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| موضوع: كتاب Mechanical Design of Machine Components الأحد 03 سبتمبر 2017, 10:07 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Mechanical Design of Machine Components Second Edition Ansel C. Ugural
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxvii Author xxix Symbols . xxxi Abbreviations xxxvii Section I Basics 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Scope.of.the.Book .3 1.2. Mechanical.Engineering.Design .4 1.2.1. ABET.Definition.of.Design 5 1.3. Design.Process 5 1.3.1. Phases.of.Design .6 1.3.1.1. Identification.of.Need .6 1.3.1.2. Definition.of.the.Problem .6 1.3.1.3. Synthesis .7 1.3.1.4. Analysis 7 1.3.1.5. Testing.and.Evaluation .7 1.3.1.6. Presentation 7 1.3.2. Design.Considerations .8 1.4. Design.Analysis .8 1.4.1. Engineering.Modeling .8 1.4.2. Rational.Design.Procedure 9 1.4.3. Methods.of.Analysis .9 1.5. Problem.Formulation.and.Computation 10 1.5.1. Solving.Mechanical.Component.Problems . 10 1.5.1.1. Significant.Digits . 11 1.5.2. Computational.Tools.for.Design.Problems . 11 1.5.3. Best.Time.to.Solve.Problems .12 1.6. Factor.of.Safety.and.Design.Codes 12 1.6.1. Definitions . 13 1.6.2. Selection.of.a.Factor.of.Safety . 13 1.6.3. Design.and.Safety.Codes . 14 1.7. Units.and.Conversion 15 1.8. Loading.Classes.and.Equilibrium . 16 1.8.1. Conditions.of.Equilibrium . 17 1.8.2. Internal.Load.Resultants 18 1.8.3. Sign.Convention 19 1.9. Free-Body.Diagrams.and.Load.Analysis . 19 1.10. Case.Studies.in.Engineering 23 1.11. Work,.Energy,.and.Power 26 1.11.1. Transmission.of.Power.by.Rotating.Shafts.and.Wheels .28viii Contents 1.12. Stress.Components 30 1.12.1. Sign.Convention 31 1.12.2. Special.Cases.of.State.of.Stress . 32 1.13. Normal.and.Shear.Strains 33 Problems .35 2. Materials 47 2.1. Introduction 47 2.2. Material.Property.Definitions 47 2.3. Static.Strength .49 2.3.1. Stress–Strain.Diagrams.for.Ductile.Materials 49 2.3.1.1. Yield.Strength 50 2.3.1.2. Strain.Hardening:.Cold.Working 52 2.3.1.3. Ultimate.Tensile.Strength 52 2.3.1.4. Offset.Yield.Strength 53 2.3.2. Stress–Strain.Diagram.for.Brittle.Materials 53 2.3.3. Stress–Strain.Diagrams.in.Compression .53 2.4. Hooke’s.Law.and.Modulus.of.Elasticity .54 2.5. Generalized.Hooke’s.Law . 57 2.5.1. Volume.Change .58 2.6. Thermal.Stress–Strain.Relations 62 2.7. Temperature.and.Stress–Strain.Properties 63 2.7.1. Short-Time.Effects.of.Elevated.and.Low.Temperatures 63 2.7.2. Long-Time.Effects.of.Elevated.Temperatures:.Creep 64 2.8. Moduli.of.Resilience.and.Toughness 65 2.8.1. Modulus.of.Resilience 65 2.8.2. Modulus.of.Toughness .66 2.9. Dynamic.and.Thermal.Effects .68 2.9.1. Strain.Rate 69 2.9.2. Ductile–Brittle.Transition 69 2.10. Hardness .72 2.10.1. Brinell.Hardness .73 2.10.2. Rockwell.Hardness .73 2.10.3. Vickers.Hardness 73 2.10.4. Shore.Scleroscope .73 2.10.5. Relationships.among.Hardness.and.Ultimate.Strength.in.Tension 74 2.11. Processes.to.Improve.Hardness.and.the.Strength.of.Metals .75 2.11.1. Mechanical.Treatment 75 2.11.1.1. Cold.Working . 76 2.11.1.2. Hot.Working 76 2.11.2. Heat.Treatment 76 2.11.3. Coatings 77 2.11.3.1. Galvanization .78 2.11.3.2. Electroplating .78 2.11.3.3. Anodizing 78 2.12. General.Properties.of.Metals 78 2.12.1. Iron.and.Steel .79 2.12.2. Cast.Irons .79Contents ix 2.12.3. Steels .79 2.12.3.1. Plain.Carbon.Steels .80 2.12.3.2. Alloy.Steels .80 2.12.3.3. Stainless.Steels .80 2.12.3.4. Steel.Numbering.Systems 81 2.12.4. Aluminum.and.Copper.Alloys .82 2.13. General.Properties.of.Nonmetals 82 2.13.1. Plastics 83 2.13.2. Ceramics.and.Glasses .84 2.13.3. Composites .84 2.13.3.1. Fiber-Reinforced.Composite.Materials 85 2.14. Selecting.Materials .86 2.14.1. Strength.Density.Chart 86 Problems .88 3. Stress and Strain 95 3.1. Introduction 95 3.2. Stresses.in.Axially.Loaded.Members 95 3.2.1. Design.of.Tension.Members 96 3.3. Direct.Shear.Stress.and.Bearing.Stress .98 3.4. Thin-Walled.Pressure.Vessels 100 3.5. Stress.in.Members.in.Torsion . 102 3.5.1. Circular.Cross.Sections 102 3.5.2. Noncircular.Cross.Sections . 104 3.6. Shear.and.Moment.in.Beams . 107 3.6.1. Load,.Shear,.and.Moment.Relationships . 107 3.6.2. Shear.and.Moment.Diagrams . 108 3.7. Stresses.in.Beams . 110 3.7.1. Assumptions.of.Beam.Theory 110 3.7.2. Normal.Stress 111 3.7.2.1. Curved.Beam.of.a.Rectangular.Cross.Section 113 3.7.3. Shear.Stress 114 3.7.3.1. Rectangular.Cross.Section . 114 3.7.3.2. Various.Cross.Sections . 115 3.8. Design.of.Beams . 118 3.8.1. Prismatic.Beams 118 3.8.2. Beams.of.Constant.Strength 120 3.8.3. Composite.Beams 123 3.9. Plane.Stress .125 3.9.1. Mohr’s.Circle.for.Stress 128 3.9.1.1. Axial.Loading 130 3.9.1.2. Torsion . 130 3.10. Combined.Stresses . 132 3.11. Plane.Strain . 137 3.11.1. Mohr’s.Circle.for.Strain 138 3.12. Measurement.of.Strain;.Strain.Rosette . 140 3.13. Stress-Concentration.Factors 142x Contents 3.14. Importance.of.Stress-Concentration.Factors.in.Design 144 3.14.1. Fatigue.Loading 144 3.14.2. Static.Loading 145 *3.15. Three-Dimensional.Stress . 147 3.15.1. Principal.Stresses.in.Three.Dimensions 148 3.15.2. Simplified.Transformation.for.Three-Dimensional.Stress . 150 3.15.3. Octahedral.Stresses 151 *3.16. Equations.of.Equilibrium.for.Stress 153 *3.17. Strain–Displacement.Relations:.Exact.Solutions . 154 3.17.1. Problems.in.Applied.Elasticity . 155 Problems . 156 4. Deflection and Impact . 173 4.1. Introduction 173 4.1.1. Comparison.of.Various.Deflection.Methods 173 4.2. Deflection.of.Axially.Loaded.Members 174 4.3. Angle.of.Twist.of.Shafts 179 4.3.1. Circular.Sections . 179 4.3.2. Noncircular.Sections 180 4.4. Deflection.of.Beams.by.Integration . 181 4.5. Beam.Deflections.by.Superposition 184 4.6. Beam.Deflection.by.the.Moment-Area.Method . 189 4.6.1. Moment-Area.Theorems 189 4.6.2. Application.of.the.Moment-Area.Method . 190 4.7. Impact.Loading 194 4.8. Longitudinal.and.Bending.Impact 195 4.8.1. Freely.Falling.Weight . 195 4.8.2. Horizontally.Moving.Weight 197 4.9. Torsional.Impact . 202 *4.10. Bending.of.Thin.Plates 205 4.10.1. Basic.Assumptions 205 4.10.2. Strain–Displacement.Relations .206 4.10.3. Plate.Stress,.Curvature,.and.Moment.Relations . 207 4.11. Deflection.of.Plates.by.Integration 208 4.11.1. Boundary.Conditions .209 Problems . 211 5. Energy Methods and Stability 225 5.1. Introduction 225 5.2. Strain.Energy 226 5.2.1. Components.of.Strain.Energy .227 5.3. Strain.Energy.in.Common.Members 229 5.3.1. Axially.Loaded.Bars .229 5.3.2. Circular.Torsion.Bars 231 5.3.3. Beams 232 5.4. Work–Energy.Method .234 5.5. Castigliano’s.Theorem .235 5.5.1. Application.to.Trusses 240Contents xi 5.6. Statically.Indeterminate.Problems 242 5.7. Virtual.Work.Principle 246 5.7.1. Castigliano’s.First.Theorem . 247 *5.8. Use.of.Trigonometric.Series.in.Energy.Methods . 247 5.9. Buckling.of.Columns .250 5.9.1. Pin-Ended.Columns .250 5.9.2. Columns.with.Other.End.Conditions 252 5.10. Critical.Stress.in.a.Column .253 5.10.1. Long.Columns .254 5.10.2. Short.Columns.or.Struts 255 5.10.3. Intermediate.Columns .255 5.11. Initially.Curved.Columns . 261 5.11.1. Total.Deflection . 262 5.11.2. Critical.Stress . 262 5.12. Eccentric.Loads.and.the.Secant.Formula 263 5.12.1. Short.Columns .266 5.13. Design.Formulas.for.Columns .268 *5.14. Beam–Columns 272 *5.15. Energy.Methods.Applied.to.Buckling 275 *5.16. Buckling.of.Rectangular.Plates 278 Problems .280 Section II Failure Prevention 6. Static Failure Criteria and Reliability .303 6.1. Introduction 303 6.2. Introduction.to.Fracture.Mechanics 303 6.3. Stress–Intensity.Factors .304 6.4. Fracture.Toughness 306 6.5. Yield.and.Fracture.Criteria . 311 6.6. Maximum.Shear.Stress.Theory 312 6.6.1. Typical.Case.of.Combined.Loading . 313 6.7. Maximum.Distortion.Energy.Theory . 315 6.7.1. Yield.Surfaces.for.Triaxial.State.of.Stress 316 6.7.2. Typical.Case.of.Combined.Loading . 317 6.8. Octahedral.Shear.Stress.Theory 317 6.9. Comparison.of.the.Yielding.Theories . 321 6.10. Maximum.Principal.Stress.Theory . 321 6.11. Mohr’s.Theory 323 6.12. Coulomb–Mohr.Theory 324 6.13. Reliability 327 6.14. Normal.Distributions 328 6.15. Reliability.Method.and.Margin.of.Safety .330 Problems .333 7. Fatigue Failure Criteria 343 7.1. Introduction 343 7.2. Nature.of.Fatigue.Failures 344xii Contents 7.3. Fatigue.Tests 345 7.3.1. Reversed.Bending.Test .345 7.4. S–N.Diagrams .347 7.4.1. Endurance.Limit.and.Fatigue.Strength .348 7.4.1.1. Bending.Fatigue.Strength 348 7.4.1.2. Axial.Fatigue.Strength 349 7.4.1.3. Torsional.Fatigue.Strength .349 7.4.2. Fatigue.Regimes 350 7.5. Estimating.the.Endurance.Limit.and.Fatigue.Strength .350 7.6. Modified.Endurance.Limit . 352 7.7. Endurance.Limit.Reduction.Factors 352 7.7.1. Surface.Finish.Factor 353 7.7.2. Reliability.Factor .354 7.7.3. Size.Factor 354 7.7.4. Temperature.Factor .355 7.7.5. Fatigue.Stress-Concentration.Factor 355 7.8. Fluctuating.Stresses .358 7.9. Theories.of.Fatigue.Failure .360 7.10. Comparison.of.the.Fatigue.Criteria . 361 7.11. Design.for.Simple.Fluctuating.Loads 362 7.11.1. Design.Graphs.of.Failure.Criteria 364 7.12. Design.for.Combined.Fluctuating.Loads . 370 7.12.1. Alternative.Derivation . 372 7.13. Prediction.of.Cumulative.Fatigue.Damage 372 7.13.1. Miner’s.Cumulative.Rule . 373 7.14. Fracture.Mechanics.Approach.to.Fatigue 374 Problems . 376 8. Surface Failure .385 8.1. Introduction 385 8.2. Corrosion .385 8.2.1. Corrosion.and.Stress.Combined .386 8.2.1.1. Stress.Corrosion .386 8.2.1.2. Corrosion.Fatigue 388 8.2.2. Corrosion.Wear . 389 8.2.2.1. Fretting .389 8.2.2.2. Cavitation.Damage 389 8.3. Friction .390 8.4. Wear . 391 8.4.1. Adhesive.Wear 391 8.4.2. Abrasive.Wear . 392 8.5. Wear.Equation 392 8.6. Contact-Stress.Distributions . 396 8.7. Spherical.and.Cylindrical.Surfaces.in.Contact 397 8.7.1. Two.Spheres.in.Contact 398 8.7.2. Two.Cylinders.in.Contact 400 *8.8. Maximum.Stress.in.General.Contact 403Contents xiii 8.9. Surface-Fatigue.Failure .407 8.9.1. Stresses.Affecting.Surface.Fatigue .408 8.10. Prevention.of.Surface.Damage .409 Problems . 410 Section III Applications 9. Shafts and Associated Parts 417 9.1. Introduction 417 9.2. Materials.Used.for.Shafting . 418 9.3. Design.of.Shafts.in.Steady.Torsion 419 9.4. Combined.Static.Loadings.on.Shafts 420 9.4.1. Bending,.Torsion,.and.Axial.Loads 420 9.4.2. Bending.and.Torsion 421 9.5. Design.of.Shafts.for.Fluctuating.and.Shock.Loads .426 9.5.1. Shock.Factors .427 9.5.2. Steady-State.Operation .427 9.5.3. Displacements .428 9.6. Interference.Fits 432 9.7. Critical.Speed.of.Shafts .433 9.7.1. Rayleigh.Method .433 9.7.2. Dunkerley’s.Method .434 9.7.3. Shaft.Whirl .434 9.8. Mounting.Parts .438 9.8.1. Keys .438 9.8.2. Pins 438 9.8.3. Screws .438 9.8.4. Rings.and.Collars 439 9.8.5. Methods.of.Axially.Positioning.of.Hubs .440 9.9. Stresses.in.Keys 440 9.10. Splines 442 9.11. Couplings 443 9.11.1. Clamped.Rigid.Couplings .443 9.11.2. Flanged.Rigid.Couplings .444 9.11.3. Flexible.Couplings 445 9.12. Universal.Joints 446 Problems .447 10. Bearings and Lubrication . 457 10.1. Introduction 457 Part.A:.Lubrication and.Journal Bearings . 457 10.2. Lubricants 458 10.2.1. Liquid.Lubricants 458 10.2.2. Solid.Lubricants 458 10.3. Types.of.Journal.Bearings . 459xiv Contents 10.4. Forms.of.Lubrication .460 10.4.1. Hydrodynamic.Lubrication . 461 10.4.2. Mixed.Lubrication 461 10.4.3. Boundary.Lubrication 461 10.4.4. Elastohydrodynamic.Lubrication . 462 10.4.5. Hydrostatic.Lubrication . 462 10.5. Lubricant.Viscosity 465 10.5.1. Units.of.Viscosity 466 10.5.2. Viscosity.in.terms.of.Saybolt.Universal.Seconds .466 10.5.3. Effects.of.Temperature.and.Pressure . 467 10.6. Petroff’s.Bearing.Equation 469 10.6.1. Friction.Torque 470 10.6.2. Friction.Power . 471 10.7. Hydrodynamic.Lubrication.Theory 472 10.7.1. Reynolds’s.Equation.of.Hydrodynamic.Lubrication . 472 10.7.1.1. Long.Bearings 472 10.7.1.2. Short.Bearings 475 10.8. Design.of.Journal.Bearings . 475 10.8.1. Lubricants 476 10.8.2. Bearing.Load . 476 10.8.3. Length–Diameter.Ratio 476 10.8.4. Clearance 476 10.8.5. Design.Charts 476 10.9. Lubricant.Supply.to.Journal.Bearings . 481 10.9.1. Splash.Method . 481 10.9.2. Miscellaneous.Methods . 481 10.9.3. Pressure-Fed.Systems .482 10.9.4. Methods.for.Oil.Distribution 482 10.10. Heat.Balance.of.Journal.Bearings 483 10.10.1.Heat.Dissipated .483 10.10.2.Heat.Developed .484 10.11. Materials.for.Journal.Bearings .484 10.11.1.Alloys 484 10.11.2.Sintered.Materials .486 10.11.3.Nonmetallic.Materials 486 Part.B:.Rolling-Element.Bearings .486 10.12. Types.and.Dimensions.of.Rolling.Bearings .487 10.12.1.Ball.Bearings 487 10.12.2.Roller.Bearings 489 10.12.3.Special.Bearings 490 10.12.4.Standard.Dimensions.for.Bearings 490 10.13. Rolling.Bearing.Life . 492 10.14. Equivalent.Radial.Load . 493 10.14.1.Equivalent.Shock.Loading . 493 10.15. Selection.of.Rolling.Bearings . 495 10.15.1.Reliability.Requirement . 496 10.16. Materials.and.Lubricants.of.Rolling.Bearings .499 10.17. Mounting.and.Closure.of.Rolling.Bearings .500 Problems .502Contents xv 11. Spur Gears .507 11.1. Introduction 507 11.2. Geometry.and.Nomenclature 508 11.2.1. Properties.of.Gear.Tooth 509 11.3. Fundamentals . 512 11.3.1. Basic.Law.of.Gearing 512 11.3.2. Involute.Tooth.Form . 513 11.4. Gear.Tooth.Action.and.Systems.of.Gearing . 514 11.4.1. Standard.Gear.Teeth . 514 11.5. Contact.Ratio.and.Interference 517 11.6. Gear.Trains 519 11.6.1. Planetary.Gear.Trains 521 11.7. Transmitted.Load . 523 11.7.1. Dynamic.Effects 524 11.8. Bending.Strength.of.a.Gear.Tooth:.The.Lewis.Formula 526 11.8.1. Uniform.Strength.Gear.Tooth . 527 11.8.2. Effect.of.Stress.Concentration . 529 11.8.3. Requirement.for.Satisfactory.Gear.Performance .530 11.9. .Design.for.the.Bending.Strength.of.a Gear Tooth:.The.AGMA.Method . 531 11.10. Wear.Strength.of.a.Gear.Tooth:.The.Buckingham.Formula 537 11.11. Design.for.the.Wear.Strength.of.a.Gear.Tooth:.The.AGMA.Method .540 11.12. Materials.for.Gears 545 11.13. Gear.Manufacturing 545 11.13.1.Forming.Gear.Teeth 546 11.13.2.Finishing.Processes 547 Problems .547 12. Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears .555 12.1. Introduction 555 12.2. Helical.Gears .555 12.3. Helical.Gear.Geometry . 557 12.3.1. Virtual.Number.of.Teeth . 559 12.3.2. Contact.Ratios 559 12.4. Helical.Gear.Tooth.Loads . 561 12.5. Helical.Gear.Tooth.Bending.and.Wear.Strengths . 562 12.5.1. Lewis.Equation 562 12.5.2. Buckingham.Equation 563 12.5.3. AGMA.Equations 563 12.6. Bevel.Gears 570 12.6.1. Straight.Bevel.Gears . 571 12.6.1.1. Geometry 571 12.6.2. Virtual.Number.of.Teeth . 573 12.7. Tooth.Loads.of.Straight.Bevel.Gears . 573 12.8. Bevel.Gear.Tooth.Bending.and.Wear.Strengths 575 12.8.1. Lewis.Equation 575 12.8.2. Buckingham.Equation 576 12.8.3. AGMA.Equations 576 12.9. Worm.Gearsets . 578 12.9.1. Worm.Gear.Geometry 578xvi Contents 12.10. Worm.Gear.Bending.and.Wear.Strengths 581 12.10.1.Lewis.Equation 581 12.10.2.Limit.Load.for.Wear . 582 12.10.3.AGMA.Equations 582 12.11. Thermal.Capacity.of.Worm.Gearsets 582 12.11.1.Worm.Gear.Efficiency 584 Problems . 587 13. Belts, Chains, Clutches, and Brakes 593 13.1. Introduction 593 Part.A:.Flexible.Elements 594 13.2. Belts 594 13.2.1. Flat.and.Round.Belts 594 13.2.2. V.Belts . 595 13.2.3. Timing.Belts . 595 13.3. Belt.Drives . 597 13.3.1. Transmitted.Power . 598 13.3.2. Contact.Angle 598 13.3.3. Belt.Length.and.Center.Distance 599 13.3.4. Maintaining.the.Initial.Tension.of.the.Belt . 601 13.4. Belt.Tension.Relationships 601 13.4.1. Flat.or.Round.Belt.Drives 602 13.4.2. V-Belt.Drives 604 13.5. Design.of.V-Belt.Drives .605 13.6. Chain.Drives .608 13.7. Common.Chain.Types . 610 13.7.1. Roller.Chains . 610 13.7.1.1. Chordal.Action 610 13.7.2. Power.Capacity.of.Roller.Chains 612 13.7.3. Inverted-Tooth.Chains . 615 Part.B:.High.Friction.Devices . 616 13.8. Materials.for.Brakes.and.Clutches . 616 13.9. Internal.Expanding.Drum.Clutches.and.Brakes . 618 13.10. Disk.Clutches.and.Brakes . 619 13.10.1.Disk.Clutches . 619 13.10.1.1.Uniform.Wear . 620 13.10.1.2.Uniform.Pressure . 621 13.10.2.Disk.Brakes 622 13.10.2.1.Caliper-Type.Disk.Brakes 623 13.11. Cone.Clutches.and.Brakes 625 13.11.1.Uniform.Wear 625 13.11.2.Uniform.Pressure 626 13.12. Band.Brakes 628 13.13. Short-Shoe.Drum.Brakes .630 13.13.1.Self-Energizing.and.Self-Locking.Brakes 631 13.14. Long-Shoe.Drum.Brakes . 632 13.14.1.External.Long-Shoe.Drum.Brakes 633 13.14.1.1.Symmetrically.Loaded.Pivot-Shoe.Brakes 636 13.14.2.Internal.Long-Shoe.Drum.Brakes .638Contents xvii 13.15. Energy.Absorption.and.Cooling .639 13.15.1.Energy.Sources 639 13.15.2.Temperature.Rise 640 Problems .641 14. Mechanical Springs 649 14.1. Introduction 649 14.2. Torsion.Bars .649 14.3. Helical.Tension.and.Compression.Springs 651 14.3.1. Stresses . 652 14.3.2. Deflection .654 14.3.3. Spring.Rate .655 14.4. Spring.Materials .656 14.4.1. Spring.Wire 657 14.4.1.1. Ultimate.Strength.in.Tension 657 14.4.1.2. Yield.Strength.in.Shear.and.Endurance.Limit.in.Shear 658 14.5. Helical.Compression.Springs .660 14.5.1. Design.Procedure.for.Static.Loading . 661 14.6. Buckling.of.Helical.Compression.Springs 663 14.6.1. Aspect.Ratio .664 14.7. Fatigue.of.Springs 666 14.8. Design.of.Helical.Compression.Springs.for.Fatigue.Loading .666 14.8.1. Goodman.Criteria.Helical.Springs . 667 14.8.2. Compression.Spring.Surge 668 14.9. Helical.Extension.Springs . 671 14.9.1. Coil.Body 672 14.9.2. End.Hook.Bending.and.Shear . 672 14.10. Torsion.Springs . 675 14.10.1.Helical.Torsion.Springs 675 14.10.2.Fatigue.Loading 677 14.10.3.Spiral.Torsion.Springs 677 14.11. Leaf.Springs 678 14.11.1.Multileaf.Springs 679 14.12. Miscellaneous.Springs 682 14.12.1.Constant-Force.Springs 683 14.12.2.Belleville.Springs 683 14.12.3.Rubber.Springs 686 Problems .687 15. Power Screws, Fasteners, and Connections 695 15.1. Introduction 695 15.2. Standard.Thread.Forms 695 15.2.1. Unified.and.ISO.Thread.Form 697 15.2.2. Power.Screw.Thread.Forms 698 15.3. Mechanics.of.Power.Screws .700 15.3.1. Torque.to.Lift.the.Load 702 15.3.2. Torque.to.Lower.the.Load 703 15.3.3. Values.of.Friction.Coefficients . 703 15.3.4. Values.of.Thread.Angle.in.the.Normal.Plane .704xviii Contents 15.4. Overhauling.and.Efficiency.of.Power.Screws 704 15.4.1. Screw.Efficiency . 705 15.5. Ball.Screws 708 15.6. Threaded.Fastener.Types 709 15.6.1. Fastener.Materials.and.Strengths 710 15.7. Stresses.in.Screws 711 15.7.1. Axial.Stress . 712 15.7.2. Torsional.Shear.Stress . 712 15.7.3. Combined.Torsion.and.Axial.Stress . 712 15.7.4. Bearing.Stress . 713 15.7.5. Direct.Shear.Stress . 713 15.7.6. Buckling.Stress.for.Power.Screws . 714 15.8. Bolt.Tightening.and.Preload . 714 15.8.1. Torque.Requirement 714 15.9. Tension.Joints.under.Static.Loading 715 15.9.1. Deflections.due.to.Preload . 717 15.9.2. Factors.of.Safety.for.a.Joint . 718 15.9.3. Joint-Separating.Force . 718 15.10. Gasketed.Joints . 719 15.11. Determining.the.Joint.Stiffness.Constants .720 15.11.1. Bolt.Stiffness .720 15.11.2. Stiffness.of.Clamped.Parts . 721 15.12. Tension.Joints.under.Dynamic.Loading .725 15.13. Riveted.and.Bolted.Joints.Loaded.in.Shear 730 15.13.1. Joint.Types.and.Efficiency 732 15.14. Shear.of.Rivets.or.Bolts.due.to.Eccentric.Loading 735 15.15. Welding .738 15.15.1. Welding.Processes.and.Properties 738 15.15.2. Strength.of.Welded.Joints . 739 15.15.3. Stress.Concentration.and.Fatigue.in.Welds . 740 15.16. Welded.Joints.Subjected.to.Eccentric.Loading 742 15.16.1. Torsion.in.Welded.Joints . 742 15.16.2. Bending.in.Welded.Joints . 743 15.16.2.1. Centroid.of.the.Weld.Group . 744 15.16.2.2. Moments.of.Inertia.of.a.Weld 744 15.17. Brazing.and.Soldering . 746 15.17.1. Brazing.Process 746 15.17.2. Soldering.Process . 746 15.18. Adhesive.Bonding 746 15.18.1. Design.of.Bonded.Joints . 747 Problems . 748 16. Miscellaneous Mechanical Components 761 16.1. Introduction 761 16.2. Basic.Relations 761 16.3. Thick-Walled.Cylinders.under.Pressure . 763 16.3.1. Solution.of.the.Basic.Relations . 763 16.3.2. Stress.and.Radial.Displacement.for.Cylinder 764Contents xix 16.3.3. Special.Case . 766 16.3.3.1. Internal.Pressure.Only 766 16.3.3.2. External.Pressure.Only . 766 16.3.3.3. Cylinder.with.an.Eccentric.Bore 767 16.3.3.4. Thick-Walled.Spheres 767 16.4. Compound.Cylinders:.Press.or.Shrink.Fits 768 16.5. Disk.Flywheels .772 16.5.1. Stress.and.Displacement 772 16.5.2. Energy.Stored 777 16.6. Thermal.Stresses.in.Cylinders .778 16.6.1. Cylinder.with.a.Central.Hole 779 16.6.2. Steady-Flow.Temperature.Change.T(r) 780 16.6.3. Special.Case . 781 *16.7. Exact.Stresses.in.Curved.Beams 782 16.8. Curved.Beam.Formula 783 *16.9. Circular.Plates 788 *16.10. Thin.Shells.of.Revolution 792 16.10.1.Shell.Theories 792 16.10.2.Geometry.of.Shell.of.Revolution . 792 16.10.3.Symmetrically.Loaded.Shells.of.Revolution . 792 16.10.3.1. Equations.of.Equilibrium 793 16.10.3.2. Compatibility.of.Deformations 794 16.11. Special.Cases.of.Shells.of.Revolution 794 16.11.1.Spherical.Shell . 794 16.11.2.Conical.Shells 795 16.11.3.Circular.Cylindrical.Shells 795 16.12. Pressure.Vessels.and.Piping .800 16.12.1.Short.Catalog.of.Results .800 16.12.2.ASME.Code.for.Pressure.Vessels .804 16.13. Filament-Wound.Pressure.Vessels 805 16.14. Buckling.of.Cylindrical.and.Spherical.Shells 806 16.14.1.Cylindrical.Shells.under.Uniaxial.Compression 806 16.14.2.Cylindrical.and.Spherical.Pressure.Vessels 807 Problems .808 17. Finite Element Analysis in Design 819 17.1. Introduction 819 17.2. Bar.Element . 821 17.2.1. Direct.Equilibrium.Method . 821 17.2.2. Energy.Method . 821 17.2.3. Global.Stiffness.Matrix 822 17.2.4. Axial.Force.in.an.Element 825 17.3. Formulation.of.the.Finite.Element.Method 826 17.3.1. Method.of.Assemblage.of.the.Values.of.[k]e 826 17.3.2. Procedure.for.Solving.a.Problem 826 17.4. Beam.and.Frame.Elements .830 17.4.1. Arbitrarily.Oriented.Beam.Element .834 17.4.2. Arbitrarily.Oriented.Axial–Flexural.Beam.or.Frame.Element 835xx Contents 17.5. Two-Dimensional.Elements 838 17.5.1. Displacement.Functions .838 17.5.2. Strain,.Stress,.and.Displacement.Matrices 839 17.5.3. Governing.Equations.for.2D.Problems 840 17.6. Triangular.Element 841 17.6.1. Displacement.Function 841 17.6.2. Stiffness.Matrix .843 17.6.3. Element.Nodal.Forces.due.to.Surface.Loading 843 17.7. Plane.Stress.Case.Studies 844 17.8. Axisymmetric.Element . 852 Problems .855 18. Case Studies in Machine Design . 867 18.1. Introduction 867 18.2. Floor.Crane.with.Electric.Winch . 867 18.3. High-Speed.Cutter . 892 Problems . 898 Appendix A: Units, Properties of Shapes, and Beam Deflections 905 Appendix B: Material Properties . 921 Appendix C: Stress-Concentration Factors 933 Appendix D: Solution of the Stress Cubic Equation . 939 Appendix E: Introduction to MATLAB 943 Answers to Selected Problems . 947 References 959 Index 969
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