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| موضوع: كتاب Heat Transfer - A Practical Approach الجمعة 01 مايو 2020, 3:50 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Heat Transfer - A Practical Approach Second Edition Yunus a. Cengel
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface xviii Nomenclature xxvi Chapter O N E BASICS OF HEAT TRANSFER 1 1-1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2 Application Areas of Heat Transfer 3 Historical Background 3 1-2 Engineering Heat Transfer 4 Modeling in Heat Transfer 5 1-3 Heat and Other Forms of Energy 6 Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7 Energy Transfer 9 1-4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 11 Energy Balance for Closed Systems (Fixed Mass) 12 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 12 Surface Energy Balance 13 1-5 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 17 1-6 Conduction 17 Thermal Conductivity 19 Thermal Diffusivity 23 1-7 Convection 25 1-8 Radiation 27 1-9 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms 30 1-10 Problem-Solving Technique 35 A Remark on Significant Digits 37 Engineering Software Packages 38 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 39 Heat Transfer Tools (HTT) 39 Topic of Special Interest: Thermal Comfort 40 Summary 46 References and Suggested Reading 47 Problems 47 Chapter T W O HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 61 2-1 Introduction 62 Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer 63 Multidimensional Heat Transfer 64 Heat Generation 66 2-2 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation 68 Heat Conduction Equation in a Large Plane Wall 68 Heat Conduction Equation in a Long Cylinder 69 Heat Conduction Equation in a Sphere 71 Combined One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation 72 2-3 General Heat Conduction Equation 74 Rectangular Coordinates 74 Cylindrical Coordinates 75 Spherical Coordinates 76 2-4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 77 1 Specified Temperature Boundary Condition 78 2 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition 79 3 Convection Boundary Condition 81 4 Radiation Boundary Condition 82 5 Interface Boundary Conditions 83 6 Generalized Boundary Conditions 84 2-5 Solution of Steady One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems 86 2-6 Heat Generation in a Solid 97 2-7 Variable Thermal Conductivity, k(T) 104 Topic of Special Interest: A Brief Review of Differential Equations 107 Summary 111 References and Suggested Reading 112 Problems 113 Chapter T H R E E STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 127 3-1 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls 128 The Thermal Resistance Concept 129 C O N T E N T S viiCONTENTS viii Thermal Resistance Network 131 Multilayer Plane Walls 133 3-2 Thermal Contact Resistance 138 3-3 Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks 143 3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres 146 Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres 148 3-5 Critical Radius of Insulation 153 3-6 Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces 156 Fin Equation 157 Fin Efficiency 160 Fin Effectiveness 163 Proper Length of a Fin 165 3-7 Heat Transfer in Common Configurations 169 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Transfer Through Walls and Roofs 175 Summary 185 References and Suggested Reading 186 Problems 187 Chapter F O U R TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 209 4-1 Lumped System Analysis 210 Criteria for Lumped System Analysis 211 Some Remarks on Heat Transfer in Lumped Systems 213 4-2 Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects 216 4-3 Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solids 228 4-4 Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems 231 Topic of Special Interest: Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods 239 Summary 250 References and Suggested Reading 251 Problems 252 Chapter F I V E NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION 265 5-1 Why Numerical Methods? 266 1 Limitations 267 2 Better Modeling 267 3 Flexibility 268 4 Complications 268 5 Human Nature 268 5-2 Finite Difference Formulation of Differential Equations 269 5-3 One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction 272 Boundary Conditions 274 5-4 Two-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction 282 Boundary Nodes 283 Irregular Boundaries 287 5-5 Transient Heat Conduction 291 Transient Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall 293 Two-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction 304 Topic of Special Interest: Controlling Numerical Error 309 Summary 312 References and Suggested Reading 314 Problems 314 Chapter S I X FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION 333 6-1 Physical Mechanism on Convection 334 Nusselt Number 336 6-2 Classification of Fluid Flows 337 Viscous versus Inviscid Flow 337 Internal versus External Flow 337 Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 337 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 338 Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 338 Steady versus Unsteady (Transient) Flow 338 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 338 6-3 Velocity Boundary Layer 339 Surface Shear Stress 340 6-4 Thermal Boundary Layer 341 Prandtl Number 341 6-5 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 342 Reynolds Number 343 6-6 Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow 343 6-7 Derivation of Differential Convection Equations 345 Conservation of Mass Equation 345 Conservation of Momentum Equations 346 Conservation of Energy Equation 3486-8 Solutions of Convection Equations for a Flat Plate 352 The Energy Equation 354 6-9 Nondimensionalized Convection Equations and Similarity 356 6-10 Functional Forms of Friction and Convection Coefficients 357 6-11 Analogies between Momentum and Heat Transfer 358 Summary 361 References and Suggested Reading 362 Problems 362 Chapter S E V E N EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 367 7-1 Drag Force and Heat Transfer in External Flow 368 Friction and Pressure Drag 368 Heat Transfer 370 7-2 Parallel Flow over Flat Plates 371 Friction Coefficient 372 Heat Transfer Coefficient 373 Flat Plate with Unheated Starting Length 375 Uniform Heat Flux 375 7-3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres 380 Effect of Surface Roughness 382 Heat Transfer Coefficient 384 7-4 Flow across Tube Banks 389 Pressure Drop 392 Topic of Special Interest: Reducing Heat Transfer through Surfaces 395 Summary 406 References and Suggested Reading 407 Problems 408 Chapter E I G H T INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 419 8-1 Introduction 420 8-2 Mean Velocity and Mean Temperature 420 Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Tubes 422 8-3 The Entrance Region 423 Entry Lengths 425 8-4 General Thermal Analysis 426 Constant Surface Heat Flux (q·s constant) 427 Constant Surface Temperature (Ts constant) 428 8-5 Laminar Flow in Tubes 431 Pressure Drop 433 Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number 434 Constant Surface Heat Flux 435 Constant Surface Temperature 436 Laminar Flow in Noncircular Tubes 436 Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region 436 8-6 Turbulent Flow in Tubes 441 Rough Surfaces 442 Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region 443 Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes 443 Flow through Tube Annulus 444 Heat Transfer Enhancement 444 Summary 449 References and Suggested Reading 450 Problems 452 Chapter N I N E NATURAL CONVECTION 459 9-1 Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection 460 9-2 Equation of Motion and the Grashof Number 463 The Grashof Number 465 9-3 Natural Convection over Surfaces 466 Vertical Plates (Ts constant) 467 Vertical Plates (q·s constant) 467 Vertical Cylinders 467 Inclined Plates 467 Horizontal Plates 469 Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres 469 9-4 Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces and PCBs 473 Natural Convection Cooling of Finned Surfaces (Ts constant) 473 Natural Convection Cooling of Vertical PCBs (q·s constant) 474 Mass Flow Rate through the Space between Plates 475 9-5 Natural Convection inside Enclosures 477 Effective Thermal Conductivity 478 Horizontal Rectangular Enclosures 479 Inclined Rectangular Enclosures 479 Vertical Rectangular Enclosures 480 Concentric Cylinders 480 Concentric Spheres 481 Combined Natural Convection and Radiation 481 CONTENTS ixCONTENTS x 9-6 Combined Natural and Forced Convection 486 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Transfer through Windows 489 Summary 499 References and Suggested Reading 500 Problems 501 Chapter T E N BOILING AND CONDENSATION 515 10-1 Boiling Heat Transfer 516 10-2 Pool Boiling 518 Boiling Regimes and the Boiling Curve 518 Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling 522 Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Pool Boiling 526 10-3 Flow Boiling 530 10-4 Condensation Heat Transfer 532 10-5 Film Condensation 532 Flow Regimes 534 Heat Transfer Correlations for Film Condensation 535 10-6 Film Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 545 10-7 Dropwise Condensation 545 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Pipes 546 Summary 551 References and Suggested Reading 553 Problems 553 Chapter E L E V E N FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 561 11-1 Introduction 562 11-2 Thermal Radiation 563 11-3 Blackbody Radiation 565 11-4 Radiation Intensity 571 Solid Angle 572 Intensity of Emitted Radiation 573 Incident Radiation 574 Radiosity 575 Spectral Quantities 575 11-5 Radiative Properties 577 Emissivity 578 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity 582 Kirchhoff’s Law 584 The Greenhouse Effect 585 11-6 Atmospheric and Solar Radiation 586 Topic of Special Interest: Solar Heat Gain through Windows 590 Summary 597 References and Suggested Reading 599 Problems 599 Chapter T W E L V E RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 605 12-1 The View Factor 606 12-2 View Factor Relations 609 1 The Reciprocity Relation 610 2 The Summation Rule 613 3 The Superposition Rule 615 4 The Symmetry Rule 616 View Factors between Infinitely Long Surfaces: The Crossed-Strings Method 618 12-3 Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces 620 12-4 Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces 623 Radiosity 623 Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface 623 Net Radiation Heat Transfer between Any Two Surfaces 625 Methods of Solving Radiation Problems 626 Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures 627 Radiation Heat Transfer in Three-Surface Enclosures 629 12-5 Radiation Shields and the Radiation Effect 635 Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements 637 12-6 Radiation Exchange with Emitting and Absorbing Gases 639 Radiation Properties of a Participating Medium 640 Emissivity and Absorptivity of Gases and Gas Mixtures 642 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Transfer from the Human Body 649 Summary 653 References and Suggested Reading 655 Problems 655 Chapter T H I R T E E N HEAT EXCHANGERS 667 13-1 Types of Heat Exchangers 668 13-2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 671 Fouling Factor 674 13-3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers 67813-4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 680 Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers 682 Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: Use of a Correction Factor 683 13-5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method 690 13-6 Selection of Heat Exchangers 700 Heat Transfer Rate 700 Cost 700 Pumping Power 701 Size and Weight 701 Type 701 Materials 701 Other Considerations 702 Summary 703 References and Suggested Reading 704 Problems 705 Chapter F O U R T E E N MASS TRANSFER 717 14-1 Introduction 718 14-2 Analogy between Heat and Mass Transfer 719 Temperature 720 Conduction 720 Heat Generation 720 Convection 721 14-3 Mass Diffusion 721 1 Mass Basis 722 2 Mole Basis 722 Special Case: Ideal Gas Mixtures 723 Fick’s Law of Diffusion: Stationary Medium Consisting of Two Species 723 14-4 Boundary Conditions 727 14-5 Steady Mass Diffusion through a Wall 732 14-6 Water Vapor Migration in Buildings 736 14-7 Transient Mass Diffusion 740 14-8 Diffusion in a Moving Medium 743 Special Case: Gas Mixtures at Constant Pressure and Temperature 747 Diffusion of Vapor through a Stationary Gas: Stefan Flow 748 Equimolar Counterdiffusion 750 14-9 Mass Convection 754 Analogy between Friction, Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer Coefficients 758 Limitation on the Heat–Mass Convection Analogy 760 Mass Convection Relations 760 14-10 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer 763 Summary 769 References and Suggested Reading 771 Problems 772 Chapter F I F T E E N COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 785 15-1 Introduction and History 786 15-2 Manufacturing of Electronic Equipment 787 The Chip Carrier 787 Printed Circuit Boards 789 The Enclosure 791 15-3 Cooling Load of Electronic Equipment 793 15-4 Thermal Environment 794 15-5 Electronics Cooling in Different Applications 795 15-6 Conduction Cooling 797 Conduction in Chip Carriers 798 Conduction in Printed Circuit Boards 803 Heat Frames 805 The Thermal Conduction Module (TCM) 810 15-7 Air Cooling: Natural Convection and Radiation 812 15-8 Air Cooling: Forced Convection 820 Fan Selection 823 Cooling Personal Computers 826 15-9 Liquid Cooling 833 15-10 Immersion Cooling 836 Summary 841 References and Suggested Reading 842 Problems 842 A P P E N D I X 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 855 Table A-1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties 856 Table A-2 Boiling- and Freezing-Point Properties 857 Table A-3 Properties of Solid Metals 858 Table A-4 Properties of Solid Nonmetals 861 Table A-5 Properties of Building Materials 862 CONTENTS xiCONTENTS xii Table A-6 Properties of Insulating Materials 864 Table A-7 Properties of Common Foods 865 Table A-8 Properties of Miscellaneous Materials 867 Table A-9 Properties of Saturated Water 868 Table A-10 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant-134a 869 Table A-11 Properties of Saturated Ammonia 870 Table A-12 Properties of Saturated Propane 871 Table A-13 Properties of Liquids 872 Table A-14 Properties of Liquid Metals 873 Table A-15 Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure 874 Table A-16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm Pressure 875 Table A-17 Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude 877 Table A-18 Emissivities of Surfaces 878 Table A-19 Solar Radiative Properties of Materials 880 Figure A-20 The Moody Chart for the Friction Factor for Fully Developed Flow in Circular Tubes 881 A P P E N D I X 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 883 Table A-1E Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties 884 Table A-2E Boiling- and Freezing-Point Properties 885 Table A-3E Properties of Solid Metals 886 Table A-4E Properties of Solid Nonmetals 889 Table A-5E Properties of Building Materials 890 Table A-6E Properties of Insulating Materials 892 Table A-7E Properties of Common Foods 893 Table A-8E Properties of Miscellaneous Materials 895 Table A-9E Properties of Saturated Water 896 Table A-10E Properties of Saturated Refrigerant-134a 897 Table A-11E Properties of Saturated Ammonia 898 Table A-12E Properties of Saturated Propane 899 Table A-13E Properties of Liquids 900 Table A-14E Properties of Liquid Metals 901 Table A-15E Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure 902 Table A-16E Properties of Gases at 1 atm Pressure 903 Table A-17E Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude 905 A P P E N D I X 3 INTRODUCTION TO EES 907 INDEX 921Chapter O N E BASICS OF HEAT TRANSFER 1 Example 1-1 Heating of a Copper Ball 10 Example 1-2 Heating of Water in an Electric Teapot 14 Example 1-3 Heat Loss from Heating Ducts in a Basement 15 Example 1-4 Electric Heating of a House at High Elevation 16 Example 1-5 The Cost of Heat Loss through a Roof 19 Example 1-6 Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of a Material 23 Example 1-7 Conversion between SI and English Units 24 Example 1-8 Measuring Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient 26 Example 1-9 Radiation Effect on Thermal Comfort 29 Example 1-10 Heat Loss from a Person 31 Example 1-11 Heat Transfer between Two Isothermal Plates 32 Example 1-12 Heat Transfer in Conventional and Microwave Ovens 33 Example 1-13 Heating of a Plate by Solar Energy 34 Example 1-14 Solving a System of Equations with EES 39 Chapter T W O HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 61 Example 2-1 Heat Gain by a Refrigerator 67 Example 2-2 Heat Generation in a Hair Dryer 67 Example 2-3 Heat Conduction through the Bottom of a Pan 72 Example 2-4 Heat Conduction in a Resistance Heater 72 Example 2-5 Cooling of a Hot Metal Ball in Air 73 Example 2-6 Heat Conduction in a Short Cylinder 76 Example 2-7 Heat Flux Boundary Condition 80 Example 2-8 Convection and Insulation Boundary Conditions 82 Example 2-9 Combined Convection and Radiation Condition 84 Example 2-10 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Heat Flux 85 Example 2-11 Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall 86 Example 2-12 A Wall with Various Sets of Boundary Conditions 88 Example 2-13 Heat Conduction in the Base Plate of an Iron 90 Example 2-14 Heat Conduction in a Solar Heated Wall 92 Example 2-15 Heat Loss through a Steam Pipe 94 Example 2-16 Heat Conduction through a Spherical Shell 96 Example 2-17 Centerline Temperature of a Resistance Heater 100 Example 2-18 Variation of Temperature in a Resistance Heater 100 Example 2-19 Heat Conduction in a Two-Layer Medium 102 T A B L E O F E X A M P L E S xiiiCONTENTS xiv Example 2-20 Variation of Temperature in a Wall with k(T) 105 Example 2-21 Heat Conduction through a Wall with k(T) 106 Chapter T H R E E STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 127 Example 3-1 Heat Loss through a Wall 134 Example 3-2 Heat Loss through a Single-Pane Window 135 Example 3-3 Heat Loss through Double-Pane Windows 136 Example 3-4 Equivalent Thickness for Contact Resistance 140 Example 3-5 Contact Resistance of Transistors 141 Example 3-6 Heat Loss through a Composite Wall 144 Example 3-7 Heat Transfer to a Spherical Container 149 Example 3-8 Heat Loss through an Insulated Steam Pipe 151 Example 3-9 Heat Loss from an Insulated Electric Wire 154 Example 3-10 Maximum Power Dissipation of a Transistor 166 Example 3-11 Selecting a Heat Sink for a Transistor 167 Example 3-12 Effect of Fins on Heat Transfer from Steam Pipes 168 Example 3-13 Heat Loss from Buried Steam Pipes 170 Example 3-14 Heat Transfer between Hot and Cold Water Pipes 173 Example 3-15 Cost of Heat Loss through Walls in Winter 174 Example 3-16 The R-Value of a Wood Frame Wall 179 Example 3-17 The R-Value of a Wall with Rigid Foam 180 Example 3-18 The R-Value of a Masonry Wall 181 Example 3-19 The R-Value of a Pitched Roof 182 Chapter F O U R TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 209 Example 4-1 Temperature Measurement by Thermocouples 214 Example 4-2 Predicting the Time of Death 215 Example 4-3 Boiling Eggs 224 Example 4-4 Heating of Large Brass Plates in an Oven 225 Example 4-5 Cooling of a Long Stainless Steel Cylindrical Shaft 226 Example 4-6 Minimum Burial Depth of Water Pipes to Avoid Freezing 230 Example 4-7 Cooling of a Short Brass Cylinder 234 Example 4-8 Heat Transfer from a Short Cylinder 235 Example 4-9 Cooling of a Long Cylinder by Water 236 Example 4-10 Refrigerating Steaks while Avoiding Frostbite 238 Example 4-11 Chilling of Beef Carcasses in a Meat Plant 248 Chapter F I V E NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION 265 Example 5-1 Steady Heat Conduction in a Large Uranium Plate 277 Example 5-2 Heat Transfer from Triangular Fins 279 Example 5-3 Steady Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction in L-Bars 284 Example 5-4 Heat Loss through Chimneys 287 Example 5-5 Transient Heat Conduction in a Large Uranium Plate 296 Example 5-6 Solar Energy Storage in Trombe Walls 300 Example 5-7 Transient Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction in L-Bars 305Chapter S I X FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION 333 Example 6-1 Temperature Rise of Oil in a Journal Bearing 350 Example 6-2 Finding Convection Coefficient from Drag Measurement 360 Chapter S E V E N EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 367 Example 7-1 Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate 376 Example 7-2 Cooling of a Hot Block by Forced Air at High Elevation 377 Example 7-3 Cooling of Plastic Sheets by Forced Air 378 Example 7-4 Drag Force Acting on a Pipe in a River 383 Example 7-5 Heat Loss from a Steam Pipe in Windy Air 386 Example 7-6 Cooling of a Steel Ball by Forced Air 387 Example 7-7 Preheating Air by Geothermal Water in a Tube Bank 393 Example 7-8 Effect of Insulation on Surface Temperature 402 Example 7-9 Optimum Thickness of Insulation 403 Chapter E I G H T INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 419 Example 8-1 Heating of Water in a Tube by Steam 430 Example 8-2 Pressure Drop in a Pipe 438 Example 8-3 Flow of Oil in a Pipeline through a Lake 439 Example 8-4 Pressure Drop in a Water Pipe 445 Example 8-5 Heating of Water by Resistance Heaters in a Tube 446 Example 8-6 Heat Loss from the Ducts of a Heating System 448 Chapter N I N E NATURAL CONVECTION 459 Example 9-1 Heat Loss from Hot Water Pipes 470 Example 9-2 Cooling of a Plate in Different Orientations 471 Example 9-3 Optimum Fin Spacing of a Heat Sink 476 Example 9-4 Heat Loss through a Double-Pane Window 482 Example 9-5 Heat Transfer through a Spherical Enclosure 483 Example 9-6 Heating Water in a Tube by Solar Energy 484 Example 9-7 U-Factor for Center-of-Glass Section of Windows 496 Example 9-8 Heat Loss through Aluminum Framed Windows 497 Example 9-9 U-Factor of a Double-Door Window 498 Chapter T E N BOILING AND CONDENSATION 515 Example 10-1 Nucleate Boiling Water in a Pan 526 Example 10-2 Peak Heat Flux in Nucleate Boiling 528 Example 10-3 Film Boiling of Water on a Heating Element 529 Example 10-4 Condensation of Steam on a Vertical Plate 541 Example 10-5 Condensation of Steam on a Tilted Plate 542 Example 10-6 Condensation of Steam on Horizontal Tubes 543 Example 10-7 Condensation of Steam on Horizontal Tube Banks 544 Example 10-8 Replacing a Heat Pipe by a Copper Rod 550 Chapter E L E V E N FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 561 Example 11-1 Radiation Emission from a Black Ball 568 Example 11-2 Emission of Radiation from a Lightbulb 571 Example 11-3 Radiation Incident on a Small Surface 576 Example 11-4 Emissivity of a Surface and Emissive Power 581 Example 11-5 Selective Absorber and Reflective Surfaces 589 Example 11-6 Installing Reflective Films on Windows 596 Chapter T W E L V E RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 605 Example 12-1 View Factors Associated with Two Concentric Spheres 614 Example 12-2 Fraction of Radiation Leaving through an Opening 615 Example 12-3 View Factors Associated with a Tetragon 617 Example 12-4 View Factors Associated with a Triangular Duct 617 Example 12-5 The Crossed-Strings Method for View Factors 619 Example 12-6 Radiation Heat Transfer in a Black Furnace 621 Example 12-7 Radiation Heat Transfer between Parallel Plates 627 Example 12-8 Radiation Heat Transfer in a Cylindrical Furnace 630 Example 12-9 Radiation Heat Transfer in a Triangular Furnace 631 Example 12-10 Heat Transfer through a Tubular Solar Collector 632 Example 12-11 Radiation Shields 638 Example 12-12 Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements 639 Example 12-13 Effective Emissivity of Combustion Gases 646 Example 12-14 Radiation Heat Transfer in a Cylindrical Furnace 647 Example 12-15 Effect of Clothing on Thermal Comfort 652 Chapter T H I R T E E N HEAT EXCHANGERS 667 Example 13-1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Heat Exchanger 675 Example 13-2 Effect of Fouling on the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 677 Example 13-3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser 685 Example 13-4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger 686 Example 13-5 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger 687 Example 13-6 Cooling of an Automotive Radiator 688 Example 13-7 Upper Limit for Heat Transfer in a Heat Exchanger 691 Example 13-8 Using the Effectiveness– NTU Method 697 Example 13-9 Cooling Hot Oil by Water in a Multipass Heat Exchanger 698 Example 13-10 Installing a Heat Exchanger to Save Energy and Money 702 Chapter F O U R T E E N MASS TRANSFER 717 Example 14-1 Determining Mass Fractions from Mole Fractions 727 Example 14-2 Mole Fraction of Water Vapor at the Surface of a Lake 728 Example 14-3 Mole Fraction of Dissolved Air in Water 730 Example 14-4 Diffusion of Hydrogen Gas into a Nickel Plate 732Example 14-5 Diffusion of Hydrogen through a Spherical Container 735 Example 14-6 Condensation and Freezing of Moisture in the Walls 738 Example 14-7 Hardening of Steel by the Diffusion of Carbon 742 Example 14-8 Venting of Helium in the Atmosphere by Diffusion 751 Example 14-9 Measuring Diffusion Coefficient by the Stefan Tube 752 Example 14-10 Mass Convection inside a Circular Pipe 761 Example 14-11 Analogy between Heat and Mass Transfer 762 Example 14-12 Evaporative Cooling of a Canned Drink 765 Example 14-13 Heat Loss from Uncovered Hot Water Baths 766 Chapter F I F T E E N COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 785 Example 15-1 Predicting the Junction Temperature of a Transistor 788 Example 15-2 Determining the Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance 789 Example 15-3 Analysis of Heat Conduction in a Chip 799 Example 15-4 Predicting the Junction Temperature of a Device 802 Example 15-5 Heat Conduction along a PCB with Copper Cladding 804 Example 15-6 Thermal Resistance of an Epoxy Glass Board 805 Example 15-7 Planting Cylindrical Copper Fillings in an Epoxy Board 806 Example 15-8 Conduction Cooling of PCBs by a Heat Frame 807 Example 15-9 Cooling of Chips by the Thermal Conduction Module 812 Example 15-10 Cooling of a Sealed Electronic Box 816 Example 15-11 Cooling of a Component by Natural Convection 817 Example 15-12 Cooling of a PCB in a Box by Natural Convection 818 Example 15-13 Forced-Air Cooling of a Hollow-Core PCB 826 Example 15-14 Forced-Air Cooling of a Transistor Mounted on a PCB 828 Example 15-15 Choosing a Fan to Cool a Computer 830 Example 15-16 Cooling of a Computer by a Fan 831 Example 15-17 Cooling of Power Transistors on a Cold Plate by Water 835 Example 15-18 Immersion Cooling of a Logic Chip 840 Example 15-19 Cooling of a Chip by Boiling 840
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