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| موضوع: كتاب Engineering Design Graphics الخميس 20 أغسطس 2020, 1:18 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Engineering Design Graphics Sketching, Modeling, and Visualization Second Edition James M. Leake Department of Industrial & Enterprise Systems Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign With Special Contributions by Jacob L. Borgerson Paradigm Consultants, Inc. Houston, Texas
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents 1 Engineering Design 1 Introduction 1 Aspects of Engineering Design 1 Analysis and Design 4 Product Anatomy 4 Design Phases 4 Design Process Overview 5 Needs Assessment 5 Problem Definition 6 Background Research 6 Design Criteria 6 Design Constraints 7 Alternative Solutions 7 Analysis 9 Evaluation and Selection 9 Specification 12 Communication 17 Written Reports 17 Recommended Report-writing Steps 17 Oral Presentations 18 Concurrent Engineering 18 Design for Manufacture and Assembly 19 Teamwork 20 Questions 22 2 Freehand Sketching 23 Introduction 23 Sketching Tools and Materials 23 Sketching Techniques 25 Line Techniques 25 Sketching Straight Lines 25 Sketching Circles 26 Sketching Ellipses 27 Proportioning 28 Estimating Dimensions of Actual Objects 28 Partitioning Lines 29 Instrument Usage—triangles 30 Parallel Lines 30 Perpendicular Lines 30 Line Styles 31 Questions 32 3 Planar Projections and Pictorial Views 37 Planar Projections 37 Introduction 37 Classification of Planar Projections: Projector Characteristics 37 Preliminary Definitions 38 Block Coefficient 40 Classification of Planar Projections: Orientation of Object With Respect to Projection Plane 40 Further Distinctions Between Parallel and Perspective Projections 40 Classes of Parallel Projections 43 Oblique Projections 43 Oblique Projection Geometry 43 Oblique Projection Angle 45 Classes of Oblique Projections 45 Oblique Projection Angle in 2d 46 Receding Axis Angle 46 Orthographic Projections 47 Orthographic Projection Geometry 47 Orthographic Projection Categories 47 Axonometric Projections 48 Isometric Projections 49 Isometric Drawings 50 Multiview Projections 50 Introduction to Pictorial Sketching 51 Oblique Sketches 52 Introduction 52 Axis Orientation 52 Receding Axis Scale 53 Object Orientation Guidelines 53 Sketching Procedure for a Simple Extruded Shape (See Figure 3-37) 54contents X Step-by-step Cabinet Oblique Sketch Example for a Cut Block (See Figure 3-38) 54 Step-by-step Cavalier Oblique Sketch Example for an Object With Circular Features (See Figure 3-39) 55 Isometric Sketches 56 Introduction 56 Axis Orientation 56 Isometric Scaling 56 Isometric Grid Paper 56 Object Orientation Guidelines 57 Step-by-step Isometric Sketch Example for a Cut Block (See Figure 3-46) 57 Circular Features in an Isometric View 58 Step-by-step Isometric Sketch Example for a Cylinder (See Figure 3-47) 58 Step-by-step Isometric Sketch Example for a Box With Holes on Three Faces (See Figure 3-48) 59 Step-by-step Sketch Example for an Object With Circular Features (See Figure 3-49) 59 Chapter Review: Pictorial Sketching Scalability 60 Questions 61 4 Multiviews 83 Multiview Sketching 83 Introduction—justification and Some Characteristics 83 Glass Box Theory 83 Alignment of Views 84 Transfer of Depth 86 View Selection 86 Third-angle and First-angle Projection 87 Line Conventions 89 Multiview Drawing of a Cylinder (See Figure 4-21) 90 Line Precedence 91 Generic Three Multiview Sketch Procedure (See Figure 4-24) 91 Step-by-step Multiview Sketch Example (See Figure 4-25) 92 Intersections and Tangency 92 Fillets and Rounds 92 Machined Holes 93 Conventional Representations: Rotated Features 94 Step-by-step Multiview Sketch Example: Object With Complex Features (See Figure 4-33) 96 Visualization Techniques for Multiview Drawings 96 Introduction and Motivation 96 Treatment of Common Surfaces 96 Normal Surfaces 96 Inclined Surfaces 97 Oblique Surfaces 97 Projection Studies 98 Adjacent Areas 99 Surface Labeling 100 Similar Shapes 100 Vertex Labeling 100 Analysis by Feature 100 Missing-line and Missing-view Problems 101 Questions 103 5 Auxiliary and Section Views 137 Auxiliary Views 137 Introduction 137 Definitions 137 Auxiliary View Projection Theory 137 Auxiliary Views: Three Cases 139 General Sketching Procedure for Finding a Primary Auxiliary View 139 Step 1 140 Step 2 141 Step 3 141 Step 4 (Optional) 141 Step 5 141 Step 6 142 Finding a Primary Auxiliary View of a Contoured Surface 142 Finding a Partial Auxiliary View, an Isometric Pictorial, And a Missing View, Given Two Views 142 Section Views 146 Introduction 146 Section View Process 146 Section Lining (Hatch Patterns) 146 Full Sections 148 Half Sections 148 Offset Sections 149 Broken-out Sections 150 Revolved Sections 150 Removed Sections 150 Conventional Representations: Section Views 151 Conventional Representations: Thin Features 152 Section View Construction Process—example 1 152 Section View Construction Process—example 2 155 Conventional Representations: Aligned Sections 156 Assembly Section Views 157 Questions 158 6 Dimensioning and Tolerancing 183 Dimensioning 183 Introduction 183 Units of Measurement 183 Application of Dimensions 184 Terminology 184xi Contents Reading Direction for Dimensional Values 185 Arrangement, Placement, and Spacing of Dimensions 185 Using Dimensions to Specify Size and Locate Features 186 Symbols, Abbreviations, and General Notes 187 Dimensioning Rules and Guidelines 187 Prisms 187 Cylinders and Arcs 189 Finish Marks 189 Tolerancing 190 Introduction 190 Definitions 190 Tolerance Declaration 191 Tolerance Accumulation 191 Mated Parts 192 Basic Hole System: English Units 193 Basic Shaft System: English Units 194 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation of a Clearance Fit Using the Basic Hole System (See Figure 6-27) 194 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation of an Interference Fit Using the Basic Hole System (See Figure 6-28) 195 Preferred English Limits and Fits 195 Running or Sliding Clearance Fit (Rc) 196 Locational Clearance Fit (Lc) 196 Transition Clearance or Interference Fit (Lt) 196 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation of a Clearance Fit Using the Basic Shaft System (See Figure 6-30) 196 Locational Interference Fit (Ln) 197 Force or Shrink Fit (Fn) 197 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation Using English-unit Fit Tables, Basic Hole System (See Figure 6-31) 197 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation Using English-unit Fit Tables, Basic Shaft (See Figure 6-32) 198 Preferred Metric Limits and Fits 199 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation Using Metric-unit Fit Tables, Hole Basis (See Figure 6-39) 202 Step-by-step Tolerance Calculation Using Metric-unit Fit Tables, Shaft Basis (See Figure 6-40) 203 Tolerancing in Cad 204 Questions 204 7 Computer-aided Product Design Software 210 Introduction 210 Computer-aided Design 210 Categories of Cad Systems 210 Computer-aided Drawing 210 Surface Modeling 211 Solid Modeling 211 Parametric Modeling 214 Cad Viewing and Display 215 Parametric Modeling Software 216 Introduction 216 Terminology 217 Part Modeling 218 Introduction 218 Sketch Mode 218 Feature Creation 220 Part Editing 221 Part Creation Process (See Figure 7-23) 222 Assembly Modeling 224 Introduction 224 Degrees of Freedom 225 Assembly Constraints 225 Cad Libraries 225 Advanced Modeling Strategies 225 Nurbs Surface Modeling 229 Introduction 229 Parametric Curves and Cubic Splines 230 Parametric Representation of a Curve 231 Bézier Curves 232 B-splines 234 Nurbs 235 Surfaces 235 Curvature 236 Continuity 237 Class a Surfaces 239 Building Information Modeling 240 Questions 241 8 Working Drawings 247 Introduction 247 The Impact of Technology on Working Drawings 247 Detail Drawings 249 Assembly Drawing Views 249 Bill of Materials and Balloons 252 Sheet Sizes 252 Title Blocks 253 Borders and Zones 254 Revision Blocks 254 Drawing Scale 254 Tolerance Notes 255 Standard Parts 255 Working Drawing Creation Using Parametric Modeling Software 255xii Contents Extracting a Detail Drawing From a Parametric Part Model (See Figure 8-16) 256 Using Existing Part Models to Create an Assembly Model (See Figure 8-17) 257 Extracting a Sectioned Assembly Drawing (See Figure 8-18) 258 Creating an Exploded View (See Figure 8-19) 259 Creating an Exploded View Drawing With Parts List And Balloons (See Figure 8-20) 260 Questions 261 9 Reverse Engineering Tools 272 Introduction 272 3d Scanning 272 Introduction 272 3d Scanner/digitizer Hardware 273 Contact Scanners 273 Noncontact Scanners 274 Laser Triangulation 274 Other Noncontact Scanner Technologies (Tof, Structured Light) 276 Reverse Engineering Software 276 Mesh Reconstruction (or Point Processing) 276 Nurbs Modeling 278 Rapid Prototyping 279 Introduction 279 Technology Overview 279 Stl Files 280 Characteristics of Rp Systems 281 Part Orientation 281 Support Structure 282 Hatch Style 282 3d Printing 282 Questions 284 10 Digital Simulation Tools 285 Upfront Analysis 285 Finite Element Analysis 285 Modeling and Meshing 287 Boundary Conditions 288 Contour Plot 289 Results 289 Fea Workflow 290 Dynamics Simulation Software 292 Dynamics Simulation Software Demonstration 294 Questions 296 11 Concept Design Tools 297 Innovation 297 Tools for Design Innovation 297 Industrial Design 298 Computer-aided Industrial Design (Caid) 299 Concept Design and Innovation 300 Concept Design Software Tools 300 Digital Sketching 300 Direct Modeling 301 Direct Modeling Demonstration 302 Freeform Modeling 304 Questions 305 12 Product Dissection 306 Introduction 306 Product Suitability 306 Product Dissection Procedure 307 Pre-dissection Analysis 307 Dissection 308 Craftsman Locking Pliers Disassembly Steps 309 Product Documentation 312 Product Analysis 316 Product Improvement 320 Reassembly 321 Communication 321 Questions 321 13 Perspective Projections And Perspective Sketches 327 Perspective Projection 327 Historical Development 327 Perspective Projection Characteristics 328 Classes of Perspective Projection 328 Vanishing Points 329 One-point Perspective Projection 330 Two-point Perspective Projection 331 Three-point Perspective Projection 332 Perspective Projection Variables 332 Perspective Projection Using a 3d Cad System 333 Projection Plane Location 335 Lateral Movement of Cp 335xiii Contents Vertical Movement of Cp 336 Varying Distance From Cp 336 Perspective Sketches 336 Introduction 336 Terminology 336 One-point Perspective Sketches 336 Two-point Perspective Sketches 337 Proportioning Techniques 338 Step-by-step One-point Perspective Sketch Example (See Figure 13-26) 340 Step-by-step Two-point Perspective Sketch Example (See Figure 13-27) 341 Summary: Orientation of Pictorial Sketching Axes (See Figure 13-28) 343 Questions 344 A Ansi Preferred English Limits And Fits 347 B Ansi Preferred Metric Limits And Fits 357 Index 367 Drawing Sheets 367 ? Index Adjacent Areas, 99, 100 Adjacent View, 85 Alberti, Leon Battista, 328 Alias, 299 Aligned Dimensioning, 185 Aligned Sections, 156 Allowance, 193 Alphabet of Lines, 31–32 Alternative Design Evaluation Process, 11 Alternative Solutions, 7–9 Analysis, 2, 9 Angular Dimension, 184 Ansi B4.1-1967 (R1994) “preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts,” 195 Ansi B4.2-1978 (1994) “preferred Metric Limits and Fits,” 199 Apple, 297 Architectural Digital Sketches, 301 Arcs, 189 Arrowhead, 31, 32 Art of Innovation, The (Kelley), 298 Artist Drawing a Lute (Dürer), 37, 38 Asme Y14.41-2003, “digital Product Definition Practices,” 249 Assembly, 4 Assembly Constraints, 218, 225 Assembly Drawing, 247, 248, 258 Assembly Drawing Views, 249–252, 258–260 Assembly Environment Tree Structure, 217 Assembly Model, 257 Assembly Modeling, 224–225 Assembly Modeling Environment, 216 Assembly Section View, 157, 251 Associative Linking, 217 Autocad, 210, 216 Autodesk Alias, 211, 304 Autodesk Alias User Interface, 299 Autodesk Inventor, 214, 293 Autodesk Inventor Fusion, 304 Autodesk Revit Bim Environment, 240 Auxiliary View, 137–145 Defined, 137 Fi Nding Partial View, Isometric Pictorial, Missing View, 142–145 Partial, 138 Practice Drawings, 172–182 Primary/secondary, 137 Sketching - Finding Primary View, 139–142 Auxiliary View Projection Theory, 137–138 Avatar (Film), 273 Avoidance, 22 Axonometric Projection, 47, 48–49 B-rep, 213, 214 B-spline, 234–235 Background Research, 6 Balloons, 252, 253 Base Feature, 218, 220 Base Line Dimensioning, 191, 192 Basic Size, 199, 200 Benchmarking, 321 Bézier, Pierre, 232 Bézier Curves, 232–233, 234 Bézier Surface Patch, 236 Bilateral Tolerance, 191 Bill of Materials, 252, 253 Bim, 240 Blending Function, 230 Blind Hole, 94, 95 Block Coefficient, 40 Boolean Operations, 213, 221 Boundary Conditions, 230, 286, 288 Boundary Representation (B-rep), 213, 214 Bounding Box, 39 Brainstorming, 7, 17, 298 Break Line, 31, 32 Broken-out Section, 149 Broken-out Section View, 251 Brown, Tim, 297 Brunelleshi, Filippo, 327 Building Information Modeling (Bim), 240 Cn Continuity, 237 Cabinet Oblique Projection, 45 Cad. See Computer-aided Product Design Software Cad Libraries, 225 Cad Viewing and Display, 215 Cae Software. See Digital Simulation Software Caid, 299 Cast Parts, 92, 93 Catia, 214 Catia Shape Design, 211 Cavalier Oblique Projection, 45 Center Line, 31, 32 Dimensioning, 185 Multiviews, 89–90 Center of Projection (Cp), 38, 329, 330, 335, 336 Chain Dimensioning, 191, 192 Circle, 26–27 Circular Features Cavalier Oblique Sketch, 55 Isometric Sketch, 58, 59, 60 Class a Surface, 239 Clearance Fi T, 192, 193 Cmm, 273, 274 Cocreate, 302 Communication, 2, 17–18 Component, 4, 8 Composites, 213 Compromise, 22 Computer-aided Drawing, 210–211 Computer-aided Engineering (Cae) Software. See Digital Simulation Software Computer-aided Industrial Design (Caid), 299 Computer-aided Product Design Software, 210–246 Bim, 240 Cad Viewing and Display, 215368 Index Computer-aided Product (Continued) Computer-aided Drawing, 210–211 Nurbs. See Nurbs Surface Modeling Parametric Modeling. See Parametric Modeling Solid Modeling, 211–214 Surface Modeling, 211 Concept Alternatives, 7–9 Concept Design Phase, 4–5 Concept Design Tools, 297–305 Brainstorming, 298 Concept Design and Innovation, 299 Digital Sketching, 300–301 Direct Modeling, 301–304 Freeform Modeling, 304 Industrial Design, 298–299 Prototyping, 298 Ucd, 298 Concurrent Engineering, 18–19 Confi Guration Design, 12 Confi Guration Design Phase, 5 Conflict, 22 Confl Ict Resolution Techniques, 22 Consensus Decision, 22 Constraint-based Modeling, 218. See Also Parametric Modeling Constraints, 218, 293 Construction Geometry, 220 Construction Line, 25 Constructive Conflict, 22 Constructive Engagement, 22 Constructive Solid Geometry (Csg), 213 Consumed Sketch, 221 Contact Scanners, 273–274 Continuation Title Block, 254 Continuous Line, 25, 89 Contour Plot, 289 Control Points, 233 Control Polygon, 233 Convergence, 288 Convex Hull, 233 Coordinate Measuring Machine (Cmm), 273, 274 Counterboring, 94, 95 Counterdrilled Hole, 94, 95 Countersinking, 94, 95 Craftsman Professional Locking Pliers, 308. See Also Product Dissection Creo Elements/pro, 214 Critical-path Subfunctions, 317 Csg, 213 Csg Tree Structure, 213, 214 Cubic Spline, 230, 232 Curvature Comb, 236-239 Curvature (G2) Continuity, 237, 238 Cutting-plane Line, 31, 32 Cylinder, 90 Cylinders, 189 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 327 Datum Planes, 218 De Casteljau, Paul, 233 Degrees of Freedom (Dof), 225, 287 Descriptive Geometry, 137 Design Analysis, 9 Design Constraints, 7 Design Criteria, 6–7 Design Evaluation, 9 Design for Assembly (Dfa), 19, 20 Design for Manufacture (Dfm), 19, 20 Design for X (Dfx), 20 Design Innovation. See Concept Design Tools Design Intent, 225, 226 Design Phases, 4–5 Design Process Feedback Loop, 2 Design Project Brainstorming Sketches, 24 Destructive Conflict, 22 Detail Design Phase, 5, 13 Detail Drawing, 247–250, 256 Detailed Outline, 17 Deviation, 199 Dfa, 19, 20 Dfm, 19, 20 Dfx, 20 Digital Prototype, 4 Digital Simulation Software, 285–296 Best-in-class Manufacturers, 285 Dynamics Simulation Software, 292–296 Fea. See Finite Element Analysis (Fea) Improvements, 285 Digital Sketching, 300–301 Digitizers, 273 Dimension, 183 Dimension 3d Printer, 283, 284 Dimension Line, 31, 32, 184 Dimension Value, 184 Dimensional Constraints, 218 Dimensioning, 183–190 Arcs, 189 Base Line, 192 Chain, 192 Cylinders, 189 Direct, 192 Fi Nish Marks, 189–190 General Notes/abbreviations, 187 Goals, 183 Leaders, 186 Parallel Dimensions, 185 Part Interchangeability. See Tolerancing Placement of Dimension Text, 185–186 Practice Drawings, 208, 209 Prism, 187–188 Sizing/locating Features, 187, 188 Spacing, 185 Symbols, 187 Terminology, 184–185 Unilateral/aligned, 185 Units of Measurement, 183 Dimensioning Symbols, 187 Dimetric Projection, 48 Direct Dimensioning, 191, 192 Direct Modeling, 301–304 Direct Tolerancing Methods, 191 Display, 215 Dissection Exercise. See Product Dissection Drawing Scale, 254–255 Drawing Sheet Sizes, 252, 253 Duccio Di Buoninsegna, 327 Duck, 229 Dumb Solids, 214 Dürer, Albrecht, 38, 327 Dynamics Simulation Software, 292–296 Dyson, James, 297 Edge, 52 Ellipse, 27 Engineering and the Mind’s Eye (Ferguson), 2 Engineering Design, 306 Alternative Solutions, 7–9 Analysis, 9 Background Research, 6369 Index Communication, 17–18 Concurrent Engineering, 18–19 Defined, 1 Design Constraints, 7 Design Criteria, 6–7 Design Phases, 4–5 Evaluation and Selection, 9–12 Needs Assessment, 5–6 Overview, 3, 5 Problem Definition, 6 Product Anatomy, 4 Specification, 12–17 Teamwork, 20–22 Engineering Design Phases, 4–5 Engineering Design Process, 3, 5 Engineer’s Stamp, 247, 249 English or Imperial System, 183 English-unit Preferred Fits, 195–198, 347–355 Equivalent Stress, 289, 291 Eraser, 24, 25 Evaluation and Selection, 9–12 Explicit Modeling, 302 Exploded View, 251, 252, 259, 260 Extension Line, 31, 32, 184 Extrusion, 212 Face, 52 Failure Theories, 289–290 Fdm, 279–280 Fea. See Finite Element Analysis (Fea) Feature Alignment, 85 Feature-based Modeling, 218 Feature Creation, 220–221 Feature Editing, 223 Feature Suppression, 223 Feature Tree, 223, 224 Features, 217–218 Ferguson, Eugene, 2 Fillet, 92–93, 94 Fillet Conventions, 94 Fine-line Mechanical Pencils, 24 Finish Marks, 189–190 Finite Element Analysis (Fea), 285–292 Boundary Conditions, 288 Defined, 285 Example, 290–292 Failure Theories, 289–290 Hooke’s Law, 286 Modeling and Meshing, 287–288 Phases, 286 Stress Analysis, 289–290 First-angle Projection, 88, 89 First-angle Projection Symbols, 89 Fit, 192. See Also Mated Parts Fn Force and Shrink Fits, 197, 354–355 Force or Shrink Fits English-unit System, 197, 354–355 Metric System, 202, 364-365 Forcing, 22 Foreshortening, 39, 337 Form, 1 Formulation Phase, 4 Franciscan Rule Approved (Giotto), 327 Freeform Modeling, 304 Freehand Sketching, 23–32. See Also Pictorial Sketching Circle, 26–27 Ellipse, 27 Line Styles, 31–32 Line Techniques, 25–26 Parallel Lines, 30 Partitioning Lines, 29 Perpendicular Lines, 30–31 Practice Diagrams, 33–36 Proportioning, 28, 29 Straight Lines, 25–26 Tools and Materials, 23–25 Triangle, 30–31 Uses, 23 Full Section, 148, 149 Function, 1 Function Verifi Cation Tasks, 279 Functional Decomposition Analysis, 316 Fundamental Deviation, 199, 200 Fused Deposition Modeling (Fdm), 279–280 G0 Continuity, 237, 238 G1 Continuity, 237, 238 G2 Continuity, 237, 238 Gn Continuity, 237 General Arrangement Drawing, 13, 14 General Criteria Categories, 7 General Oblique, 46 General Tolerance Note, 191, 255 Generic Three Multiview Procedure, 91 Geomagic, 273 Geometric Constraints, 217, 218 Geometric (Gn) Continuity, 237 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Gd&t), 191, 192 Giotto, 327 Glass Box Theory, 83–84 Glyph, 219 Grid Paper, 24, 56, 57 Ground Line, 329–330, 336 Group Decision Making, 21 Group Norms, 21 Half Section, 148–149 Half Section View, 251 Handheld Laser Scanner, 275 Hatch Patterns, 146–148 Hermite Cubic Spline, 232 Hidden Line, 31, 32, 89 Hidden-line/hidden-surface Display, 215 History-based Parametric Modeling, 301–302 Hole Basis Fits English-unit System, 193, 194 Metric System, 200–202, 358–361 Hooke’s Law, 286 Horizon Line, 330, 336 Horizontal Line, 26 How to? See Step-by-step Procedures Human-centered Design, 298 Ideo, 297 Imperial System of Measurement, 183 Inclined Line, 26 Inclined Surface, 97 Industrial Design, 298–299 Innovation, 297 Interference Fi T, 192, 193 International Tolerance Grade, 199, 200 Intersection, 92, 93, 213, 221 Inventor Fusion, 304 Isometric Drawing, 50 Isometric Grid Paper, 24, 56, 57 Isometric Line, 56 Isometric Projection, 39, 49–51 Isometric Scaling, 56 Isometric Sketches, 27, 28, 56–60370 Index Isoparametric Curve, 235 Ives, Jonathan, 297 Jobs, Steve, 297 Joints, 293 Kelley, David, 297 Kelley, Tom, 298 Keycreator, 302 Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (Kmoddl), 293 Knots, 234 Knuckle, 237 Laser Triangulation, 274–276 Last Supper (Da Vinci), 328 Layer, 300 Layout Drawing, 13 Lc Clearance Locational Fits, 196, 350–351 Leader Line, 31, 32, 184, 186 Limit Dimensioning, 191 Line Fit, 193 Lines/line Techniques Dimensioning, 184–185 Freehand Sketching, 25–26, 30–32 Multiviews, 89–91 Lines Plan, 230 Ln Interference Location Fits, 197, 353 Loads, 286 Locational Clearance Fits English-unit System, 196, 350–351 Metric System, 202, 358–363 Locational Interference Fits English-unit System, 197, 353 Metric System, 202, 364–365 Locational Transition Fits, 202, 364–365 Locking Pliers, 308. See Also Product Dissection Loft, 221 Lower Deviation, 199 Lt Clearance Location Fi Ts, 196, 352 Machined Holes, 93–94, 95 Maesta (Duccio Di Buoninsegna), 327 Manufacturing Features, 100–101, 102 Manufacturing Quality, 190 Mars Rover, 273 Mate Assembly Constraint, 225 Mated Parts, 192–203 Hole System Vs. Basis System, 193, 194–195, 200, 201 Preferred English Limits and Fits, 195–198, 347–355 Preferred Metric Limits and Fits, 199–202, 357–365 Step-by-step Calculation, 194–198, 202–203 Tables, 347–365 Types of Fit, 192–193 Mathematical Spline, 230 Maximum Equivalent Stress Failure Theory, 290 Maximum Shear Stress Failure Theory, 290 Maximum Tensile Stress Failure Theory, 290 Mcad Companies, 214 Mechanical Dissection. See Product Dissection Mechanical Joint to Assembly Constraint Conversion Table, 293 Mechanical Pencil, 24 Medium Drive Fi Ts, 202, 364–365 Mesh Reconstruction, 276–278 Meshing, 286, 287–288 Methodology. See Step-by-step Procedures Metric Preferred Fits, 199–202, 357–365 Metric Unit Dimensions, 183 Metric-unit Fi T Designation, 200 Mini Cooper Curves and Surfaces, 229 Missing-line/missing-view Problems, 101, 103, 104 Mixer Client-specified Dimensions, 227 Mixer Product Family, 227 Mixer Product Parameter Roadmap, 228 Model Features, 217–218 Mohr-coulomb Stress Failure Theory, 290 Monge, Gaspard, 137n Morphological Chart, 8 Motion Analysis Software, 292–296 Msc Adams, 293 Multiviews, 48, 50–51, 83–136 Adjacent Areas, 99, 100 Alignment of Views, 84–85 Cylinder, 90 Fi Llets and Rounds, 92–93, 94 Fi Rst-angle Projection, 88, 89 Generic Three Multiview Procedure, 91 Glass Box Theory, 83–84 Inclined Surface, 97 Intersection and Tangency, 92, 93 Line Conventions, 89–90 Line Precedence, 91 Machined Holes, 93–94, 95 Manufacturing Features, 100–101, 102 Missing-line/missing-view Problems, 101, 103, 104 Normal Surface, 96–97 Oblique Surface, 97 Practice Drawings, 122–136 Projection Studies, 98 Purpose, 83 Rotated Features, 94, 95 Similar Shapes, 100, 101 Step-by-step Multiview Sketch Example, 92, 96 Surface Labeling, 100 Third-angle Projection, 87–88, 89 Transfer of Depth, 86 Vertex Labeling, 100, 101 View Selection, 86–87 Visualization, 96–103 Needs Assessment, 5–6 Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 292 Noncontact Scanners, 274 Nonisometric Line, 56 Nonuniform Knots, 235 Nonuniform Rational B-splines. See Nurbs Surface Modeling Normal Surface, 96–97 Nurbs Modeling, 278–279 Nurbs Surface Modeling, 211, 229–239 B-spline, 234–235 Bézier Curves, 232–233, 234 Class a Surface, 239 Continuity, 237–239 Cubic Spline, 230, 232 Curvature, 236 Historical Overview, 229–230371 Index Isoparametric Curve, 235 Nurbs, 235–239 Parametric Curves, 230, 231 Surface Patch, 236 Weights, 235 Nx, 304 Nx Shape Studio, 211, 214 Oblique Projection, 39, 43–46 Oblique Projection Angle, 45 Oblique Projection Angle (in 2d), 46 Oblique Sketches, 27, 52–53, 54, 55 Oblique Surface, 97 Occlusion, 274–275 Offset Section, 149 On Painting (Alberti), 328 One-point Perspective, 39 One-point Perspective Projection, 330–331 One-point Perspective Sketch, 336–337, 340 One-view Drawing, 87 Oral Presentations, 18 Orthographic Projection, 47–48 Osclating Circle, 236 Outline, 17 Parallel Dimensions, 185 Parallel Lines, 30 Parallel Projection, 38, 39–44 Parallelogram Method (of Sketching Ellipses), 27, 28 Parameter, 218 Parametric Constraints, 218 Parametric (Cn) Continuity, 237 Parametric Curves, 230, 231 Parametric Equations, 230 Parametric Modeling, 214–215, 216–228 Advanced Modeling Strategies, 225–228 Assembly Constraints, 225 Assembly Modeling, 224–225 Associative Linking, 217 Cad Libraries, 225 Constraints, 218 Degrees of Freedom, 225 Design Intent, 225, 226 Feature Creation, 220–221 Parent-child Relationships, 224 Part Creation Process, 222 Part Editing, 221–224 Part Modeling, 218–221 Sketch Mode, 218–220 Terminology, 217–218 Parametric Solid Models, 4 Parent-child Relationships, 224 Part, 4 Part Creation Process, 222 Part Editing, 221–224 Part Interchangeability. See Tolerancing Part Library Interface, 226 Part Modeling, 218–221 Partial Auxiliary View, 138 Partitioning Lines, 29, 338 Partitioning Trapezoidal Areas, 339 Parts List, 252, 253 Peaucellier-lipkin Linkage, 293, 294 Peb, 38, 39 Pencil Lead, 24 Pencil Lead Grades, 25 Perpendicular Lines, 30–31 Perspective Projection, 38, 39–43, 327–336 Advantage/disadvantage, 328 Classes, 328–329 Historical Overview, 327–328 Lateral Movement of Cp, 335 One-point Perspective, 330–331 Parallel Projection, Compared, 328 Practice Drawings, 345–346 Projection Plane Location, 335 Step-by-step Procedure, 333–334 Three-point Perspective, 332, 333 Two-point Perspective, 331, 332 Vanishing Points, 329–330 Varying Distance From Cp, 336 Vertical Movement of Cp, 336 Perspective Sketches, 336–343 One-point, 336–337, 340 Orientation of Pictorial Sketching Axes, 343 Parallel Projection, Contrasted, 336 Practice Drawings, 345–346 Proportional Techniques, 338, 339 Step-by-step Procedure, 340–342 Terminology, 336 Two-point, 337–338, 341–342 Phantom Line, 31, 32 Physics-based Dynamics Simulation Software, 292 Pictorial Projections, 39–40 Pictorial Sketching, 27, 51–61. See Also Freehand Sketching General Technique, 51 Isometric Sketches, 27, 28, 56–60 Oblique Sketches, 27, 52–53, 54, 55 Practice Drawings, 79–82 Scalability, 60–61 Step-by-step Procedure (Isometric Sketch), 57–60 Step-by-step Procedure (Oblique Sketch), 54, 55 Pictorial Sketching Scalability, 60–61 Pink, Daniel, 297 Placed Features, 218, 220 Planar Geometric Projection Classes, 41 Planar Projections, 37–51. See Also Pictorial Sketching Axonometric Projection, 47, 48–49 Definitions, 38–40 Elements, 37 Foreshortening, 39 Isometric Projection, 39, 49–51 Multiview Projection. See Multiviews Oblique Projection, 39, 43–46 Orientation of Object/projection Plane, 40 Orthographic Projection, 47–48 Parallel Vs. Perspective Projection, 40–43 Projector Characteristics, 37–38 Scalability, 60–61 Plane Curve, 232 Plus-and-minus Tolerancing, 191 Point Cloud, 273, 275, 276 Point Processing, 276 Polygon Net, 236 Polygonal Mesh Construction Tools, 277 Polyhedron, 51 Portable Coordinate Measuring Machine, 274 Positional (G0) Continuity, 237, 238 Practice Drawings Auxiliary and Section Views, 172–182372 Index Practice Drawings (Continued) Dimensioning and Tolerancing, 208, 209 Freehand Sketching, 33–36 Multiviews, 122–136 Perspective Projections/sketches, 345–346 Pictorial Sketching, 79–82 Preferred English Limits and Fits, 195–198, 347–355 Preferred Metric Limits and Fits, 199–202, 356–364 Preliminary Outline, 17 Primary Auxiliary View, 137 Primitives, 212 Principal Axes, 38 Principal Dimensions, 38 Principal Enclosing Box (Peb), 38, 39, 329 Principal Planes, 39 Principal Vanishing Points, 329, 330 Prism, 187–188 Pro/engineer, 214 Problem Definition, 6 Problem Statement, 6 Procedural Steps. See Step-by-step Procedures Product, 4, 8 Product Anatomy, 4 Product Component Decomposition Diagram, 312 Product Data Defi Nition Set, 249 Product Development, 1 Product Dissection, 306–326 Benefits, 306 Communication, 321 Dissection, 308–311 Pre-dissection Analysis, 307–308 Product Analysis, 316–320 Product Documentation, 312–316 Product Improvement, 320–321 Product Suitability, 306–307 Reassembly, 321 Steps in Process, 307 Underlying Concept, 306 Product Drawings, 13. See Also Working Drawings Product Realization Process, 1 Profile, 212 Projected Image, 37 Projection, 37. See Also Planar Projections Projection Plane, 37 Projection Studies, 98 Proportioning, 28, 29 Prototyping, 298 Pulley Assembly Tolerance Fits, 192 Quadratic Spline, 232 Quadratic Tetrahedral Meshes, 287 Quill, 236 Radius of Curvature, 236 Rapid Prototyping (Rp), 279–284 Fdm, 279–280 Hatch Style, 282 Part Orientation, 281–282 Sls, 280 Stereolithography, 279 Stl Files, 280–281 Support Structure, 282 3d Printing, 282–283, 284 Uses, 279 Rapidform, 273, 276 Raster Image, 301 Rc Running and Sliding Fits, 196, 348–349 Reader Exercises. See Practice Drawings Receding Axis Angle, 46 Rectangular Method (of Sketching Ellipses), 27 Reference Dimension, 184 Related View, 85 Relations, 218 Removed Section, 150, 151 Rendered Display, 215 Report Writing, 17 Request for Proposal (Rfp), 13 Reverse Engineering, 6 Reverse Engineering Scanning Process, 273 Reverse Engineering Tools, 272–284 Mesh Reconstruction, 276–278 Nurbs Modeling, 278–279 Rapid Prototyping, 279–283 3d Scanning, 272–276 Revision, 254 Revision Block, 254, 255 Revolution, 212 Revolved Features, 94, 95 Revolved Section, 150, 151 Rfp, 13 Rhinoceros, 211, 299, 304 Rotated Features, 94, 95 Round, 92–93, 94 Rp. See Rapid Prototyping (Rp) Running and Sliding Fits English-unit System, 196, 348–349 Metric System, 202, 358–363 Safety Factor, 290 Sanzio, Raffaello, 327 Scalability, 60–61 Scanner Pipeline, 273 School of Athens (Sanzio), 328 Secondary Auxiliary View, 137 Section Lining, 31, 32, 146–148 Section View, 146–158 Aligned Sections, 156 Assembly, 157 Broken-out Section, 149 Construction Process, 152–156 Conventional Representations, 151, 152, 156 Full Section, 148, 149 Half Section, 148–149 Hatch Patterns, 146–148 Labeling, 146, 147 Offset Section, 149 Practice Drawings, 172–182 Removed Section, 150, 151 Revolved Section, 150, 151 Section Lining, 146–148 Thin Features, 152, 153 Section View Construction Process, 153–156 Section View Labeling, 146, 147 Section View Process, 146 Selective Assembly, 192 Selective Laser Sintering (Sls), 280 Shaded Display, 215 Shaft Basis Fits English-unit System, 194–195 Metric System, 200–202, 362–365 Sheet-of-light Scanner, 274 Sheet Sizes, 252, 253 Shrink Fits. See Force or Shrink Fits Siemens Nx, 304 Siemens Synchronous Technology, 302 Similar Shapes, 100, 101 Simulation Software. See Digital Simulation Software Sketch Mode, 218–220 Sketch Plane Categories, 219373 Index Sketchbook Pro User Interface, 300 Sketched Features, 217–218 Sketching Digital, 300–301 Freehand. See Freehand Sketching Perspective, 336–343 Pictorial. See Pictorial Sketching Sketching Lines, 25 Sketching Software, 300–301 Sliding Fits. See Running and Sliding Fits Sls, 280 Smoothing, 22, 277 Software Reverse Engineering, 272 Solid Edge, 214 Solid Modeling, 211–214 Solid Primitives, 212 Solidthinking, 211 Solidworks, 214, 293, 299, 302 Space Curve, 230 Spaceclaim, 302 Spans, 234 Sparse Fill, 282 Spatial Visualization Techniques, 96–103 Specifi C Criteria Categories, 7 Specifications, 247 Spline, 229 Spotfacing, 94, 95 Square Method (of Sketching Circles), 27 Standard Parts, 255 Standard Sheet Sizes, 253 Step-by-step Procedures Cabinet Oblique Sketch - Cut Block, 54 Cavalier Oblique Sketch - Circular Features, 55 Direct Modeling, 302–304 Generic Three Multiview Sketch Procedure, 91 Isometric Sketch - Box With Holes, 59 Isometric Sketch - Cut Block, 57 Isometric Sketch - Cylinder, 58 Locking Pliers Disassembly, 309–312 Multiview Sketch, 92, 96 One-point Perspective Sketch, 340 Perspective Projection, 333–334 Sketching - Circular Features, 59, 60 Sketching - Finding Partial Auxiliary View, 142–143 Sketching - Finding Primary Auxiliary View, 139–142 Sketching - Simple Extrude Shape, 54 Tolerance Calculation - Basic Hole System, 194, 195 Tolerance Calculation - Basic Shaft System, 196 Tolerance Calculation - Englishunit Fi T Tables, 197, 198 Tolerance Calculation - Metricunit Fi T Tables, 202–203 Two-point Perspective Sketch, 341–342 Working Drawings, 256–260 Stereolithography, 279 Stiffness, 288n Stl Files, 280–281 Straight Lines, 25–26 Strain, 286 Stratasys, 283 Stress, 286 Stress Analysis, 289–290 Stress Contour Plot, 289 Structured Light Scanners, 276 Student Exercises. See Practice Drawings Subassembly, 4 Subfunction, 316–317 Subtraction, 213, 221 Surface Construction, 277, 278 Surface Labeling, 100 Surface Modeling, 211 Surface Patch, 236 Sweep, 212 Synthesis, 2 Tangency, 92, 93 Tangent (G1) Continuity, 237, 238 Team, 21 Teamwork, 20–22 Tetrahedral Meshes, 287, 288 Thin Features, 152, 153 Third-angle Projection, 87–88, 89 Third-angle Projection Symbols, 89 Threaded Hole, 94, 95 3d Printing, 282–283, 284 3d Scanning, 272–276 Contact Scanners, 273–274 Laser Triangulation, 274–276 Noncontact Scanners, 274 Occlusion, 274–275 Structured Light Scanners, 276 Time-of-fl Ight Scanners, 276 3d Wireframe Drawing, 210, 211 Three-point Perspective Projection, 332, 333 Time-of-fl Ight Scanners, 276 Title Block, 253–254 Tolerance, 190 Tolerance Accumulation, 191, 192tolerance Declaration, 191 Tolerance Notes, 255 Tolerance Zone, 199, 200 Tolerancing, 190–204 Accumulation of Tolerances, 191, 192 Actual Size/basic Size, 190 Cad, 204 Defined, 190 Direct Tolerancing Methods, 191 General Notes, 191 Geometric Tolerances, 191 Importance, 190 Mated Parts. See Mated Parts Tools Design Innovation. See Concept Design Tools Reverse Engineering. See Reverse Engineering Tools Simulation Software. See Design Simulation Tools Trammel, 28, 29 Trammel Method (of Sketching Circles), 26, 27 Transition Clearance or Interference Fi T (Lt), 196, 352 Transition Fi T, 192, 193 Tree Structure, 213 Triangle (Instrument), 30 Triangulation, 274 Trimetric Projection, 48 Trough Hole, 94, 95 2d Cad Drawing, 210 Two-point Perspective, 39 Two-point Perspective Projection, 331, 332374 Index Two-point Perspective Sketch, 337–338, 341–342 Two-view Drawing, 87 Typ, 187 Ucd, 298 Unidirectional Dimensioning, 185 Uniform Knot Spacing, 235 Unilateral Tolerance, 191 Union, 213, 221 Upper Deviation, 199 User-centered Design (Ucd), 298 Vanishing Points, 43, 329–330, 336 Vector Graphics, 210 Vertex, 52 Vertex Labeling, 100, 101 Vertical Line, 26 Visible Line, 31–32 Visualization, 96–103 Von Mises Stress, 289, 291 Wacom Cintiq, 299 Wacom Cintiq 21ux Interactive Pen Display, 300 Whole New Mind: Why Rightbrainers Will Rule the Future, A (Pink), 297 Wire Shelf Part Family, 227 Wireframe Display, 215 Work Features, 220 Working Drawings, 13, 247–271 Assembly Drawing, 247, 248, 258 Assembly Drawing Views, 249–252, 258–260 Assembly Model, 257 Balloons, 252, 253 Bill of Materials, 252, 253 Border, 254 Defined, 247 Detail Drawing, 247–250, 256 Drawing Scale, 254–255 Engineer’s Stamp and Signature, 247, 249 Exploded View, 251, 252, 259, 260 Parametric Modeling Techniques, 255–260 Revision Block, 254, 255 Sectioned Assembly Drawing, 249, 251, 258 Sheet Sizes, 252, 253 Standard Parts, 255 Step-by-step Procedures, 256–260 Technology, and, 248–249 Title Block, 253–254 Tolerance Notes, 255 Y14-41 Standard, 249 Zones, 254 Working Model, 293 Wozniak, Steve, 297 Written Reports, 17 Y14-41 Standard, 249 Yield Stress, 286 Z Corp, 283 Z Corp 3d Printer, 283 Z Shape Profile and Extrusion, 144 Zebra Stripe Shading, 239 Zones, 254 Zscanner 700, 275
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