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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Microcellular Injection Molding Jingyi Xu Engel Machinery York, Pennsylvania Contents Foreword by Lih-sheng (Tom) Turng Vii
![كتاب Microcellular Injection Molding M_i_m_16](https://i.servimg.com/u/f61/15/36/74/14/m_i_m_16.jpg) و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface Ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Basics of Microcellular Injection Molding 12 3 Morphology of Microcellular Materials 62 4 Materials for Microcellular Injection Molding 98 5 Design of Microcellular Injection Molding 165 6 Process for Microcellular Injection Molding 227 7 Equipment and Machines for Microcellular Injection Molding 314 8 Special Processes 399 9 Modeling of Microcellular Injection Molding 458 10 Postprocessing and Property Test of Microcellular Injection Molding 506vi Contents 11 Markets and Applications of Microcellular Injection Molding 525 12 Cost Savings for Microcellular Injection Molding 552 Nomenclature 578 Appendix a (Chapter 7) 585 Appendix B (Chapter 7) 587 Appendix C (Chapter 5) 589 Appendix D (Chapter 5) 591 Appendix E (Chapter 5) 593 Appendix F (Chapter 6) 595 Appendix G (Chapter 9) 597 Appendix H (Glossary) 600 Index Index A Adaptive Pressure Control 343, 379 Accumulator 361, 365, 372, 373–377, 380 Acetal (Pom) 7, 74, 115, 116, 139, 169, 170, 172, 188, 196, 207, 297, 299, 407–408, 537, 555 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (Abs) 5, 7, 34, 67, 68, 71, 72, 78, 81, 82, 144, 148, 149, 157, 158, 161, 169, 175, 182, 184, 186, 187, 189, 196, 206, 207, 232, 233, 253–257, 260, 266, 270–272, 279–281, 289, 293, 294, 297–299, 320, 407–409, 413, 446, 455, 509, 518–520, 544, 554, 555 Adiabatic 347 Air Cool 309, 310, 346, 520 Cylinder 387 Flow 533 Pressure 387, 453 Alloy 101, 102, 143, 144, 149, 151, 152, 156, 192, 193, 201, 224 Aluminum 131, 138, 156, 192, 207, 541 Amorphous Material 2, 34, 63, 66–68, 78, 80, 96, 99, 104, 105, 117, 120–123, 125, 149, 175, 176, 186, 190, 209, 254, 257, 272, 279, 285, 288, 295, 296, 439, 458, 470, 518 Apparent Viscosity 470 Argon (Ar) 16, 17, 27, 32, 47, 48, 63, 94, 95 Aromatic Polyamide Fi Ber (Aramid Fiber) 137 Arrhenius 23, 37, 108, 472, 497 B Back Pressure 35, 58, 68, 93, 111, 112, 123, 146, 149–151,157, 228, 230, 231, 240, 241, 243, 249, 252, 254, 255, 257, 259–263, 265–267, 270, 277, 279, 285, 295, 296, 300–302, 320, 327, 329, 332, 339, 342–344, 361, 362, 369–373, 375, 382, 390–392, 439, 447, 495, 564, 574 Ball Valve 328, 344, 345, 350, 351, 356, 382, 383 Barrel Modification 553 Temperature 35, 111, 112, 123, 124, 146, 147, 150–152, 249, 261 Pressure 348, 380 Barrier Properties 414 Microcellular Injection Molding, Edited by Jingyi Xu Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.608 Index Barrier Screw 329 Batch Process 1, 5, 33, 39, 40, 42, 45, 58, 59, 63–66, 73, 79, 81, 98, 99, 106– 108, 114, 119, 121, 125, 128, 142, 159, 161, 219, 232, 269, 274, 447, 448 Beryllium Copper Alloy 193, 201 Blend 3, 59, 66, 68, 71, 101, 107, 118, 143–145, 147–149, 151–154, 156, 161, 167, 184, 189, 198, 320, 338, 359, 404, 407–409, 434, 441–442, 449, 451, 538 Blister 205, 298, 300, 301, 304, 308, 327–333, 342, 344, 345, 382 Blow Molding 10, 310, 311, 525, 529, 547, 548, 570 Blowing Agent 4, 15, 16–18, 24, 25, 31, 33, 48, 63, 66, 67, 76, 79, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 107,108, 119, 121, 125, 128, 131, 136, 139, 140, 149, 152, 159, 160, 227, 228, 237, 253, 254, 257, 259, 270, 279, 298, 314–317, 329, 380, 385–388, 391, 395, 399, 421–423, 434, 439–447, 449, 452, 459, 490, 507, 508, 524, 529, 538, 539, 543–545, 553, 555, 556, 571, 572 Blowout 168, 300, 301 Boltzmann Constant 37, 268, 335 Bosses 167, 171, 193, 197, 198, 411, 444, 544 Bottle 70, 113, 158, 310, 361, 365, 372–377, 441, 529, 538, 547, 548, 565, 570, 576 Brittle 104, 115, 116, 121, 128, 131, 143, 157, 161, 179, 214, 221, 260, 445 Bubble (See Also Cell) 12–14, 31, 39, 41–44, 46, 54–57, 77, 81, 153, 155, 159–161, 194, 195, 206, 207, 222–224, 247–250, 259, 268, 269, 282, 287–293, 295, 317, 322, 324, 334, 336, 337, 364, 421, 422, 428, 436, 441, 442, 447, 450, 473–479, 482, 483, 488, 490, 491, 493–495, 519, 556, 557, 566 Buckling 1, 64 Butane 93, 160, 446 Bypass Valve 379, 391 C Calcium Carbonate 28, 29, 129, 520 Carbon Dioxide 4, 15–17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 36, 63, 108, 139, 155, 233, 238, 240, 316, 385, 386, 392, 394, 395, 439, 440, 447, 450, 454, 458, 459, 470–472, 500, 507, 525, 530, 545, 556 Carbon Fi Ber 73–76, 90, 91, 137, 139, 185 Cavity Pressure 107, 111, 122, 123, 146, 150, 151, 186, 198, 204, 224, 254, 272, 357, 454, 472, 481, 526, 528, 535, 536, 557, 559 Temperature 485 Cell (Also See Bubble) 1, 15, 18, 43, 44, 100, 222, 223, 300, 319, 322, 384, 427, 441, 444, 451, 453, 475, 520, 521, 526, 563, 567, 571 Coalescence 108, 159, 259, 273 Density 2, 4, 5, 31, 33, 40, 47, 48, 50–52, 54, 62, 65, 70, 77, 80, 83–85, 88–90, 108, 112, 118, 121, 130–132, 134,142, 143, 154, 159, 177, 180, 188, 189, 213, 215, 219, 221, 268, 272– 274, 287, 302, 363, 416, 420, 428, 446–449, 477, 479, 483, 540, 569 Distribution 5, 53, 59, 62, 63, 68, 70–73, 78–80, 82–84, 96, 114, 165, 176, 209, 259, 262, 263, 266, 267, 324, 437, 493, 531, 538 Expansion 75, 120, 167, 200, 205, 286, 301, 304, 411, 481, 486, 488, 538, 554, 565, 568, 569 Growth 12, 13, 28, 31, 41, 53–55, 57, 59, 70, 71, 90, 92, 105, 107, 108, 120, 121, 129, 131, 134, 145, 154, 155, 159, 160, 166, 170, 204, 206, 208, 214, 227, 228, 259, 267, 269, 277, 278, 284, 286, 292, 303, 304, 306– 309, 311, 362, 363, 367, 404, 423, 433, 458, 459, 473, 474, 480, 481, 483, 484, 494, 495, 501, 502, 527, 528, 550, 555, 556, 564–566 Morphology 67, 73, 76, 140, 175, 209, 221 Nucleation 14, 31, 41, 47–54, 75, 77, 107, 108, 129, 132, 278, 363, 428, 447, 508 Pressure 359, 526 Shape 72, 79, 80, 82, 83, 120, 142, 153, 175, 176, 288, 290, 428, 530 Size 4, 6, 8, 33, 34, 36, 48, 57–59, 67–71, 74, 77–79, 82–90, 93–96, 107,index 609 109, 113, 114, 120, 122, 129, 132, 134, 137, 139–142, 149, 153, 154, 159, 165, 167, 175–180, 188, 189, 195, 209, 211, 214, 215, 219–221, 253, 255–257, 262, 263, 268, 269, 274, 277–279, 287–292, 295, 296, 305, 311, 324, 363, 406, 415, 416, 420, 423, 424, 428, 437, 447, 454, 455, 458, 459, 472, 481, 483, 490, 491, 493, 494, 501, 516–519, 526, 531, 532, 539–543, 548, 568, 569 Structure 24, 34, 35, 59, 62–72, 78–81, 83–89, 92, 93, 96, 104–107, 112–116, 118–120, 125, 128, 130, 132, 134, 138–149, 151, 153, 154, 158–161, 165, 167, 173, 174, 176–181, 183–186, 190, 198, 203–206, 214–218, 233, 238, 252–256, 259, 262–264, 267–282, 288, 293–297, 301, 302, 311, 324, 361, 364, 390, 399, 406, 414–416, 422, 423, 428, 434, 435, 437, 438, 445, 446, 449, 454, 472, 479, 481, 483, 485, 489, 508, 509, 511, 514–519, 522, 526, 530, 538, 542, 543, 547, 564, 568, 570 Viscosity 477 Volume 62, 508 Ceramic Coating 194 Powder 546 Clamp Tonnage Reduction 7, 114, 117, 357, 369, 438, 454, 531, 544–546, 559, 562, 573, 575 Check Valve 251, 308, 327, 328, 330, 340–342, 344–346, 348, 353–356, 371–373, 375–377, 383, 384, 387, 388, 390, 394, 411, 426, 553 Chemical Blowing Agent (Cba) 24, 66, 99, 116, 136, 228, 380, 385, 399, 434, 439–446, 507, 538, 543, 553, 556, 571, 572 Chiller 206, 207, 386, 387, 396 Clarity 113, 125, 149, 319 Class a Surface 224, 296, 519, 549 Clay 54, 59, 76, 77, 128, 129, 130, 139, 140, 143 Coining 357, 359, 360, 399, 421, 432–435, 537, 538 Cold Runner 198, 207 Cold Sprue 168, 183, 198–200, 274, 286, 304, 322, 478, 565 Colorant 511, 533, 556 Color Concentrate 413, 529, 543, 556 Composite 63, 98, 99, 129, 130, 136, 142, 190, 507, 556 Compound 28, 30, 71–74, 90, 99, 117, 118, 120, 128, 129, 137, 138, 140, 143, 152, 153, 537, 546, 553, 556 Compression Ratio of Screw 260 Control System 315, 316, 348, 369, 370, 377, 383, 390, 395, 425, 429, 435, 530, 553, 564 Conventional Foam 4–9, 54, 165, 188, 209, 286, 287, 349, 540, 546, 568, 569 Copolymer 27, 38, 101, 107–109, 114–116, 118, 130, 136, 148, 152, 156, 186, 297, 433, 540, 542 Copper 156, 193, 201, 206, 207, 563 Core Material 175, 177, 210–212, 214, 400–406, 409–420, 431, 432 Temperature 485 Viscosity 401 Cost Analysis 11, 165, 552, 553, 558, 572 Reduction 72, 98, 107, 137, 153, 224, 410, 437, 528, 532, 534, 535, 549, 552–554, 556, 559, 560, 563, 567, 569, 571, 576 Coupling Agent 136, 138, 140, 160 Creep Resistance 106, 115, 122, 185 Critical Pressure 2, 15, 16, 24, 132, 240, 272, 279, 354 Critical Temperature 2, 15, 16, 23, 240, 475, 500 Crystalline 2, 34, 36, 38, 63, 68, 96, 99, 103–106, 108, 110, 115–117, 119, 120, 130, 137, 144, 172, 175, 186, 209, 210, 221, 224, 250, 257, 267, 284, 285, 288, 293, 296, 297, 437, 439, 440 Crystallization 34, 59, 68, 77, 104–107, 110, 113, 116, 122, 134, 137, 157–159, 161, 195, 224, 259, 284, 285, 293, 296, 297, 437, 459 Cycle Time Reduction 6, 8, 34, 35, 79, 93, 98, 107, 114–119, 238, 253, 295, 307, 367, 369, 396, 438, 454, 529–531, 533–537, 552, 555, 558, 562, 564–567, 571,575, 576610 Index D Deflection 127, 144, 172, 198, 358, 359 Deformation 13, 49, 63, 64, 83, 84, 144, 161, 190, 213, 249, 288–291, 338, 339, 359, 424, 496, 528 Delivery Pressure 332, 342–344, 379, 380, 391, 392 Degassing 304, 521 Design 9, 10, 13, 48, 53, 109, 110, 124, 147, 155, 156, 159, 216, 228, 231, 245, 246, 260, 307, 311, 314, 320, 323, 328, 348, 360, 369, 379–381, 388, 390–396, 415, 454, 509, 510, 532 Density Distribution 79, 175, 185, 209, 281, 364 Reduction 76–80, 84, 90, 154, 213, 422, 443, 447, 512, 515, 516, 518 Dewar 24, 385 Dielectric 189 Dimensional Stability 110, 117, 131, 137, 139, 167, 187, 198, 225, 412, 420, 458, 526–529, 534, 535, 539, 552, 567 Dimple 300, 301 Dispersive Mixing 245, 246, 338, 339, 341 Distributive Mixing 245–247, 338, 340 Doe 285, 286 Dolphin Skin Technology 434, 435, 537, 565 Draft Angle 169–171, 173, 199, 200, 208 Drag Fl Ow 231, 240, 242, 243, 247, 248, 257, 259, 336, 337, 345 Drool 318 Dynamic Mixer 315, 338, 394, 395 E E-glass 137, 138 Ejector Force 208 Pin 192, 197, 198, 208, 451, 452 Speed 208 Elastic Modulus 77, 112, 124, 140, 147, 150, 185, 211 Elastomer 118, 129, 144, 148, 299, 547, 555 Elephant Surface 302 Elongation 13, 59, 87, 88, 117, 143, 161, 174, 177–181, 185, 291, 338, 339, 428 Endothermic 136, 440–445, 452 Energy Absorption 67, 89, 184 Consumption 274, 368, 412, 573–575 Saving 7, 204, 242, 274, 360, 368, 369, 528, 559–562, 572–575 Environment 16, 24, 25, 41, 103, 106, 110, 119, 127, 128, 135, 144, 165, 166, 191, 224, 244, 316, 318, 385, 386, 437, 439, 443, 446, 521, 529, 530, 547, 555, 570 Epdm 534 Equipment Design 34, 80, 119, 165, 242, 315, 386, 419 Ergocell 3, 4, 394–396 Eva 152, 153, 407, 408 Exothermic 136, 440, 443, 444 Extrusion 2, 10, 31, 48, 55, 98, 99, 101, 158, 159, 234, 237, 308–311, 326, 384, 403, 448, 525, Extruder 17, 40, 99, 130, 161, 305, 309, 314, 381–384, 410, 411, 446, 479 F Fabric 136, 431, 528, 535, 540 Fan Gate 81, 164, 290 Fatigue Endurance 115 Resistance 106, 161, 428, 212 Fda 556 Fiber Distribution 91, 283, 439 Glass 5, 8, 31, 33–35, 70, 73, 76, 84, 88, 96, 174, 178–180. 184–187, 195, 209–222, 240, 253, 274, 403, 431, 478, 490, 491, 499, 554, 526, 529, 535, 538, 539, 543, 544 Orientation 8, 90, 91, 92, 185, 186, 282, 445, 529, 533, 544 Reinforced Material 74, 190, 192, 209–220, 344, 345, 406, 413, 434, 435, 437, 491, 554, 523, 535, 538, 543, 547, 549, 554 Filament 135, 137, 138 Filler 25, 28, 29–35, 49, 52, 54, 57, 67, 73, 77, 96, 105, 105, 109, 119, 120, 127, 128–136, 138–142, 160, 192, 204, 210–214, 216, 252, 253, 274, 344,index 611 363, 406, 413, 439, 452, 499, 502, 509, 520, 528, 542, 549, 554 Fim 393, 434 Flammability 99, 111, 123, 147, 150, 151, 152, 189, 523 Flat 62, 83, 106, 188, 194, 197, 436, 470, 537, 542 Flexibility 118, 126, 152, 350, 511, 534, 538, 547 Flexural Modulus 90, 109, 124, 147, 151, 174, 177, 180–185, 212, 213, 224, 428, 437 Strength 68, 87–89, 117, 131, 140, 176– 185, 209, 213, 216, 218, 220, 221 Flow Balance 205 Direction 63, 80–84, 91, 112, 141, 145, 179, 187, 198, 282, 283, 289, 291, 426, 427, 449 Front 195–197, 204, 205, 223, 273, 282, 284, 287, 288, 290–293, 295, 319, 364, 366, 400, 404, 422, 425, 428, 429, 436, 440, 455, 483, 487–490, 494, 495, 503, 550 Length 201, 203, 282, 405, 431, 432, 503 Rate 13, 17, 24, 115, 161, 197, 231, 237, 257, 330, 334, 343, 376, 379, 385– 392, 396, 462, 469, 533, 572 Ratio (L/t) 6, 79, 168, 203, 204, 254, 344, 357, 401, 404, 419, 431, 432, 434, 438, 455, 544, 549, 566 Friction 75, 106, 115, 194, 208, 223, 288, 292, 293, 319, 327, 359, 435, 508– 510, 549, 559, 565 G Gas (Also See Argon, Carbon Dioxide, And Nitrogen) Absorption 19, 26–32, 54, 105, 128 Assist 10 Concentration 69, 104, 159, 176, 232, 259, 275–277, 470, 474, 475, 487–490, 496, 498, 500 Density 15, 17, 56 Diffusion 15–17, 19, 21, 23–25, 27, 29, 31, 33–39, 46, 53, 54, 63, 66, 105, 106, 128, 129, 232, 240, 242, 245, 246, 248–252, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 266, 316, 317, 326, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338–340, 379, 382, 384, 386, 393, 432, 440, 447, 473, 474, 479, 500, 521, 556 Diffusivity 23, 35–37, 53, 57, 105, 108, 159, 250, 252, 254, 259, 266, 335, 474 Dissolution 12, 13, 19, 41, 76, 139, 227, 232, 255, 316, 317, 384 Dosage 25, 26, 232, 234, 250, 257, 259, 265, 266, 267, 274, 343, 399, 437–439 Dosing 2, 3, 16, 30, 33, 35, 39, 69, 76, 98, 119, 228–235, 237–244, 249, 252– 257, 259, 266, 275, 295, 298, 301, 302, 308, 311, 315, 321, 332, 333, 342–344, 347, 388–390, 393–395, 440, 450, 501 Injector 13, 16, 228–230, 232, 233, 240–246, 254, 255, 315, 317, 332–335, 338, 344, 346, 354, 355, 369, 373, 378, 388–391, 410, 411 Permeability 128, 305, 520 Pressure 13, 14, 16, 23, 29, 30, 46–48, 52, 108, 132–134, 206, 208, 240, 242, 268, 284, 286, 291, 292, 295, 301, 303, 304, 332, 333, 342, 370, 387, 389–391, 395, 411, 420–429, 449, 451–453, 474, 476, 477, 520, 521, 526, 550, 563, 571 Pump 314, 387, 391, 392, 479, 559, 572 Saturation 29, 34, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 63, 71, 238, 269, 470 Solubility 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 33, 46, 105, 155, 232, 249–251, 266, 269, 296, 450 Gate Design 416, 422, 442, 503 System 37, 308, 314, 391, 396 Glass Fiber 5, 31, 33–35, 70, 73, 74, 76, 84, 88, 90–92, 96, 107, 110–112, 114, 116, 119, 123, 137–139, 145–147, 174, 178–182, 184–187, 190, 192, 209–212, 214–222, 253, 274, 282, 285, 344, 345, 403, 406, 413, 416, 434, 437, 439, 445, 478, 490, 491, 493, 499, 509, 512–514, 516–519, 526, 529, 535, 536, 538, 539, 541, 543, 544, 549612 Index Glass (Cont’d) Transition Temperature 2, 37, 39, 104, 112, 165, 296, 440, 441, 447 Graphite 128, 137 Gusset 169, 170, 183, 200 H Hardness 127, 149, 153, 191–194, 208, 224, 306, 413, 437, 452, 546, 557, 558, 564 Helium (He) 16, 17, 27, 385 Heterogeneous Nucleation 1, 2, 40, 43–46, 51, 57, 63, 67–69, 71, 73, 76, 91, 99, 105–107, 113, 118, 120, 130, 137, 141–144, 149, 154, 203, 268, 274, 363, 364, 450 High Density Polyethylene (Hdpe) 18, 20–22, 24, 28–33, 36, 38, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 76, 77, 94, 95, 105, 119, 131–134, 136, 137, 140, 141, 168, 169, 207, 250, 252, 310, 403, 407, 408, 440, 446, 449, 470, 471, 497–501, 509, 542, 554, 555, 561, 576 High Impact Polystyrene (Hips) 34, 51, 64, 65, 67, 68, 120, 125, 144, 149, 158, 186, 233, 253, 272, 363, 407, 408, 520 Hold (See Also Packing) Pressure 111, 286, 320, 503 Stage 306, 307, 368 Time 90, 210, 286, 380 Homogeneous Nucleation 18, 40, 41–46, 51, 57, 99, 268, 272, 274, 278, 316, 362, 363 Hopper 3, 4, 260, 317, 329, 354, 383, 395, 396, 442 Hot Gas Welding 508, 510 Plate Welding 507, 508, 510 Mold 106, 117, 223, 224, 288, 292, 293, 435–437 Runner 198, 199, 202, 204, 324, 419 Hvac 526, 533, 536 Hydraulic Accumulator 365, 376, 377, 562 Back Pressure 369, 372, 564 Cylinder 319, 322, 323, 362, 373, 387, 390, 561 Design 369, 373–377, 387 Motor 317, 361, 373, 374 Pump 4, 573 System 315, 316, 360, 361, 367, 369–373, 376, 559, 564, 576 Valve 352 I Impact Modifier 34, 35, 128, 129, 233, 253, 556 Property 112, 124, 148, 151 Resistance 136, 141, 413, 428 Strength 89, 106–109, 113, 122, 130, 140, 144, 149, 151, 161, 176–181, 184, 185, 209, 213, 214, 218–221, 298, 428, 445, 522 Injection Blow Molding 310, 529, 547, 570 Pressure Reduction 114, 454, 531, 536, 561 Speed 6, 44, 68, 73, 82–84, 91, 169, 187, 196, 197, 204, 251, 254, 260, 265, 267–275, 277–287, 290, 292, 295, 296, 300–302, 311, 321, 322, 324, 355, 357, 361, 362, 364–369, 375, 376, 394, 400, 403, 420, 429, 436–439, 442–444, 451, 454, 455, 461, 462, 464, 465, 479, 485, 486, 495, 503, 517, 518, 527, 530, 532, 550, 562, 564, 567, 569, 572, 573 Speed Profi Le 272, 273, 278, 282–284, 366, 367 Stage 326, 367, 567, 575 Time 12, 57, 79, 195, 204, 223, 278, 283, 284, 290, 292, 295, 308, 309, 326, 362, 366, 369, 378, 380, 383, 402, 438, 455, 464, 479, 485, 490, 494, 495, 499, 501, 531, 532, 550, 564, 566, 567, 571, 573 Velocity 270, 503 Injector 228–230, 232, 233, 238–246, 254, 255, 315, 317, 327–329, 332–346, 354, 355, 362, 369, 373–383, 385, 388, 389–392, 410, 411, 553 Insert 167, 173, 174, 192, 193, 206, 224, 431, 433, 451, 558 Insulation Property 152, 528, 539index 613 Interface 29–31, 41–45, 48, 54, 57, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 81–83, 85, 95, 136, 195, 219, 222, 242, 287, 288, 290, 291, 293, 295, 305, 333, 379, 380, 405, 434, 435, 447, 474, 483, 508, 538 J Jetting 282, 366, 444 K Kevlar 137 L Linear Molecules 102, 159 Liquid Crystal Polymer (Lcp) 119, 297, 299, 555 Liquid Dosing 237 Pump 386 Low Density Polyethylene (Ldpe) 33, 36, 44, 119, 142, 143, 158, 169, 207, 261, 407, 408, 555 Low Linear Density Polyethylene (Lldpe) 33, 555 M Machine Design 316, 421, 457, 524, 560, 573 Material Cost 141, 144, 554 Mechanical Property 175, 177, 178, 181, 182, 209, 210, 221, 305, 501, 527, 533 Strength 138, 177, 190, 278, 536 Melt Flow 3, 126, 141, 282, 318, 319, 322, 336, 364, 405, 440, 441, 443, 486, 494 Flow Index 311, 465 Pressure 16, 18, 23, 168, 199, 230, 231, 241–243, 255, 265, 266, 268, 293, 303, 309, 316, 318, 322, 323, 325– 333, 342–349, 351–356, 362, 367, 369, 370, 378–381, 383, 388–392, 448, 459, 460, 465, 485, 552 Temperature 26, 29, 35, 66–68, 72, 90, 105, 111–113, 116, 117, 122–125, 136, 146, 148–151, 153, 228, 232, 241, 249, 251, 255, 260, 261, 265, 269, 270, 279, 285, 295–302, 309, 317, 328, 332, 348, 357, 363, 436, 441, 444, 446, 460, 461, 464–467, 471, 485, 490, 496, 497, 499, 511, 536, 542, 552 Viscosity 115, 116, 122, 157, 168, 190, 210, 251, 260, 269, 298, 420, 460, 502, 527, 533 Melting Point 2, 103, 105, 106, 116, 119, 120, 156, 254 Metering Section 234, 236, 238, 248, 327, 328, 341, 345 Microcellular Blow Molding 10, 310, 311 Extrusion 10, 308–310, 498 Foam 1, 2, 4–9, 62, 67, 71, 75, 76–79, 83, 84, 87–95, 98, 99, 102, 106, 107, 109–112, 119–122, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 137, 139, 140, 142, 147,152, 154, 156, 160, 161, 165, 168, 177, 179, 180, 184–186, 188–190, 195, 198, 201, 205, 208–214, 216, 217, 219–222, 224, 227, 228, 255, 272, 273, 278, 281, 286–288, 290–295, 301, 303–306, 308, 309, 315–317, 326, 328, 331, 346, 348, 349, 357–359, 361, 363, 369, 381, 385, 395, 399, 404, 406, 413– 417, 420, 422, 428, 433, 434, 437, 439, 447, 452–454, 458, 473, 479, 481, 494, 506, 507, 509, 511, 512, 517, 518, 521, 523, 525, 526, 528, 529, 532, 533, 535, 543, 544, 547– 549, 553–556, 564, 565, 568–572 Injection Molding 2–5, 9–10, 12, 14, 17, 38, 40, 43, 50, 51, 55, 58–60, 63, 65–75, 77–79, 81, 83–85, 90, 92, 94, 95, 98–109, 114, 116, 118–122, 125– 129, 135, 138, 139, 143, 145, 146, 148, 153, 161, 227, 228, 232, 249, 254, 268, 300, 302, 305–311, 314–316, 318–320, 322–329, 338–340, 346, 357, 359–362, 366–370, 372, 374–378, 381, 385–387, 390, 396, 399, 406, 412, 414, 415, 419, 422, 424, 432, 438, 447, 449, 454, 455, 506, 525–528, 530, 532, 536–538, 540, 549, 550, 552, 553, 558–560, 562, 564, 565, 567, 571, 572, 576 Microstructure 4, 5, 62–65, 68–70, 73, 76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 88, 110, 114, 118, 149, 153, 155, 177, 257, 263, 266, 267, 272, 415, 416, 419, 450, 494, 540614 Index Middle Check Valve 308, 327, 328, 340– 342, 344–346, 348, 354–356, 383, 384 Mixing Section 245–248, 257, 261, 308, 328, 331, 337, 338–342, 345, 355, 379 Mold Cavity 145, 171, 196, 198, 199, 206, 207, 301, 303, 309, 324, 325, 357, 359, 423, 424, 426, 428, 435, 454, 478, 480, 483, 538, 557 Cooling 104, 145, 171, 173, 174, 186, 203, 205–207, 224, 285, 304, 306, 384, 410, 411, 436, 481, 563, 575 Design 59, 145, 146, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 190–208, 269, 285, 286, 291, 303, 304, 318, 357, 416, 418, 419–423, 436, 526, 565, 569 Filling 8, 39, 59, 63, 72, 81, 166, 168, 170–174, 195–199, 203–205, 214, 223, 228, 246, 259, 267, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277, 279–283, 285, 287, 290–293, 295–297, 299–304, 305, 307, 325, 326, 347, 358, 360, 364, 366, 367, 400, 401, 404, 406, 416–424, 426, 428, 432–434, 436, 438, 442, 448, 451, 454, 455, 458, 473, 473, 477–486, 489, 494, 495, 502, 503, 527, 529, 531, 532, 535, 542, 545, 547, 549, 550, 563, 566, 569 Material 191, 193, 207, 222, 288, 437 Temperature 66, 67, 83, 90, 96, 106, 110, 111, 116–118, 122, 123, 129, 136, 137, 146, 150, 151–154, 157, 169, 176, 194, 204, 210, 223, 314, 396, 419, 420, 429, 432, 435, 436, 444, 459, 485, 490, 503, 556, 566, 569 Venting 196, 202, 269, 422 Moldflow 459, 469, 472, 479–482, 484, 487–494, 502 Molecular Weight Distribution (Mwd) 102, 103, 159, 160 Monomer 100, 101, 121, 152 Morphology 5, 48, 60, 62–76, 78–96, 104, 107, 113, 116, 120, 121, 134, 137– 140, 149, 153, 154, 159,160, 175–177, 179, 181, 185, 186, 188, 189, 209, 213, 216, 220, 221, 259, 262, 267, 270, 272, 279, 283, 286–288, 292–294, 305, 414–417, 427, 428, 434, 435, 438, 455, 532, 538, 540, 546, 569 Mucell 2–4, 111, 124, 152, 187, 189, 198, 224, 316, 317, 328, 395, 434, 435–438, 454, 485, 486, 502, 503, 512–519, 525, 526, 530, 532–534, 537–539, 541, 547, 553, 558, 560, 570 N Nanoclay 54, 59, 76, 77, 129, 130, 134, 139, 141, 142, 160 Nanocomposite 54, 59, 76, 77, 99, 139–141, 163, 554 Newtonian Fl Uid 229, 331, 462, 463 Non Newtonian Fluid 462, 463 Nitrogen (N2) 4, 15–17, 20–22, 24, 25, 31–35, 38, 62, 63, 139, 155, 232, 233, 238, 240, 252, 253, 270, 279, 385, 386, 392, 394, 395, 424, 439, 440, 450, 454, 458, 459, 470, 499, 500, 507, 510, 517, 520, 530, 544, 545, 556 Nozzle Design 319, 321, 324, 461 Nucleation (See Also Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Nucleation) Agent 52, 54, 126, 130, 131, 142, 553 Density 47–52, 54, 108, 447, 478, 479, 486, 490, 491, 494 O Optifoam 3, 4, 393–395 Opti 421, 433, 435, 437, 446, 547, 548, 570 Organic Fi Ber 135, 137, 138 Organoclay 59, 77, 143, 161 Overlapping 399, 429–432, 434, 435, 529, 537, 538 Ozone 16, 24, 439 P Packing (Also See Hold) 67, 205 Pressure Time 503, 564, 565, 569, 570, 573 Painting 110, 224, 437, 506, 519, 520 Parison 310, 311index 615 Part Design Parting Line Plasticizing Polybutylene Terephthalate (Pbt) Polycarbonate (Pc) Polycaprolactone (Pcl) 156, 159, 160, 259 Polyester 110, 113, 130, 137, 157, 158, 194, 260, 261, 299, 360, 434, 538, 539 Polyethylene (See Hdpe, Ldpe, and Lldpe) Polyetheretherketone (Peek) 119, 233 Polyetherimide (Pei) 126 Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Polyglycolic Acid (Pga) 156 Polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (Phbv) 156, 158 Polyamide (Nylon, Pa) Polylactic Acid (Pla) 156–158, 160, 161 Polymethyl Methacrylate (Pmma) Post Blow Polypropylene (Pp) Polyphenylene Oxide (Ppo, Noryl) 144– 148, 150, 169, 183, 188, 198, 544, 555 Polyphenylene Sulphide (Pps) Polystyrene (Ps) Polysulfone (Psu) 126, 233, 298, 407, 408 Polyvinyl Chloride (Pvc) Porosity 90, 188, 189, 540 Pre-closing Screw Tip 349, 353, 361 Pressure Drop Profile Restriction Element 326 Process Design R Rapid Heat Cycle Molding (Rhcm) Reinforced Material Relief Valve 425, 426 Retrofit 373, 394, 395 Return on Investment (Roi) Reversal Channel Reversal Coining Rheology Rheometer Rib Design 169, 170 Runner System 197–205 Rupture Disc S Scanning Electron Microscope (Sem) Screw Design Speed Tip Semi-crystalline Material Sequence Control 377, 378, 421 Shear Rate Stress Thinning 272, 279, 455, 466, 468 Shrinkage Single Phase Solution Sink Mark 570 Sintered Metal 3, 192, 393, 394, 558 Skin Thickness 540 Sprue Bushing 199, 200, 201, 207, 318, 321 Puller 197, 200, 201 Static Mixer 320, 338, 393, 394, 396 Stress Foaming 79, 399, 447–449, 453 Nucleation Structural Foam Supercritical Fluid (Scf) Super Light Injection Molding (Slim) Super-microcellular 399, 437–439, 455, 531 Surface Appearance 169, 204, 300, 413 Blister 301, 481 Defect 57, 194, 223, 481 Finish T Talc Tensile Modulus 141, 152, 208, 447, Strength Thermal Conductivity Cycling 435, 436 Diffusivity 90, 210 Energy 103, 104 Expansion 43, 110, 413 History 116 Insulation Property Stability 115, 126, 136, 143, 159, 259, 413 Thermodynamic Instability 14, 159, 259, 268 Thermoplastic Elastomer (Tpe) 72, 73, 153, 413, 434, 435, 538, 546, 547 Polyurethane (Tpu) 310, 409, 413, 534, 555 Vulcanizate (Tpv) 153, 310, 546, 547 Thin Wall Molding Toggle 368, 369, 560, 562, 575 Tolerance Tooling Toughness Transition Section 327 Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem) 76 Troubleshooting 300 Two-closing Stage Screw Tip U Ultrasonic Vibration Welding 506–514, 517–519 Unfilled Material Unidirectional Flow 290, 291 V Valve Gate Design 322, 362, 416618 Index W Wall Thickness Warpage Water Cooling 201, 206, 563 Foaming 446 Wear Resistance 142, 192, 331 Weight Reduction Weld Line 194, 224, 406, 418, 419, 429, 437, 478, 486, 487, 503 Wiping Section 244–246, 248, 326–328, 330, 332–346, 369, 378, 382 Wood Fiber 136fi Ller 128 Flour 128, 129 X Xcell 222, 533, 534, 541 X-ray Diffraction 140, 141 Y Yield Strength 109, 181, 191 Young’s Modulus 91, 124, 137, 147, 148, 151, 152, 177, 180
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