 63 of sample meens, 64 1 11,,.,ie, &1 Impedance bridge, 253 Impedance, input and output ampllllors and noise, 287, 304, 380 mlllchfno, 6, 74, 209, 272, 576 ind=15, 250, 325, 350, 435, 599 mulull, 1 0 1 , 201 sall, 195, 241 transclucor, &-7, 195-1 96. 239,408 lnd.-ice - raluc:tance, 201, 406. 575 Infrared l8diation (lghl) and hoot sensing. 7, 186, 199, 243-244, 31 7, 380. 397, 431-432, 483-485. 587 lnlelfae, communications ··-· 331-333 parallel, 264, 330 eerill, 332-333 wireleoa, 332-333 lnlafacing, 305 1nl8lfenlmetiy holographic, 351 , 475 lnlam11ian1I T "1*'81ure Scale of 1990, 23, 494 lnlarvll d1u conlldonco, 37, 639-840 J Josophoon Juncdon, 28 JPEG, 341 L Laser In- ftUOfHClllco, 432 Wllodly 431 wa"81englhs of, 20, 108 Laich, 309-310 Law "' inlermedlele .- . 504-505 Law ol inlennedllle lemperelureo, 504 Laall lqUllW (lln- 19g18Ulon) conftdenco lnllmlls lor. 639 otllllstical lells ol, 637 Langlll Light -. 4 monochromatic, 529 ? of. 4, 31-32, 42-43, 217-218, 489, 522 Lighl delecling lransduoers avalanche photadlode, 219 pholodlodes, 215-220 pholomultipler lube (PMT), 471 pholon dllectars, 21 7-219, 521 -522 pho1onns111ors, 218 p)'IOelllClric. 212, 521 lhannal deleClors, 21 7, 521 Lino filting, 94 Linearily ol polenliomeler, 249 Laad cel h,., lc and pneumalic, 564 tempenlture sensitivity of, SOB Loading """'· 41 , 247 Logarilhmlc decremon? 596-597 Lagle etomenra, 305 Laudnou. 262 M Manomerer, 82. 397-402, 481, 816 Mcleod gage, 412-413 Mean (a¥8rageJ, definition of for population, 53 lorsample. 53 Measurand analog, 10, 1211-131 . 304 MeMUremont molhods ol, 2, 73, 231 , 356. 396, 531 Mendenhall onlor, 16 - lnoquoncy, 1 1 , 15, 155, 207. 302, 544-645 time interval, 20 Miclucompuler, 302 miCloproce1SOr, 130, 302, 489, S06-509 Madu1us reaislors,409 Mohr's cn:le, 622 Morse code. 318 MPEG, 341 mulllpllll8r, 32&-327 Muhlvibnitor, 31 2-313 N 642 National Bureau of Slandmda (NBS) 2 16 National 'r"""9f Slandanla and ?nology INSI'? Nibble, 303 Noire, 5, 42. 153, 265-287. 304-305, ·- 51 Nonnar probablly plol, 69-71 -· 9 57tl NOZZie, now, 435-438 N.- ., . . 15 =??;?;??12. !589.110M12 aclal, 316, 61CMl11 0 Otm's law, 178, 243-244 Oplailolator, 221 Order ol mechanical syslem1, 185, 240 Orlice llawrr8W, 436 Osclllosc:opo (CRO) =??· 129, 152-153, 253, 304-306 p Parlly, 321-322 Pellier ellecr, 504 Podod, 1? 120, 158, 1 118, 324, 350, 457, 51JO, Phase ambiguity, 132 Phue response, 148, 240, 573 PholoconduClive malarials, 217 pholadiado, 197, 296, 522 ? stic:ill\ 351 "'-IClric lllled, 217 Ph- Ulliplier lube, 122, 218, 471-472 .,_,-"'· 217-219, 521-522 "'-anoistor, 219-220 Plezoeleclric _ 172, 192, 407, 575 Plozonlslsavlly, 213 . Plranl gage, 414 Pilch lllde. 483 pbml, 341 -. 370. 626 pr>Junctions, 213 - reoistanoe voltage-diWllng, 180, 193, 239, 367, 585 Practical lemperalure ICllle, 23, 74, 483 Precision error unte11ainly. 3-4, 20, 38-37, 224, 389, 5116, 63!M!40 Preaaure absolule cl)onamlc, 5, 18, 114, 158, 196, 261 , 356-358, 393-395, 434, 560, 588 gage, 5, 64, 157, 192, 354-358, 383-394,465 hood, 457, 590 sound, 41, 121, 212, 282, 395, 448, 538 slagnation, 395, 460-482, 535 standards, 1 0, 1&-18, 40, 397, 458, 540, 599 static, 8, 196, 362, 394-395, 432, 5311-539, 588 lolll, 54, 229, 368. 395, 432, 484, 570 vacuum, 22, 42, 214, 3!13-3M, 486 vllaclly, 8. 18, 114, 158, 19&-197, 395, 431-435, 533, 587, 801 Pressuro capsule, 405 P""'oure lnlnod\lcors bu modulus, 410 dynamic> reoponoe ol, 158, 404, 560 high pre$8'1f8, 422, 589 row pressure. 412 menometers, 412 oemlc:onducmrdiaphragm, 213, 405 lire gage, 7, 1 57 PlllllablNly dlsbibulion, 47-48 Pftlvlng inslnlmon? 10 Pftlvlng ring, 8, 198 Pulse-code modulation {PCM), 303 Pyrooleclric sensors, 217, 531 Pytometty Q disappearing fil81T11111? 529 enor in, 526 infrared, 484 Quantum Hall -. 26 R Radiation shield, 536 Radix, 316, 60!M10 Rudlng onor, 43, 337522 Alec, 304 192, 406. 449, 565 lemperalure d- (RTD> . cold-wlte. ? inS1Nmenlallon for, 3118, 496 typkal ptOpertieS ol, 497 lllSiSIMIY -- cOeftlcionl of, 354 llOlislOl'I and. 200. 248-250, 305, 408-410 rnoduu, 409-410 AoM>lution NO .- . 336-339 inSll\llMfl? 37. 200, 337. 429, 566-567 pollnltomelers. 200 --" cln:ulls, 239 flllpol1H amplilllde, 10. 1 2 1 . 148-147, 240-241 , 337, 381 , 419, 542, 570 experimenlal delermlnation of, 186 phaH. 146. 240-241 , 484, 571-573 Roynalds nu-. 29, 88. 434 time, 148, 423 Roi angle, 478 floOl-mean-square (RMS). 128 _ ,,, 455 s _., - ol. 79 - led. 43 oingle, 10-13, 36-37. 325. 378-379 . - devlatlon ol. 53 Selle (for welgllklg) ballnce, 7-8. 25, 61, 155-156, 254, 380, 396, 434, 496 pendulum, 158, 592 spring, 6-7, 113-114, 146, 223, 404, 492, 587 Sc:lrnidllrlgger, 312 Soolcll yoloe, 113 Seebeck coelliclenl, 502 Segorconea, 532 --or claphrogm pressure .,_,., 213, 405 n-lype and p-lype, 213 pn-junctions. 213 oonsors. 191-193, 405, 483-484. 575 lemperalura ,._,., 213. 483-484 Sonsitivily denned, 37, 256, 410, 564 Ser- Pf8SSIR, 83-85, 1 73, 193-194, 366, 395-396, 431-432. 483-485 semiQondudOr, 192, 405, 483-484, 576 vari- inductance. 195, 406-407 - ·-· 195, 299 Sealingtime, 151 llielclng, 239, 535 SllOd< -ng. 564 SllOd< lube, 420 SI (Sys!' me lnlamalional d'Unir. > system of unns . 31-32, 428 Signol condilionlng, 6-7, 176, 212, 239-240, 337-338, 405, 452, 484. 578 lllgnilicance, laval ol, 103 Slew rate, 148, 267 Sound lllenuation of inlenslly, 121 . 197, 340, 470 -· 42, 285-287, 304-305, 565 ?:;.:?63, 305-306, 466-468, 585 calibration melhods. 393, 577 ?ii:.?46 ?ral ?manalyzer, analysil, 12126, 8 328 ?scalo, 223 l1mosphao1c prenure, 22, 393-394, 464, 617 COii, 458, 508, 597 lloctrtcal, 3, 22, 100-101 , 199, 285, 343, 404, 487-488, 483-484, 578 lot -.ure, 405 :glavialenglh,tional2, 20acceleralion, 225, 618 al 2, 76, 457, 578 al lemperalure, 22. 399, 467, 463 lier. 77, 274, 334, 378. 519 standanl lolal rad-. 529 lwSlandald devlalion of samplo, 55 of the rMan, 56, 640 Slalan·llollzmann law, 525 Slraighl-line 1ran.m-., 92 Strain al a point Mohr's cin:le lor, 622 Strain gage configurellono, 251, 351 , 495 conslruCtion ol, 351 , 495 for pressure eels, 410 orienlatlan ol, 374. 478. 626 poslyield, 380 18Sls1ance-type, 11, 193, 245, 353 roselles, 389 -. 575 Slress blalCial hoop, 102, 369-370, 634 plane, 18, 351, 822-823 principal, 212, 358, 427, 622 uniaxial, 349 Surface roughnas, 212 Survey fool. 20 Syslam analogous, 4, 114. 156, 192. 285, 305 of unlls, 17, 393, 434 sec:ond-onlar, 146, 419 zero-order, 146 T Temperature standard for, 26, 398, 457. 485 fixed poinls, 25. 549 Temperature sensors blmetal, 196, 485 ?. 25, 526-529 resiolanca lype, 501 - ol, 42, 151-154. 203, 240, 397, 459, 493. 574 Hmiconductar-jundion, 215, 483-484 1'1ennislor, 196, 292, 487-488 1'1ennocouple, 8. 82. 180, 192, 328, 414-415. 468 Thermal anemomeler hol-wire and hol-ftlm. 432 thermal ftowmetenl, 469 ThOITNll imaging, 484 Tharmal 1Bdiation, 24, 212, 414, 468, 484 Thermocouple high-valoclty, 5311-537 ice point 556 polynomial . 507 Thermometer constant-volume gas liquid?n-glass, 484 Thermopile, 84, 217, 5111-519 Time con&lanl. 91, 161-163, 54 1 Time coonlinaled universal (UTC) standard of, 2, 15-16 Time dependence, 8 Transducers secondaiy. 4, 192-195, 383. 396, 585 Transmissivily, 522-523 Triple point, 22-24, 549 Trul'1 !ables, 307-309 u UART. 327 Ulltasonic enamornelet', 432 Unceflainly intn>duc:lion to, 36, 550 odds for. 73 propagation or. 36 Units of measurement conversion or, 395 v V.cwm. 20, 42, 214, 285, 306, 393-394. 486 vacuum lube, 308 Velocily measuremenl by variable reluclence lransd"'*11 Doppler-shift, 431-432 Vena oonlracta, 441 Venluri mater. 399. 448 Vibrallon excilars leSling, 581-582 643 w Wave shaping, 325 waveforms ampliludes of, 111 complex. 111 . 146, 578 special, 122-123, 147, 312, 581, 804-806 lranslenl, 111, 174, 581 weigh .k, 80, 457 Weighl, 1 1 , 26, 63, 112, 225, 315, 398, 431 , Whole-field mea - of displacemen? 390, 403, 564 or ftuid flow, 479 Wien dlsplacemenl law, 525 Wold, 2, 36, 265, 303-304. 347-348, 521 y Yaw angle, 481-462 Young's mod?ua values of, 226, 383. 412, 550, 618
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