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| موضوع: كتاب Industrial Tribology - The Practical Aspects of Friction, Lubrication and Wear الإثنين 11 ديسمبر 2017 - 0:17 | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Industrial Tribology The Practical Aspects of Friction, Lubrication and Wear MERVIN H. JONES Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Swansea, Swansea, U. K. DOUGLAS SCOTT Consultant, Editor of "Wear", Secretary of The Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Glasgow, U. K.
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOREWORD CHAPTER 1. TRIBOLDGY IN PERSPECTIVE, D. SCOTT, CONSULTANT, EDITOR OF WEAR 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Impact o f Tribology 1.3 Economic aspects o f t r i b o l o g y 1.4 Mechanisms o f wear 1.5 Surface studies 1.6 Lubrication 1.7 Lubricants 1.8 Materials 1.9 Surface treatments 1.10 Computer aided design 1.11 Machinery c o n d i t i o n monitoring 1.12 Conclusions References I CHAPTER 2. WEAR, D. SCOTT, CONSULTANT, EDITOR OF WEAR 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The wear process 2.3 Scuffing 2.4 Abrasive wear 2.5 F r e t t i n g 2.6 F l u i d and c a v i t a t i o n erosion 2.7 R o l l i n g contact f a t i g u e 2.8 Wear detection and assessment 2.9 Conclusions References CHAPTER 3. SELECTION OF BEARINGS, M.J. NEALE, MICHAEL NEALE AND ASSOCIATES LTD. 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Bearing types 3.3 Performance of various types o f bearing 3.3.1 Rubbing bearings 3.3.2 R o l l e r bearings 3.3.3 F l u i d f i l m bearings 3.3.4 F l e x i b l e members Selection o f a s u i t a b l e bearing 3.4.1 Applications w i t h u n i d i r e c t i o n a l load and continuous movement 3.4.2 Applications w i t h o s c i l l a t i n g movernen t 3.4.3 Applications w i t h m u l t i d i r e c t i o n a l load and continuous movement CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF PLAIN BEARINGS, USE OF BEARING DATA DESIGN CHARTS, F.A. MARTIN AND D.R. GARNER, THE GLACIER METAL CO. LTD. 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Notation 4.2 Journal bearing design l i m i t s 4.2.1 L i m i t s o f operation 4.2.1.1 Thin o i l f i l m l i m i t 4.2.1.2 High bearing temperature 4.2.1.3 O i l oxidation l i m i t 4.2.1.4 O i l f i l m i n s t a b i l 4.2.2 Region of safe operation 4.3 Calculation and design procedures 4.3.1 Dimensionless data - Stage 4.3.2 Design procedures w i t h hea - Stage 11 4.3.3 Improvement i n design aids 1 ba 1 ance - Stage 111 4.4 Design procedure f o r c y l i n d r i c a l bore bearings 4.4.1 Method o f approach 4.4.2 Guidance f o r safe operation 4.4.2.1 O i l f i l m thickness and temperatures 4.4.2.2 O i l f i l m i n s t a b i l i t y 4.4.3 Performance p r e d i c t i o n 4.4.3.1 Minimum o i l f i l m thickness 4.4.3.2 Misalignment 4.4.3.3 Power loss and o i l f l o w 4.4.3.4 Temperatures 4.5 High speed applications 4.5.1 Non laminar operation 4.5.2 P r o f i l e bore bearings Example o f use o f design a i d s 4.6.1 Problem 4.6.2 Procedure 4.6 4.6.2.1 Diametral clearance 4.6.2.2 Maximum s p e c i f i c load r a t i n g 4.6.2.3 Region o f safe operation 4.6.2.4 Prediction o f minimum o i l f i l m thickness 4.6.2.5 Check for laminar operation 4.6.2.6 Prediction o f power loss 4.6.2.7 Prediction o f o i l f l o w 4.6.2.8 Prediction o f maximum bearing temperature 4.6.2.9 Prediction o f o i l o u t l e t temperature Re f e r ence s CHAPTER 5. THE DIAGNOSIS OF PLAIN BEARING FAILURES, R.W. WILSON AND E.B. SHONE, SHELL RESEARCH CENTRE. 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Properties required o f bearing m a t e r i a l s 5.2.1 Fatigue resistance 5.2.2 Compressive strength 5.2.3 Conformability 5.2.4 Embeddability 5.2.5 Strength a t elevated temperatures 5.2.6 Compatibility 5.2.7 Corrosion resistance 5.2.8 Cost CHAPTER 6. 5.3 Type, construction and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p l a i n bearing materials 5.3.1 White metals (Babbitts) 5.3.2 Copper lead a l l o y s 5.3.3 Lead bronzes 5.3.4 Aluminium a l loys 5.3.5 Phosphor and s i l i c o n bronzes 5.3.6 S i l v e r 5.3.7 Porous and s e l f l u b r i c a t i n g bearings 5.3.8 Discussion o f m e t a l l i c bearing materials 5.4 Bearing f a i l u r e s 5.4.1 M e t a l l u r g i c a l defects i n new bearings 5.4.1.1 Bad bonding 5.4.1.2 Gas c a v i t i e s 5.4.1.3 Oversize cuboids 5.4.1.4 Excessive lead content i n t i n based white metals 5.4.1.5 Uneven lead d i s t r i b u t i o n i n copper- lead and lead-bronze a I Ioys 5.4.2 Failures associated w i t h design, f i t t i n g o r operating environment 5.4.2.1 Bad f i t t i n g 5.4.2.2 Extraneous p a r t i c l e s 5.4.2.3 Corrosion 5.4.2.4 Cavitation and erosion 5.4.2.5 E l e c t r i c a l d i scha rge damage 5.4.2.6 Wire wool f a i l u r e s 5.4.2.7 Fatigue 6.4.2.8 Thermal c y c l i n g damage 5.4.2.9 A l l o y i n g i n service 5.4.2.10 Inadequate v i s c o s i t y and lack o f l u b r i c a n t 5.5 Conclusions Ref e rence s ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS, D.G. HJERTZEN AND R.A. JARVIS, SKF (UK) LTD. 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bearing selection Bearing types 6.3.1 Single row deep groove b a l l bearing 6.3.2 Self-a1 igning b a l l bearings 6.3.3 Angular contact b a l l bearing 6.3.4 Double row angular contact b a l l bearing 6.3.5 C y l i n d r i c a l r o l l e r bearing 6.3.6 Double row c y l i n d r i c a l r o l l e r bearings 6.3.7 Needle r o l l e r bearings 6.3.8 Taper r o l l e r bearings 6.3.9 Double row spherical r o l l e r bearings 6.3.10 Spherical r o l l e r t h r u s t bearings 6.3.11 B a l l t h r u s t bearings 6.3.12 Bearings w i t h spherical outside surface and extended inner r i n g width Fatigue l i f e and load carrying capacity 6.4.1 Hertzian contact 6.4.2 Relationship between load and l i f e 6.4.3 Further development o f the l i f e equation Boundary dimensions Usage Speed l i m i t s Fr i c t ion Lubrication 6.9.1 Greases 6.9.1.1 Temperature range 6.9.2 O i l l u b r i c a t i o n 6.10 Seals 6.11 Noise 6.12 A n t i c i p a t i n g bearing damage 6.13 Detection o f bearing damage by shock pulse mea su remen t 6.14 F i t s ( s h a f t and housing) 6.15 Conditions of r o t a t i o n 6.16 Influence o f load and temperature 6.17 Bearing applications 6.18 Bearing care 6.19 Bearing mounting 6.20 D i m o u n t i n g bearings 6.21 Mounting and dismounting by o i l i n j e c t i o n 6.22 Cleaning o f bearings 6.23 Recognition o f bearing f a i l u r e s 6.23.1 Wear 6.23.2 Incorrect mounting 6.23.3 Cage f a i l u r e s 6.23.4 Smearing 6.23.5 Vibrations Rust and other types o f corrosion Passage of e l e c t r i c current through bearings CHAPTER 7. PRACTICAL GEAR TRIBOLOGY, T.I. FOWLE, CONSULTANT 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Alignment 7.3 Tooth a c t i o n 7.4 Tooth surface d i s t r e s s 7.4.1 P i t t i n g 7.4.2 Scuffing 7.4.3 Abrasive wear 7.4.4 Other forms o f gear wear 7.5 Problems i n l u b r i c a t i o n systems References Gear problems : causes and remedies CHAPTER 8. MATERIALS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 0. SCOTT, CONSULTANT, EDITOR OF WEAR 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Types of materials 8.3 Materials f o r s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n s 8.3.1 P l a i n bearings 8.3.2 Gears 8.3.3 R o l l i n g bearings 8.3.4 Wear r e s i s t a n t materials 8.3.5 Tools 8.3.6 Cutting t o o l s 8.3.7 Piston r i n g s 8.3.8 Cams and tappets 8.3.9 F r i c t i o n materials 8.3.10 P l a s t i c bearings 8.4 Surface treatments and coatings 8.5 Conclusions References CHAPTER 9. SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS, A.R. LANSDOWN, SWANSEA TRIBOLOGY CENTRE 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Selecting the l u b r i c a n t type 9.3 Properties o f mineral o i l s 9.3.1 Viscosity 9.3.2 Viscosity - temperature r e l a t i o n s h i p 9.3.3 V i s c o s i t y - pressure r e l a t i o n s h i p 9.3.4 Anti-wear, extreme pressure and a n t i - f r i c t i o n properties 9.3.5 S t a b i l i t y 9.3.6 Con tami nan t s 9.4 Choice o f base o i l 9.4.1 L i m i t a t i o n s o f mineral o i l s 9.4.2 High temperatures 9.4.3 Flammability 9.4.4 Compatibil i t y 9.5 Greases 9.6 Sol i d l u b r i c a n t s 9.7 Gas l u b r i c a t i o n CHAPTER 10. LUBRICANT ADDITIVES, THEIR APPLICATION, PERFORMANCE AN0 LIMITATIONS, D.M. SOUL, LUBRIZOL INTERNATIONAL LABORATORIES. 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Basic properties of l u b r i c a n t s 10.3 Lubricant a d d i t i v e s 10.3.1 Detergent and dispersant a d d i t i v e s 10.3.1.1 Detergent types .1 Sulphonates .2 Phosphonates and/or thiophosphonates .3 Phenates .4 A l k y l substituted sal i c y l a t e s 10.3.1.2 Mode o f a c t i o n o f detergent add i t ives 10.3.1.3 Dispersant additives . 1 Cop0 1 yme r s .2 Substituted Succinimides .3 Amides .4 Other chemicals Mode o f a c t i o n o f dispersant a d d i t i v e s 10.3.1.4 10.3.2 Antioxidants and bearing corrosion i n h i b i t o r s 10.3.2.1 Dithiophosphates 10.3.2.2 Hindered phenol 10.3.2.3 Nitrogen bases 10.3.2.4 Sulphurised p o l y o l e f i n s 10.3.2.5 Mode o f a c t i o n o f antioxidants 10.3.3 Corrosion i n h i b i t o r s 10.3.3.1 Dithiophosphates 10.3.3.2 Dithicarbamates 10.3.3.3 Sulphur products 10.3.3.4 Phosphorus - Sulphur products 10.3.3.5 Triazoles and chelating agents 10.3.3.6 Dime rcap t o th i ad iozol e derivatives 10.3.3.7 Mode o f a c t i o n o f corrosion i n h i b i t o r s 10.3.4 Rust i n h i b i t o r s 10.3.5 Viscosity improvers 10.3.5.1 Mode o f a c t i o n of V.I. improvers 10.3.6 Pour p o i n t depressants 10.3.6.1 Mode of a c t i o n o f pour p o i n t depressants 10.3.7 Extreme pressure a d d i t i v e s 10.3.7.1 Comrnerical E.P. additives and t h e i r application 10.3.7.2 Automotive E.P. gear o i l s 10.3.7.3 Antiwear a d d i t i v e s 10.3.7.4 E.P. additives f o r turbine o 10.3.7.5 E.P. additives f o r c u t t i n g o 10.3.7.6 Mode o f a c t i o n of E.P. a d d i t 10.3.8 Emulsifiers 10.3.9 F r i c t i o n m o d i f i e r s 10.4 Conclusions References CHAPTER 11. CONSUMPTION AND CONSERVATION OF LUBRICANTS, A.R. LANSDOWN, SWANSEA TRIBOLOGY CENTRE 11.1 Consumption 11.2 Reducing consumption 11.3 Reclamation and r e - r e f i n i n g 11.4 Economics CHAPTER 12. HEALTH AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF LUBRICANTS, A.R. EYRES, MOBIL EUROPE INC., 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Composition o f l u b r i c a n t s 12.3 Mineral base o i l f a c t o r s 12.3.1 Acute t o x i c i t y 12.3.2 Dermatitis 12.3.3 O i l m i s t 12.3.4 O i l vapours 12.3.5 Skin cancer 12.3.6 Eye i r r i t a t i o n 12.4 A d d i t i v e f a c t o r s 12.4.1 Lead compounds 12.4.2 Orthophosphates 12.4.3 Chlorinated Naphthalenes 12.4.4 Sodium N i t r i t e and Amines 12.4.5 Sodium Mercaptobenzothiazole 12.4.6 Trichloroethylene 12.5 Bacteria and biocides 12.6 Synthetic l u b r i c a n t s 12.8 Health and safety precautions Used and reclaimed o r re-refined o i l s 12.8.1 Suppliers r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s 12.8.2 Skin p r o t e c t i o n 12.8.3 O i l m i s t and vapour 12.8.4 Skin cancer 12.8.5 Bacteria and biocides 12.9 Conclusions References CHAPTER 13. EFFECTIVE CONTAMINATION CONTROL I N FLUID POWER SYSTEMS, J.B. SPENCER, SPERRY VICKERS 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 A systematic approach t o f i l t r a t i o n 13.2 D i r t Input - types and sources o f contamination 13.2. I New oi 1 13.2.2 B u i l t i n contamination 13.2.3 Environmental Contamination 13.2.4 Entry points f o r environmental contamination 13.2.4.1 A i r breathers 13.2.4.2 Power u n i t access p l a t e s 13.2.4.3 Cylinder seals 13.2.5 Generated contamination 13.3 Effects o f types and sizes o f p a r t i c l e s 13.3.1 Catastrophic f a i l u r e 13.3.2 I n t e r m i t t e n t f a i l u r e 13.3.3 Degradation f a i l u r e 13.3.4 Pumps 13.3.5 Motors 13.3.6 Directional valves 13.3.7 Pressure controls 13.3.8 Flow c o n t r o l s 13.3.9 Summary 13.4 Specifying contamination levels 13.5 Selecting the f i l t e r 13.5.1 Nominal r a t i n g 13.5.2 Absolute r a t i n g 13.5.3 The bubble t e s t 13.5.4 Mean f i l t r a t i n g r a t i n g 13.5.5 Multipass f i l t e r t e s t 13.5.6 Beta r a t i o 13.5.7 Practical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of f i l t e r performance 13.5.7.1 Pulsating flow 13.5.7.2 Bypass ing 13.5.8 F i l t e r s i z i n g 13.6 Locating the f i l t e r 13.6.1 Pump i n l e t f i l t r a t i o n 13.6.2 Pressure 1 ine f i l t r a t i o n 13.6.3 Return 1 ine f i 1 t r a t ion 13.6.4 O f f l i n e f i l t r a t i o n 13.7 Summary CHAPTER 14. SEALS FOR FLUID POWER EQUIPMENT, PART ONE, B.D. HALLIGAN, JAMES WALKER 6 CO. LTD. 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Materials 14.3 Seal designs 14.4 Tribological considerations 14.4.1 Film conditions 14.4.2 Surface f i n i s h 14.4.3 Seal f r i c t i o n 14.4.4 Type of f l u i d 14.4.5 F i l t r a t i o n 14.4.6 A i r entrainment 14.5 Selection 14.6 Storage 14.6.1 Recommendations 14.6.1.1 Temperature 14.6.1.2 Humidity 14.6.1.3 L i g h t 14.6.1.4 Oxygen and ozone 14.6.1.5 Deformation 14.7 Assembly CHAPTER 15. SEALS FOR FLUID POWER EQUIPMENT, PART TWO, ROTARY LIP SEALS, B.D. HALLIGAN, JAMES WALKER E CO. LTD. 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Design 15.3 Material 15.4 Seal l u b r i c a t i o n 15.5 Shaft surfaces 15.6 F r i c t i o n 15.7 Speeds 15.9 Pressure 15.10 Care and handling 15.10.1 Storage 15.10.2 Handling 15.10.3 F i t t i n g 15.11 Service problems and t h e i r solutions 15.11.1 Unacceptable leakage CHAPTER 16. SEALS FOR FLUID POWER EQUIPMENT, PART THREE, COMPRESSION PACKINGS, B.D. HALLIGAN, JAMES WALKER t CO. LTD. 16.1 The packed gland 16.1.1 Pumps 16.1.2 Valves 16.2 Operating p r i n c i p l e s 16.3 Gland design 16.4 Packing construction and materials 16.4.1 Fibre material 16.4.2 Lubricants 16.4.3 Construct ion 16.4.4 Additional material 16.4.5 Selection 16.4.6 F i t t i n g 16.4.7 Fault f i n d i n g 16.4.8 Standardization 16.4.9 The f u t u r e Appendix 1 Safety o f asbestos gland packings and gaskets CHAPTER 17. CENTRALISED LUBRICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, J.G. MERRETT, ENGINEERING AN0 GENERAL EQUIPMENT LTD. 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Points of l u b r i c a t i o n 17.3 Selecting the l u b r i c a n t - o i l or grease 17.3.1 O i l o r grease7 when t o use one and when the other L u b r i c a t i n g grease - the types and how t o s e l e c t them 17.3.2 17.3.3 Lubricating o i l s - types and how t o select them 17.3.3.1 The properties o f the o i l 40 1 17.3.3.2 S p e c i a l i s t l u b r i c a n t s 402 17.3.4 Summarising l u b r i c a n t s e l e c t i o n 402 17.4 Pipe diameter vs f l o w c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 402 17.5 L u b r i c a t i o n requirements f o r p l a i n bearings 402 17.6 Selecting the r i g h t type o f l u b r i c a t i o n system 403 17.6.1 Grease l u b r i c a t i o n systems D i r e c t feeding systems 403 I n d i r e c t o r l i n e systems 405 Comparison o f p a r a l l e l systems - s i n g l e l i n e and dual l i n e 412 Selecting grease l u b r i c a t i o n systems 412 Lubrication o f p l a i n o r sleeve bearings 41 2 Lubrication o f a n t i f r i c t i o n ( b a l l and r o l l e r ) bearings 412 17.6.2 O i l l u b r i c a t i o n systems 17.6.3 Micro-fog 17.6.4 Check l i s t 17.7 Summary References Total loss systems Systems designed w i t h small amount o f heat removal Systems designed f o r l u b r i c a t i o n cool i ng l u b r i c a t i o n systems Working p r i n c i p l e s O i l q u a l i t y Compressed a i r Systems design considerations Some t y p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s CHAPTER 18. ON CONDITION MAINTENANCE, R.A. COLLACOTT, FAULT DIAGNOSIS CENTRE 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Background Management o f cond i t ion mon i t o r i ng F a i l u r e modes and e f f e c t s analysis 18.5 Monitoring technique selection 18.5.1 Vibration monitoring 18.5.1.1 Proximity probes 18.5.1.2 Seismic v e l o c i t y transducers, accelerometers, vibration meters, spectrum analysers 18.5.1.3 Waveform analysis 18.5.2 Inspection, i n t e g r i t y surveillance 18.5.3 Contaminant analysis 18.5.4 Trends analysis 18.6 Deterioration l i m i t s References CHAPTER 19. THE TRIBOLOGY OF METAL CUTTING, E.M. TRENT, UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Metal c u t t i n g phenomena 19.3 Conditions a t the tool-work interface 19.3.1 Tool forces and stresses 19.3.2 Cutting speed 19.3.3 Heat i n metal c u t t i n g 19.3.4 Seizure o f the tool-work interface 19.3.5 Cutting tool temperatures 19.3.6 SI iding a t the tool-work interface 19.4 Cutting tool wear 19.4.1 Abrasion 19.4.2 Surface shearing 19.4.3 Diffusion and interaction 19.4.4 A t t r i t i o n 19.5 Coolants and lubricants References CHAPTER 20. ROLE OF LABORATORY TEST MACHINES, F.T. BARWELL AND M.H. JONES, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE O F SWANSEA 20.1 Experimental method 20.2 Lubricant type approval testing machines 20.2.1 Engine tests 20.2.2 Gear tests 20.2.3 Simulation o f industrial situations Analysis into system elements o f the basis f o r selection o f laboratory t e s t s 20.4 Equipment f o r basic research Ref e r enc e s GLOSSARY AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX
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