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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Railway Technical - Railway Systems, Technologies and Operations Across the World الإثنين 20 يوليو 2020, 11:33 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Railway Technical Railway Systems, Technologies and Operations Across the World
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Design Details of Railways, Railroads and Metros .15 1.1. Introduction . 15 1.2. Deadman 15 1.3. Couplers . 15 1.4. Fully Automatic Couplers . 20 1.5. Doors 23 1.6. Air Conditioning . 25 1.7. Escalator Steps . 26 1.8 Escalator Locations 28 1.9. Suicide Pits . 28 ROLLING STOCK AND EQUIPMENTS 30 2.1. AUXILIARY SYSTEMS ON ROLLING STOCK 30 2.1.1. Introduction 30 2.1.2. On-Board Services . 30 2.1.3. Air Equipment . 31 2.1.4. The Compressor 31 2.1.5 The Pump . 31 2.1.6. Drives 32 2.1.7. Cooling 32 2.1.8. Drying 32 2.1.9. Control . 32 2.1.10. Synchronisation . 32 2.1.11. Storage 33 2.1.12. Distribution . 33 2.1.13. Angle Cocks . 34 2.1.14. Automatic Couplers . 34 2.1.15. Air Operated Equipment . 34 2.1.16. Traction Equipment . 35 2.1.17. Doors . 352 2.1.18. Air Suspension . 35 2.1.19. Driver's Brake Control . 35 2.1.20. Pantograph Compressor . 35 2.2. ELECTRICAL AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 37 2.2.1. Introduction 37 2.2.2. On-Board Services . 37 2.2.3. High Voltage and Low Voltage Systems 38 2.2.4. Converting HV to LV 38 2.2.5. Development . 38 2.2.6. Motor Generators . 39 2.2.7. Motor Alternators . 40 2.2.8. Electronic Auxiliaries . 41 2.2.9. Gaps 42 2.3. BOGIE PARTS & DESCRIPTION 44 2.3.1. Introduction 44 2.4. WHEELS AND BOGIES . 47 2.4.1. Introduction 47 2.4.2. The Wheel on the Rail . 47 2.4.3. Bogies (Trucks) 49 2.4.4. Steerable Bogies 49 2.5. VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS . 51 2.5.1. Introduction 51 2.5.2. Development . 51 2.5.3. Plate Frame Bogie Primary Suspension . 52 2.5.4. Plate Frame Bogie Secondary Suspension 53 2.5.5. Cast Steel Bogies . 54 2.5.6. Equaliser Bar Suspension 56 2.5.7. Rubber Suspension 57 2.5.8. Air Suspension . 58 2.6. PBL 90 ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEM . 603 2.6.1. Background . 60 2.6.2. Introduction 60 2.6.3. The Parts of the Brake Control Panel 60 2.6.4. Set-up 63 2.6.5. Set-up Complete . 63 2.6.6. Release 64 2.6.7. Running . 65 2.6.8. Application 66 2.6.9. Maintaining a Constant Brake . 67 2.6.10. Partial or Full Release 67 2.6.11. Electro-Pneumatic Assistance . 68 2.7. AIR BRAKES . 69 2.7.1 Introduction . 69 2.7.3. Operation on Each Vehicle 69 2.7.2. Basics . 69 2.7.3. The Principal Parts of the Air Brake System 70 2.7.4 Operation On Each Vehicle 74 2.8. ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BRAKES 80 2.8.1. Introduction 80 2.8.2. ECP Brakes - Background . 80 2.8.3. Power Sources . 81 2.8.4. Manufacturers Systems 81 2.8.5. Benefits . 82 2.8.6. Developments . 82 2.8.7. ECP Record 83 2.9. ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC BRAKES . 84 2.9.1. Introduction 84 2.9.2. Background . 84 2.9.3. Principles of the E-P Brake 84 2.9.4. A Simple E-P Brake System 854 2.9.5. E-P Application 86 2.9.6. Brake Cylinder Pressure 86 2.9.7. E-P Brake Release 87 2.9.8. E-P Control 87 2.9.9. E-P Variations 88 2.9.10. Self Lapping Brakes . 88 2.9.11. Retardation Controller 89 2.9.12. Variable Load Control 90 2.9.13. P-Wire Control . 91 2.9.14. PBL90 System 91 2.10. VACUUM BRAKES . 92 2.10.1. Introduction 92 2.10.2. Basics . 92 2.10.3. Principal Parts of the Vacuum Brake System 93 2.10.4.Operation on Each Vehicle . 96 2.10.5. Additional Features of the Vacuum Brake 98 2.10.6. Other Vacuum Operated Equipment 100 2.10.7. Vacuum Brakes on Steam Locomotives 100 2.10.8. Comment . 101 2.11. PASSENGER COACH PARTS . 102 2.12. ELECTRONIC POWER FOR TRAINS 103 2.12.1. Introduction 103 2.12.2. AC and DC Differences 103 2.12.3. AC Locomotives with DC Drives 104 2.12.4. The Diode 105 2.12.5. The Thyristor . 105 2.12.6. SEPEX . 106 2.12.7. DC Choppers 108 2.12.8. Dynamic Braking 109 2.12.9. The GTO Thyristor . 1095 2.12.10. AC Motors . 110 2.12.11. The Asynchronous Motor 110 2.12.12. AC Drive . 111 2.12.13. IGBT . 112 2.12.14. Permanent Magnet Motor 112 2.13. ELECTRIC TRACTION DRIVES . 113 2.13.1. Introduction 113 2.13.2. The DC Traction Motor: How it Drives the Axle 113 2.13.3. AC and DC Motors . 114 2.13.4. Nose Suspended Motor . 116 2.13.5. Quill Drive 117 2.13.6. Monomotor Bogie . 119 2.13.7. Linear Motor . 120 2.14. DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 122 2.14.1. The Diesel Locomotive 122 2.14.2. Parts of a Diesel-Electric Locomotive 123 2.14.3. Mechanical Transmission 128 2.14.4. Hydraulic Transmission . 129 2.14.5. Wheel Slip . 130 2.14.6. Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs) 130 2.14.7. The Diesel Engine 130 2.14.8. Diesel Engine Types . 131 2.14.9. Size Does Count . 132 2.14.10. To V or not to V . 132 2.14.11. Tractive Effort, Pull and Power . 133 2.14.12. Starting 133 2.14.13. Governor . 134 2.14.14. Fuel Injection . 135 2.14.15. Fuel Control . 135 2.14.16. Engine Control Development 1366 2.14.17. Power Control . 136 2.14.18. Cooling 137 2.14.19. Lubrication 138 2.14.20. Transmissions 138 2.14.21. Diesel-Electric Types . 139 2.15. ROLLING STOCK MANUFACTURING . 140 2.15.1. Introduction 140 2.15.2. The Process . 140 2.15.3. Timescales . 140 2.15.4. Design 141 2.15.5. Long Lead Ordering . 142 2.15.6. Jigs and Tools 142 2.15.7. Manufacturing Engineering . 145 2.15.8. Configuration Control 145 2.15.9. Production Control 146 2.15.10. Materials & Equipment Buying . 146 2.15.11. Parts Manufacture 147 2.15.12. Underframe . 148 2.15.13. Sides 152 2.15.14. Bodyshell Assembly . 152 2.15.15. Underframe Invert 159 2.15.16. Roof . 159 2.15.17. Ends . 160 2.15.18. Painting . 160 2.15.19. Transport . 162 2.15.20. Bogie Construction 162 2.15.21. Wheels and Axles 164 2.15.22. Bogie Assembly . 166 2.15.23. Wiring 167 2.15.24. Piping . 1677 2.15.25. Fitting Out . 168 2.15.26. Testing . 177 2.15.27. Commissioning 178 2.15.28. Delivery . 179 2.16. MULTIPLE UNIT OPERATION 183 2.16.1. Introduction 183 2.16.2. Origins . 183 2.16.3. The Relay . 184 2.16.4. The Contactor 185 2.16.5. Multiple Unit Control 186 2.16.6. Forward and Reverse 187 2.16.7. Modern Control Systems . 188 2.17. MULTI-DECK TRAINS . 189 2.17.1. Introduction 189 2.17.2. Background . 189 2.17.3. The UK Experiment 189 2.17.4. Europe . 189 2.17.5. North America . 191 2.17.6. Freight . 192 2.18. TRAIN MAINTENANCE 194 2.18.1. Introduction 194 2.18.2. Background . 194 2.18.3. Maintenance Facilities 194 2.18.4. Access 195 2.18.5. Cleaning and Stabling 195 2.18.6. Toilets 196 2.18.7. Train Washing Machines . 197 2.18.8. Wheel Lathe 198 2.18.9. Leaves on the Line . 201 2.18.10. Inspection Sheds . 2028 2.18.11. Shore Supplies . 203 2.18.12. Lifting . 207 2.18.13. Maintenance Workshops 211 2.18.14. Maintenance Programmes 212 2.18.15. Failures 213 2.18.16. Performance Measures . 214 2.18.17. The Development of Train Maintenance 215 2.19. WHEEL ARRANGEMENTS 217 2.19.1 Introduction . 217 2.19.2. Modern Diesel and Electric Locomotives 217 2.19.3. Older Designs 219 2.19.4. Steam Locomotives . 220 TRAIN OPERATIONS 221 3.1. Introduction . 221 3.2. Definitions 221 3.3. The Objective . 221 3.4. Locomotive Hauled Trains 222 3.5. Terminal Operations 222 3.6. Multiple Unit Operation . 223 3.7. Push-Pull Operation . 224 3.8. High Speed Multiple Units 225 3.9. Headway . 225 3.10. Terminals, Loops and Turnbacks 226 3.11. Train Service Planning 228 3.12. Round Trip Time . 229 3.13. Train Loading 230 3.14. Rolling Stock Calculations . 230 3.15. Rolling Stock Operation 231 3.16. Stock Balance . 231 3.17. Working Timetable . 2329 3.18. Timekeeping . 232 3.19. Recovery Time 233 3.20. Terminal Occupation 233 3.21. Stepping Back . 234 3.22. Double-Ending 234 3.23. Crew names 235 3.24. Crew Hours And Numbers 236 4. SIGNALLING PAGES INDEX 238 4.1. Introduction . 238 4.2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF UK SIGNALLING . 238 4.2.1. Introduction 238 4.2.2. Background . 238 4.2.3. Pioneer Signalling 238 4.2.4. The Time Interval System 239 4.2.5. Line Capacity . 239 4.2.6. Fixed Signalling 239 4.2.7. Distant Signals . 240 4.2.8. Interlocking . 240 4.2.9. Blocks 241 4.2.10. The Track Circuit 241 4.2.11. Track Circuit - Block Unoccupied . 242 4.2.12. Track Circuit - Block Occupied . 243 4.2.13. Multi-Aspect Signals 243 4.2.14. Four-Aspect Signalling . 244 4.2.15. A Safe Braking Distance . 245 4.2.16. The Overlap . 245 4.3. TRAIN PROTECTION IN THE UK . 247 4.3.1. Background . 247 4.3.2. AWS - Automatic Warning System 247 4.3.3. Enforcement 24910 4.3.4. TPWS . 249 4.3.5. What TPWS Does 251 4.3.6. What TPWS Does Not Do 251 4.3.7. ATP (Automatic Train Protection) or TPWS . 252 4.3.8. ERTMS . 252 4.3.9. Comment . 252 4.4. BRITISH SIGNALLING - WHAT THE DRIVER SEES . 254 4.4.1. Introduction 254 4.4.2. Semaphore Signals 254 4.4.3. Semaphore Signal Parts . 254 4.4.4. Types of Semaphore Signal . 255 4.4.5. Junction Signals . 257 4.4.6. Subsidiary Signals 258 4.4.7. Colour Light Signals . 259 4.4.8. 4-Aspect Operating Sequence . 260 4.4.9. Route Signalling . 260 4.4.10. Modern Shunt Signal . 262 4.4.11. Some Photos . 262 4.5. METRO SIGNALLING . 264 4.5.1. Introduction 264 4.5.2. The Overlap . 265 4.5.3. Track-Circuited Overlaps . 266 4.5.4. Absolute Block . 267 4.5.5. Automatic Train Protection . 268 4.5.6. ATP Speed Codes . 268 4.5.7. Operating with ATP . 269 4.5.8. Distance-to-Go 270 4.5.9. Speed Monitoring 271 4.5.10. Operation with Distance-to-Go . 271 4.6. ATP BEACONS AND MOVING BLOCK 27311 4.6.1. Introduction 273 4.6.2. ATP Code Transmission . 273 4.6.3. Beacon Transmission . 274 4.6.4. Operation With Beacons . 275 4.6.5. Intermittent Updates 276 4.6.6. Moving Block - The Theory 276 4.6.7. Moving Block and Radio Transmission 277 4.6.8. Moving Block - Location Updates 278 4.6.9. An Early Moving Block System 279 4.6.10. Moving Block - Why Do We Need It? 279 4.7. AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION 281 4.7.1. ATO 281 4.7.2. Metro Station Stops 281 4.7.3. Multi Home Signalling - Approach . 283 4.7.4. Multi Home Signalling - Run In 283 4.7.5. ATO/ATP Multi Home Signalling 284 4.7.6. ATO Docking and Starting . 284 4.8. AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL (ATC) 286 4.8.1. Introduction 286 4.8.2. Definition of ATC . 286 4.8.3. The ATC Package . 286 4.8.4. Moving Block . 288 4.9. ROUTE SIGNALLING 289 4.9.1. Junctions . 289 4.9.2. Route and Track Locking . 289 4.9.3. Signals at Junctions . 290 4.9.4. Interlocking . 291 4.9.5. Route Signalling - The Signalman's Display . 291 4.9.6. Route Set-up . 292 4.9.7. Train Movement Sequences . 29312 4.10. SINGLE LINE OPERATION 299 4.10.1. Introduction 299 4.10.2. One Engine In Steam . 299 4.10.3. Single Line Operation in the US . 299 4.10.4. The Timetable . 300 4.10.5. Train Speed Rules (US) 300 4.10.6. Train Spacing . 300 4.10.7. Train Orders 300 4.10.8. Track Warrants 301 4.10.9. Unsignalled Operations in the US . 302 4.10.10. Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) . 302 4.10.11. Single Line Operation (UK) 302 4.10.12. Staff and Ticket System . 303 4.10.13. Electric Token Block 303 4.10.14. Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB) . 304 4.11. US RAILROAD SIGNALLING . 306 4.11.1. Basic Differences (UK-US): 306 4.11.2. US Signal Layouts 308 4.11.3. Precedence 309 4.11.4. Train Orders and Track Warrants 309 4.11.5. Signalling Commands 309 4.11.6. Interlocking Signals . 310 4.11.7. Types of Signals . 312 4.11.8. The Imposition of ATS/ATC . 314 4.11.9. Types of ATS/ATC 314 5.RAILWAY STATION DESIGN 317 5.1. Introduction . 317 5.2. Background 317 5.3. Station and Crossing Safety 317 5.4. Platforms 31813 5.5. Platform Screens and Doors . 319 5.6. Entrances and Exits 321 5.7. Passenger Information . 323 5.8. Toilets . 325 5.9. Concessions 325 5.10. Station Design 326 5.11. Side Platform Station . 326 5.12. Island Platform Station . 327 5.13. Elevated Station with Side Platforms . 328 5.14. Elevated Station with Ticket Hall Below Platforms 328 5.15. Lifts and Escalators . 329 5.16. Examples of Good Station Design Features . 330 6. INFRASTRUCTURE 332 6.1. Introduction . 332 6.2. Background 332 6.3. Basic Construction 332 6.4. The Sub-Structure 333 6.5. Ballast . 334 6.6. Track . 334 6.7. Sleepers (Ties) 334 6.8. Rail 337 6.9. Rail Welding . 340 6.10. Gauge . 340 6.11. Modern Track Forms 341 6.12. Ballasted vs Non-Ballasted Track . 341 6.13. Structures . 342 6.14. Gauging 343 6.15. Monuments and Datum Plates 343 6.16. Curves . 343 6.17. Cant 34414 6.18. Turnouts . 344 6.19. Crossings 345 6.20. Types of Turnouts . 346 6.21. Examples of Turnouts . 347 7. GLOSSARY .351 7.1. TRAIN BRAKING GLOSSARY 351 7.2. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE GLOSSARY 376 7.2.1. Introduction 376 7.2.2. Electric Locomotive Parts 376 7.3. STEAM GLOSSARY 38
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