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| موضوع: كتاب Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Design, Manufacturing and Inspection Second edition الأربعاء 03 يناير 2018, 10:44 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Design, Manufacturing and Inspection Second edition A Handbook for Geometrical Product Specification using ISO and ASME Standards Georg Henzold Contents
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Notation xiv Abbreviations xvi ISO Text Equivalents xvii New ISO Terminology xviii 1 Properties of the surface 1 2 Principles for tolerancing 6 3 Principles for geometrical tolerancing 7 3.1 Symbols 7 3.2 Definitions of geometrical tolerances 9 3.3 Tolerance zone 20 3.3.1 Form of the tolerance zone 20 3.3.2 Location and orientation of the tolerance zone 23 3.3.3 Width of the tolerance zone 26 3.3.4 Length of the tolerance zone 27 3.3.5 Common tolerance zone 27 3.4 Datums 28 3.5 Axes and median faces 33 3.6 Screw threads, gears and splines 36 3.7 Angularity tolerances and angular dimension tolerances 37 3.8 Twist tolerance 38 4 Profile tolerancing 40 5 Tolerancing of cones 43 5.1 General 43 5.2 Form tolerance and dimensioning of the cone 44 5.3 Tolerancing of the axial location of the cone 45 5.4 Tolerancing of the orientation and radial location of the cone 47 5.5 Related profile tolerance for tolerancing form, orientation, radial and axial location of the cone 48 5.6 Relationship between the cone tolerances 48 v6 Positional tolerancing 51 6.1 Definition 51 6.2 Theoretical exact dimensions 51 6.3 Form of the positional tolerance zone 52 6.4 Positional tolerances on a circle 54 6.5 Positional tolerances related to a datum 54 6.6 Tolerance combinations 54 6.6.1 Combination of dimensional coordinate tolerancing and positional tolerancing 54 6.6.2 Combination of positional tolerances (composite positional tolerancing) 56 6.7 Calculation of positional tolerances 57 6.8 Advantages of positional tolerancing 60 7 Projected tolerance zone 61 8 Substitute elements 64 8.1 General 64 8.2 Vectorial dimensioning and tolerancing 67 8.3 Comparison of the systems 78 8.3.1 Sizes 78 8.3.2 Form deviations 81 8.3.3 Deviations of orientation and location 82 8.3.4 Datum systems 84 8.4 Conversion between systems and combination of systems 86 9 Maximum material requirement 87 9.1 Definitions 87 9.2 Description of the maximum material requirement 88 9.3 Application of the maximum material requirement 90 9.3.1 General 90 9.3.2 Maximum material requirement for the toleranced feature 91 9.3.3 Maximum material requirement for the datum 95 9.3.4 Maximum material requirement 0 M 98 9.3.5 Comparison of 0.1 M and 0 M 99 9.3.6 Reciprocity requirement associated with the maximum material requirement 100 9.4 Education 101 10 Envelope requirement 103 10.1 Definition 103 10.2 Application of the envelope requirement 103 10.3 Cross-sections within size tolerance fields 106 11 Least material requirement 108 11.1 Definitions 108 11.2 Description of least material requirement 108 11.3 Application of least material requirement 109 11.3.1 General 109 11.3.2 Least material requirement for the toleranced feature 109 vi Contents11.3.3 Least material requirement for the datum 110 11.4 Reciprocity requirement associated with least material requirement 113 12 Tolerancing of flexible parts 114 13 Tolerance chains (accumulation of tolerances) 116 14 Statistical tolerancing 123 15 Respecting geometrical tolerances during manufacturing 132 15.1 Manufacturing influences 132 15.2 Recommendations for manufacturing 133 16 General geometrical tolerances 137 16.1 Demand for general geometrical tolerances 137 16.2 Concept of general tolerances 137 16.3 Derivation and application of general geometrical tolerances 139 16.3.1 Straightness and flatness 139 16.3.2 Roundness (circularity) 140 16.3.3 Cylindricity 142 16.3.4 Line profile, surface profile and position 142 16.3.5 Parallelism 142 16.3.6 Perpendicularity 143 16.3.7 Angularity 144 16.3.8 Coaxiality 144 16.3.9 Symmetry 144 16.3.10 Circular run-out 145 16.3.11 Total run-out 146 16.4 Datums 147 16.5 Indication on drawings 147 16.6 Envelope requirement in addition to general form tolerances 147 16.7 Application of the general geometrical tolerances according to ISO 2768-2 148 16.8 General tolerances for castings 149 16.9 General tolerances for welded parts 150 16.10 General tolerances for parts out of plastics 151 17 Tolerancing principles 152 17.1 Limitation by function 152 17.2 Need for completely toleranced shape 152 17.3 Situation in the past 153 17.4 Principle of independency 154 17.5 Identification of drawings 157 17.6 Principle of dependency 158 17.7 Choice of tolerancing principle 158 18 Inspection of geometrical deviations 160 18.1 General 160 18.2 Terms 161 18.3 Alignment of the workpiece 162 Contents vii18.3.1 General 162 18.3.2 Minimum requirement 163 18.3.3 Additional alignment requirements for the measurement of roundness or cylindricity deviations 164 18.3.4 Minimum rock requirement 166 18.4 Interchanging the datum feature and the toleranced feature 167 18.5 Simplified inspection method 168 18.6 Evaluation of measurement 170 18.7 Methods of inspection 171 18.7.1 Assessment of straightness deviations of lines of surfaces 172 18.7.2 Assessment of straightness deviations of axes 177 18.7.3 Assessment of flatness deviations 183 18.7.4 Assessment of roundness deviations 186 18.7.5 Assessment of cylindricity deviations 194 18.7.6 Assessment of profile deviations of lines 199 18.7.7 Assessment of profile deviations of surfaces 200 18.7.8 Assessment of orientation deviations 200 18.7.9 Assessment of location deviations 203 18.7.10 Assessment of run-out deviations 209 18.7.11 Inspection of the envelope requirement 215 18.7.12 Inspection of the maximum material requirement 218 18.7.13 Inspection of the least material requirement 228 18.7.14 Assessment of the positional deviation for projected tolerance zones 230 18.8 Assessment of geometrical deviations of threaded features 231 18.9 Tracing and probing strategies 235 18.9.1 General 235 18.9.2 Tracing strategies 237 18.9.3 Probing strategies 238 18.9.4 Number of points 241 18.10 Separation from roughness and waviness 242 18.11 Measurement uncertainty 249 18.11.1 Definition 249 18.11.2 Application 249 18.11.3 Assessment 250 18.11.4 Calibration of measuring instruments 254 19 Function-, manufacturing-, and inspection-related geometrical tolerancing 255 19.1 Definitions 255 19.1.1 Function-related geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 255 19.1.2 Manufacturing-related geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 255 19.1.3 Inspection-related geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 258 19.2 Method of geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 261 viii Contents19.3 Assessment of function-related geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 261 19.3.1 Tolerancing of orientation, location and run-out 262 19.3.2 Tolerancing of form 262 19.3.3 Type of tolerance 262 19.4 Assessment of the optimum geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing 262 20 Examples of geometrical tolerancing 264 20.1 Restrictions of geometrical tolerances 264 20.1.1 Restricted range of application 264 20.1.2 Geometrical tolerances and additional smaller tolerances of their components 265 20.1.3 Superposition of positional tolerances 266 20.2 Tolerances for section lines 266 20.3 Tolerances of profiles 267 20.4 Position of a plane 269 20.5 Perpendicularity tolerances in different combinations 272 20.6 Location of axes and median faces 272 20.6.1 Angular location of features 272 20.6.2 Cosymmetry of holes in line 274 20.6.3 Crossed axes 274 20.6.4 Different locational tolerances for different features drawn on the same centre line 275 20.6.5 Positional tolerances for features located symmetrically to a symmetry line and multiple patterns of features 276 20.7 Datums 280 20.7.1 Plane surface as datum for a symmetry tolerance 280 20.7.2 Plane surface as datum for a run-out tolerance 280 20.7.3 Envelope requirement and maximum material requirement with datums 280 20.7.4 Positional tolerances with and without datums 281 20.7.5 Sequence and maximum material requirement for datums 281 20.7.6 Interchanging toleranced feature and datum feature 284 20.8 Clearance fit 285 20.8.1 Coaxiality of holes 285 20.8.2 Coaxiality of bearing surfaces 290 20.8.3 Tolerancing of rings, bushes and hubs for fits 293 20.8.4 Rectangular fit 294 20.8.5 Hexagon fit 295 20.8.6 Cross fit, only side faces 297 20.8.7 Cross fit, all around 298 20.8.8 Splines 299 20.8.9 Plug and socket fit 300 20.8.10 Synopsis tolerancing of clearance fits 305 20.9 Interference fits and kinematics 306 20.9.1 Coaxial holes 306 Contents ix20.9.2 Geometrical ideal form at least material size 307 20.9.3 Gears 308 20.10 Distances and thicknesses 309 20.10.1 Spacings 309 20.10.2 Hole edge distance 310 20.10.3 Equal thickness 311 20.10.4 Minimum wall thickness 312 20.11 Geometrical ideal form at maximum and least material sizes 314 20.12 Keyways 318 20.13 Holes for fasteners 320 20.14 Cones and wedges 320 20.15 Flexible parts 325 21 Differences between ISO Standards and other standards 327 21.1 ASME Y14.5M - 1994, ANSI B89.3.1 327 21.1.1 Symbols 327 21.1.2 Rules 328 21.1.3 Positional tolerances according to ASME Y14.5 335 21.1.4 Composite tolerancing and single tolerancing 336 21.1.5 Symmetry and concentricity tolerances 337 21.1.6 Orientation tolerances for axes or median planes 338 21.1.7 Tangent plane requirement 338 21.1.8 Roundness measurements 339 21.1.9 Multiple patterns of features 340 21.1.10 Terminology 340 21.1.11 Survey of differences between ASME and ISO 342 21.1.12 Drawings for both systems 343 21.2 BS 308 Part 2-1985 345 21.2.1 Tolerancing principles 345 21.2.2 Composite positional tolerancing 345 21.2.3 Positional tolerances adjacent to dimensional tolerances 347 21.3 DIN 7167 and former practices according to DIN 406 and DIN 7182 347 21.4 Former East European Standards 348 22 Tolerancing of edges 351 23 ISO Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS), new approach 355 23.1 Terms and definitions 355 23.2 Filters 359 23.3 Datums 362 23.4 Principle of independency and M or L 364 23.5 Conformance rules 366 23.6 New approach principles and rules 369 23.7 Application of the new approach 370 24 Synopsis of ISO Standards 372 Standards 375 Publications 378 Index 379 x Contents
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