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| موضوع: كتاب Polymer Tribology الثلاثاء 16 يناير 2018, 9:05 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Polymer Tribology Editors Sujeet K Sinha National University of Singapore, Singapore Brian J Briscoe Imperial College London, UK
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
CONTENTS Editorial Polymer Tribology — A Preface Acknowledgements Part I Bulk Polymers Chapter 1 Adhesion and Friction of Polymers 1 Introduction 2 Polymers and Polymer Composites 3 Mechanical Behaviour of Polymer-Based Materials 4 Adhesion of Polymers 4.1 Thermodynamic Approach (Specific Surface Energy) 4.2 Contact Adhesion 4.3 Contact of Rough Surfaces 4.4 Contact of Rough Surfaces with Adhesion 4.5 Measurement of Adhesion 5 Friction of Polymer over the Hard Counterface 5.1 Effect of Load on Friction 5.2 Effect of Sliding Velocity on Friction 5.3 Effect of Temperature on Friction 6 Wear of Polymers 6.1 Abrasive Wear 6.2 Adhesive Wear and Friction Transfer 6.3 Fatigue Wear 6.4 Frictional Behaviour of Polymer Materials with Nanofillers 7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Tribophysical Interpretation of Polymer Sliding Mechanisms 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Techniques 2.1 Raman Spectroscopy 2.2 Thermal Analysis 2.3 Other Techniques 3 Polymer Surface Analysis 3.1 Depositions of Internal Lubricant 3.2 Conformational Changes 3.3 Crystallisation 3.4 Polymerisation 3.5 Thermal Degradation 3.6 Physico-Chemical Degradation 4 Polymer Wear Debris Analysis 5 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Scaling Effects in Tribotesting of Polymers 1 Introduction 2 Tribotesting Facilities at Different Scales 2.1 Meso-Scale Testing 2.2 Small-Scale Testing 2.3 Large-Scale Testing 2.4 Field Testing 3 Meso-Scale to Small-Scale Correlation 3.1 Influence of Deformation and Contact Situation 3.2 The Influence and Efficiency of Internal Lubrication 4 Small-Scale to Large-Scale Correlation 4.1 Single Parameter Model: Effect of Contact Pressure 4.2 Two-Parameter Model: pv-Limit 4.3 Macroscopic Geometry Model 4.4 Influence of Controlled Temperature on Small-Scale Testing 5 Large-Scale to Full-Scale Correlation 6 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 4 Scratch Experiments and Finite Element Simulation: Friction and Nonlinearity Effects 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Observations 3 Finite Element Modelling 4 Finite Element Results 4.1 Plastic Strain Field 4.2 Mean Contact Strain 4.3 Contact Geometry 5 Discussion 5.1 Relationship between Contact Geometry and Mean Contact Strain 5.2 Influence of the Mesh Size 5.3 Definition of the Representative Volume 5.4 Influence of the Strain Hardening 6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Nanoindentation and Indentation Creep of Polymeric Materials 1 Introduction 2 Brief Summary of Basic Nanoindentation Analysis 2.1 Doerner and Nix’s Analysis Method 2.2 Oliver and Pharr’s Analysis Method 3 Problems of Nanoindentation of Polymeric Materials 4 Approaches to the Nanoindentation of Polymers or Other Soft Materials 4.1 Load Relaxation Experiments 4.2 Time-Dependent Properties 4.3 Nanoindentation with Continuous Stiffness Measurement 4.4 Fitting of Unloading Curve of Nanoindentation Polymers 4.5 Rate-Dependent Properties 5 Indentation Creep Experiments and Analysis 5.1 Basic Indentation Creep Analysis 5.2 Meaning of the Fitting Parameters 5.3 Factors Affecting the Indentation Creep 5.4 Modelling of Indentation Creep 5.5 Other Creep Functions and Comparison 6 Theoretical Analysis of Nanoindentation of Polymers 7 Nanoindentation Using Scanning Probe Microscope 8 Summary, Conclusions and Implications Acknowledgements References Chapter 6 Effects of Physiological Factors on Wear of UHMWPE for Joint Prosthesis 1 Introduction 2 Physiological Factor Relating to Joint Kinematics 2.1 Shape of Sliding Pathways in Joint Prostheses During Walking 2.2 Effect of Multidirectional Sliding Motion on Wear of UHMWPE 2.3 Wear Characteristics of UHMWPE Evaluated in Multidirectional Sliding Wear Test 3 Physiological Factor Relating to Joint Environment 3.1 Degradation of UHMWPE in Human Body 3.2 Effect of Macromolecules on Friction and Wear 3.3 Effect of Protein and Lipid on Wear of UHMWPE 4 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 7 Biopolymer Tribology 1 A Brief History of Biopolymers in Total Hip Replacements 2 The Use of Biopolymers in Other Prostheses 3 Biopolymer Wear and Wear Debris 4 Wear Testing of Biopolymers 4.1 Implant Wear Testing 4.2 Biopolymer Wear Testing 5 Influence of Counterface Roughness on Wear 6 Influence of Lubricant on Wear 7 Soak Controls 8 Theoretical Lubrication Analysis 9 Friction 10 Other Polymers (Nonpolyethylene) 11 All-Polymer Articulations 12 Future Developments in Biopolymers 13 Future Challenges 14 Summary References Chapter 8 Frictional Behaviour of Miniature Journal Polymer-on-Polymer Bearings 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Studies 2.1 Investigation of Friction Coefficient and Time Needed to Start to Operate of Bearing 2.2 Investigation of Surface Topography of Rubbing Components by Use of AFM 2.3 Experimental Investigation of Elasticity Modulus of Surface Layers of Polymeric Bearing Materials 2.4 Experimental Studies of Surface Free Energy of Polymer 3 Model of Contact and Predicting of Friction Coefficient 3.1 Model of Force Interactions between Contacting Polymeric Surfaces — Static Contact 3.2 Model of Force Interactions Occurring between Polymeric Rubbing Surfaces — Phase of Transition from Stationary State to Movement 3.3 Results of Modelling 4 Comparison of Predicted and Experimentally Determined Frictional Behaviours of Studied Bearings 5 Conclusions References Chapter 9 State-of-the-Art of Rubber Tribology 1 Introduction 2 Rubber Friction 2.1 Sliding Friction on Self-Affined Rough Surface 2.2 Friction of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Elastomers 2.3 The Other Topics 3 Rubber Lubrication 3.1 Effects of Surface Roughness on the Tribological Behaviours of Rubber under Lubrication Conditions 3.2 Wet Sliding Friction of Elastomers 3.3 Robust Molecular Lubrication Layers 4 Rubber Wear 4.1 Wear Behaviour of Elastomers 4.2 Wear Behaviour of Rubber Composites and Coatings 5 Wear of Metal by Rubber 5.1 A Brief Historic Background 5.2 Wear of Steel by Rubber in the Presence of Liquid Media 6 Tribology of Rubber Assemblies 6.1 Tires 6.2 Elastomeric Seals 6.3 Brakes 6.4 Rubber Journal Bearing and Rubber Acetabular Bearing Materials 7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Part II Reinforced Polymers Chapter 10 Wear of Polytetrafluoroethylene and PTFE Composites 1 Processing and Structure 2 Sliding Friction 3 Wear 4 PTFE Composite Wear Reduction Mechanisms 4.1 Transfer Film Adhesion 4.2 Preferential Load Support 4.3 Debris Size Control 5 Polymer-Filled PTFE Composites 6 Radiation-Induced Wear Resistance in PTFE 7 Tomorrow’s Challenges: Understanding Nano-Filled PTFE Acknowledgements References Chapter 11 Polymer Composites for Tribological Applications in a Range between Liquid Helium and Room Temperature 1 Introduction to Cryotechnology 2 Materials and Tribological Characterisation Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Tribotests at Room Temperature and Cryogenic Environments 3 Friction and Wear of PTFE-Based Composites at Room Temperature 4 Tribology of Selected PEEK- and PTFE-Based Composites in Cryogenic Environments 4.1 Room Temperature Air vs. 77K Liquid Nitrogen 4.2 Influence of the Cryogenic Medium 5 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Polymers Filled with Inorganic Particulate Fillers 1 Introduction 2 Effect of Fillers on Mechanical Properties 2.1 Stiffness Modulus 2.2 Strength 2.3 Toughness 3 Effect of Fillers on Friction and Wear 3.1 Microparticle Fillers 3.2 Nanoparticle Fillers 4 Mechanisms of Wear Modification 4.1 Sharing of Load by Hard Particles 4.2 Transfer Film Topography 4.3 Transfer Film Bonding 5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 13 The Sliding Wear of Polypropylene and Its Blends 1 Introduction 2 Polypropylene 3 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene 4 Polyethylene Terephthalate/Polypropylene (PET/PP) Blends 5 Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate 6 Wear Properties of PP/PET Blends 6.1 Influence of Addition of RPET on Wear of PP 6.2 Effect of UHMWPE Addition on Wear Rate of PP and Its Blends References Chapter 14 Engineering Polymers and Composites for Machine Elements 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Rolling-Sliding Tests by the Twin-Disc Technique 2.1 Principles 2.2 Unreinforced Thermoplastics — Polyoxymethylene and Polyamide 66 2.3 Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics — Polyamides 2.4 Internal Lubricants and Additives — PTFE 2.5 Comparison of Results and Validity of Data 3 Gears and Gear Testing 4 Thermal Aspects of Polymeric Gearing 4.1 Heat Generation 4.2 Operating Temperatures of Polymeric Gears 4.3 Bulk Temperature Estimation 5 Failure Modes of Polymer Gears 5.1 Thermal Failure 5.2 Fatigue 5.3 Other Forms of Failure 6 Wear of Polymer Gears 6.1 Commercial against Experimental Wear Data 6.2 Wear Manifestation 6.3 Wear Rates of Various Polymers 7 Mechanical Efficiencies of Polymer Gears 7.1 Theoretical Efficiencies 7.2 Experimental Efficiencies and Coefficients of Frictions 8 Polymer Gears in High Performance Applications 8.1 Power Density Comparisons 8.2 Elastohydrodynamic Aspects of Polymer Gears 8.3 Novel Forms of Lubrication References Chapter 15 Brake Friction Materials 1 Introduction 2 Ingredients of Brake Friction Materials 2.1 Binder Resins 2.2 Reinforcements 2.3 Property Modifiers 2.4 Manufacturing Parameters 3 Sliding Interface 4 Friction Materials and Environmental Issues 5 Friction Evaluation Tests 6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter 16 Study of Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Mold-in-Colour Polypropylene Used in Automobile Industry 1 Introduction 2 Tested Samples 3 Preliminary Tests for Tip Selection 4 Progressive Load Scratch Tests 5 Constant Load Scratch Tests 6 Quantitative Characterisation of Scratch Damages 7 Indentation Tests 8 Correlation 9 Summary Acknowledgements References Part III Polymer Films Chapter 17 Mechanical Properties of Thin Polymer Films Within Contacts 1 Introduction 2 Contact Mechanics of Confined Polymer Coatings 2.1 Oedometric Approximation for the Normal Indentation of Confined Layers 2.2 Lateral Contacts 3 Visco-Elastic Properties of Confined Polymer Films in the Glass Transition Range 3.1 Linearity of the Contact Lateral Response 3.2 Pressure Dependence of the Linear Visco-Elastic Modulus 4 Plastic Properties of Confined Polymer Films 4.1 Plastic Imprints under Normal Indentation 4.2 Elastic/Plastic Indentation Limit for Confined Polymer Films 5 Conclusions References Chapter 18 Tribological Behaviour of Polymer Brush Prepared by the “Grafting-from” Method 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Polymer Brush 1.2 Tribology of Polymer Brush Prepared by “Grafting-to” Method 1.3 Advantage of Polymer Brush Prepared by the “Grafting-from” Method Combined with Living Polymerisation 2 Preparation of High-Density Polymer Brush on Substrate 2.1 Initiator-Immobilised Silicon Substrate 2.2 General Procedure for Surface-Initiated ATRP 3 Frictional Property of High-Density Polymer Brush 3.1 Dependence of Solvent Quality 3.2 Water Lubrication by Hydrophilic Polymer Brush 3.3 Effect of Graft Density on Wear Resistance 4 Conclusions References Chapter 19 AFM Testing of Polymeric Resist Films for Nanoimprint Lithography 1 Introduction 2 Process of Imprint 3 NIL Problems 4 Testing of Materials for NIL 4.1 Introduction 4.2 AFM Studies of Surface Topography, Friction and Adhesion of Ultrathin Resist Films 4.3 Wettability Studies 4.4 Studies of Properties of Polymeric Resist Films versus Temperature 5 Studies of Friction between Mold Surface and Resist Film 6 Studies of Anti-Stiction Layers 7 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 20 Tribological Studies of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Thin Films on Silicon Surface 1 Introduction 1.1 General Background on Polymer Thin Films 1.2 Tribological Properties of Polymer Thin Films 1.3 Motivation and Objectives of the Present Study 2 Materials and Sample Preparation 2.1 Materials 2.2 Preparation of UHMWPE Film on Si Surface 2.3 Experimental Procedures 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterisation of the UHMWPE Film on Si Surface 3.2 Effect of PFPE Overcoating onto UHMWPE Film Modified Si Surface on Tribological Properties 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 21 Tribology of UHMWPE Thin Films on Si with Interfacial Layers and Modifications 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedures 2.1 Materials 2.2 Preparation of Different Layers on Si Substrate 2.3 Surface Analysis 2.4 Friction and Wear Tests 3 Friction and Wear Results 3.1 Comparison of UHMWPE Film with and without DLC Interface 3.2 Effect of UHMWPE Thickness on the Friction and Wear Properties of Si/DLC/UHMWPE 3.3 Comparison of UHMWPE Film with Different Interfaces 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Index
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