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| موضوع: كتاب Modern Hydronic Heating - For Residential and Light Commercial Buildings الثلاثاء 01 سبتمبر 2020, 11:07 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Modern Hydronic Heating For Residential and Light Commercial Buildings Third Edition John Siegenthaler, P.E. Associate Professor Emeritus Mohawk Valley Community College, Utica, New York
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface ix CHAPTER 1 Fundamental Concepts 3 Objectives 3 1.1 What Is a Hydronic Heating System? 3 1.2 Benefits of Hydronic Heating 4 1.3 Heat and Heat Transfer 9 1.4 Four Basic Hydronic Subsystems 13 1.5 The Importance of System Design 17 Summary 18 Key Terms 18 Questions and Exercises 18 CHAPTER 2 Heating Load Estimates 21 Objectives 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Defi nition of Design Heating Load 22 2.3 Conduction Heat Losses 23 2.4 Foundation Heat Loss 26 2.5 Infi ltration Heat Losses 32 2.6 Putting It All Together 34 2.7 Example of a Complete Heating Load Estimate 35 2.8 Computer-Aided Heating Load Calculations 40 2.9 Estimating Annual Heating Energy Usage 42 Summary 47 Key Terms 47 Questions and Exercises 47 CHAPTER 3 Hydronic Heat Sources 51 Objectives 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Classifi cation of Hydronic Heat Sources 52 3.3 Gas- and Oil-Fired Boiler Designs 52 3.4 Conventional Versus Condensing Boilers 56 3.5 Domestic Hot Water Tanks as Hydronic Heat Sources 66 3.6 Power Venting Exhaust Systems 68 3.7 Combustion Air Requirements 71 3.8 Boiler Heating Capacity 73 3.9 Efficiency of Gas and Oil-Fired Boilers 74 3.10 Multiple Boiler Systems 78 3.11 Electric Boilers 86 3.12 ETS Systems 89 3.13 Hydronic Heat Pumps 92 3.14 System Design Considerations for Hydronic Heat Pumps 98 3.15 Renewable Energy Heat Sources 102 3.16 Solid-Fuel Boilers 113 Contents iiiiv Contents Summary 121 Key Terms 122 Questions and Exercises 122 For Further Reading 123 CHAPTER 4 Properties of Water 125 Objectives 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Sensible Heat Versus Latent Heat 125 4.3 Specifi c Heat and Heat Capacity 126 4.4 Density 127 4.5 Sensible Heat Quantity Equation 128 4.6 Sensible Heat Rate Equation 129 4.7 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point 131 4.8 Viscosity 131 4.9 Dissolved Air in Water 132 4.10 Incompressibility 133 Summary 135 Key Terms 135 Questions and Exercises 135 CHAPTER 5 Piping, Fittings, and Valves 139 Objectives 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Piping Materials 140 5.3 Common Pipe Fittings 156 5.4 Specialized Fittings for Hydronic Systems 159 5.5 Thermal Expansion of Piping 162 5.6 Common Valves 165 5.7 Specialty Valves for Hydronic Applications 170 5.8 Schematic Symbols for Piping Components 191 5.9 Tips on Piping Installation 191 Summary 193 Key Terms 193 Questions and Exercises 194 CHAPTER 6 Fluid Flow in Piping 197 Objectives 197 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Basic Concepts of Fluid Mechanics: What Is a Fluid? 198 6.3 Analyzing Fluid Flow in Smooth Pipes 207 6.4 Hydraulic Resistance of Fittings, Valves, and Other Devices 212 6.5 The System Head Loss Curve 214 6.6 Piping Components Represented as Series Resistors 215 6.7 Parallel Hydraulic Resistances 218 6.8 Reducing Complex Piping Systems 222 6.9 Software-Based Circuit Analysis 224 6.10 Pipe Sizing Considerations 225 Summary 229 Key Terms 229 Questions and Exercises 230Contents v CHAPTER 7 Hydronic Circulators 233 Objectives 233 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Circulators for Hydronic Systems 234 7.3 Placement of the Circulator Within the System 239 7.4 Circulator Performance 242 7.5 Smart Circulators 250 7.6 Analytical Methods for Circulator Performance 257 7.7 Circulator Efficiency 260 7.8 Operating Cost of a Circulator 263 7.9 Cavitation 265 7.10 Special Purpose Circulators 270 7.11 Selecting a Circulator 270 Summary 274 Key Terms 274 Questions and Exercises 274 CHAPTER 8 Heat Emitters 279 Objectives 279 8.1 Introduction 279 8.2 Classifi cation of Heat Emitters 280 8.3 Finned-Tube Baseboard Convectors 280 8.4 Thermal Ratings and Performance of Finned-Tube Baseboard 284 8.5 Sizing Finned-Tube Baseboard 287 8.6 Hydronic Fan-Coils 294 8.7 Thermal Performance of Fan-Coils 298 8.8 Panel Radiators 304 8.9 Other Hydronic Heat Emitters 317 8.10 Head Loss of Heat Emitters 318 8.11 Heat Loss From Copper Tubing 320 8.12 Thermal Equilibrium 322 Summary 326 Key Terms 326 Questions and Exercises 327 CHAPTER 9 Control Strategies, Components, and Systems 329 Objectives 329 9.1 Introduction 329 9.2 Closed-Loop Control System Fundamentals 330 9.3 Controlling the Output of Heat Sources 338 9.4 Controlling Heat Output From Heat Emitters 343 9.5 Outdoor Reset Control 345 9.6 Switches, Relays, and Ladder Diagrams 358 9.7 Basic Hydronic System Control Hardware 366 9.8 Basic Boiler Control Hardware 379 9.9 Mixing Strategies and Hardware 387 9.10 Control System Design Principles 407 9.11 Example of a Modern Control System 409 9.12 Communicating Control Systems 412 Summary 416 Key Terms 417 Questions and Exercises 418vi Contents CHAPTER 10 Hydronic Radiant Panel Heating 421 Objectives 421 10.1 Introduction 421 10.2 What Is Radiant Heating? 422 10.3 What Is a Hydronic Radiant Panel? 423 10.4 A Brief History of Radiant Panel Heating 423 10.5 Benefits of Radiant Panel Heating 424 10.6 Physiology of Radiant Panel Heating 426 10.7 Methods of Hydronic Radiant Panel Heating 428 10.8 Slab-on-Grade Radiant Floors 429 10.9 Concrete Thin-Slab Radiant Floors 439 10.10 Poured Gypsum Thin-Slab Radiant Floors 445 10.11 Above-Floor Tube and Plate Systems 449 10.12 Below-Floor Tube and Plate Systems 455 10.13 Suspended Tube Systems 460 10.14 Plateless Staple-Up Systems 462 10.15 Prefab Subfloor/Underlayment Panels 464 10.16 Radiant Wall Panels 465 10.17 Radiant Ceiling Panels 471 10.18 Tube Placement Considerations (Floor Panels) 474 10.19 Radiant Panel Circuit Sizing Procedure 483 10.20 System Piping and Temperature Control Options 500 Summary 513 Key Terms 513 Questions and Exercises 514 CHAPTER 11 Distribution Piping Systems 517 Objectives 517 11.1 Introduction 517 11.2 Zoning Considerations 518 11.3 System Equilibrium 521 11.4 The Concept of Iterative Design 522 11.5 Single Series Circuits 523 11.6 Single Circuit/Multizone (One-Pipe) Systems 525 11.7 Multicirculator Systems and Hydraulic Separation 529 11.8 Multizone Systems—Using Circulators 538 11.9 Multizone Systems Using Zone Valves 545 11.10 Parallel Direct-Return Systems 552 11.11 Parallel Reverse-Return Systems 556 11.12 Home Run Distribution Systems 559 11.13 Primary/Secondary Systems 563 11.14 Distribution Efficiency 575 11.15 Hybrid Distribution Systems 578 Summary 584 Key Terms 584 Questions and Exercises 584 CHAPTER 12 Expansion Tanks 587 Objectives 587 12.1 Introduction 587 12.2 Standard Expansion Tanks 588 12.3 Diaphragm-Type Expansion Tanks 591Contents vii 12.4 Estimating System Volume 597 12.5 The Expansion Tank Sizer Software Module 598 12.6 Point of No Pressure Change 599 Summary 603 Key Terms 603 Questions and Exercises 603 CHAPTER 13 Air Removal, Filling, and Purging 607 Objectives 607 13.1 Introduction 607 13.2 Problems Created by Entrapped Air 608 13.3 Types of Entrapped Air 609 13.4 Air Removal Devices 612 13.5 Correcting Chronic Air Problems 617 13.6 Filling and Purging a System 619 13.7 Make-Up Water Systems 623 Summary 625 Key Terms 625 Questions and Exercises 625 CHAPTER 14 Auxiliary Loads and Specialized Topics 627 Objectives 627 14.1 Introduction 627 14.2 Heat Exchangers 628 14.3 Domestic Water Heating 633 14.4 Intermittent Garage Heating 644 14.5 Pool (and Spa) Heating 646 14.6 Hydronic Snow Melting 650 14.7 Buffer Tanks 663 14.8 Minitube Distribution Systems 667 14.9 BTU Metering 671 14.10 Introduction to Balancing 678 Summary 692 Key Terms 692 Questions and Exercises 692 Appendix A Schematic Symbols 695 Appendix B R-Values of Common Building Materials 697 Appendix C Useful Conversion Factors and Data 699 Glossary 701 Index 721 A Above-floor tube and plate systems, 449, 701 radiant floor panels, 428, 449–455 installation procedure, 451–455 Absolute pressure, 131, 701 Absorber plate, 104 Acceptance volume, 592, 701 Active length, 284–285, 701 Activity level, effect of, 521 Actuator, 176, 183, 375, 701 Aerial boom, 438 AFUE. (See Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) Aggregate, 438 Air binding, 608, 701 change method, 32, 701 rates, 32 dissolved within fluid, 132–133, 611–612 entrained, 610, 655, 706 entrapped, problems created by, 608–609 film resistances, 24–25, 701 flow rate, 303 fluid, dissolved in, 611–612 handler, 11, 294–295, 701 infiltration, 32–34, 701 pockets, stationary, 609–610 problems, correcting chronic, 617–619 purger, 614, 701. (See also Air, scoop) removal, 612–617 requirements, combustion, 71–73 scoop, 614, 701. (See also Air, purger) sealing quality, 32 separator, 16–17, 701 central, 612 microbubble, 614–615 solubility, unsaturated state of, 614–615 temperature stratification, 428, 701 vent, 16, 504, 701 automatic, 613 float-type, 613–614 manual, 612–613 Air-side pressurization, 592, 701 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 66, 173 Ampacity, 364, 701 Analog control signal, 701 inputs, 331 AND decision, 362 Angle pattern, 174, 190, 191 Angle valve, 166–167, 701 Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE), 74, 76–77, 701 Antifreeze-based systems, 110–111 Aquastat, 701 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 24, 320 ASME. (See American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Asphalt pavement, SIM installations in, 655 ASSE 1017-rated anti-scald tempering valve, 639 Atmospheric, 701 Automatic air vent, 613, 701 flow balancing valves, 189–190 flue damper, 56 glycol makeup system, 701 Auxiliary loads, 627, 701 Available floor area, 486, 488, 701 Average floor surface temperature, 432, 701 flow velocity, 198, 701 surface temperature, 473 B Backflow preventer, 15, 171–173, 701 BACNET, 412 Balance point temperature, 349, 701 Balancing, 190, 701 introduction to, 678–691 procedure, 683–686 purpose of, 678–679 reasons for, 678 role of differential pressure control in, 686 systems with manually setting balancing valves, 679–683 theoretical approach to, 679, 680 using compensated method, 686–691 valve, 189–190, 504, 552, 570, 701 Ball valve, 167–168, 238, 702 Band joist, 462 Barefoot friendly floors, 432, 492 Bars, 550, 702 Baseboard heating mode, 410 tee, 159, 702 Basic loop systems, 13 Bearing walls, 434, 702 Bell hangers, 141 Below-floor tube and plate system, 449, 455–460, 702 installation procedure, 456–458 radiant floor panels, 428 Bellows, 372 Bend supports, 436, 702 Bimetal element, 367, 702 Bin temperature data, 702 Black ice, 658, 702 Bleeders, 612 Blow-through fan-coils, 294 Blower, 10, 11, 294, 702 Boiler basic control hardware, 379–387 drain, 167, 702 feed water valve, 702 heating capacity, 73–74 HI/LO fire, 339, 386 high/low fired, 83 jacket, 73, 702 protection, 390–393, 702 reset control, 702 controllers, 384–385 rotation, 702 short-cycling, 518, 702 Boilers conventional, 182 vs. condensing, 56–66 Borehole, 96 Bond breaker layer, 441, 702 Boundary layer, 206, 702 Branch, 686 Brazed plate heat exchangers, 628, 629, 702 Brushless DC motors. (See Electronically commutated motors (ECMs)) Brine, 3, 702 British thermal units, 5, 9, 702 BTU metering, 671–678, 702 Btu/hr or Btuh. (See British thermal units) Bubble?s rise velocity, 610, 702 Buffer tank, 55, 99–100, 117, 341, 533, 663–667, 702 design considerations for, 666–667 piping, 663–665, 666 sizing, 665 Building headers, 686 heat loss coefficient, 347, 350, 702 heating load, 22, 702 mains, 674, 702 Buoyancy, 4, 702 C CAD. (See Computer-aided drafting) Calculations, heating load, 22–23 Candidate circulators, 523, 547, 702 Capacitance rate (CR), 631, 702 ratio, 631, 702 Capacity of water, heat, 7 Capillary tube, 175, 372, 702 Cast-iron circulators, 234 sectional boilers, 52–54 Index 721722 Index Cavitation, 234, 265–269, 702 correcting existing, 269 gaseous, 268 guidelines for avoiding, 268–269 Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA), 265–267 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR), 267–268 Ceiling heated, thermal performance of, 472–474 panels, radiant, 471–474 Central air separators, 612, 703 Central heating plant, 674 Centrifugal pump, 234, 703 Characterized ball valve, 344, 703 Chase, 66 Check valve, 168–169, 539–540, 703 Chemical energy content, 74, 703 Chiller mode, 100 Circulators, 4, 10, 233–273, 703 cavitation, 265–269 connecting in parallel, 248–250 to piping, 238 in series, 247–248 efficiency of, 260–261 end suction, 234–235 with flat pump curve, 548–549 for hydronic systems, 234–238 head explanation of, 242 high vs. low, 246–247 for injection mixing, 270 with integral flow-checks, 270 mounting considerations, 237 multispeed, 246–247 operating point of hydronic circuit, 245–246 performance, 242–250 analytical methods for, 257–260 curves, 243–244 placement within the system, 239–242 primary, sizing the, 570–572 push/pull arrangement, 248 selecting, 270–273 in series, 247–248 smart, 250–257 constant differential pressure control, 250–254 energy savings achieved using, 255–256 microcirculators, 257 proportional differential pressure control, 254–255 special purpose, 270 temperature-regulated, 270 three-piece, 236 two-piece, 236–237 wet-rotor, 235–236, 262 wire-to-water efficiency of, 261–263 zoning, 270 Circuit interior, 475–476 layout drawings, 480–482, 483, 484, 485–486, 487 perimeter, 475–476 separation, 533 single series, 523–525 Circuit-balancing valves, 502 Circuit-return temperature thermometers, 504 Class 1 SIM systems, 650, 652, 703 Class 2 SIM systems, 652, 703 Class 3 SIM systems, 652, 703 Clean operation, 7 Clevis hangers, 142 Close-coupled, 703 Close coupling, 247–248 Closed-loop control system fundamentals, 330–338, 703 sources, 94–96 system, 13, 239, 703 Closely spaced tees, 533, 565, 703 Closet flange, 436 Coalescing media, 534, 614, 703 Coefficient of linear expansion, 162, 703 performance (COP), 97–98, 703 Coil, 294, 359, 703 tankless, 379–380, 634–635 and shell heat exchangers, 630, 703 Coin vents, 612 Cold start, 58 Collector array, 104, 703 Combination wood/oil boilers, 113–114 Combined air and dirt separator, 615–617 boiler/domestic host water tank assemblies, 56 downward and edgewise heat loss, 30 heat source reset and mixing reset, 355–356 Combisystems, 104 Combustion air requirements, 71–73 efficiency, 75, 703 Comfort, 4–5 Common piping, 531, 533, 703 Communicating control systems, 412–416 controllers, stand alone versus, 412–413 thermostats, 415, 703 Communications bus, 412, 703 Compact style panel, 309 Compensated balancing method, 686–691 Component isolation, 165, 703 Composite tubing, 139, 703 Compressible fluids, 198, 703 Compressive load rating, 654, 703 Compressor, 94, 703 Computer-aided drafting (CAD), 191, 480–482, 703 Concrete lightweight, 444–445 pavement, SIM installation in, 653–655 placement, 438–439 thin-slab radiant floor panels, 428, 439–445, 703 installation procedure, 441–444 sub-slab, 656 Condensate, 703 neutralization, 64–65 Condenser, 94, 703 Condensing boilers, 60–64 mode, 58, 703 Conduction, 5, 10, 703 heat losses, 23–26 Confined space, 71, 704 Conservation of energy, 388, 704 Conservation of mass, 388, 704 Constant circulation, 507, 509 Constant differential pressure control, 250–254, 704 Contactor, 358, 704 Contact adhesive, 468 Contacts, 359, 704 Continuous flow rating, 643, 704 Control adaptive, 414 algorithm, 704 differential, 335, 704 joints, 436, 437, 477, 704 processing algorithms, 331 states, 334, 704 systems, 329 communicating, 412–416 design principles, 407–409 modern example, 409–412 Web-enabled, 414 Controlled device, 331, 704 shrinkage crack, 443 variable, 331, 704 Controller, 331, 704 embedded, 364 output types, 334 stand alone versus communicating, 412–413 Convection, 5, 10, 704 forced, 10, 11, 630 natural, 10, 11, 280, 281, 630 Convectors, 280, 704 finned-tube baseboard, 10–11, 280–284 infloor, 318, 319 Conventional boilers, 57–58, 182, 704 and mod/con boilers, multiple boiler systems using, 85–86 Conversion factors and data, useful, 699 Coordinated zone management, 415, 704 COP. (See Coefficient of, performance) Copper water tube, 140–141, 704 boilers, 55–56 heat loss from, 320–322 mechanical joining of, 147–148 supporting, 141–143 Correction factors, 285, 300, 311 Counterflow, 704 arrangement, 628 serpentine, 476, 704 spiral, 476, 704 Coupling, 156 assembly, 236 Cover sheet, 454, 704 Cross-linked polyethylene, 139, 148, 704 Crossover bridge, 570, 704Index 723 Crossovers, 679, 686 Current, 207 Cv . (See Flow, coefficient) Cv rating, 683 Cv setting, 683 Cycle efficiency, 75–76, 704 Cycle time, 335 D Damper, 280, 704 Dead-heading, 558, 704 Dead loading, 439, 704 Deaerated fluid, 608 Dedicated space heating device, 66 Degree days, 42–45, 704 Delay-on-break, 362, 704 Delay-on-make, 361, 704 Delta T (?T) protection, 660, 704 Demand charge, 89 Demand fired, 379, 705 Density, 126, 127–128, 705 Depth stop attachment, 441 Description of operation, 365, 409 Design dry bulb temperature (97.5%), 22, 705 flexibility, 6–7 heating load, 22–23, 705 Designer radiators, 310, 313 Desuperheater, 100, 101, 705 Dewpoint temperature, 56–57, 58, 705 DHW. (See Domestic, hot water) Diaphragm, flexible, 170 Diaphragm-type expansion tank, 14–15, 591–597, 705 low-temperature systems, 593–594 mounting, 595–597 selecting, 595 servicing, 595–597 sizing, 592–593 Dielectric union, 161–162, 705 Differential, 14, 334, 368, 705 control, 335 operating, 335 pressure, 188, 705 bypass valves (DPBV), 188, 504, 549–551, 686, 705 control, 545, 686 controller, 551 threshold, 549 transducer, 705 temperature controller, 110, 374–375 Diffuse, 153, 428, 705 Digital address, 412 input, 331 Digitally encoded signal, 331, 705 DIN 4726 standard, 155 rail, 360–361, 705 Direct digital control (DDC), 705 injection mixing, 401, 405, 705 through-the-wall openings, 71 vent/sealed combustion, 69–70, 705 Direct-fired water heater, 636, 705 Discharge port, 239, 240 Dissolved air, 132–133, 611, 705 Dissolved gases, 608 Distribution circuit, 526 efficiency, 575–578, 705 piping systems, 517–583 system, 3, 13, 705 District heating, 674 Diverter tee(s), 159–161, 526, 705 valve, 705 Documentation, photo, 438 DOE heating capacity, 73, 705 Dollars per million Btu delivered ($/MMBtu), 45 Domestic hot water (DHW), 4, 365, 366, 633, 705 heating, 633–644 mode, 409–410 tanks, 66–68 water, 143, 705 Double interpolation, 299, 705 pole (DP) switches, 359 pole/double throw (DPDT) toggle switch, 359 throw (DT) switches, 359 DPBV. (See Differential pressure bypass valve) Draft-proving switch, 68, 705 Drain-back systems, 104, 111–112, 705 Drain port, 15 Drainback freeze protection, 578 Draindown system, 705 Draw-through fan-coil, 294 Drawings circuit layout, 480–482, 483, 484, 485–486, 487 layer, 481 Drip pans, 304, 705 Driving ?T, 324, 706 Driving force, 207 Droop, 335, 368, 706 Dry-base boiler, 56, 706 Dual lockshield valve, 309, 311 Dual use device, 66 Dumb mixing devices, 706 mixing valves, 177 valve, 394 Duty cycle, 706 Dynamic pressure distribution, 599, 706 Dynamic viscosity of water, 132 E Earth heat exchanger, 94, 706 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), 250 Effective total R-value, 25, 706 Effectiveness, 631, 706 Efficiency, 74, 706 of circulator, 260–261 wire-to-water, 261–263 Elbows, 156 Electric boilers, 86, 88–89 radiant panel, 423 thermal storage (ETS), 89–92, 706 layout, 91 storage tanks for, 91–92 system classification, 90–91 valve actuators, 561–562 Electrical components, schematic symbols for, 696 Electrical device model, 207 Electromagnetic energy, 11, 706 radiation, 104 spectrum, 422, 706 Electromechanical controls, 366, 706 Electronic controls, 366, 706 Electronically commutated motors (ECMs), 250, 552, 706 Element, 280, 706 Elevation head, 203, 706 Embedded controllers, 364, 706 Emissivity, 12, 422, 706 End suction circulator, 234–235, 706 switch, 188, 376, 506, 706 Energy delivered, 45 Efficiency Ratios, 100, 706 mechanical, 203, 234, 242 renewable heat sources, 102–112 savings, 5–6 using smart circulators, 255–256 usage, estimating annual heating, 42–46 Entrain, 171, 199 Entrained air, 610, 706 Entrapped air, 608–609 EPDM, 147, 594, 706 Equal percentage characteristic, 344, 706 Equilibrium, system, 521–522, 706 Equivalent length, 209, 212, 706 resistance, 208, 219, 706 resistor, 216 Erosion corrosion, 225, 706 Error, 331, 706 Escutcheon plate, 283, 706 Estimating annual heating cost, 45–46 the combined downward and edgewise heat loss, 30 the infiltration heat loss, the air change method of, 32–34 Ethylene vinyl alcohol, 154, 707 ETS. (See Electric, thermal storage) Evacuated tube collectors, 104, 707 Evacuated tube solar collectors, 104, 106 Evaporation, 5 Evaporator, 94 EVOH. (See Ethylene vinyl alcohol) Exhaust systems, power venting, 68–70724 Index Expansion compensator, 163, 707 loop, 163, 707 offset, 163, 707 system fluid, compatibility of the, 594 tank, 14–15, 588, 707 pressure and temperature ratings, 594 standard, 588–591 Tank Sizer, 588, 598, 707 Exposed surface, 26, 707 Extended surface suspended tube systems, 461–462 Exterior wall exposure, effect of, 521 External heat exchangers, 630, 707 External VA rating, 376, 707 Extruded aluminum heat transfer plates, 458 polystyrene, 433, 655, 707 underfloor plates, 458, 459 Eye (of impeller), 234, 707 F F. (See Female threads) Fan, 294, 707 Fan coil, 11, 280, 294–298, 707 advantages, 295 cooling, using for, 303–304 disadvantages, 295 head loss of, 319–320 heat output, 298–301 overhead, 297–298 performance principles, 300–303 thermal performance, 298–304 under-cabinet, 297 wall-mounted, 295–297 Fan-enhanced panel radiator, 311, 316 Fast-fill mode, 171, 707 Fast-fill valve, 15 Feed water valve, 15, 170–171, 707 Feedback, 331, 707 Feet of head, 203, 242, 243, 707 Female threads, 158, 707 Fibermesh, 442 Filter fabric, 656 Finite element analysis (FEA), 430, 707 Finish floor resistance, 707 Finned-tube, 707 baseboard convector, 10–11, 280–284, 707 head loss of, 319 installing, 282–284 placement considerations, 282, 283 sizing methods, 287–294 thermal ratings and performance of, 284–287 heat exchanger, 294. (See also Coil) Fire-tube boiler, 54, 707 Firmware, 250, 707 First hour rating, 643, 707 Fittings, 140, 707 common pipe, 156–159 for hydronic systems, specialized, 159–162 specifying, 158 tips on using, 158–159 Fixed firing rate conventional boilers multiple boiler systems using, 78–83 Fixed lead boiler, 86 Fixed lead heat source, 386, 707 Fixed point supports, 163 Flanges, 238, 707 Flashing, 265 Flat plate collectors, 104, 105 heat exchanger, 628, 629, 707 solar collectors, 104, 105, 707 Flat pump curves, 246 using circulator with, 548–549 Flat-tube panel radiators, 306–308 Float-type air vent, 613–614, 708 Floating control, 336–337, 707 zone, 336, 337, 707 Floor area, available, 486, 488 covering considerations, 489 heating mode, 410–412 panels, tube placement considerations, 474–482 surface temperature, 432 Flow classifications, 205–206 coefficient (Cv), 210–211, 398, 708 duration curve, 255, 708 element (spool), 177 laminar, 205–206 meters, 504 noise, 188 rate, 129, 198, 708 on temperature drop and heat output, 492 regulation, 165, 708 restrictor valve, 183, 708 switch, 674, 708 turbulent, 205, 206 velocity, 198–199, 225, 708 Flow-check valve, 16, 174, 539, 667, 708 Fluid, 10, 198 analyzing flow, 207–212 compressible, 198 feeder, 624, 708 flow in piping, 198–229 rate, 301–303 head of, 202–203 incompressible, 198 Properties Calculator module, 127, 128, 209, 229, 590, 632 properties factor (), 209–210, 708 Reynold?s number of the, 206–207 Fluted-channel panel radiator, 309, 310, 311 Fluted-steel panel radiators, 309 Flux, 144–145, 708 Foot pound, 203, 708 Forced air system, 339 convection, 10, 11, 630, 708 Forced-water purging, 619–620, 708 Fouling, 629, 708 Foundation heat loss, 27–32 4 to 20 mA, 333 Four-way motorized mixing valves, 178–181, 396–397 FPT. (See Female threads) Framing members, effect of, 25–26 Free area, 71, 708 Free oxygen, 608 Freestanding panel radiators, 308, 708 Freezestat, 98 French drain, 653 Ft.?lb. (foot pound), 203, 708 Full port ball valve, 167, 168, 171, 708 reset control, 354, 708 storage ETS systems, 90, 708 Fuzzy logic, 414, 708 G Gallons per minute, 198, 209, 708 Galvanic corrosion, 144, 161, 708 Garage heating, intermittent, 644–646 Gas, 198 Gas- and oil-fired boiler designs, 52–56 efficiency of, 74–78 Gaseous cavitation, 268, 608, 708 Gate valves, 165–166, 238, 708 Gauge pressure, 708 General purpose relay, 360–361, 708 Generic input/output ports, 415 Geotextile fabric, 653 Globe valves, 166, 708 gpm. (See Gallons per minute) Graphite heat transfer plates, 458–460 Gravity purging, 619, 708 Grout, 96 Gypsum-based underlayments installation procedure, 446–449 radiant floor panels, 428, 445–449 Gypsum thin slab, 445, 708 H Half unions, 191, 238, 708 Handwheel, 165–166 Hard drawn tubing, 140 freeze, 98 Hard-wired logic, 362–363, 708 Head, 203, 234, 242, 708 circulator, 242 and differential pressure, converting between, 242–243 loss, 205, 208, 225–226, 540 due to viscous friction, 204 relationship between pressure change and, 203–204 Heat, 9–13 anticipator, 368, 709 capacity, 7, 126–127, 709 diffusion, 445 dissipation line, 325 dumps, 110Index 725 emitters, 3, 10–11, 13, 279–326, 709 classification of, 280 head loss of, 318–320 output, controlling the, 343–345 exchanger, 115, 628–633, 709 placement, pool, 648–650, 651 thermal performance of, 630–633 flow, 23, 26–27 rate of, 25–26 flux, concept of, 484, 486, 709 gains from lighting/equipment, 521 latent, 126 load calculations, 22–23 calculations, computer-aided, 40–42 total building, 38–39 Load Pro module, 21 loss coefficient, 347, 709 compensating for nonproportional, 349–351 infiltration, 32–34 rate of, 10 through basement floors, 29 through basement walls, 27–29 through slab-on-grade floors, 29–31 through windows, doors, and skylights, 31 metering, 672, 709 within heat sources, 677–678 systems, networked, 676–677 technology, 672–674 migration, 184 motor, 506 migration, 184, 709 motor actuators, 375, 709 motors, 184 output controlling, 338–343 analytical model for baseboard, 286–287 ratings, 286, 709 flow rate on temperature drop and, 492 plant, 342 pool, 6 production, variable output rate, 341 pump, 52, 92–98, 709 categories of, 92–93 purging, 76, 709 quantity, 9, 10, 128 rate, 10 sensible, 125 sinks, 426, 709 source, 709. (See also Heat source) specific, 126–127 transfer modes of, 10–12 plates, 449, 709 rate of, 23 Heat source, 3, 13 controllers multiple, 385–387 reset, 384–385 fixed lead, 386 reset for modulating heat sources, 353–354 for on/off heat source, 351–352 rotation, 386 Heating capacity, 68, 709 curve, 709. (See also Reset line) district, 674 effect factor, 286, 709 energy usage, estimating annual, 42–46 garage, intermittent, 644–646 load, estimate example, 35–40, 41, 42 plant, central, 674 pool, 646–650, 651 spa, 646–650, 651 space, 6 Hematite (Fe2O3), 608 HI/LO fire boilers, 339, 386, 709 High capacity water heating, hydronic solutions for, 639–643 limit setting, 709 limit/switching relay control, 379 point vents, 612–617, 709 High/low-fire boilers, 83 Home run distribution system, 175, 177, 292, 559–563, 709 design procedure for, 563 stacked, 562–563, 564 zoning control options for, 561–562 Horizontal panel radiator, 308, 709 supply air ducting, 71 Hose bib, 709 Hunting, 333 Hybrid distribution system, 578–583, 709 Hybrid staging/modulation, 387 Hydraulic efficiency, 260 equilibrium, 245, 521–522, 709 resistance, 207, 709 determining, 208–209 diagrams, 216, 217, 709 of fittings, valves, and other devices, 212–214 resistor, 215 separation, 81, 531–533, 709 creating, 533–534 mixing within, 534–538 summary, 538 separator, 83, 533, 709 Hydronic circuit, operating point of, 244–246 Circuit Simulator module, 198, 224–225, 229, 260, 273, 294, 319, 500, 523, 525, 544, 548, 556, 679, 709 circulators. (See Circulators) closed-loop system, 52, 128, 234, 588 control systems, 13 fan-coils, 294–298 heat emitters, 3, 10–11, 13, 279–326 pump, 92–98 sources, 51–121 heating benefits of, 4–9 history of, 3 multizone systems, 174 radiant panel heating, 423 panels, classification of, 428 solutions, for high-capacity water heating, 639–643 snow and ice melting systems (SIM), 650–663, 716 asphalt pavement installations, 655 benefits of, 650 boiler options, 657–658 circuit temperature drop, 661, 662 Class 1 SIM, 650, 652 Class 2 SIM, 652 Class 3 SIM, 652 design and control options, 656 drainage provisions, 652–653 estimating heat output, 661, 662 flow requirements, 660–661 freeze prevention options, 656–657 installation in concrete pavement, 653–655 on/off control options, 659–660 pavement temperature control, 658–659 for paver-covered surfaces, 655–656 subsurface conditions, 653 system classifications, 650, 652 tube spacing considerations, 661, 663 subassemblies, 509 subsystems, basic, 13–17 systems filling and purging, 619–623 fluids in, 202 Hydronics Design Studio, 21, 127, 128, 229, 260, 273, 288, 291, 319, 322, 500, 523, 588, 593, 598, 632, 679 Hygroscopic air vent, 613, 709 Hypocausts, 423 I IBR (Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers) gross output, 73, 709 method, 287–288 net output, 73–74, 709 Testing and Rating Code, 285 Ice black, 658 and snow pavement sensor, 659 Idling (snow melt pavement), 654, 658, 709 Impeller, 234, 246, 710 Implosion, 265, 710 In solution, 611 Incompressible, 133–134, 198, 587, 710 fluids, 608 Indirect water heaters, 636–637, 710 benefits of, 637–638 continuous flow rating, 643 first hour rating, 643 piping and settings for, 638–639 sizing an, 643–644 Indoor reset control, 358 Inductive loads, 359 Infiltration, 710 heat loss, 32–34726 Index Infloor convectors, 318, 319 Infrared thermal radiation, 422, 710 Infrared thermograph, 12 Injection control device, 710 Injection mixing, 183, 397–398, 710 circulators for, 270 points on, 406–407 using two-way motorized valve, 400–401 two-way thermostatic valve, 398–400 variable-speed pump (direct), 401–405 variable-speed pump (reverse), 405–406 Inlet fluid parameter, 107, 710 Inlet-temperature thermometer, 504 Inline circulators, 234, 235, 710 Inspection visit considerations, 33 Installation, noninvasive, 7–9 Instantaneous thermal efficiency, 106, 107 Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers. (See IBR) Instruction set, 250 Integral flow-check valves, 270 Intelligent mixing device, 358, 710 Interface module, 412, 710 Interior circuits, 475–476, 710 Intermittent garage heating, 644–646 Internal heat exchanger, 630, 710 Internal heat gains, 349 Internet accessibility, 710 Interpolation, 298, 710 double, 299 Interstage differential, 369 Interzone heat transfer, 520, 710 Isolation flange, 238, 710 valves, 504 Isotherms, 27, 429, 710 Iteration, 259, 522, 710 Iterative design, 522–523 J Jacket (of boiler), 54, 710 K Kick space heater, 280, 297, 710. (See also Fan coil, under-cabinet) Kilo-Pascals, 550, 710 Kinematic viscosity of water, 132 KPa, 550, 710. (See also Kilo-Pascals) Kraft paper faced batts, 444 L Ladder diagram, 330, 363–364, 710 drawing, 364–365 line voltage section, 363 low voltage section, 363 Laminar, 205 flow, 205–206, 710 Latent heat, 126, 710 Lead/lag control, 386, 710. (See also Boiler rotation) Lead-based solders, 66 Leader length, 495 Leaders, 478, 562, 710 Least favored crossover, 680 Life cycle operating cost, 264 Lightweight concrete, 444–445, 710 Lift, 448 hook, 438, 439 Line voltage, 710 section, 363, 711 Linear regression, 258 Linear relationship, 343–344 Liquid, 198, 711 crystal display (LCD), 370 static pressure of, 199–202 Loads, 6, 711 auxiliary, 627 estimates, daily DHW, 633 priority, 628, 637 Lockshield valve, 190–191, 711 Logic fuzzy, 414 hard-wired, 362–363 LONworks, 412, 711 Low loss headers, 533 voltage section, 363, 711 water cutoff (LWCO), 383, 711 Low-limit aquastat, 296 Low-velocity zone separator, 616 M M. (See Male threads) Magnetite (Fe3O4), 608 Mains, 686 Make-up water assembly, 623, 711 system, 15–16, 623–624 Male threads, 158, 711 Manifold, 454, 711 accessories, 504 stations, 8, 434, 478, 502–504, 711 systems, multiple, 506–507 valve actuators, 502, 504–506, 508, 711 Manipulated variable, 331, 711 Manometer, 711 Manual air vent, 612–613, 711 reset high limit (MRHL), 382–383, 711 Manually set mixing valves, 393–394 Mass, 127 Master thermostat, 527, 711 Maximum allowed upward heat flux, 494, 711 Maximum deflection criteria, 439 Mean radiant temperature (MRT), 11, 711 Measured value, 331, 711 Mechanical energy, 203, 234, 242, 711 Megawatt-hours (MWh) units, 672 Metabolism, 426 Meter rental, 45 Metered balancing valves, 711 Metering, BTU, 671–678 Microbubble, 610–611, 711 air separators, 614–615, 711 Microcirculators, 257, 711 Microprocessor, 330, 711 Mineral oil, 442 Minimum supply temperature, 711 setting, 352–353 Minitube distribution system, 667–671, 711 benefits of, 668–670 design details, 670–671 multizone, 668, 669 Minitubes, 668, 711 Mixing assembly, 389, 407, 711 devices, 330, 711 within hydraulic separating devices, 534–538 injection, 397–407 points, 390, 711 purposes, 387–388 reset control, 354, 712 strategies and hardware, 387–407 four-way motorized valves, 396–397 manually set valves, 393–394 three-way motorized valves, 395–396 three-way thermostatic valves, 394–395 thermodynamics of, 388–389 valve, 175–176, 712 MMBtu, 44, 45, 712 Modulating boilers, 62–64, 712 DC outputs, 337–338 heat production, 341 heat source, 342 Modulating/condensing boilers, 62–64, 341, 712 efficiency of, 77–78 multiple boiler systems using, 83–85 Modulation, 63, 712 Monoflo tees, 160, 712. (See also Diverter tee(s)) Most favored crossover, 680 Motorized actuators, 176 Mounting rail system, 142 MPT. (See Male threads) Mud, 617 Multicirculator systems, 529 hydraulic separation and, 531–533 creating, 533–534 mixing within, 534–538 summary, 538 Multifunction tank, 578 Multifunction time delay device, 362, 712 Multiload/multitemperature systems, 7, 712 Multiple boiler controllers, 712 system, 78–86, 87Index 727 using conventional and mod\con boilers, 85–86 using fixed firing rate conventional boilers, 78–83 using mod/con boilers, 83–85 Multiple heat source controllers for modulating heat sources, 386–387 for on/off heat sources, 385–386 Multiple manifold systems, 506–507 Multispeed circulators, 246–247 Multistage heat production, 339–341, 712 Multistage thermostat, 369 Multi-temperature radiant panel systems, 507, 509–512 Multizone relay center, 378–379, 712 systems, 518, 538–545, 712 using zone valves, 545–552 using zone circulators, design of, 540–545 Multizone/zone valve system, design procedure for, 545–548, 551–552, 712 Municipal heating mains, 674 MWh (megawatt-hours) units, 672 N National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), 31 National Fire Protection Agency, 71 National Fuel Gas Code, 71, 712 National pipe thread (NPT), 153, 158, 712 Natural convection, 10, 11, 280, 281, 630, 712 Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, 370 Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA), 265–267, 712 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR), 267–268, 712 Networked control system, 412 Networked heat metering systems, 676–677 NFPA. (See National Fire Protection Agency) Nominal inside diameter, 140, 712 Nonbarrier tubing, 155, 712 Noncondensing mode, 58, 712 Noninvasive installation, 7–9 Nonlinear, 344 Non-pressure-rated tanks, 92 Normally closed contacts, 359, 712 open contacts, 359, 712 NPSHA. (See Net Positive Suction Head Available) NPT. (See National pipe thread) Nuclear radiation, 422 O Off-cycle heat loss, 54 losses, 712 Off-peak periods, 712 Offset, 332, 712 Ohm’s law, 207 Oil-fired condensing boilers, 62, 70 On/off control, 334, 712 output, 334–335 of single-stage heat source, 338–339 180-degree return bend, 284 One-pipe systems, 161, 526, 712 design procedure for, 528–529, 530 Open-loop sources, 94, 712 system, 13, 712 Open protocols, 412 Operating analytical method for finding the, 259–260 differential, 335, 712 cost, theoretical annual, 225–226 modes, 358, 712 point, 245, 713 region, 250 Operation clean, 7 quiet, 7 OR decision, 362 Outdoor reset control, 345–358, 713 theory of, 347–348 implementation of, 351–355 Outdoor wood-fired furnaces, 114–115 Output, 73, 331 signals, 333 Overshoot, 335, 368, 713 Oxides, 608 Oxygen diffusion, 153–156, 713 barrier, 154, 713 P Packaged boilers, 52, 713 Packing gland, 166 nut, 166 Panel radiator, 279, 304–317, 713 benefits of, 304–306 designer radiators, 310, 313 fan-enhanced, 311, 316 flat-tube, 306–308 fluted-channel, 309, 310, 311 freestanding, 308 head loss of, 319–320 piping for, 316–317 thermal performance, 311, 314–315 towel warmer, 309–310, 312 vertical, 306, 307 Parallel circulators in, 248–250 direct return piping, 713 direct-return system, 552–556 manual design procedure for, 555–556 distribution systems, 552 hydraulic resistances, 218–222 piping, 165, 713 primary circuit, 570, 713 pumps, 713 reverse-return piping, 556, 713 reverse-return systems, 556–559 manual design procedure for, 559 shifting, 350, 713 staging/modulation, 387 Parallel-piped baseboard, 291–292 Partial load conditions, 54 reset control, 352–353, 385, 713 storage ETS systems, 90, 713 Partner valve, 689 Paver-covered surfaces, SIM installations for, 655–656 Paste flux, 144–145 Pellet-fueled boilers, 120–121 Performance envelope, of boiler, 78 Perimeter circuits, 475–476, 713 Periodic flow reversal, 661, 713 Permanent split capacitor (PSC), 236, 250, 256, 401, 714 PEX tubing, 148–150, 207, 306, 318, 424, 435, 435, 439, 454, 472, 559, 560, 655, 713 PEX-AL-PEX tubing, 150–152, 207, 306, 318, 435, 435, 439, 454, 461, 471, 559, 560, 655, 713 Photo documentation, 438 Pickup allowance, 73, 713 Pipe adapters, 504 Pipe Heat Loss module, 322 Pipe size, 140, 218, 713 coefficient, 210, 713 considerations, 225–229 selecting, 228 Piped in parallel, 219, 713 Piping buffer tank, 663–665, 666 common, 531 components paths containing multiple pipe sizes, 218 represented as series resistors, 215–218 schematic symbols for, 191, 192, 695 device model, 208, 209 fluid flow in, 197–229 installation, tips on, 191–193 loops, fluid-filled, 205 materials, 140–156 for panel radiators, 316–317 parallel, 165 and settings for indirect water heaters, 638–639 standoff supports, 141 subassembly, 526 systems, reducing complex, 222–224 thermal expansion of, 162–165 topology, 563, 713 Plate and frame heat exchanger, 629, 713 Plateless staple-up systems, 462–464, 713 radiant floor panels, 428728 Index Point of no pressure change, 239, 599–602, 713 Poles, 359, 713 Polymer, 140, 713 Polyethylene tubing (PEX), 95 Polyline, 481 Pool heat exchanger placement, 648–650, 651 Pool/spa heating, 6, 646–650, 651 Poured gypsum underlayments, 445, 713 Power venting, 68, 714 exhaust systems, 68–70 Prefabricated panels for suspended ceilings, 428 subfloor/underlayment radiant floor panels, 428, 464–465 Premix combustion system, 63 Preset method, 683 Press-fit joint, 147, 714 Pressure converting between head and differential, 242–243 drop charts, 211–212 head, 203, 234, 714 relationship between head and, 203–204 testing, 436–438 Pressure-regulated circulator, 175, 714 Pressure-rated steel tanks, 91 Pressure-reducing valve, 15, 170–171, 714 Pressure-relief valve, 15, 173–174, 714 Primary circuit, 564, 714 combustion chamber, 116 heat exchanger, 61 side, 363, 714. (See also Transformer) Primary/secondary circuit interface, 714 (P/S) piping, 563, 714 systems, 549, 563–575 flow reversal in, 573–575 indirect water heaters in, 572–573 purging provisions for, 573 tees, 714 Priming, 234, 714 Priority control, 365 load, 361–362, 628, 637, 714 override, 366 zone, 379, 545 Processing algorithms, 331, 714 derivative (D), 335 integral (I), 335 Programmable thermostats, 370, 714 Proportional band, 332, 714 control (P), 332–333, 714 differential pressure control, 254–255, 714 reset, 356–358, 714 limitations of, 358 Proportional-integral control (PI), 333, 714 Proportional-integral-derivative control (PID), 333–334, 366, 714 Proprietary protocols, 412 PSC. (See Permanent split capacitor) Pulse width modulation (PWM), 335–336, 400, 714 Pump curve, 243, 244, 714 flat, using circulator with, 548–549 Pumps centrifugal, 234, 714 efficiency, 714 variable speed injection mixing using, 401–406 Purge, 171 cart, 620, 621–623, 714 valve, 714 Purger, air, 614. (See also Air, scoop) Purging, 15, 714 gravity, 619 valves, 15, 171, 504 Push/pull arrangement, 248 PVC, 92, 93 Pyrolytic gases, 115–116 Q Quantity of heat, 128 Quick opening valve, 345, 714 Quiet operation, 7 R R-value, 22, 23 effective total, 25 of material, 715 of an assembly, total, 24 of common building materials, 697–698 Radiant baseboard, 317–318, 715 ceiling panels, 471–474 modular, 472 floor heating, 339 heat, 422. (See also Thermal radiation) heating, 422–423, 715 panel, 12, 423, 715 benefits of, 424–426 ceiling panels, 428 circuit, thermal model of, 489–491 circuit sizing procedure, 483–484, 486, 488–500 distribution systems, zoning option for, 507 history, 423–424 physiology, 426–428 surface temperature limitations, 488 system, multi-temperature, 507, 509–512 wall (tube and plate), 428, 465–470 Radiators, 280, 715 Rangeability, 344, 670, 715 Rate of heat flow, 25–26 loss, 10 transfer, 23, 129 Rating, external VA, 376 Real time inputs, 715 Recessed fan-coils, 296 Recessed floor box, 318 Reference pressure, 689 Reference valve, 689 Refrigerant, 93 Refrigeration cycle, 93–94, 715 Reinforced polypropylene (PP-R) tubing, 152–153 Relay, 358, 359–362, 715 contacts closed, 359 open, 359 general purpose, 360–361, 708 socket, 360, 715 time delay, 361–362 Remote bulb aquastat, 372, 715 Renewable energy heat sources, 102–112 solar collectors, 104–106 evacuated tube collectors, 104, 106 flat plate collectors, 104, 105 performance of, 106–109 solar combisystems antifreeze-based systems, 110–111 drain-back systems, 111–112 solar energy, 104 solar thermal systems, 104 Reset line, 348, 715 ratio, 348–349, 715 Resistance, 207 loads, 359 Respiration, 5 Return main, 679 Return manifold, 502, 715 Reverse injection mixing, 405–406, 715 Reverse-return piping, 316, 715 parallel, 556–559, 713 Reversible hydronic heat pumps, 100 Reynold?s number, 206–207, 715 Rise velocity, of bubble, 610 Riser, 686 Rod clamp, 141 Room air temperature profile, 426–428, 715 -by-room calculations, 37–38 flow control, 477 temperature control, 174 zoning, 425, 518 heating loads, 22, 715 side heat flux, 484, 486, 715 temperature unit (RTU), 715 thermostat, 13, 330, 715 Rotor, 235 Rough openings, 439 Run fraction, 75, 715 Rung, 363, 715. (See also Ladder diagram) S Saddle fusion, 153 Saturation pressure, 608 Savings, energy, 5–6 Schematic symbols for electrical components, 696 piping components, 191, 192, 695Index 729 Scoop, air, 614. (See also Air, purger) Score and snap method, 453 Screed, 441 Sealed combustion, 63, 715 boilers, 70 Seasonal efficiency, 77 Secondary circuits, 564, 715 heat exchanger, 61 side, 363, 715. (See also Transformer) Sectional boiler, 52, 715 Sections, 52, 715 Selective surface, 104 Self-balancing, 556 Sensible heat, 125, 715 quantity equation, 128–129 rate equation, 129–130 Sensing element, 331, 715 Sensor, 331 bulb, 183 snow/ice pavement, 659 well, 183, 372–373, 715 Series Baseboard Simulator, 287, 288, 291, 524, 715 circuit, 215 circulators in, 247–248 piping circuit, 715 path, 215, 715 primary circuits, 567–570, 716 staging/modulation, 387 Series-connected components, equivalent resistance of, 216–218 Serpentine patterns, 475, 716 Setback, 716 Setpoint controller, 372–373, 716 demand, 385, 641, 716 single-stage electronic, 373 temperature, 5, 334, 716 two-stage electronic, 373–374 Settings, 331 Shaft seals, 236, 716 Shape memory, 150 Shell and tube heat exchanger, 629, 716 Short-cycle, 663 Short cycling, 334, 716 Shutoff valves, 15 SIM. (See Hydronic, snow and ice melting systems) Single circuit/multizone (one-pipe) system, 525–529, 716 line drawing, 412 pole (SP) switches, 359 pole/double throw (SPDT) switches, 359, 373 series circuit, 523–525, 716 throw (ST) switches, 359 Single-stage heat source, on/off control of, 338–339 Sink, 92, 716 Siphon, 579, 716 Sizing parallel-piped baseboards, 292–294 Slab-on-grade radiant floor panels, 429–439, 478, 716 installation procedure, 433–436 Sleepers, 441, 449, 716 Sleeping comfort, desired, 521 Sleeve/roller supports, 163–164 Sliding scales, 45 Smart circulators, 250–257 Smooth pipe, 716 Snow/ice pavement sensor, 659, 716 Snow switch, 659, 716 Snowmelting, 6 Socket fusion, 153 Soft soldering, 143 Soft temper tubing, 141, 716 Software-assisted design, 500 Software-based circuit analysis, 224–225 Solar circulation station, 677, 716 collectors, 104–106 evacuated tube collectors, 104, 106 flat plate collectors, 104, 105 performance of, 106–109 combisystems antifreeze-based systems, 110–111 drain-back systems, 111–112 energy, 104 heat gain, effect of, 521 radiation, 104 thermal systems, 104 Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC), 108, 109 Soldering, 143, 716 joints, making good, 143–146 tips on, 146–147 Solid-fuel boilers, 52, 113–121, 716 combination wood/oil boilers, 113–114 outdoor wood-fired furnaces, 114–115 pellet-fueled boilers, 120–121 wood-burning boilers, efficiency of, 119 wood-fueled boilers, 113 types of, 113 wood-gasification boilers, 115–119 Source, 92, 716 water, 94 Spa heating, 646–650, 651 Space heat demand, 386, 716 heating, 6, 7, 716 Specific heat, 126–127, 716 Spool, 177, 716 Spring-loaded check valve, 169, 539, 716 Stack effect, 716 Stacked home run system, 562–563, 564, 716 Stage control, 716 Stages, 78, 339 Staging and modulation, combining, 341–343 Stagnation pressure, 405 Stand alone versus communicating controllers, 412–413 Standard expansion tank, 588, 716 sizing, 590–591 Standard-port ball valve, 167, 716 Standoff piping supports, 141 Starting point line, 350 Starting torque, 250 Static pressure, 199–202, 716 Stationary air pockets, 609–610, 717 Stator, 235 Steady-state efficiency, 74–75, 717 Steam flash, 131 Steel fire-tube boiler, 54–55 Steep pump curves, 246 Step-by-step circuit sizing procedure, 492–500 Storage heat exchanger, 110 Storage tank, combining tankless coil with, 635–636 Strainer, 629, 717 Strap-on aquastat, 372, 717 Straight pattern, 174, 190, 191 Stratification, 6, 282, 717 air temperature, 428 Streamlines, 205 Street elbows, 156 Striping, 445, 464, 717 Subassembly, piping, 526 Sub-atmospheric pressure, 619 Subfloor, 439 Subgrade, 433, 717 Submixing, 717 Substrate, 449, 467, 717 Subsystems, 717 Superplasticizer, 442 Supply main, 679 manifold, 502, 717 water temperature, 717 Suspended tube systems, 460–462, 717 radiant floor panels, 428 Sustained flue gas condensation, 53, 58, 59, 60 water flow, 98–100 Swing-check valve, 168–169, 717 Switches, 358 flow, 674 snow, 659 Symbol palette, 191, 717 System curve, 214 design, importance of, 17 equilibrium, 521–522 head loss curve, 214–215, 717 piping and temperature control options, 500–512 turndown ratio, 83–84, 85, 342, 674, 717 volume, estimating, 597–598 T T-bar ceiling systems, 472 T-Drill, 566, 717 T-drilled connections, 81 Tank-type water heater, 4 Tankless coil, 379–380, 634–635, 717730 Index Tank-within-a-tank design, 637 Target flow rate, 525, 717 temperature, 351 value, 331, 717 Tees, 156 Temperature 97.5% design dry bulb, 22 controls, 13–14 dewpoint, 56–57, 58 difference, 10 drop, 492, 717 gradients, 463 limit control, 717 mean radiant, 11 setpoint, 5 Temperature-limiting controller, 13 Temperature-regulated circulators, 270 Therm, 717 Thermal accumulators, 664, 717 break, 717 clutch, 390 conductivity, 10, 23, 717 contraction, 164–165 energy, 3, 717 envelope, 31–32, 717 equilibrium, 12–13, 322–326, 521, 717 expansion, 162, 587, 717 valve, 94 mass, 53, 425, 717 effect of, 518–520 migration prevention, in P/S systems, 566–567 model, of radiant panel circuit, 489–491 radiation, 5, 11, 280, 422, 426, 717 resistance, 23–24, 717 substations, 674–676, 717 trap, 400, 717 wick, 429 Thermistor, 370, 717 Thermodynamics first law of, 245 of mixing, 388–389 Thermographic image, 422, 717 Thermoplastics, 149, 718 Thermos bottle, 104 Thermoset plastic, 149, 718 Thermosiphoning, 16, 539, 667, 718 Thermostat, master, 527 Thermostat, room, 13, 366–367 electronic, 370–371 placement considerations, 369 single-stage electromechanical, 366–369 two-stage electromechanical, 369–370 Thermostatic actuator, 718 mixing valve, 718 motor, 181 operator, 174 radiator valves (TRV), 174–175, 308, 718 Threaded adapters, 156 Three-piece circulator, 236, 718 Three-wire control, 337, 718. (See also Floating control) Three-way diverter valves, 184, 186–188, 507 Three-way motorized mixing valves, 176–178, 179, 395–396 Three-way thermostatic mixing valves, 181–183, 394–395 Threshold differential pressure, 549 Threshold setting (of DPBV), 550, 518 Throws, 359, 718 Time delay relays, 361–362, 718 Time-of-use rates, 52, 90 Ton (of capacity), 718 Total building heating load, 38–40 equivalent length, 216, 217, 718 head, 203, 718 heat transferred, 673 R-value of an assembly, 24, 718 room-by-room calculations, 37–38 thermal envelope surfaces, 36–37 Towel warmer, 280, 309–310, 312, 718 Transformer, 363, 718 Triac, 401, 718 Triple action control, 379–382, 718 pole (3P) switches, 359, 360 Tristate control, 337, 718. (See also Floating control) TRVs. (See Thermostatic radiator valves) Tube depth within slab, 429–431 placement considerations, 474–482 and plate ceiling panels, 428 system, 449, 718 size, effect of, 429 spacing within slab, 431–433 systems, extended surface suspended, 461–462 Tubing copper, heat loss from, 320–322 layout drawing, 433 Turbulators, 54, 718 Turbulent, 205 flow, 206, 718 Turndown ratio, 63, 718 Turn-off differential, 374 Turn-on differential, 374 2 to 10 VDC, 333 Two-pipe circulators, 236–237 direct return systems, 189 reverse return piping configuration, 254 systems, 552–556, 718 Two-way motorized valve injection mixing using, 400–401 Two-way thermostatic valve, 183 injection mixing using, 398–400 Two-wire digital bus, 718 TXV. (See Thermal expansion valve) Tyvek, 449, 455 U U-value, 31, 718 Uncoiler, 435, 718 Unconfined space, 71, 718 Undershoot, 335, 368, 718 Underside insulation, 443 Underslab insulation, 429 Underslung thermal trap, 567, 718 Unions, 156 Unit heater, 297–298, 718. (See also Fan coils, overhead) Unit U-value, 31 Unsaturated state of air solubility, 614–615, 718 Usage profile, DHW, 633–634, 718 User-definable I/O, 414–415 V Valve actuators, 375, 504, 719 angle, 166–167, 701 balancing, 189–190, 570, 701 ball, 167–168, 238, 702 check, 168–169, 703 spring-loaded, 169, 539, 716 differential pressure bypass, 188 diverter, 705 dumb, 394 dumb mixing, 177 fast-fill, 15 feed water, 15, 170–171, 707 flow-check, 16, 174, 539, 667, 708 four-way motorized mixing, 178–181, 396–397 full port ball, 167, 171, 708 gate, 165–166, 238, 708 globe, 166, 708 integral flow-check, 270 lockshield, 190–191, 711 metered balancing, 711 mixing, 175–176, 712 pressure-reducing, 15, 714 pressure-relief, 15, 173–174, 714 purge, 15, 171, 714 purging, 171 quick opening, 345, 714 shutoff, 15 standard-port ball, 167, 716 thermal expansion, 94 thermostatic mixing, 718 radiator (TRV), 174–175, 718 three-way diverter, 184, 186–188 three-way motorized mixing, 176–178, 179, 395–396 three-way thermostatic mixing, 181–183, 394–395 two-way thermostatic, 183, 398–400 venturi-type balancing, 189 Valved manifold, 719 station, 502 Valveless manifold, 502, 719 Valves common types of, 165–169Index 731 specialty for hydronic applications, 170–191 Vapor barrier, 433, 719 pressure, 131, 265, 719 Variable controlled, 331 firing rate heat production, 341 flow rate control, 344–345 frequency drive, 552 manipulated, 331 speed circulators, 719 drive, 401, 719 injection mixing, 719 pressure-regulated circulators, 552 speed pump (direct) injection mixing using, 401–405 (reverse) injection mixing using, 405–406 water temperature control, 343–344 VAs. (See Volt-amps) Velocity head, 203, 234, 719 noise, 719 profile, 198, 719 Vent ell, 159. (See also Baseboard tee) Vents, high point, 612–617 automatic, 613 float-type, 613–614 manual, 612–613 Venturi fitting. (See Monoflo tees) Venturi-type balancing valves, 189 Vertical panel radiator, 306, 307, 719 supply air ducting, 71 Viscosity, 131–132, 719 Viscous friction, 204, 719 Voltage, 207 Volt-amps (VA), 375–376, 718, 719 Volute, 234, 236, 719 W Wall-hung boilers, 56 Wall panels, radiant, 465–470 installation procedure, 467–469 thermal performance, 469–470 Warm weather shut down (WWSD), 719 Water hammer, 375 physical properties of, 3, 125–134 plate, 309, 719 temperature limitations, 100–102 Waterlogged, 589, 618, 719 Water-reducing agent, 442 Water-tube boilers, 55–56 Web-enabled, 414, 719 Welded wire fabric (WWF), 434, 654, 655 Wet-base boiler, 52, 53, 719 Wet rotor circulator, 235–236, 262, 719 Wind chill effect, 10, 426 Wireless thermostats, 371–372 Wire-to-water efficiency, 236, 260, 719 of circulator, 261–263 Wood-burning boilers, efficiency of, 119 Wood-fired boilers, efficiency of, 119 furnaces, outdoor, 114–115 Wood-fueled boilers, 113 types of, 113 Wood-gasification boilers, 115–119, 719 Working pressure, 719 rating, 143 WWF. (See Welded wire fabric) Y Youker system, 441–444 Z Zone, 518, 719 circulators, 270 coordination, 415–416 priority, 379 valve, 183–184, 185–186, 335, 375–378, 719 four-wire, 376, 377 multizone systems using, 545–552 systems, using variable-speed pressure-regulated circulators, 551–552 Zoned systems, occupant management of, 520–521 Zoning, 5, 719 of unoccupied areas, 521 of transitory areas, 521Hydronics Design Studio PROFESSIONAL version 2.0 By Mario Restive & John Siegenthaler Visual Heat Load Estimator: Series Baseboard Simulator: Hydronic Circuit Simulator: Expansion Tank Sizer: Fluid Properties Calculator: Equivalent Length Calculator: Hydraulic Resistance Calculator: Pipe Sizer: Pipe Heat Loss Estimator: Heating Cost Estimator: A full set of powerful software tools to assist heating professionals in designing high performance hydronic heating systems Here's what the tools do: head added / loss (feet) available for download at www.hydronicpros.com Injection Mixing Simulator: Buffer Tank Simulator:
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