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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 30/06/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th ed - James G. Speight السبت 22 يوليو 2017, 4:07 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th ed James G. Speight
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Contents Preface xxiii Author xxv Section i History, occurrence, and Recovery Chapter 1 History and Terminology 3 1 1 Historical Perspectives 3 1 2 Modern Perspectives 9 1 3 Defnitions and Terminology 12 1 4 Native Materials 14 1 4 1 Petroleum 14 1 4 2 Opportunity Crudes and High-Acid Crudes 15 1 4 3 Heavy Oil 16 1 4 4 Foamy Oil 16 1 4 5 Extra Heavy Oil 17 1 4 6 Bitumen 17 1 4 7 Wax 18 1 4 8 Asphaltite and Asphaltoid 18 1 4 9 Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand 19 1 4 10 Kerogen 20 1 4 11 Natural Gas 20 1 5 Manufactured Materials 22 1 5 1 Wax 22 1 5 2 Resid 22 1 5 3 Asphalt 23 1 5 4 Tar and Pitch 23 1 5 5 Coke 24 1 5 6 Synthetic Crude Oil 24 1 6 Derived Materials 24 1 6 1 Asphaltenes, Carbenes, and Carboids 24 1 6 2 Resins and Oils 25 1 7 Oil Prices 26 1 7 1 Pricing Strategies 26 1 7 2 Oil Price History 27 1 7 3 Future of Oil 28 1 7 4 Epilogue 28 References 28 Chapter 2 Classifcation 31 2 1 Introduction 31 2 2 Classifcation Systems 32 2 2 1 Classifcation as a Hydrocarbon Resource 32 2 2 2 Classifcation by Chemical Composition 34 2 2 3 Correlation Index 35vi Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2 2 4 Density 36 2 2 5 API Gravity 37 2 2 6 Viscosity 38 2 2 7 Carbon Distribution 38 2 2 8 Viscosity-Gravity Constant 38 2 2 9 UOP Characterization Factor 39 2 2 10 Recovery Method 39 2 2 11 Pour Point 40 2 3 Miscellaneous Systems 41 2 4 Reservoir Classifcation 42 2 4 1 Identifcation and Quantifcation 42 2 4 2 Future 44 References 44 Chapter 3 Origin and Occurrence 47 3 1 Introduction 47 3 2 Origin 47 3 2 1 Abiogenic Origin 48 3 2 2 Biogenic Origin 49 3 2 2 1 Deposition of Organic Matter 51 3 2 2 2 Establishment of Source Beds 51 3 2 2 3 Nature of the Source Material 53 3 2 2 4 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum 55 3 2 2 5 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments 57 3 2 2 6 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum 61 3 2 3 Differences between Abiogenic Theory and Biogenic Theory 64 3 2 4 Relationship of Petroleum Composition and Properties 65 3 3 Occurrence 67 3 3 1 Reserves 67 3 3 2 Conventional Petroleum 70 3 3 3 Natural Gas 71 3 3 4 Heavy Oil 72 3 3 5 Bitumen 73 References 75 Chapter 4 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids 79 4 1 Introduction 79 4 2 Reservoirs 79 4 2 1 Structural Types 80 4 2 2 Heterogeneity 81 4 3 Classes of Fluids 82 4 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 83 4 4 1 Sampling Methods 84 4 4 2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 85 4 5 Physical Composition and Molecular Weight 87 4 5 1 Asphaltene Separation 87 4 5 2 Fractionation 89 4 5 3 Molecular Weight 91 4 6 Reservoir Evaluation 95 References 96Contents vii © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chapter 5 Kerogen 99 5 1 Introduction 99 5 2 Properties 99 5 3 Composition 102 5 4 Classifcation 102 5 5 Isolation 104 5 6 Methods for Probing Kerogen Structure 104 5 6 1 Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis 104 5 6 2 Functional Group Analysis 105 5 6 3 Oxidation 105 5 6 4 Thermal Methods 106 5 6 5 Acid-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis 107 5 7 Structural Models 107 5 8 Kerogen Maturation 109 References 111 Chapter 6 Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation 115 6 1 Introduction 115 6 2 Exploration 116 6 2 1 Gravity Methods 117 6 2 2 Magnetic Methods 118 6 2 3 Seismic Methods 119 6 2 4 Electrical Methods 119 6 2 5 Electromagnetic Methods 120 6 2 6 Radioactive Methods 120 6 2 7 Borehole Logging 120 6 3 Drilling 121 6 3 1 Preparing to Drill 121 6 3 2 Drilling Equipment 122 6 3 3 Drilling Rig 124 6 3 4 Drilling 125 6 4 Well Completion 125 6 5 Recovery 126 6 5 1 Primary Recovery 128 6 5 2 Secondary Recovery 130 6 5 3 Enhanced Oil Recovery 132 6 6 Products and Product Quality 141 6 7 Transportation 142 References 147 Chapter 7 Recovery of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen 149 7 1 Introduction 149 7 2 Mining 153 7 2 1 Tar Sand Mining 154 7 2 2 Hot-Water Process 156 7 2 3 Other Processes 158 7 3 Nonmining Methods 160 7 3 1 Steam-Based Processes 161 7 3 2 Combustion Processes 162 7 3 3 Other Processes 165viii Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 7 4 Upgrading during Recovery 173 7 4 1 Partial Upgrading at the Surface 174 7 4 1 1 Thermal Cracking Processes 175 7 4 1 2 Solvent Processes 176 7 4 2 Upgrading during In Situ Recovery 176 7 4 2 1 Steam Distillation 177 7 4 2 2 Mild Thermal Cracking 177 7 4 2 3 Partial Combustion 178 7 4 2 4 Solvent Deasphalting 180 7 4 2 5 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery 181 7 4 3 Epilogue 181 References 182 Section ii composition and Properties Chapter 8 Chemical Composition 187 8 1 Introduction 187 8 2 Ultimate (Elemental) Composition 188 8 3 Chemical Composition 189 8 3 1 Hydrocarbon Components 190 8 3 1 1 Paraffn Hydrocarbons 191 8 3 1 2 Cycloparaffn Hydrocarbons (Naphthenes) 193 8 3 1 3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 194 8 3 1 4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 196 8 3 2 Nonhydrocarbon Components 196 8 3 2 1 Sulfur Compounds 197 8 3 2 2 Oxygen Compounds 198 8 3 2 3 Nitrogen Compounds 199 8 3 2 4 Metallic Constituents 201 8 3 2 5 Porphyrins 202 8 4 Chemical Composition by Distillation 203 8 4 1 Gases and Naphtha 205 8 4 2 Middle Distillates 206 8 4 3 Vacuum Residua (1050°F+) 208 References 208 Chapter 9 Fractional Composition 211 9 1 Introduction 211 9 2 Distillation 212 9 2 1 Atmospheric Pressure 216 9 2 2 Reduced Pressures 216 9 2 3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 218 9 3 Solvent Treatment 219 9 3 1 Asphaltene Separation 221 9 3 1 1 Influence of Solvent Type 221 9 3 1 2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution 224Contents ix © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 9 3 1 3 Influence of Temperature 224 9 3 1 4 Influence of Contact Time 224 9 3 2 Fractionation 225 9 4 Adsorption 227 9 4 1 Chemical Factors 227 9 4 2 Fractionation Methods 228 9 4 2 1 General Methods 228 9 4 2 2 ASTM Methods 231 9 5 Chemical Methods 233 9 5 1 Acid Treatment 233 9 5 2 Molecular Complex Formation 235 9 5 2 1 Urea Adduction 235 9 5 2 2 Thiourea Adduction 236 9 5 2 3 Adduct Composition 236 9 5 2 4 Adduct Structure 237 9 5 2 5 Adduct Properties 237 9 6 Use of the Data 238 References 240 Chapter 10 Petroleum Analysis 243 10 1 Introduction 243 10 2 Petroleum Assay 243 10 3 Physical Properties 246 10 3 1 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 246 10 3 2 Density and Specifc Gravity 247 10 3 3 Viscosity 249 10 3 4 Surface and Interfacial Tension 251 10 3 5 Metal Content 253 10 3 6 Total Acid Number 254 10 4 Thermal Properties 254 10 4 1 Volatility 255 10 4 2 Liquefaction and Solidifcation 258 10 4 3 Carbon Residue 260 10 4 4 Aniline Point 261 10 4 5 Specifc Heat 261 10 4 6 Latent Heat 262 10 4 7 Enthalpy or Heat Content 262 10 4 8 Thermal Conductivity 262 10 4 9 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships 263 10 4 10 Heat of Combustion 263 10 4 11 Critical Properties 264 10 5 Electrical Properties 264 10 5 1 Conductivity 264 10 5 2 Dielectric Constant 264 10 5 3 Dielectric Strength 265 10 5 4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor 265 10 5 5 Static Electrifcation 266 10 6 Optical Properties 266 10 6 1 Refractive Index 266 10 6 2 Optical Activity 267x Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 10 7 Spectroscopic Methods 268 10 7 1 Infrared Spectroscopy 269 10 7 2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 269 10 7 3 Mass Spectrometry 269 10 8 Chromatographic Methods 270 10 8 1 Gas Chromatography 270 10 8 2 Simulated Distillation 273 10 8 3 Adsorption Chromatography 274 10 8 4 Gel Permeation Chromatography 275 10 8 5 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 276 10 8 6 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 277 10 8 7 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 278 10 9 Molecular Weight 278 10 10 Use of the Data 279 References 280 Chapter 11 Structural Group Analysis 283 11 1 Introduction 283 11 2 Methods for Structural Group Analysis 285 11 2 1 Physical Property Methods 288 11 2 1 1 Direct Method 288 11 2 1 2 Waterman Ring Analysis 290 11 2 1 3 Density Method 291 11 2 1 4 n–d–M Method 291 11 2 1 5 Dispersion–Refraction Method 292 11 2 1 6 Density–Temperature Coeffcient Method 292 11 2 1 7 Molecular Weight–Refractive Index Method 293 11 2 1 8 Miscellaneous Methods 293 11 2 2 Spectroscopic Methods 295 11 2 2 1 Infrared Spectroscopy 295 11 2 2 2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 299 11 2 2 3 Mass Spectrometry 302 11 2 2 4 Electron Spin Resonance 304 11 2 2 5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 304 11 2 2 6 X-Ray Diffraction 306 11 2 3 Heteroatom Systems 307 11 2 3 1 Nitrogen 308 11 2 3 2 Oxygen 308 11 2 3 3 Sulfur 309 11 2 3 4 Metals 309 11 3 Miscellaneous Methods 309 References 310 Chapter 12 Asphaltene Constituents 315 12 1 Introduction 315 12 2 Separation 316 12 3 Composition 319 12 4 Molecular Weight 324Contents xi © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 12 5 Reactions 327 12 6 Solubility Parameter 331 12 7 Structural Aspects 334 References 340 Chapter 13 Structure of Petroleum 345 13 1 Introduction 345 13 2 Molecular Species in Petroleum 346 13 2 1 Volatile Fractions 346 13 2 2 Nonvolatile Constituents 346 13 2 2 1 Composition 346 13 2 2 2 Structure 346 13 2 2 3 Molecular Weight 347 13 2 3 Resin Constituents 347 13 2 3 1 Composition 348 13 2 3 2 Structure 348 13 2 3 3 Molecular Weight 349 13 3 Petroleum System 349 13 4 Stability/Instability of the Petroleum System 354 13 5 Effects on Recovery and Refning 362 13 5 1 Effects on Recovery Operations 363 13 5 2 Effects on Refning Operations 366 References 367 Chapter 14 Instability and Incompatibility 371 14 1 Introduction 371 14 2 General Aspects 375 14 3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility 376 14 3 1 Elemental Analysis 376 14 3 2 Density and Specifc Gravity 376 14 3 3 Volatility 376 14 3 4 Viscosity 377 14 3 5 Asphaltene Content 377 14 3 6 Pour Point 379 14 3 7 Acidity 379 14 3 8 Metals (Ash) Content 379 14 3 9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment and Water 380 14 4 Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility 381 14 5 Effect of Asphaltene and Heteroatom Constituents 385 References 387 Section iii Refning Chapter 15 Introduction to Refning Processes 391 15 1 Introduction 391 15 2 Dewatering and Desalting 394 15 3 Early Processes 395xii Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 15 4 Distillation 396 15 4 1 Historical Development 396 15 4 2 Modern Processes 396 15 4 2 1 Atmospheric Distillation 396 15 4 2 2 Vacuum Distillation 398 15 4 2 3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 399 15 5 Thermal Methods 399 15 5 1 Historical Development 399 15 5 2 Modern Processes 401 15 5 2 1 Thermal Cracking 401 15 5 2 2 Visbreaking 402 15 5 2 3 Coking 403 15 6 Catalytic Methods 406 15 6 1 Historical Development 406 15 6 2 Modern Processes 407 15 6 3 Catalysts 408 15 7 Hydroprocesses 409 15 7 1 Historical Development 409 15 7 2 Modern Processes 410 15 7 2 1 Hydrofning 412 15 8 Reforming 412 15 8 1 Historical Development 412 15 8 2 Modern Processes 412 15 8 2 1 Thermal Reforming 412 15 8 2 2 Catalytic Reforming 413 15 8 3 Catalysts 413 15 9 Isomerization 414 15 9 1 Historical Development 414 15 9 2 Modern Processes 415 15 9 3 Catalysts 415 15 10 Alkylation Processes 416 15 10 1 Historical Development 416 15 10 2 Modern Processes 417 15 10 3 Catalysts 417 15 11 Polymerization Processes 418 15 11 1 Historical Development 418 15 11 2 Modern Processes 418 15 11 3 Catalysts 418 15 12 Solvent Processes 419 15 12 1 Deasphalting Processes 419 15 12 2 Dewaxing Processes 420 15 13 Refning Heavy Feedstocks 421 15 14 Petroleum Products 424 15 15 Petrochemicals 425 15 16 Future of Refning 427 15 16 1 Feedstocks 427 15 16 2 Refnery Confguration 428 References 431Contents xiii © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chapter 16 Refning Chemistry 433 16 1 Introduction 433 16 2 Cracking 435 16 2 1 Thermal Cracking 435 16 2 2 Catalytic Cracking 436 16 2 3 Dehydrogenation 438 16 2 4 Dehydrocyclization 439 16 3 Hydrogenation 439 16 3 1 Hydrocracking 439 16 3 2 Hydrotreating 440 16 4 Isomerization 440 16 5 Alkylation 441 16 6 Polymerization 442 16 7 Process Chemistry 442 16 7 1 Thermal Chemistry 442 16 7 2 Hydroconversion Chemistry 450 16 7 3 Chemistry in the Refnery 451 16 7 3 1 Visbreaking 451 16 7 3 2 Hydroprocessing 454 References 456 Chapter 17 Distillation 459 17 1 Introduction 459 17 2 Pretreatment 460 17 3 Atmospheric Pressure and Reduced Pressure Distillation 461 17 3 1 Atmospheric Pressure Distillation 463 17 3 2 Reduced Pressure Distillation 466 17 4 Equipment 469 17 4 1 Columns 469 17 4 2 Packing 471 17 4 3 Trays 471 17 5 Other Processes 473 17 5 1 Stripping 473 17 5 2 Rerunning 473 17 5 3 Stabilization and Light-End Removal 473 17 5 4 Superfractionation 475 17 5 5 Azeotropic Distillation 475 17 5 6 Extractive Distillation 476 17 6 Options for Heavy Feedstocks 478 References 478 Chapter 18 Thermal Cracking 481 18 1 Introduction 481 18 2 Early Processes 485 18 3 Commercial Processes 486 18 3 1 Visbreaking 487 18 3 2 Coking Processes 492xiv Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 18 3 2 1 Delayed Coking 493 18 3 2 2 Fluid Coking 496 18 3 2 3 Flexicoking 498 18 4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks 499 18 4 1 Asphalt Coking Technology (ASCOT) Process 500 18 4 2 Cherry-P (Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refnery) Process 500 18 4 3 Decarbonizing 501 18 4 4 ET-II Process 501 18 4 5 Eureka Process 502 18 4 6 Fluid Thermal Cracking Process 503 18 4 7 High Conversion Soaker Cracking Process 505 18 4 8 Mixed-Phase Cracking 506 18 4 9 OrCrude Process 506 18 4 10 Selective Cracking 507 18 4 11 Shell Thermal Cracking 507 18 4 12 Tervahl-T Process 509 References 510 Chapter 19 Catalytic Cracking 513 19 1 Introduction 513 19 2 Early Processes 517 19 3 Commercial Processes 517 19 3 1 Fixed-Bed Processes 518 19 3 2 Fluid-Bed Processes 518 19 3 2 1 Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking 518 19 3 2 2 Model IV Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit 518 19 3 2 3 Orthoflow Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking 519 19 3 2 4 Shell Two-Stage Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking 520 19 3 2 5 Universal Oil Products Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking 520 19 3 3 Moving-Bed Processes 520 19 3 3 1 Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (Socony Airlift TCC Process) 520 19 3 3 2 Houdresid Catalytic Cracking 520 19 3 3 3 Houdriflow Catalytic Cracking 520 19 3 3 4 Suspensoid Catalytic Cracking 521 19 4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks 521 19 4 1 Asphalt Residual Treating Process 522 19 4 2 Aquaconversion 522 19 4 3 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process 523 19 4 4 Heavy Oil Treating Process 524 19 4 5 R2R Process 524 19 4 6 Reduced Crude Oil Conversion Process 526 19 4 7 Shell FCC Process 527 19 4 8 S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process 528 19 5 Catalysts 529 19 5 1 Catalyst Properties 529 19 5 2 Catalyst Treatment 529 19 5 2 1 Demet 530 19 5 2 2 Met-X 530Contents xv © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 19 6 Process Parameters 530 19 6 1 Reactor 531 19 6 2 Coking 532 19 6 3 Catalyst Variables 534 19 6 4 Process Variables 535 19 6 5 Additives 535 References 536 Chapter 20 Solvent Processes 539 20 1 Introduction 539 20 2 Commercial Processes 539 20 2 1 Deasphalting Process 540 20 2 2 Options for Heavy Feedstocks 547 20 2 2 1 Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process 547 20 2 2 2 Demex Process 549 20 2 2 3 MDS Process 551 20 2 2 4 Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction Process 552 20 2 2 5 Solvahl Process 553 20 2 2 6 Lube Deasphalting 553 20 3 Dewaxing Processes 553 References 558 Chapter 21 Hydrotreating and Desulfurization 561 21 1 Introduction 561 21 2 Process Parameters and Reactors 568 21 2 1 Hydrogen Partial Pressure 569 21 2 2 Space Velocity 569 21 2 3 Reaction Temperature 570 21 2 4 Catalyst Life 570 21 2 5 Feedstock Effects 570 21 2 6 Reactors 572 21 2 6 1 Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor 572 21 2 6 2 Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor 573 21 2 6 3 Ebullating Bed Reactor 574 21 2 6 4 Demetallization Reactor (Guard Bed Reactor) 574 21 3 Commercial Processes 575 21 3 1 Autofning Process 576 21 3 2 Ferrofning Process 576 21 3 3 Gulf HDS Process 576 21 3 4 Hydrofning Process 576 21 3 5 Isomax Process 578 21 3 6 Ultrafning Process 578 21 3 7 Unifning Process 578 21 3 8 Unionfning Process 579 21 4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks 579 21 4 1 Residuum Desulfurization and Vacuum Residuum Desulfurization Process 580 21 4 2 Residfning Process 580 21 5 Catalysts 581xvi Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 21 6 Biodesulfurization 585 21 7 Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing 586 References 588 Chapter 22 Hydrocracking 591 22 1 Introduction 591 22 2 Commercial Processes 597 22 2 1 Process Design 598 22 3 Options for Heavy Feedstocks 601 22 3 1 Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking Process 602 22 3 2 CANMET Process 603 22 3 3 Eni Slurry Technology Process 604 22 3 4 (HC)3 Process 604 22 3 5 H-Oil Process 605 22 3 6 Hydrovisbreaking Process 606 22 3 7 Hyvahl F Process 607 22 3 8 IFP Hydrocracking Process 608 22 3 9 Isocracking Process 608 22 3 10 LC-Fining Process 609 22 3 11 MAKfning Process 611 22 3 12 Microcat-RC Process 612 22 3 13 Mild Hydrocracking Process 613 22 3 14 MRH Process 614 22 3 15 RCD Unibon Process 615 22 3 16 Residfning Process 615 22 3 17 Residue Hydroconversion Process 616 22 3 18 Tervahl-H Process 616 22 3 19 T-Star Process 617 22 3 20 Unicracking Process 617 22 3 21 Uniflex Process 619 22 3 22 Veba Combi Cracking Process 620 22 4 Catalysts 621 References 627 Chapter 23 Hydrogen Production 631 23 1 Introduction 631 23 2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen 634 23 2 1 Hydrotreating 634 23 2 2 Hydrocracking 635 23 3 Feedstocks 636 23 4 Process Chemistry 636 23 5 Commercial Processes 638 23 5 1 Heavy Residue Gasifcation and Combined Cycle Power Generation 639 23 5 2 Hybrid Gasifcation Process 640 23 5 3 Hydrocarbon Gasifcation 640 23 5 4 Hypro Process 640 23 5 5 Pyrolysis Processes 641 23 5 6 Shell Gasifcation Process 642 23 5 7 Steam–Methane Reforming 642 23 5 8 Steam–Naphtha Reforming 644Contents xvii © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 23 5 9 Synthesis Gas Generation 644 23 5 10 Texaco Gasifcation (Partial Oxidation) Process 645 23 5 11 Recovery from Fuel Gas 646 23 6 Catalysts 646 23 6 1 Reforming Catalysts 646 23 6 2 Shift Conversion Catalysts 647 23 6 3 Methanation Catalysts 648 23 7 Hydrogen Purifcation 648 23 7 1 Wet Scrubbing 649 23 7 2 Pressure Swing Adsorption Units 649 23 7 3 Membrane Systems 651 23 7 4 Cryogenic Separation 651 23 8 Hydrogen Management 651 References 652 Chapter 24 Product Improvement and Treating 655 24 1 Introduction 655 24 2 Reforming 656 24 2 1 Thermal Reforming 658 24 2 2 Catalytic Reforming 659 24 2 2 1 Fixed-Bed Processes 661 24 2 2 2 Moving-Bed Processes 665 24 2 3 Fluid-Bed Processes 665 24 3 Isomerization 666 24 3 1 Butamer Process 667 24 3 2 Butomerate Process 668 24 3 3 Hysomer Process 668 24 3 4 Iso-Kel Process 669 24 3 5 Isomate Process 669 24 3 6 Isomerate Process 669 24 3 7 Penex Process 669 24 3 8 Pentafning Process 669 24 4 Hydroisomerization 670 24 5 Alkylation 671 24 5 1 Cascade Sulfuric Acid Alkylation 672 24 5 2 Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation 673 24 6 Polymerization 673 24 6 1 Thermal Polymerization 674 24 6 2 Solid Phosphoric Acid Condensation 674 24 6 3 Bulk Acid Polymerization 675 24 7 Catalysts 676 24 7 1 Reforming Processes 676 24 7 2 Isomerization Processes 677 24 7 3 Alkylation Processes 677 24 7 4 Polymerization Processes 678 24 8 Treating Processes 678 24 8 1 Caustic Processes 678 24 8 1 1 Dualayer Distillate Process 679 24 8 1 2 Dualayer Gasoline Process 679 24 8 1 3 Electrolytic Mercaptan Process 679xviii Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 24 8 1 4 Ferrocyanide Process 679 24 8 1 5 Lye Treatment 679 24 8 1 6 Mercapsol Process 680 24 8 1 7 Polysulfde Treatment 680 24 8 1 8 Sodasol Process 680 24 8 1 9 Solutizer Process 681 24 8 1 10 Steam-Regenerative Caustic Treatment 681 24 8 1 11 Unisol Process 681 24 8 2 Acid Processes 681 24 8 2 1 Nalfning Process 683 24 8 2 2 Sulfuric Acid Treatment 683 24 8 3 Clay Processes 683 24 8 3 1 Alkylation Effluent Treatment 684 24 8 3 2 Arosorb Process 684 24 8 3 3 Bauxite Treatment 684 24 8 3 4 Continuous Contact Filtration Process 684 24 8 3 5 Cyclic Adsorption Process 684 24 8 3 6 Gray Clay Treatment 685 24 8 3 7 Percolation Filtration Process 685 24 8 3 8 Thermofor Continuous Percolation Process 685 24 8 4 Oxidative Processes 685 24 8 4 1 Bender Process 685 24 8 4 2 Copper Sweetening Process 686 24 8 4 3 Doctor Process 686 24 8 4 4 Hypochlorite Sweetening Process 687 24 8 4 5 Inhibitor Sweetening Process 687 24 8 4 6 Merox Process 687 24 8 5 Solvent Processes 687 References 689 Chapter 25 Gas Processing 691 25 1 Introduction 691 25 2 Gas Streams 691 25 2 1 Gas Streams from Crude Oil 698 25 2 2 Gas Streams from Natural Gas 702 25 3 Water Removal 702 25 3 1 Absorption 703 25 3 2 Solid Adsorbents 704 25 3 3 Use of Membranes 705 25 4 Liquid Removal 705 25 4 1 Extraction 705 25 4 2 Absorption 706 25 4 3 Fractionation of Natural Gas Liquids 707 25 5 Nitrogen Removal 707 25 6 Acid Gas Removal 708 25 7 Enrichment 711 25 8 Fractionation 711 25 9 Claus Process 712 References 714Contents xix © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Chapter 26 Petroleum Products 717 26 1 Introduction 717 26 2 Gaseous Fuels 721 26 2 1 Composition 722 26 2 2 Manufacture 722 26 2 3 Properties and Uses 722 26 3 Naphtha 725 26 3 1 Composition 725 26 3 2 Manufacture 726 26 3 3 Properties and Uses 728 26 4 Gasoline 729 26 4 1 Composition 729 26 4 2 Manufacture 731 26 4 3 Properties and Uses 733 26 4 4 Octane Number 733 26 4 5 Additives 735 26 5 Kerosene 737 26 5 1 Composition 737 26 5 2 Manufacture 738 26 5 3 Properties and Uses 738 26 6 Fuel Oil 739 26 6 1 Composition 739 26 6 2 Manufacture 740 26 6 3 Uses 741 26 7 Lubricating Oil 742 26 7 1 Composition 742 26 7 2 Manufacture 743 26 7 2 1 Chemical Refning Processes 743 26 7 2 2 Hydroprocessing 744 26 7 2 3 Solvent Refning Processes 744 26 7 2 4 Catalytic Dewaxing 744 26 7 2 5 Solvent Dewaxing 744 26 7 2 6 Finishing Processes 745 26 7 2 7 Older Processes 745 26 7 3 Properties and Uses 747 26 8 Other Oil Products 748 26 8 1 White Oil 748 26 8 2 Insulating Oil 749 26 8 3 Insecticides 749 26 9 Grease 750 26 9 1 Composition 750 26 9 2 Manufacture 751 26 9 3 Properties and Uses 752 26 9 3 1 Lime Soap Grease 753 26 9 3 2 Sodium Soap Grease 753 26 9 3 3 Lithium and Barium Soap Grease 753 26 9 3 4 Aluminum Soap Grease 753 26 9 3 5 Calcium Soap Grease 754 26 9 3 6 Cold Sett Grease 754xx Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 26 10 Wax 754 26 10 1 Composition 755 26 10 2 Manufacture 755 26 10 3 Properties and Uses 756 26 11 Asphalt 757 26 11 1 Composition 757 26 11 2 Manufacture 759 26 11 3 Properties and Uses 761 26 11 3 1 Road Asphalt 762 26 11 3 2 Cutback Asphalt 762 26 11 3 3 Asphalt Emulsion 763 26 11 3 4 Cold Mix Asphalt 763 26 11 3 5 Asphalt Aging 766 26 12 Coke 766 26 13 Sulfonic Acids 767 26 14 Acid Sludge 768 26 15 Product Blending 768 References 769 Chapter 27 Petrochemicals 773 27 1 Introduction 773 27 2 Chemicals from Paraffns 781 27 2 1 Halogenation 781 27 2 2 Nitration 782 27 2 3 Oxidation 783 27 2 4 Alkylation 784 27 2 5 Thermolysis 784 27 3 Chemicals from Olefns 785 27 3 1 Hydroxylation 786 27 3 2 Halogenation 787 27 3 3 Polymerization 788 27 3 4 Oxidation 788 27 3 5 Miscellaneous 789 27 4 Chemicals from Aromatics 789 27 5 Chemicals from Acetylene 791 27 6 Chemicals from Natural Gas 791 27 7 Inorganic Petrochemicals 792 27 8 Synthesis Gas 793 References 795 Section iV environmental issues Chapter 28 Refnery Wastes 799 28 1 Introduction 799 28 2 Process Wastes 802 28 2 1 Desalting 803 28 2 2 Distillation 804 28 2 3 Thermal Cracking 807Contents xxi © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 28 2 4 Coking Processes 808 28 2 5 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 810 28 2 6 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating 811 28 2 7 Catalytic Reforming 813 28 2 8 Alkylation 814 28 2 9 Isomerization 817 28 2 10 Polymerization 818 28 2 11 Deasphalting 818 28 2 12 Dewaxing 819 28 2 13 Gas Processing 820 28 3 Types of Waste 820 28 3 1 Gases and Lower Boiling Constituents 822 28 3 2 Higher Boiling Constituents 824 28 3 3 Wastewater 825 28 3 4 Spent Caustic 826 28 3 5 Solid Waste 827 28 4 Waste Toxicity 827 28 5 Refnery Outlook 828 28 5 1 Hazardous Waste Regulations 828 28 5 2 Regulatory Background 828 28 5 3 Requirements 828 28 6 Management of Refnery Waste 829 References 830 Chapter 29 Environmental Aspects of Refning 831 29 1 Introduction 831 29 2 Defnitions 833 29 3 Environmental Regulations 835 29 3 1 Clean Air Act Amendments 835 29 3 2 Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act) 835 29 3 3 Safe Drinking Water Act 836 29 3 4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 836 29 3 5 Toxic Substances Control Act 837 29 3 6 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 837 29 3 7 Occupational Safety and Health Act 838 29 3 8 Oil Pollution Act 838 29 3 9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 839 29 4 Process Analysis 839 29 4 1 Gaseous Emissions 841 29 4 2 Liquid Effluents 845 29 4 3 Solid Effluents 846 29 5 Epilogue 847 References 847 Chapter 30 Environmental Analysis 849 30 1 Introduction 849 30 2 Petroleum and Petroleum Products 850 30 3 Leachability and Toxicity 852xxii Contents © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 30 4 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 853 30 4 1 Gas Chromatographic Methods 855 30 4 2 Infrared Spectroscopy Methods 857 30 4 3 Gravimetric Methods 858 30 4 4 Immunoassay Methods 859 30 5 Petroleum Group Analysis 860 30 5 1 Thin Layer Chromatography 861 30 5 2 Immunoassay 861 30 5 3 Gas Chromatography 862 30 5 4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 863 30 5 5 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 864 30 6 Petroleum Fractions 865 30 7 Assessment of the Methods 865 References 868 Conversion Factors 869 Glossary
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا منه وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط تنزيل كتاب The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th ed - James G. Speight
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