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| موضوع: كتاب Petroleum Refining 3 - Conversion Processes السبت 01 أغسطس 2020, 12:50 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Petroleum Refining 3 - Conversion Processes Edited by Pierre Leprince lnstitut Franqais du Petrole
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword XIII Nomenclature . xxv Abbrevations and Acronyms xxvll Chapter 1 lntrodurtion 1.1 Coping with Challenges (1850-1915) 1.2 Developing Processes (1915-1940) . 1.3 Oil and Growth (1940-1973) 1.4 Oil and Crisis (1973-1990) . 1.5 The Future 1.6 Conclusions Chapter 2 Basic Principles Governing Chemical Changes 2.1 Stoichiometry and Associated Parameters . 2.1.1 The Concept of Advancement (or Molar Extent) . 2.1.2 Conversion, Selectivity,and Yield . 2.2 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 2.2.1 Enthalpy Variation Associated with a Chemical Reaction. 2.2.2 Gibbs Energy Variation Associated with a Chemical Reaction 2.2.3 Conclusion 2.3 Chemical Kinetics 27XVI CONTENTS 2.3.1 Nature and Location of the Reaction Phase 2.3.2 Methods of Activating Chemical Reactions.Active Intermediate Forms . 2.3.3 Formal Chemical Kinetics 2.3.4 Classifying Chemical Reactors 2.3.5 General Formulation of Mass and Enthalpy Balances . Chapter 3 Industrial Catalysts 3.1 The Place of Catalytic Processes in Refining 3.2 ClassifyingCatalysts . 3.2.1 Active Elements. Promoters 3.2.2 Main Types of Refining Catalysts 3.3 Catalyst Characteristics and Properties 3.3.1 Basic Catalyst Characteristics . 3.3.2 Intrinsic Characteristics . 3.3.4 Determining Basic Catalytic Properties . 3.3.5 Physicochemical Properties 3.4 Preparing the Catalyst 3.4.2 Basis for Preparing Catalysts: Unit Operations 3.5 Catalyst Regeneration . 3.5.1 Catalyst Deactivation 3.5.2 Regeneration Methods . 3.6 Conclusion . 3.3.3 Non-Catalytic Characteristics 3.4.1 Methodology.Optimizingthe Formulation Chapter 4 Catalytic Reforming 4.1 Importance of the Process in Making Up the “Gasoline Pool” . 4.1.1 Gasolines 4.1.2 Motor Fuel Stocks . 4.1.3 The Catalytic Reforming Process 4.2 Process Background . 4.2.1 Past and Present 4.2.2 Future 4.3 Data Overview . 4.3.1 Reactions Involved 4.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics 4.3.3 Catalysts 117CONTENTSXVll 4.4 Process Data 4.4.2 Influence of Feeds . 4.5 Technology . 4.5.1 Fixed Bed 4.4.1 Operating Variables . 4.5.2 Moving Bed 4.6 Industrial Performance . 4.6.1 Processes.Operating Conditions 4.6.2 Typical Yields . 4.6.3 Reformate Characteristics . 4.6.4 Run Duration.Lifetime 4.6.5 Special Runs . 4.7 Economics 4.7.2 Process Licensors . 4.7.3 Investment.Operating Costs . 4.7.1 Catalytic Reforming Capacity Chapter 5 Catalytic Cracking 5.1 Historical Overview 5.2 The FCC Process . 5.2.1 Introduction . 5.2.2 Feeds and Products 5.2.3 Description of the Process . 5.2.4 Thermal Balance 5.2.5 Fluidizationand Pressure Balance 5.2.6 Operating Variables, Conversion, and Cracking Severity 5.2.7 Changing Technology . 5.2.8 Residue Cracking . 5.3 Reactions, Reactivity. and Mechanisms . 5.3.2 Reactivity of Hydrocarbon Families . 5.3.3 Reactivity of Industrial Feeds 5.3.1 Reactions 5.4 The Catalyst . 5.4.1 Historical Background 5.4.2 Description of a Modern FCC Catalyst . 5.4.3 Design and Selection of an FCC Catalyst 5.5 Economics 223 5.6 Conclusion 223XVlll CONTENTS Chapter 6 Isomerizationof Light Para!Yine 6.1 Isomerization of C C. Paraffins . 6.1.1 Aim 6.1.2 Thermodynamics 6.1.3 The Catalyst . 6.1.4 Reaction Mechanism . 6.1.5 Kinetics . 6.1.6 The Isomerization Process . 6.1.7 Economics 6.2 Isomerization of n-Butane 251 6.2.1 Aim 251 6.2.2 Thermodynamics 252 6.2.3 Catalysts . 252 6.2.4 Reaction Mechanism . 252 6.2.5 Kinetics . 253 6.2.6 Process . 253 Chapter 7 Aliphatic Allcylation 7.1 Role of the Process in Gasoline Production 257 7.2 Reaction Thermodynamics 258 7.3 Alkylate Compositions 259 7.4 Catalysts . 262 7.5 Reaction Mechanisms . 262 7.5.1 Alkylate Production Mechanisms . 263 7.5.2 Red Oil Production Mechanisms . 264 7.5.3 Structure and Function of Red Oils 265 7.6 Process Data 7.6.1 Feed Composition . 7.6.2 Feed Pretreatment . 7.6.3 Operating Conditions 7.6.4 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Processes . 7.6.5 HF Alkylation Processes . 7.7 Economics 7.7.1 Investments 7.7.2 Operating Costs . 7.7.3 Installed Capacity 7.8 Future Trends 287 7.8.1 Two-step Process 287 7.8.2 Solid Acid Catalysts 287CONTENTSXIX Chapter 8 Olefin Etherification 8.1 Main Ethers Used in Refining 8.1.2 Sources of Feedstocks 8.1.3 Integrated Etherification Process in a Refinery Scheme . 8.2 Basic Data . 8.2.1 Reaction Mechanism . 8.2.2 Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics . 8.2.3 Catalysts . 8.2.4 Side Reactions . 8.3 Process Data 8.3.1 Feed Treatment 8.3.2 Raffinate Treatment 8.3.3 Operating Conditions 8.3.4 Process Flow Schemes 8.3.5 Reactor Design . 8.3.6 Product Yield and Quality 8.4 Economics 8.4.1 Production Capacity . 8.4.2 Process Licensors . 8.4.3 Investments 8.1.1 Properties of Ethers Chapter 9 Oligomerization 9.1 Background Information . 9.1.1 Acid Catalysis 9.1.2 Catalysis by Transition Metals 9.2 Industrial Processes 9.2.1 Catpoly Process (UOP) . 9.2.3 Dimersol Process OFP) . 9.2.4 MOCD Process (Mobil Olefin to Gasoline and Distillate) 9.3 Economics 9.3.1 Process Licensors . 9.3.2 Investments.Operating Costs . 9.2.2 Polynaphta Process OFP) Chapter 10 Hydrocracking 10.1 Function of the Process 334 10.2 Background Information 338XX CONTENTS 10.2.1 Typical Composition of Hydrocracking Feeds 10.2.2 Reaction Families 10.2.3 Reaction Thermodynamics 10.2.4 Kinetic Data 10.2.5 Catalysts . 10.2.6 Effectsof Feed Impurities and Components 10.3 Process Data 10.3.1 Typical Flow Schemes 10.3.2 Operating Conditions 10.3.3 Product Yields and Quality 10.3.4 Hydrogen Consumption 10.4 Economics 362 10.4.1 Hydrocracking Capacity . 362 10.4.2 Process Licensors . 362 10.4.3 Investments and Operating Costs . 362 Chapter 11 Visbreaking of Residues 11.1 Background Information 365 11.1.1 Feed Composition . 365 11.1.2 Cracking Reactions 366 11.1.3 Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 11.2 Process Data 366 11.2.1 Operating Variables . 366 11.2.2 Product Properties and Yields 368 11.3 Implementing the Visbreaking Process 371 11.3.1 Process Flow Schemes 371 11.3.2 Specific Equipment . 373 11.3.3 Environment 11.4 Economics 378 Chapter 12 Coking 12.1 Delayed Coking 12.1.1 Feed Types . 12.1.2 Background Information . 12.1.3 Products . 12.1.4 Typical Product Yields and Characteristics 12.1.5 Description of the Delayed Coking Process 12.1.6 Coke Calcination 12.1.7 Economic Considerations 397CONTENTSXXI 12.2 Fluid Coking: Flexicoking 12.2.1 Feed Types . 12.2.3 Typical Yields 12.2.4 Process Description 12.2.5 Uses for Low Btu Gas 12.2.6 Use of Purge Coke . 12.2.7 Economic Information 12.2.2 Background Information Chapter 13 Residue Hydroconversion 13.1 Integration in a Refinery . 411 13.2 General Introduction to Residue Hydroconversion Processes . 411 13.3 Background Information 13.3.1 Chemical Reactions . 13.3.2 Catalysts . 13.3.3 Kinetics and Operating Conditions: Conversion to Light Fractions, Metals, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Elimination . 13.4 Technologies and Process Data 13.4.1 Fixed Bed Processes . 13.4.2 Moving Bed Processes 13.4.3 Ebullating Bed Processes . 13.4.4 Entrained Bed Processes 13.4.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Four Types of Process.Product Yields and Characteristics 13.4.6 Associating the Hydrotreating Process with Deasphalting and Hydrogen Production 444 13.5 Economics 448 Chapter 14 Hydrogen Production 14.1 Hydrogen in the Refinery . 451 14.1.1 Requirements . 451 14.1.2 Sources . 452 14.1.3 Hydrogen Balance . 453 14.2 Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming . 455 14.2.1 Production of Synthesis Gas 455 14.2.2 Carbon Monoxide to Hydrogen Conversion 465 14.2.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal 468 14.2.4 Methanation of Residual CO and CO, . 473XXll CONTENTS 14.2.5 Purification by Adsorption 14.2.6 Comparison of Conventional Methanation and Adsorption (PSA) Methods 14.2.7 Ongoing Developments 14.3 Hydrogen Production by Partial Oxidation . 14.3.1 Synthesis Gas Production 14.4 Hydrogen and Electricity Coproduction 14.5 Other Technologies . 14.5.1 Hytex Process 14.6 Economics 14.6.1 Process Licensors . 14.6.2 Investments 14.6.3 Production Costs . 14.3.2 Hydrogen Production Sequencing 14.5.2 Catalytic Autothermal Process 14.6.4 Cost of Other Sources of Hydrogen Chapter 15 White Products Refining by Sweetening 15.1 Mercaptan Distribution in Petroleum Cuts 15.2.1 Recapitulation of Process History 15.2 Background Data . 15.2.2 Current Technologies . 15.3 Industrial Processes 15.3.1 Liquid/Liquid Contact Technologies 15.3.2 Fixed Bed Catalyst Processes 15.4 Economic Data . 15.4.1 General Information 15.4.2 Process Licensors. Treatment Capacity . 15.4.3 Basis for an Economic Estimate Chapter 16 Hydrotreating 16.1 Objectives of Hydrotreating Processes 16.2 Impurities and their Origins 16.2.1 Heteroatoms and Metals 16.2.2 Unsaturated Products . 16.3 Hydrotreating Processes 16.4 Background Information 53816.4.1 Hydrotreating Reactions 16.4.2 Catalysts . 16.5 Process Information 16.5.1 Catalyst Reaction Kinetics . 16.5.2 Operating Variables . 16.5.3 Implementing Catalysts 16.6 Process Technology 16.6.1 Reactors 16.6.2 Process Flow Schemes 16.6.3 Selecting Construction Materials 16.7 Industrial Performance . 16.7.1 Feed Pretreatment for Gasoline Catalytic Reforming Units 16.7.2 Hydrotreating Kerosene and Gas Oil 16.7.3 Hydrotreating Vacuum Distillates . 16.8 Economics 16.8.1 Investments 16.8.2 Hydrotreating Capacity Worldwide 16.8.3 Process Licensors and Catalyst Suppliers . Chapter 17 Acid gas treatment 17.1 Absorption of Acid Gases by a Solvent 17.1.1 The Different Solvents 17.1.2 Simplified Flow Scheme of a Solvent Washing Unit 17.1.3 Background Information . 17.1.4 Technology and Process Data . 17.1.5 Process Performance 17.1.6 Safety and Environmental Issues 17.1.7 Process Licensors . 17.2 Sulfur Recovery Units . 17.2.1 Sulfur Recovery with the Vapor Phase Claus Reaction . 17.2.2 Sulfur Recovery by Oxidation . 17.2.3 Tail Gas Treatment Units 17.2.4 Process Performance Figures 17.2.5 Economics Chapter 18 Desulfurization of Stack Gases 18.1 Legislation 624XXlV CONTENTS 18.2 Principle of Stack Gas Desulfurization Processes 18.2.1 Choice of Sulfur Oxide Chemical Reactant 18.2.2 Operating Conditions 18.2.3 Regenerative Processes and Throwaway Processes 18.3.1 Stack Gas/Reactant Contactor . 18.3 Characteristics of Stack Gas Desulfurization Processes 18.3.2 Heating the Stack Gases . 18.3.3 Corrosive Nature of the Stack Gases 18.4 The Main Processes 18.4.2 Semiwet Processes 18.4.4 Regenerative Processes with Production of 18.4.1 Processes Using Lime or Limestone . 18.4.3 Dry Processes with Discharges . Concentrated SOz Chapter 19 Water Treatment 19.1 Source and Type of Water Requiring Purification 19.1.2 General Refinery Effluents . 19.2 Purification Treatment Method . 19.2.1 Segregation of Discharge Streams . 19.2.2 Characteristic Parameters of Waste Water Treatments . 19.2.3 Process Condensate Stripping (Sour Water) . 19.2.4 Oil in Water Separation . 19.2.5 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulfides with Air . 19.2.6 Physicochemical Treatment 19.2.7 Aerobic Biological Treatment 19.2.8 Tertiary Purification for Very Stringent Discharge 19.1.1 Waste Water from Refining Processes Standards. Recycling Index
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