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| موضوع: كتاب Practical Power Plant Engineering - A Guide for Early Career Engineers السبت 01 أغسطس 2020, 12:44 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Practical Power Plant Engineering - A Guide for Early Career Engineers Zark Bedalov Vancouver BC, CA
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface – Why This Book? vii Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii 1 Plant from Design to Commissioning 1 2 Plant Key One-Line Diagram 31 3 Switching Equipment 75 4 Designing Plant Layout 107 5 System Grounding 121 6 Site and Equipment Grounding 137 7 Plant Lighting 157 8 DC System, UPS 179 9 Plant Power Distribution 191 10 Insulation Coordination, Lightning Protection 209 11 Voltage and Phasing Standards 239 12 Cables and Supporting Equipment 253 13 Power Factor Correction 285 14 Motor Selection 303vi Contents 15 Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and Harmonics 321 16 Relay Protection and Coordination 341 17 Plant Automation and Data Networking 379 18 Generation 407 19 Power Dispatch and Control 441 20 Diesel Engine Generator Plant and Standby Power 461 21 Reliability Considerations and Calculations 475 22 Fire Protection 495 23 Corrosion, Cathodic Protection 517 24 Brief Equipment Specifications and Data Sheets 531 25 Solar Power 567 26 Wind Power 599 Index 643 643 Index a ABC cable overhead distribution 205 Accelerating torque 305 Action of tap changers 39, 458 Affinity laws 331 Ambient derating factors 36 Analog cards 4-20mA, 0-20mA 387 Analog card scaling 388 Arc flash classifications 81, 104 Area lighting 159 Arrester classifications 226 energy class 224 protection margin 224 rating 227 selection 225 Autotransformers 131, 541 Availability 476, 490 inherent 491 operational 492 Availability factor 437 AVR droop 452 b Bandwith 396 Baseband 396 Base load 36, 443 100BaseT ethernet 400 Basic insulation level BIL 72, 220, 540 Bathtub mortality 479 Battery Ah capacity 181 chargers 180, 186 float/ boost 184 life 183 room requirements 185 Below and above grounding 138, 148, 150 Betz’s limit 603 Black start 434 Blade design 602, 611, 636 Break down torque 305 Breakers continuous ratings 54 failure 366 frame size rating 76 HMCP 99 interrupting rating 77, 78 magnetic for motors 85, 96 maximum loading 77 MPCB 99 status contacts 80 thermal and magnetic for feeders 84, 96 Brushless exciter 430 Budget estimate 26 Bundled conductor 193 Burden 348 Buried installations 109 Bus duct 58, 279 Bus tie breaker switching 61 Practical Power Plant Engineering: A Guide for Early Career Engineers, First Edition. Zark Bedalov. 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.644 Index c Cable armor grounding 256, 260 Cable bending radius 278 Cablebus 58, 280 Cable color coding 268 Cable derating factors 258, 264 Cable insulation level 256 Cable list 13 Cable openings 115 Cables for fire protection 514 Cable shielding 254 Cable short circuit rating 259 Cable terminations, stress cones 267 Cable trays 273 fill and classification 273 loading 273 support span 273 Capacitors 290 impact on harmonics 297, 299 voltage improvement 295 Capacity factor 438 Cathodic protection for buried pipelines 518 Circuit breaker, types 84 Class A wiring 497 Close and latch current 77 Coax RG cables 397 Codes and standards 4 Color rendering index (CRI) 172 Commissioning dry, wet 19 report 25 Common mode failure 476, 489 Communication cables 268 Concentrated solar plants (CSP) 580, 586 Concrete cable duct banks 109, 111 Conductor sag calculations 194. 204 Connected load, operating load 51 Constant kA rating 79 Constant MVA rating 79 Continuous UPS 188 Control cables 268 Control room fire protection 504 Core flux test 420 Corrosion protection for ships 525 Cost of change 8 Counter clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) 243–249 Cross current compensation, CCC 455 CT and PT polarities 342, 345 CTs and PTs 342, 345 CT saturation 350 Current limiting fuses, type E 88 Current source inverter (CSI) 325 Current, voltage THD 298, 339 Cut-in wind speed 613 Cut-out wind speed 614 d Data sheets 553 Dead transfer 62 Delta tertiary winding 131 Design criteria 2, 7, 158, 542 Design limits 613 DeviceNet cables 270 Device numbering 11 DG waste heat recovery 469 Diesel engine plant 463 Differential protection 345, 347, 365 Digital governor 424 Digital I/O cards 386 Direct normal irradiance (DNI) 568 Distributed control system (DCS) 385, 386 Diversity factor 52 DNP3 405 Double ended substation 92 Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) 617 Dry type transformers 90, 538, 564 Duty electrical and diesel pumps 511 Dynamic braking 333Index 645 e Effective (solid) grounding 123 Effect of system grounding 226 Effect of voltage change 304 EHV cable termination 266 EHV power cables 265 ELCID test 420 Electrical rooms, control rooms 112, 115, 119 Emergency lighting 159, 161 Enclosures IEC, NEMA 550 End of line (EOL) resistor 497 Energy heat balance and efficiency diagram 470 Engine ratings continuous, prime and standby 462 Engines for ships 473 Equipment grounding 122 Equipment withstand capability 219 Essential lighting 160 Ethernet 100BaseT 400 Ethernet cables 270 Ethernet TCP/IP 400 EXIT lighting 161 Exothermic connections 148, 236 Explosion proof motors 311 Exponential distribution 480 f Failure rate 478 Feasibility study 5 Fence grounding 152 Fiber optic cables 271 single, multi mode 398 Fieldbus cables 272 Fire control panels 499 Fire detectors 498 heat 498 ionization 498 smoke 498 Fire hydrants 506 Fire integrity test for gas 516 Fire pump sizing 513 Fire wall ratings 116 Fire water storage tanks 510 Firm capacity 45 Firm power 462 Flexlogic 367 Flow diagrams 5, 34 Fluorescent lamp 174 Foot-candle 163 Foundations for grounding (Ufer) 150 Fresnel linear mirror 583 Fuel consumption 461, 464 Fuel storage requirements 464 g Galvanic sacrificial anodes 519 Galvanized steel 519 Gas fire suppression 503 Generator capability and limits 413 characteristics 415 cooling 434 neutral grounding 127 special circuit breakers 431 step up transformer 432 transient conditions 419 unit, system grounding 128 Glare factor 163 Governor deadband 446 Governor droop 446, 447 Grid integration issues 624 resistance measurements 142 tests 24 Groundbeds 521 Ground flash density 218 Grounding grid 138 Grounding of telecommunications 152 Ground potential rise (GPR) 142 Guy wire 193646 Index h Harmonics 298 caused by VFDs 335 correction 338 order limits 337 Heat transfer RHO factor 112 Hi-bay lighting 159 High and low pressure sodium lamp 176 Hi-pot test 421 H 2S issues in Hydro power plants 527 Human machine interface, HMI 389 HV equipment testing 215 i IEC 101 404 IEC 104 405 IEC 61850 404 IEEE device designation 343 IEEE 519 Standard 338 IGBT transistors 334 Illuminance level 164 Impressed current protection 521 Infinite bus 43 Instrumentation cables 268 Insulation coordination 221 Insulation temperature class: B, F, H 537 Interlocks 21 Interposing relays 385 Isokeraunic lightning levels 212 Isolated phase bus (IPB) 549, 557 j Jockey pump 511 k Key interlocks 88 Key one line diagram 32, 50 l Ladder logic 383 Large motor starting 311 LC filters, passive, active 337 Lead acid battery 184 LED 177 Levelized cost of energy 27 Light distribution charts 165 Lighting design criteria 158 Lighting in wet conditions 159 Lighting panels 170 Lightning strikes 211 Lightning wave phenomena 213 Line and cable charging current 206 Line compensation 300 Line inductance and capacitance 199, 206 Line power transfers 456 Line reactors 301 Line reclosing 373 Line surge impedance 214 Lithium ion battery 185 Load break switches 91 Load factor 443 Load flow study 40 Load-frequency control 444 Load list 13, 51 Load scheduling and dispatch 442 Load shedding 374 Locked rotor torque 305 Lock out trip relays (86) 375 Low-bay lighting 159 Low rise/high rise building lightning protection 231 Lumen 162 Lux 162 LV motors, upto 200 kW 542, 557 LVRT, HVRT capability 628, 629 m Maintainability 476 Make before break principle 62 Managing wind variability 625 Marginal cost of energy 29 Maximum continuous over voltage (MCOV), Uc 227, 228Index 647 Mercury lamp 174 Metal-clad enclosure 60, 76 Metal halide lamp 174 Metering accuracy class 347 Metering PTs and CTs 347 M of N systems 486 Moment of inertia H 445 Motor 558 controls integration 388 enclosures 310 inrush current 311 service factor 315 starters 95, 103 starting criteria 316 starting on VFD 315 start voltage drop 40, 64, 258, 316 surge protection 230, 300, 548 Motor control centers (MCC) 84, 94–104, 560 MTTF, MTTR 478 Multi-function relays (MFR) 351 Multi-junction PV solar cells 571 Multy ratio CTs 350 MV controllers 59, 84–88 MV motors >200 kW 545, 558 n NACE Air quality 529 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Class E2 59, 85 guidelines for electrical rooms 112 guidelines for transformers 116 NEMA, IEC T frame sizes 307 premium motors 316 starter sizes 310 TEFC motors 310 TENV motors 310 torque A, B, C, D, E 306 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) class I and II materials 231 guidelines for electrical rooms 112 guidelines for transformers 116 Networking 393 DeviceNet 395 fieldbus 395 profibus 395 Neutral and ground fault protection 362 Ni-Cd battery 184 Nominal voltages 242 Non-linear loads 297, 335 Non-maintenance VRLA battery 184 Normal lighting 160 o O/C instantaneous value 364 Outdoor lighting 159, 167 Overhead vs. underground 66, 198 Overload relays 100 Overvoltages 210 p Parabolic mirror troughs 582 Parallel resonance 299 Parity 396 Pay back calculations 30 Peaking storage plants 593 Peak loading plants 443 Peer to peer 399 Permafrost in colder climates 108 Permanent magnet (PMG) 426, 430 Permissives 21 Personal protective equipment (PPE) 81 Per unit calculations 41 Phase sequence 243 Photovoltaic solar plants (PV) 571 Pick up setting 353 P&ID diagrams 34 Plant control architecture 394 Plant design conceptual, detailed 5, 6 Plant phasing diagram 533648 Index Polarization index (PI) 421 Pole foundation 194 Pole grounding 194 Polling (master/slave) 399 Portable hand extinguishers 507 Power agreement 38 Power cable selection 262, 277 Power distribution system 50 Power factor (PF) correction 288 leading/ lagging 286 penalties 285 Power loss calculation 203 Power system studies 6 Power tower 580 Power transformers 64, 531, 555 Pre-action sprinkler systems, wet, dry 502 Pre-commissioning 17 Primary injection 21 Programmable logic controller (PLC) 381 or DCS? 391 scan 384 Project development 3, 5 Protection elements 360 for generators 354 for motors 356 for transformers 354 Pull stations 499 Pulse width modulation, PWM 324 PV panel technology 569, 576 r Radial distribution 89 Raised floors 119 Rated wind speed 613 R class type fuses 60, 88 Reactive power requirements impact 626 Rebar grounding 149 Reduced voltage starter 314 Regenerative VFDs 332 Relay accuracy class 347 Relay coordination 359 Relay logic 380 Relay setting groups 366 Reliability 477, 483 criteria 37 run 23 Remote reference earth 142 Remote site grounding 154 Removal of H 2S gas 527 Residual (discharge) voltage 221 Resistance grounding 125, 262 Restricted earth fault REF 362 Right of way 194 Rigid and EMT conduits 278 Ring main 89 Road clearances 201 Road lighting 167 Room numbering 115 RS-232C, RS-422, RS-485 400 s Salt energy storage 591–594 SCADA transmission protocols 403 Schematic and wiring diagrams 14 Secondary injection 17 Self-reset relay (94) 375 Series and parallel systems 483 Shaft encoder 329 Shielded twisted pair STP 397 Shielding criteria, switchyard, line 217, 229 Short circuit ratio (SCR) 416 Short time withstand 78 Single contingency outage 37 Single or double incomers 43 Siting a wind farm 600 cold climate 633 desert 635 offshore 601 onshore 601 Soil conditions 139 Soil resistance measurements 140Index 649 Soil resistivity 525 Soil thermal resistivity 112 Solar resource 567 Source impedance 40 Spinning reserve 444 Standpipes 506 Star/delta transformers 130 Star/star transformers 130 Static exciter 427–429 Structure: tangent, dead end, angle 197 Sun trackers 574, 575 Supercharging vs turbocharging 465 Supply voltage 239 Switches and outlets 159, 171 Switchgear 57, 59, 75, 79, 562 Synchrocheck relay 357 Synchronizer relay 357 Synchronous condensers 292 Synchronous impedance 418 Synchronous motors 292, 315, 436 System grounding 122 t Tap setting 353 Time-current grading 371 Time dial setting 354 Time grading 369 Torque, constant or variable 329 Touch and step potential 144, 145 Transformer cooling 44, 46, 536 deluge system 496, 508 inrush current 362, 541 for lighting 168 neutrals grounding 65, 130 oil containment 118 phase shift 532 rectifiers 524 tap changers 38, 537 testing 539 winding configurations 46, 68, 532 Transmission duplex 397 simplex 397 Trip supervisory relay 376 Turbine cavitation 433 u Ungrounded systems 122 Uninterruptible power supply UPS 71, 188 Unit substations 61, 89–94, 563, 565 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) 397 Utility interconnection requirements 627 Utilization factor 52 Utilization voltage 239 v Vector design for low speed operation 328 Vector drive, sensorless 329 Ventilation, louvers, air dampers 507 Vesda fire protection 496, 504 VFD specification 548, 560 constant V/Hz ratio 326 critical cable length 334 starting torque 326 VI characteristics 222 Voltage drop calculations 202 Voltage–reactive power control 452 Voltage regulation 64 Voltage source Inverter (VSI) 325 w Water pumping stations 510 Web based HMI 402 Wind capacity factor CF 606 Wind energy captured 607 Wind energy distribution 607 Wind gusts 603 Wind power density 605 Wind rose 603650 Index Wind turbine blade pitch control 611 capital cost comparison 639 effect of rain 634 fixed speed 616 IEC design classification 610 sizes 620 tip speed ratio 605 tower 602 variable speed 616 Yaw control 612 Wind turbulence 608 World plugs and sockets 250 x Xd, Xd’, Xd” impedances 418 XLPE and EPR cables 256 z Zg grounding transformers ZnO arresters 219
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