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عدد المساهمات : 19004 التقييم : 35512 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Dimensioning and Tolerancing Handbook الثلاثاء 06 سبتمبر 2016, 12:28 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Dimensioning and Tolerancing Handbook Paul J. Drake, Jr.
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Foreword . xxi About the Editor . xxii Contributors xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxix Part History/Lessons Learned Chapter : Quality Thrust . Ron Randall . Meaning of Quality - . The Evolution of Quality . . Some Quality Gurus and their Contributions - . W. Edwards Deming - . Joseph Juran . . Philip B. Crosby . . Genichi Taguchi . . The Six Sigma Approach to Quality - . The History of Six Sigma - . Six Sigma Success Stories . . Six Sigma Basics . . The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) - . References . Chapter : Dimensional Management Robert H. Nickolaisen, P.E. . Traditional Approaches to Dimensioning and Tolerancing . . Engineering Driven Design - . Process Driven Design - . Inspection Driven Design - . A Need for Change - . Dimensional Management - . Dimensional Management Systems . . Simultaneous Engineering Teams - . Written Goals and Objectives . . Design for Manufacturability (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) - . Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) . . Key Characteristics - . Statistical Process Control (SPC) - . Variation Measurement and Reduction - . Variation Simulation Tolerance Analysis - . The Dimensional Management Process - . References . . Glossary - Contentsvi Contents Chapter :Tolerancing Optimization Strategies Gregory A. Hetland, Ph.D. . Tolerancing Methodologies - . Tolerancing Progression (Example # ) - . Strategy # (Linear) . . Strategy # (Combination of Linear and Geometric) - . Strategy # (Fully Geometric) - . Tolerancing Progression (Example # ) - . Strategy # (Linear) . . Strategy # Geometric Tolerancing ( ) Regardless of Feature Size - . Strategy # (Geometric Tolerancing Progression At Maximum Material Condition) . . Strategy # (Tolerancing Progression “Optimized”) - . Summary - . References . Part Standards Chapter : Drawing Interpretation Patrick J. McCuistion, Ph.D . Introduction - . Drawing History . . Standards . . ANSI - . ISO - . Drawing Types . . Note - . Detail - . Cast or Forged Part - . Machined Part - . Sheet Stock Part - . Assembly . . Border . . Zones and Center Marks - . Size Conventions - . Title Blocks . . Company Name and Address . . Drawing Title - . Size - . FSCM/CAGE . . Drawing Number . . Scale - . Release Date - . Sheet Number - . Contract Number . . Drawn and Date - . Check, Design, and Dates - . Design Activity and Date - . Customer and Date . . Tolerances - . Treatment . . Finish . . Similar To - . Act Wt and Calc Wt - . Other Title Block Items - . Revision Blocks . . Parts Lists - . View Projection . Contents vii . First-Angle Projection - . Third-Angle Projection . . Auxiliary Views - . Section Views - . Full Sections . . Half Sections - . Offset Sections - . Broken-Out Section - . Revolved and Removed Sections - . Conventional Breaks - . Partial Views - . Conventional Practices - . Feature Rotation - . Line Precedence . . Isometric Views - . Dimensions - . Feature Types - . Taylor Principle / Envelope Principle . . General Dimensions . . Technique . . Placement . . Choice . . Tolerance Representation . . Surface Texture . . Roughness . . Waviness - . Lay - . Flaws . . Notes . . Drawing Status - . Sketch . . Configuration Layout - . Experimental - . Active . . Obsolete . . Conclusion . . References . Chapter : Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing . Walter M. Stites .Paul Drake, P.E. . Introducing Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) . . What is GD&T? . . Where Does GD&T Come From?—References . . Why Do We Use GD&T? . . When Do We Use GD&T? - . How Does GD&T Work?—Overview . . Part Features . . Nonsize Features - . Features of Size - . Screw Threads . . Gears and Splines - . Bounded Features . . Symbols . . Form and Proportions of Symbols - . Feature Control Frame . . Feature Control Frame Placement - . Reading a Feature Control Frame - . Basic Dimensions . viii Contents . Reference Dimensions and Data - . “Square” Symbol - . Tabulated Tolerances . . “Statistical Tolerance” Symbol . . Fundamental Rules . . Nonrigid Parts - . Specifying Restraint . . Singling Out a Free State Tolerance - . Features of Size—The Four Fundamental Levels of Control . . Level —Size Limit Boundaries . . Material Condition . . Modifier Symbols - . Method for MMC or LMC . . Level —Overall Feature Form . . Level —Virtual Condition Boundary for Orientation . . Level —Virtual Condition Boundary for Location . . Level or Virtual Condition Equal to Size Limit (Zero Tolerance) - . Resultant Condition Boundary - . Method for RFS - . Tolerance Zone Shape . . Derived Elements - . Alternative “Center Method” for MMC or LMC - . Level and Adjustment—Actual Mating/Minimum Material Sizes - . Level Adjustment—Actual Local Sizes - . Disadvantages of Alternative “Center Method” . . Inner and Outer Boundaries . . When do we use a Material Condition Modifier? . . Size Limits (Level Control) - . Symbols for Limits and Fits - . Limit Dimensioning - . Plus and Minus Tolerancing - . Inch Values . . Millimeter Values - . Form (Only) Tolerances (Level Control) - . Straightness Tolerance for Line Elements - . Straightness Tolerance for a Cylindrical Feature . . Flatness Tolerance for a Single Planar Feature - . Flatness Tolerance for a Width-Type Feature - . Circularity Tolerance - . Circularity Tolerance Applied to a Spherical Feature . . Cylindricity Tolerance . . Circularity or Cylindricity Tolerance with Average Diameter . . Application Over a Limited Length or Area . . Application on a Unit Basis - . Radius Tolerance . . Controlled Radius Tolerance - . Spherical Radius Tolerance . . When Do We Use a Form Tolerance? - . Datuming . . What is a Datum? . . Datum Feature . . Datum Feature Selection . . Functional Hierarchy . . Surrogate and Temporary Datum Features . . Identifying Datum Features . . True Geometric Counterpart (TGC)—Introduction . . Datum - . Datum Reference Frame (DRF) and Three Mutually Perpendicular Planes - Contents ix . Datum Precedence . . Degrees of Freedom - . TGC Types - . Restrained versus Unrestrained TGC - . Nonsize TGC . . Adjustable-size TGC . . Fixed-size TGC . . Datum Reference Frame (DRF) Displacement . . Relative to a Boundary of Perfect Form TGC . . Relative to a Virtual Condition Boundary TGC . . Benefits of DRF Displacement - . Effects of All Datums of the DRF . . Effects of Form, Location, and Orientation - . Accommodating DRF Displacement - . Simultaneous Requirements . . Datum Simulation - . Unstable Datums, Rocking Datums, Candidate Datums - . Datum Targets . . Datum Target Selection - . Identifying Datum Targets . . Datum Target Dimensions . . Interdependency of Datum Target Locations - . Applied to Features of Size . . Applied to Any Type of Feature - . Target Set with Switchable Precedence - . Multiple Features Referenced as a Single Datum Feature . . Feature Patterns . . Coaxial and Coplanar Features . . Multiple DRFs . . Orientation Tolerance (Level Control) . . How to Apply It . . Datums for Orientation Control - . Applied to a Planar Feature (Including Tangent Plane Application) . . Applied to a Cylindrical or Width-Type Feature . . Zero Orientation Tolerance at MMC or LMC - . Applied to Line Elements - . The Cases . . Profile Tolerance for Orientation . . When Do We Use an Orientation Tolerance? . . Positional Tolerance (Level Control) . . How Does It Work? - . How to Apply It - . Datums for Positional Control . . Angled Features . . Projected Tolerance Zone - . Special-Shaped Zones/Boundaries . . Tapered Zone/Boundary - . Bidirectional Tolerancing . . Bounded Features - . Patterns of Features - . Single-Segment Feature Control Frame - . Composite Feature Control Frame . . Rules for Composite Control . . Stacked Single-Segment Feature Control Frames - . Rules for Stacked Single-Segment Feature Control Frames . . Coaxial and Coplanar Features . . Coaxiality and Coplanarity Control . x Contents . Runout Tolerance - . Why Do We Use It? - . How Does It Work? . . How to Apply It . . Datums for Runout Control . . Circular Runout Tolerance . . Total Runout Tolerance - . Application Over a Limited Length - . When Do We Use a Runout Tolerance? . . Worst Case Boundaries . . Profile Tolerance . . How Does It Work? . . How to Apply It . . The Basic Profile . . The Profile Tolerance Zone . . The Profile Feature Control Frame - . Datums for Profile Control - . Profile of a Surface Tolerance - . Profile of a Line Tolerance - . Controlling the Extent of a Profile Tolerance . . Abutting Zones - . Profile Tolerance for Combinations of Characteristics - . With Positional Tolerancing for Bounded Features - . Patterns of Profiled Features . . Single-Segment Feature Control Frame - . Composite Feature Control Frame . . Stacked Single-Segment Feature Control Frames - . Optional Level Control - . Composite Profile Tolerance for a Single Feature . . Symmetry Tolerance - . How Does It Work? . . How to Apply It . . Datums for Symmetry Control . . Concentricity Tolerance . . Concentricity Tolerance for Multifold Symmetry about a Datum Axis . . Concentricity Tolerance about a Datum Point . . Symmetry Tolerance about a Datum Plane - . Symmetry Tolerancing of Yore (Past Practice) . . When Do We Use a Symmetry Tolerance? . . Combining Feature Control Frames . . “Instant” GD&T - . The “Dimension Origin” Symbol - . General Note to Establish Basic Dimensions - . General Note in Lieu of Feature Control Frames - . The Future of GD&T - . References . Chapter : Differences Between US Standards and Other Standards . . Alex Krulikowski Scott DeRaad . Dimensioning Standards . . US Standards - . International Standards . . ISO Geometrical Product Specification Masterplan . . Comparison of ASME and ISO Standards . . Organization and Logistics . . Number of Standards . . Interpretation and Application - Contents xi . ASME - . ISO - . Other Standards - . National Standards Based on ISO or ASME Standards . . US Government Standards - . Corporate Standards - . Multiple Dimensioning Standards . . Future of Dimensioning Standards . . Effects of Technology . . New Dimensioning Standards - . References . Chapter : Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles Mark A. Nasson . Introduction - . Why Mathematical Tolerance Definitions? . . Metrology Crisis (The GIDEP Alert) . . Specification Crisis . . National Science Foundation Tolerancing Workshop . . A New National Standard - . What are Mathematical Tolerance Definitions? . . Parallel, Equivalent, Unambiguous Expression . . Metrology Independent . . Detailed Descriptions of Mathematical Tolerance Definitions . . Introduction - . Vectors - . Vector Addition and Subtraction - . Vector Dot Products . . Vector Cross Products - . Actual Value / Measured Value . . Datums - . Candidate Datums / Datum Reference Frames . . Degrees of Freedom - . Form tolerances - . Circularity . . Cylindricity - . Flatness - . Where Do We Go from Here? - . ASME Standards Committees - . International Standards Efforts - . CAE Software Developers . . Acknowledgments . . References . Chapter : Statistical Tolerancing Vijay Srinivasan, Ph.D . Introduction - . Specification of Statistical Tolerancing . . Using Process Capability Indices - . Using RMS Deviation Index - . Using Percent Containment - . Statistical Tolerance Zones . . Population Parameter Zones - . Distribution Function Zones . . Additional Illustrations . . Summary and Concluding Remarks . . References . xii Contents Part Design Chapter : Traditional Approaches to Analyzing Mechanical Tolerance Stacks . Paul Drake . Introduction - . Analyzing Tolerance Stacks - . Establishing Performance/Assembly Requirements - . Loop Diagram . . Converting Dimensions to Equal Bilateral Tolerances - . Calculating the Mean Value (Gap) for the Requirement - . Determine the Method of Analysis . . Calculating the Variation for the Requirement - . Worst Case Tolerancing Model - . RSS Model . . Modified Root Sum of the Squares Tolerancing Model . . Comparison of Variation Models . . Estimated Mean Shift Model . . Analyzing Geometric Tolerances . . Form Controls . . Orientation Controls . . Position . . Position at RFS . . Position at MMC or LMC - . Virtual and Resultant Conditions . . Equations - . Composite Position - . Runout . . Concentricity/Symmetry - . Profile - . Profile Tolerancing with an Equal Bilateral Tolerance Zone - . Profile Tolerancing with a Unilateral Tolerance Zone - . Profile Tolerancing with an Unequal Bilateral Tolerance Zone . . Composite Profile . . Size Datums . . Abbreviations - . Terminology . . References . Chapter : Statistical Background and Concepts Ron Randall . Introduction - . Shape, Locations, and Spread - . Some Important Distributions - . The Normal Distribution . . Lognormal Distribution . . Poisson Distribution . . Measures of Quality and Capability . . Process Capability Index . . Process Capability Index Relative to Process Centering (Cpk) - . Summary - . References . . Appendix . Contents xiii Chapter : Predicting Assembly Quality (Six Sigma Methodologies to Optimize Tolerances) Dale Van Wyk . Introduction . . What is Tolerance Allocation? . . Process Standard Deviations - . Worst Case Allocation . . Assign Component Dimensions - . Determine Assembly Performance, P . . Assign the process with the largest si to each component - . Calculate the Worst Case Assembly, twc - . Is P³t wc ? . . Estimating Defect Rates - . Verification - . Adjustments to Meet Quality Goals - . Worst Case Allocation Summary - . Statistical Allocation - . Calculating Assembly Variation and Defect Rate . . First Steps in Statistical Allocation . . Calculate Expected Assembly Performance, P . . Is P³P ? - . Allocating Tolerances - . Statistical Allocation Summary - . Dynamic RSS Allocation . . Static RSS analysis . . Comparison of the Techniques - . Communication of Requirements - . Summary . . Abbreviations . . References - Chapter : Multi-Dimensional Tolerance Analysis (Manual Method) Dale Van Wyk . Introduction - . Determining Sensitivity . . A Technique for Developing Gap Equations . . Utilizing Sensitivity Information to Optimize Tolerances - . Summary - Chapter : Multi-Dimensional Tolerance Analysis (Automated Method) Kenneth W. Chase, Ph.D. . Introduction - . Three Sources of Variation in Assemblies . . Example D Assembly – Stacked Blocks - . Steps in Creating an Assembly Tolerance Model - . Steps in Analyzing an Assembly Tolerance Model - . Percent rejects - . Percent Contribution Charts - . Sensitivity Analysis - . Modifying Geometry . . Summary - . References . xiv Contents Chapter : Minimum-Cost Tolerance Allocation Kenneth W. Chase, Ph.D. . Tolerance Allocation Using Least Cost Optimization . .D Tolerance Allocation - .D Example: Shaft and Housing Assembly . . Advantages / Disadvantages of the Lagrange Multiplier Method . .D and -D Tolerance Allocation - . True Cost and Optimum Acceptance Fraction - .D Example: One-way Clutch Assembly . . Vector Loop Model and Assembly Function for the Clutch . . Allocation by Scaling, Weight Factors . . Proportional Scaling by Worst Case . . Proportional Scaling by Root-Sum-Squares . . Allocation by Weight Factors . . Allocation by Cost Minimization . . Minimum Cost Tolerances by Worst Case - . Minimum Cost Tolerances by RSS - . Tolerance Allocation with Process Selection - . Summary - . References . . Appendix: Cost-Tolerance Functions for Metal Removal Processes . Chapter : Automating the Tolerancing Process . Charles Glancy James Stoddard . Marvin Law . Background Information - . Benefits of Automation - . Overview of the Tolerancing Process - . Automating the Creation of the Tolerance Model - . Characterizing Critical Design Measurements . . Characterizing the Model Function . . Model Definition - . Model Form - . Model Scope - . Characterizing Input Variables . . Automating Tolerance Analysis . . Method of System Moments - . Distribution Fitting - . Monte Carlo Simulation . . Automating Tolerance Optimization - . Automating Communication Between Design and Manufacturing . . Manufacturing Process Capabilities . . Manufacturing Process Capability Database . . Database Administration - . Design Requirements and Assumptions . . CAT Automation Tools . . Tool Capability - . Ease of Use . . Training . . Technical Support . . Data Management and CAD Integration - . Reports and Records . . Tool Enhancement and Development . . Deployment - . Summary - . References . Contents xv Chapter : Working in an Electronic Environment .Paul Matthews . Introduction - . Paperless/Electronic Environment - . Definition . . Development Information Tools - . Product Development Automation Strategy - . Master Model Theory . . Template Design . . Template Part and Assembly Databases . . Template Features - . Templates for Analyses - . Templates for Documentation - . Component Libraries . . Information Verification . . Product Information Management . . Configuration Management Techniques . . Data Management Components - . Workspace . . Product Vault - . Company Vault . . Document Administrator . . File Cabinet Control - . Software Automation . . Information Storage and Transfer . . Internet . . Electronic Mail - . File Transfer Protocol . . Media Transfer - . Manufacturing Guidelines . . Manufacturing Trust . . Dimensionless Prints - . Sheetmetal . . Injection Molded Plastic . . Hog Out Parts . . Castings - . Rapid Prototypes . . Database Format Standards - . Native Database . .D Formats - . Data eXchange Format (DXF) . . Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (HPGL) - .D Formats - . Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) . . STandard for the Exchange of Product (STEP) - . Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) - . STereoLithography (STL) - . General Information Formats . . Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) - . Portable Document Format (PDF) . . Graphics Formats . . Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) . . Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) - . Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) - . Conclusion . . Appendix A IGES Entities - xvi Contents Part Manufacturing Chapter : Collecting and Developing Manufacturing Process Capability Models . Michael D. King . Why Collect and Develop Process Capability Models? . . Developing Process Capability Models - . Quality Prediction Models - Variable versus Attribute Information - . Collecting and Modeling Variable Process Capability Models . . Collecting and Modeling Attribute Process Capability Models . . Feature Factoring Method . . Defect Weighting Methodology - . Cost and Cycle Time Prediction Modeling Variations . . Validating and Checking the Results of Your Predictive Models - . Summary . . References - Part Gaging Chapter : Paper Gage Techniques .Martin P. Wright . What is Paper Gaging? . . Advantages and Disadvantages to Paper Gaging . . Discrimination Provided By a Paper Gage - . Paper Gage Accuracy . . Plotting Paper Gage Data Points . . Paper Gage Applications . . Locational Verification - . Simple Hole Pattern Verification - . Three-Dimensional Hole Pattern Verification - . Composite Positional Tolerance Verification - . Capturing Tolerance From Datum Features Subject to Size Variation . . Datum Feature Applied on an RFS Basis . . Datum Feature Applied on an MMC Basis - . Capturing Rotational Shift Tolerance from a Datum Feature Applied on an MMC Basis - . Determining the Datum from a Pattern of Features - . Paper Gage Used as a Process Analysis Tool . . Summary - . References . Chapter : Receiver Gages — Go Gages and Functional Gages James D. Meadows . Introduction - . Gaging Fundamentals - . Gage Tolerancing Policies . . Examples of Gages . . Position Using Partial and Planar Datum Features . . Position Using Datum Features of Size at MMC - . Position and Profile Using a Simultaneous Gaging Requirement . . Position Using Centerplane Datums . . Multiple Datum Structures - . Secondary and Tertiary Datum Features of Size . Contents xvii . Push Pin vs. Fixed Pin Gaging . . Conclusion . . References . Part Precision Metrology Chapter : Measurement Systems Analysis Gregory A. Hetland, Ph.D. . Introduction - . Measurement Methods Analysis - . Measurement System Definition (Phase ) . . Identification of Variables - . Specifications of Conformance - . Measurement System Capability Requirements . . Identification of Sources of Uncertainty (Phase ) . . Machine Sources of Uncertainty - . Software Sources of Uncertainty . . Environmental Sources of Uncertainty . . Part Sources of Uncertainty - . Fixturing Sources of Uncertainty . . Operator Sources of Uncertainty . . Measurement System Qualification (Phase ) - . Plan the Capabilities Studies - . Production Systems . . Calibrate the System - . Conduct Studies and Define Capabilities . . Quantify the Error Budget (Phase ) - . Plan Testing (Isolate Error Sources) . . Analyze Uncertainty - . Optimize Measurement System (Phase ) - . Identify Opportunities - . Attempt Improvements and Revisit Testing . . Revisit Qualification - . Implement and Control Measurement System (Phase ) - . Plan Performance Criteria . . Plan Calibration and Maintenance Requirements . . Implement System and Initiate Control - . CMM Operator Competencies - . Business Issue . . CMM Performance Test Overview - . Environmental Tests (Section ) - . Temperature Parameters . . Other Environmental Parameters - . Machine Tests (Section ) . . Probe Settling Time - . Probe Deflection - . Other Machine Parameters . . Multiple Probes . . Feature Based Measurement Tests (Section ) . . Number of Points Per Feature - . Other Geometric Features - . Contact Scanning - . Surface Roughness - . CMM Capability Matrix - . References . xviii Contents Part Applications Chapter : Predicting Piecepart Quality . Dan A. Watson, Ph.D. . Introduction - . The Problem - . Statistical Framework - . Assumptions . . Internal Feature at MMC - . Internal Feature at LMC . . External Features - . Alternate Distribution Assumptions . . Non-Size Feature Applications . . Example . . Summary - . References - Chapter : Floating and Fixed Fasteners .Paul Zimmermann . Introduction - . Floating and Fixed Fasteners - . What is a Floating Fastener? . . What is a Fixed Fastener? . . What is a Double-Fixed Fastener? . . Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cylindrical Tolerance Zone Versus +/- Tolerancing) - . Calculations for Fixed, Floating and Double-fixed Fasteners . . Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Rules/Formulas for Floating Fastener - . How to Calculate Clearance Hole Diameter for a Floating Fastener Application - . How to Calculate Counterbore Diameter for a Floating Fastener Application - . Why Floating Fasteners are Not Recommended - . Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Rules/Formulas for Fixed Fasteners - . How to Calculate Fixed Fastener Applications - . How to Calculate Counterbore Diameter for a Fixed Fastener Application . . Why Fixed Fasteners are Recommended . . Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Rules/Formulas for Double-fixed Fastener . . How to Calculate a Clearance Hole . . How to Calculate the Countersink Diameter, Head Height Above and Head Height Below the Surface . . What Are the Problems Associated with Double-fixed Fasteners? . . Nut Plates: Floating and Nonfloating (see Fig. ) - . Projected Tolerance Zone . . Comparison of Positional Tolerancing With and Without a Projected Tolerance Zone . . Percent of Actual Orientation Versus Lost Functional Tolerance . . Hardware Pages - . Floating Fastener Hardware Pages . . Fixed Fastener Hardware Pages - . Double-fixed Fastener Hardware Pages . . Counterbore Depths - Pan Head and Socket Head Cap Screws - . Flat Head Screw Head Height - Above and Below the Surface . . References . Contents xix Chapter : Fixed and Floating Fastener Variation .Chris Cuba . Introduction - . Hole Variation . . Assembly Variation - . Fixed and Floating Fasteners - . Fixed Fastener Assembly Shift - . Fixed Fastener Assembly Shift Using One Equation and Dimension Loop . . Fixed Fastener Equation - . Fixed Fastener Gap Analysis Steps . . Floating Fastener Gap Analysis Steps - . Summary - . References . Chapter : Pinned Interfaces . Stephen Harry Werst . List of Symbols (Definitions and Terminology) - . Introduction - . Performance Considerations . . Variation Components of Pinned Interfaces . . Type I Error . . Type II Error - . Types of Alignment Pins . . Tolerance Allocation Methods - Worst Case vs. Statistical - . Processes and Capabilities - . Design Methodology - . Proper Use of Material Modifiers - . Temperature Considerations - . Two Round Pins with Two Holes . . Fit - . Rotation Errors - . Translation Errors . . Performance Constants - . Dimensioning Methodology - . Round Pins with a Hole and a Slot - . Fit - . Rotation Errors - . Translation Errors . . Performance Constants - . Dimensioning Methodology - . Round Pins with One Hole and Edge Contact - . Fit - . Rotation Errors - . Translation errors . . Performance Constants - . Dimensioning Methodology - . One Diamond Pin and One Round Pin with Two Holes . . Fit - . Rotation and Translation Errors . . Performance Constants - . Dimensioning Methodology - . One Parallel-Flats Pin and One Round Pin with Two Holes . . Fit - . Rotation and Translation Errors . . Performance Constants - . Dimensioning Methodology - . References . xx Contents Chapter : Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (GR&R) Calculations . . Gregory A. Hetland, Ph.D. . Introduction - . Standard GR&R Procedure - . Summary - . References . Part The Future Chapter : The Future . Several contributors Figures . F- Tables . T- Index I- I- Symbols -D stackups. See Tolerance analysis, -D -D stackups. See Tolerance analysis, -D -D stackups. See Tolerance analysis, -D - rule. See Pareto principle A Abutting profile tolerance zone. See Profile tolerance abutting zones Accuracy - Active drawing - Actual feature - local size - mating envelope - , restraint of - , simulation of - mating local size - mating size - , minimum material envelope - restraint of - simulation of - minimum material local size - minimum material size - value - Algorithms - Alignment between parts. See Mating parts pins - error - , , - one diamond and one round/two holes - , - one parallel flats and one round/two holes - , two round/hole and edge contact - , - two round/hole and slot - , two round/two holes - , types of - All around symbol - , comparison of US and ISO - All over note - , Allocation by scaling/resizing/weight factor. See Tolerance allocation by scaling/resizing/ weight factor cost. See Tolerance allocation by cost minimization cost versus tolerance. See Cost versus tolerance allocation DRSS. See Dynamic Root Sum of the Squares (DRSS) allocation manufacturing process. See Tolerance allocation by manufacturing processes RSS. See Root Sum of the Squares (RSS) allocation Six Sigma tolerance. See Six Sigma tolerance allocation statistical tolerance. See Statistical tolerance allocation tolerance. See Tolerance allocation worst case. See Worst case allocation Alternative center method - , , - disadvantages - Level adjustment - Level adjustment - Level adjustment - American National Standards - ASME Y . M (the "Math Standard") - , - IndexI- Index ASME Y . M - , , - budgeting of coverage - , differences in standards - , , - discrepancies in - future of - recommendations/suggestions - Institute (ANSI) - , superceding - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) - , Analysis computer. See Computer analysis Estimated Mean Shift. See Estimated Mean Shift analysis Fixed fastener. See Fixed fastener tolerance analysis Floating fastener. See Floating fastener tolerance analysis Future of. See Future of tolerance analysis GD&T. See Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) analysis GR&R. See Gage repeatability and producibility (GR&R), analysis of graphical inspection. See Graphical inspection analysis measurement methods. See Measurement methods analysis MRSS. See Modified Root Sum of the Squares (MRSS) analysis process. See Process analysis RSS. See Root Sum of the Squares (RSS) analysis SRSS. See Static Root Sum of the Squares (SRSS) analysis tolerance. See Tolerance analysis worst case. See Worst case analysis Anderson-Darling test for normality - Angle ° basic. See Implied ° basic angle basic. See Basic dimension, implied dimension ° implied. See Implied ° angle dimension erroneous wedge-shaped tolerance zone for - plus and minus tolerance - , transition between features - Angled datum - feature - Angularity tolerance - analysis of - comparison of US and ISO - for a cylindrical feature - for a width-type feature - symbol - ANSI. See American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Approximation model - Arc length symbol - , Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. (ABB) - ASME standards - Y . See American National Standards ASME Y . M Assemblability worst case - , Assembly - , clearance. See Fixed fastener formula; Floating fastener formula; Mating parts; Maximum Material Condition (MMC), when to apply; Virtual condition boundary datum feature selection for - , deformation - drawing - , drawings - equation. See Gap equation for dynamic balance - , force - graph - interface - centering - process variation - restraint of parts in - sequence - shift - standards - tolerance - , tolerance models -D - . See also Tolerance model, steps in creating ( -D/ -D) closed loop - , critical features - Index I- datum paths - , datum reference systems - , degrees of freedom - geometric variations - , . See also Variation graph - key characteristics - kinematic joints - , modeling - modeling rules - , open loop - , performance requirements. See Performance requirements redundant vectors - steps in creating. See Tolerance model, steps in creating vector loops - , , - vectors. See Vectors variation sources - Attribute data - process capability models - Automated verification - Automation - Auxiliary dimension comparison of US and ISO - view - Average diameter - Axis datum. See Datum axis feature, control of. See Feature control frame B Baldrige. See Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Bar stock - Base line dimensioning - Basic angle - , . See also Angle, basic; Basic dimension dimension - defining a basic profile - established by general note - for profile boundary offset - frame - implied. See Implied basic dimension limiting length or area of tolerance zone - . See also Limited length/area indication locating a datum target - locating termination of tolerance zone - locating true position. See True position methods for establishing shown as reference - symbol (frame) - zero implied. See Implied basic dimension dimension symbol comparison of US and ISO - profile - . See also Profile tolerance defined by basic dimensions - defined by CAD/CAM model - defined by grid system - defined by mathematical formula - showing termination of tolerance zone - tolerance boundary offset from - tool path along - , size - Beta distribution - Between symbol - , comparison of US and ISO - Bidirectional positional tolerance - , , - Bilateral profile tolerance. See Profile tolerance, bilateral equal. See Profile tolerance, equal-bilateral analysis of - unequal. See Profile tolerance, unequal bilateral analysis of - Binomial distribution - Bolt circle - , Bonus tolerance at LMC - at MMC - Boundary at LMC - , at MMC - , inner, outer - of perfect form - at LMC - , at MMC - not required - , I- Index resultant condition. See Resultant condition boundary size limit. See Size limit boundary spherical - tapered - tolerance - virtual condition. See Virtual condition boundary Bounded feature - , as a datum feature - , composite profile tolerance for a single feature - datum targets applied to - positional tolerance for. See Positional tolerance for a bounded feature Broken-out section - C CAD. See Computer Aided Design (CAD) CAD/CAM. See Computer Aided Design (CAD); Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) CAE. See Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) CAM. See Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Candidate datum - , reference - datum reference frame - Cartesian coordinates - , Casting - drawing - Castings/forgings - , CAT - , . See also Computer Aided Tolerancing (CAT) Cauchy distribution - Center line - , . implied ° angle - marks - method alternative. See Alternative center method plane - , control of. See Feature control frame control of feature - , , - datum - derived - , establishing a datum from a feature - establishing a datum from feature - feature - point - , Centering - . See also Regardless of Feature Size (RFS), when to apply Central tolerance zone - , Certification of GD&T professionals - Chain dimensioning - line - , Characteristic symbol. See Geometric characteristic symbol Circular runout tolerance - , , - symbol - Circularity (roundness) tolerance - , analysis of - control by limits of size - control of lobes. See Lobes, circularity control for a nonspherical feature - for a spherical feature - , in the free state - not affecting size, taper, or straightness - , - not modifiable to MMC or LMC - symbol - with average diameter - Clearance fit. See Fixed fastener formula; Floating fastener formula; Mating parts; Maximum Material Condition (MMC), when to apply; Virtual condition Clocking - , Closed loop. See Assembly tolerance model, closed loop CM/PDM. See Configuration Management/ Product Data Management CMM. See Coordinate measuring machine (CMM) Co-datums. See Hyphenated co-datums Coaxial/coplanar pattern of features - , , - Combined controls - Company vault - Component deformation - Index I- libraries - Composite tolerance positional. See Positional tolerance, pattern control, composite analysis of - comparison of US and ISO - verification - profile analysis of - for a pattern of features. See Profile tolerance, composite, for a pattern of features for a single feature. See Profile tolerance, composite, for a single feature rules for. See Rules for pattern control, composite Computer Aided Design (CAD) - , , - Aided Design (CAD)/Manufacturing (CAM) - Aided Engineering (CAE) - Aided Tolerancing (CAT) - analysis - Concentricity tolerance - , , - analysis of - comparison of US and ISO - comparison with other methods - control of lobes. See Lobes, concentricity control for multifold symmetry - symbol - Concurrent engineering - index - Condition material. See Material condition resultant. See Resultant condition virtual. See Virtual condition Configuration layout - Management - Management/Product Data Management - Conical surface control of - , tolerance zone - Constraints - Contribution chart. See Percent contribution chart Control combined. See Combined controls extent of profile tolerance. See Extent of profile tolerance four levels of. See Levels of control Controlled radius - symbol - , comparison of US and ISO - tolerance - Conventional breaks - practices - Coordinate dimensioning - measuring machine (CMM) - , , - system Cartesian. See Cartesian coordinates polar. See Polar coordinate system rectangular. See Rectangular coordinate system Coplanarity - positional tolerance for - profile tolerance for - Corporate standards - Cost - , appraisal - failure - minimization/optimization - , prevention - versus tolerance - , , - allocation - curves - function - functions - models - Counterbore depth pan head - socket head - symbol - comparison of US and ISO - I- Index Countersink. See Double-fixed fastener; Fixed fastener comparison of US and ISO - symbol - Critical features. See Assembly tolerance models, critical features Critical-to-quality (CTQ) characteristic - , - Crosby Quality College - Cross product - CTQ. See Critical to Quality (CTQ) characteristic Customer - external - internal - satisfaction - Cylinder, pitch. See Pitch cylinder Cylindrical surface, control of - , tolerance zone - Cylindricity tolerance - , analysis of - symbol - with average diameter - D D-shaped feature. See Bounded feature Data eXchange Format (DXF) - Data Management - Data Points - Database Format Standards - Datum - , accuracy - angled. See Angled datum axis - , , - , - comparison of US and ISO - candidate. See Candidate datum comparison of US and ISO - , , - degrees of freedom - , feature - angled. See Angled feature identification - selection - subject to size variation - surrogate/temporary - symbol - , symbol placement - , unstable (rocking) - from a feature pattern - , generating line as comparison of US and ISO - hyphenated co-datums. See Hyphenated codatums implied. See Implied datum letter comparison of US and ISO - mathematically defined surface comparison of US and ISO - origin from. See Origin from a datum reference frame paths. See Assembly tolerance models, datum paths plane - , point - , precedence - , . See also Degrees of freedom reference - reference frame (DRF) - , candidate. See Candidate datum reference frame displacement - , establishing - general note - multiple. See Multiple DRFs origin from - , simultaneous/separate requirements. See Simultaneous/separate requirements using in a tolerance analysis. See Assembly tolerance models datum reference systems sequence comparison of US and ISO - simulation/simulator - , . See also True Geometric Counterpart (TGC) sequence - symbol placement - , target. application - , any feature - feature of size - math-defined feature - revolute - stepped surfaces - Index I- dimensions - identification of - interdependency of - switchable precedence - symbol - , types of - target line comparison of US and ISO - Defects absence of - assembly - , comparison of variation models - , RSS - calculating assembly - , comparison of GD&T - part/component - using GD&T - fabrication - machine uncertainty - modeling with Poisson - part/component - per million opportunities (dpmo) - cost of poor quality - per opportunity (dpo) - per unit (DPU) - , estimating yield - how to calculate - Six Sigma measurement - rate - Six Sigma philosophy - Six Sigma quality - weighting methodology - . See also Tolerance allocation by scaling/resizing/ weight factor Degrees of freedom - , . See also Assembly tolerance models degrees of freedom; Datum degrees of freedom Deming, W. Edwards - points - Deming Prize - Department of Defense (DoD) - Depth symbol - comparison of US and ISO - Derived element - median line - , . See also Straightness tolerance, derived median plane/line control - median plane - , . See also Straightness tolerance, derived median plane/line Design engineering driven - for assembly - for assembly (DFA) - for manufacturability (DFM) - inspection driven - process driven - requirements. See Performance requirements Detail drawings - DFA. See Design for assembly (DFA) DFM. See Design for manufacturability (DFM) Diameter average. See Average diameter spherical. See Spherical diameter symbol - , application of - comparison of US and ISO - Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) - Dimension - assembly - auxiliary comparison of US and ISO - basic. See Basic dimension chains - component - , controlled - decimal value inch - , millimeter - , dependent - independent - limit. See Limit dimensioning loop. See Vector loop. See Loop diagram nominal. See Nominal dimension origin symbol - , path. See also Loop diagram paths - redundant - reference - theoretically exact comparison of US and ISO - Dimensional management - future of - process - , I- Index system - team - Dimensioning and tolerancing - , methods baseline. See Baseline dimensioning chain. See Chain dimensioning fundamental rules. See Fundamental rules limit dimensioning. See Limit dimensioning limits and fits. See Limits and fits plus and minus tolerancing. See Plus and minus tolerance polar coordinate. See Polar coordinate system rectangular coordinate. See Rectangular coordinate system Dimensionless print - Dimensions. See Dimension Discrimination - Displacement, DRF. See Datum reference frame (DRF) displacement Disposition of profile tolerance zone. See Profile tolerance, disposition of zone Distribution - Beta. See Beta distribution binomial. See Binomial distribution Cauchy. See Cauchy distribution Exponential. See Exponential distribution fitting - function - . See also Probability distribution function zone - Gamma. See Gamma distribution Gaussian. See Gaussian distribution Hypergeometric. See Hypergeometric distribution information - Johnson. See Johnson distribution Lambda. See Lambda distribution Laplace. See Laplace distribution Logistic. See Logistic distribution Lognormal. See Lognormal distribution manufacturing. See Manufacturing distribution non normal. See Non normal distribution normal. See Normal distribution Pearson. See Pearson distribution Poisson. See Poisson distribution type of - uniform. See Uniform distribution Weibull. See Weibull distribution DoD. See Department of Defense (DoD) Dot product - Double-fixed fastener - , calculation clearance hole - countersink diameter - head height - examples - formula - sizes/tolerances clearance hole diameter - , countersink diameter - , nonfloating nut plate - tapped hole - dpmo. See Defects per million opportunities (dpmo) dpo. See Defects per million opportunities (dpmo) DPU. See Defects per unit (DPU) Drawing GD&T - history - interpretation - number - scale of a - status - title - DRF. See Datum reference frame DRSS. See Dynamic Root Sum of the Squares (DRSS) Dynamic Root Sum of the Squares (DRSS) - , - allocation - , Dynamic RSS allocation. See Dynamic Root Sum of the Squares (DRSS) allocation E E-mail - Each element - radial element - Electronic automation - Index I- mail - Elliptical cylinder - Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) - Engineering driven design - English language to control part features - Envelope - (Taylor) principle. See Taylor Principle actual mating. See Actual mating envelope actual minimum material. See Actual mating/ minimum material envelope boundary of perfect form. See Boundary of perfect form Equal bilateral tolerance - , converting an external feature at LMC to - converting an external feature at MMC to - converting an internal feature at LMC to - converting an internal feature at MMC to - precedence datums. See Hyphenated codatums Error sources - Estimated Mean Shift analysis - Estimates of manufacturability - Evolution of quality - Experimental drawing - Exponential distribution - Extension (projection) lines - , comparison of US and ISO - of principle - , Extent of profile tolerance - , External/internal features of size - F FAQ (Frequently Asked Question) - , , - , - , - , - Fastener double-fixed. See Double-fixed fastener fixed. See Fixed fastener floating. See Floating fastener Feature - axis - , bounded. See Bounded feature center plane - , center point - , control frame - comparison of US and ISO - placement - , reading - D-shaped. See Bounded feature datum. See Datum feature factoring method - nonsize. See Nonsize feature of size internal/external. See External/internal features of size pattern. See Pattern of features relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) - rotation - spherical. See Spherical feature File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - FIM. See Full Indicator Movement (FIM) FIR. See Full Indicator Runout (FIR) First-angle projection - Fit, clearance. See Fixed fastener formula; Floating fastener formula; Mating parts; Maximum Material Condition (MMC), when to apply; Virtual condition boundary Fits, limits and. See Limits and fits Five Sigma rule of thumb - Fixed and floating fastener. See Fixed fastener; Floating fastener Fixed fastener - , calculation assembly shift - clearance hole diameter - counterbore diameter - double. See Double-fixed fastener examples - formula - , projected tolerance zone. See Projected tolerance zone sizes/tolerances clearance hole diameter - , counterbore hole diameter - , countersink diameter - , floating nut plate - I- Index head height - nonfloating nut plate - tapped hole - tolerance analysis of - Flat head screw calculating head height - pattern layout drawing - Flatness tolerance - , analysis of - comparison of US and ISO - derived median plane - , for a width-type feature - , per unit area - single planar surface - symbol - Flaws - Floating and fixed fastener. See Fixed fastener; Floating fastener Floating fastener - , calculation clearance hole diameter - counterbore diameter - examples - formula - sizes/tolerances clearance hole diameter - , counterbore hole diameter - , floating nut plate - tolerance analysis of - Ford Motor Company - Forgings/castings. See Castings/forgings Form qualifying notes comparison of US and ISO - control. See Form tolerance Form tolerance - , . See also Levels of control, Level : overall form analysis of - circularity (roundness). See Circularity (roundness) tolerance comparison of US and ISO - , cylindricity. See Cylindricity tolerance flatness. See Form tolerance limits of size. See Levels of control, Level : overall form; Limits of size profile. See Profile tolerance runout. See Runout tolerance straightness. See Straightness tolerance when to use - Formula double-fixed fastener. See Double-fixed fastener formula fixed fastener. See Fixed fastener formula floating fastener. See Floating fastener formula resultant condition - virtual condition - , Frame basic dimension. See Basic dimension frame datum feature symbol. See Datum feature symbol datum reference. See Datum reference frame feature control. See Feature control frame Framework of boundaries/zones - feature relating (FRTZF). See Feature relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) pattern locating (PLTZF). See Pattern locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) Free state application - , symbol - , comparison of US and ISO - Freedom, degrees of. See Datum degrees of freedom; Degrees of freedom FRTZF. See Feature Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF); Feature relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) FTP. See File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Full Indicator Movement (FIM) - Runout (FIR) - sections - Functional gaging - , hierarchy - , requirements - , Gages - Fundamental levels of control. See Levels of control rules - Future of academia - Index I- dimensional management - , dimensioning and tolerancing - GD&T - , global standards and business perspective - research - software tools - , standards - dimensioning/tolerancing - , metrology - tolerance analysis - , tolerancing - in academics - , in business - G Gage repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) - analysis - Gaging functional - tolerances - virtual - Galvin, Bob - Gamma distribution - Gap equation. See Performance requirements; Tolerance analysis equations, vector loop ( -D) -D - , -D/ -D - , Gauss, Karl Frederick - Gaussian distribution - GD&T. See Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) Gears/splines - General dimensions - , tolerance comparison of US and ISO - Generation templates - Geometric characteristic symbol - , Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) - , - advice - analysis of - certification of GD&T professionals - future of. See Future of GD&T instant - overview - symbols - , what is it? - when to use - , why to use - Product Specification - tolerance - tolerancing - , variation. See Variation, geometric Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) Masterplan - GIDEP - GO gages - GR&R. See Gage repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) Graphical inspection analysis - Groove - , H Half sections - Harry, Mikel J. Histogram - Hog Out Parts - Hole angled. See Angled feature counterbored. See Counterbore countersunk. See Countersink pattern verification - slotted. See Slotted hole Horizontal loop - . See also Assembly tolerance models, vector loops HPGL - Hypergeometric distribution - Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) - Hyphenated co-datums - , , - I IBM - IGES - Implied ° angle dimension - ° basic angle dimension - , , - basic dimension - I- Index datum - parallelism/perpendicularity - symmetry - Independency Principle - Indication of limited length/area. See Limited length/area indication Indicator movement/swing - , Injection molded plastic - Inner/outer boundary - using in a tolerance analysis - Inspection driven design - Instant GD&T - , Integrated design process - product team - , Interchangeability - Internal/external features of size. See External/ internal features of size International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - , - standards - Telephone and Telegraph Corporation - Internet - Interrupted surface - Intranet - ISO. See International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO - Isometric views - J Johnson distribution - Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) - Juran Institute, Inc. Juran, Joseph - K Key characteristics - , . See also Assembly tolerance models, key characteristics Kinematic joints. See Assembly tolerance model, kinematic joints degrees of freedom - incoming - outgoing - path across - types - cylindrical slider - , edge slider - , parallel cylinders - , planar - planar joint - Kinematic model - Kodak - Kurtosis - L Lagrange Multiplier - Method - Lambda distribution - Language - "Language of management is money" - Laplace distribution - Lay - Layout Gaging - Least Material Condition (LMC) - for feature control - symbol - , when to apply - , zero tolerance at. See Zero tolerance at MMC/LMC squares - Levels of control - Level : size and -D form - , Level : overall form - , Level : orientation - , Level : location - , Limit dimensioning - , Limited length/area indication - , Limits and fits - and fits symbol - of size - . See also Rules, # boundary. See Size limit boundary circularity control. See Circularity (roundness) tolerance control by limits of size cylindrical feature - width-type feature - Line center. See Center lineIndex I- chain. See Chain line derived median. See Derived median line extension. See Extension lines phantom. See Phantom line precedence - profile. See Profile tolerance of a line profile of a. See Profile tolerance, of a line Linear tolerance - , . See also Plus and minus tolerance comparison with GD&T - , LMC. See Least Material Condition (LMC) Lobes circularity control - , concentricity control - , cylindricity control - Location tolerance. See Levels of control, Level : location Logistic distribution - Lognormal - distribution - approximation to Normal distribution - transforming values - Loop. See Vector loop closed. See Closed loop diagram. See Assembly tolerance models, vector loops equation. See Tolerance analysis equations, vector loop ( -D) horizontal. See Horizontal loop open. See Open loop vertical. See Vertical loop Lower specification limit - M Machined part - , drawing - Machining processes - Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award - , - design and production processes are coordinated - differs from ISO - Motorola - Manufacturing guidelines - process - , capability data. See Process capability data distributions - variation. See Variation sources, process process capability. See Process capability Master Model - Theory - Material condition - . See also Least Material Condition (LMC); Maximum Material Condition (MMC); Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) analysis of - least. See Least Material Condition (LMC) maximum. See Maximum Material Condition (MMC) modifier symbol - , modifiers analysis of - proper use of - regardless of feature size. See Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) Math Standard ASME Y . M (the "Math Standard"). See American National Standards, ASME Y . M (the "Math Standard") Mathematically defined surface - , comparison of US and ISO - datum targets for - profile control for - Mathematization - Mating parts - , . See also Fixed fastener formula; Floating fastener formula; Maximum Material Condition (MMC), when to apply; Virtual condition Maximum inscribed circle - Material Condition (MMC) - , for feature control - , symbol - , when to apply - , zero tolerance at. See Zero tolerance at MMC/LMC MBNQA. See Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award MCS. See Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) Mean - , gap. See Gap equation Measured value - I- Index Measurement methods analysis - temperature - Median line derived. See Derived median line plane comparison of US and ISO - derived. See Derived median plane Method of System Moments (MSM) - , , - Metrology - , Minimum circumscribed circle - Minimum cost. See Tolerance allocation by cost minimization Minimum radial separation - Minimum stock protection. See Least Material Condition (LMC), when to apply Minitab - , Modern manufacturability - Modified Root Sum of the Squares (MRSS) analysis - Modifying symbol - , when to apply - Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) - , , - Motorola - Baldrige Award - Six Sigma is a trademark of - MRSS. See Modified Root Sum of the Squares (MRSS) MSM. See Method of System Moments (MSM) Multiple Datum Structures - DRFs - N National Science Foundation (NSF) - Standards - Native database - NOGO gages - Nominal dimension - Non normal distribution - Nonrigid part - average diameter. See Average diameter comparison of US and ISO - restraint. See Restraint of nonrigid part Nonsize feature - , Normal distribution - Normality - Note - all over. See All over note drawing - for "instant" GD&T - for runout control - general datum reference frame - restraining. See Free state; Restraint of nonrigid part to modify tolerance - , NSF. See National Science Foundation (NSF) Number of places - symbol - Numerical notation comparison of US and ISO - Nut plates - . See also Double-fixed fastener; Fixed fastener; Floating fastener O O-ring groove - , . See also Groove Obsolete drawing - Offset sections - Open loop. See Assembly tolerance models, open loop Optimizing unstable (rocking) datum feature - Optimum acceptance fraction - Order of precedence. See Datum precedence Organize for quality improvement - Orientation control. See Orientation tolerance Orientation tolerance - . See also Levels of control, Level : orientation analysis of - angularity. See Angularity tolerance applications table - , applied to line elements - comparison of US and ISO - datum application - how to apply - parallelism. See Parallelism tolerance perpendicularity. See Perpendicularity tolerance when to use - with tangent plane. See Tangent planeIndex I- zero. See Zero tolerance at MMC/LMC orientation Origin dimension origin symbol. See Dimension origin symbol from datum reference frame - , Outer/inner boundary - using in a tolerance analysis - Outline, profile. See Basic profile Over limited length/area. See Limited length/ area indication P Paper gaging - advantages and disadvantages - Paperless/electronic environment - , Parallelism tolerance - , analysis of - symbol - Pareto principle - Partial views - Pattern Locating Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF) - of features - , composite tolerance for positional. See Positional tolerance, pattern control, composite profile. See Profile tolerance, composite radial. See Radial feature pattern PDF. See Portable Document Format (PDF) Pearson distribution - Per area/length unit - , Percent containment - contribution chart - Perfect form. See Boundary of perfect form boundary at LMC. See Boundary of perfect form at LMC boundary at MMC. See Boundary of perfect form at MMC not required. See Boundary of perfect form not required Performance expected assembly - requirements - , , - Perpendicularity tolerance - , analysis of - symbol - Personal computer - Phantom line - , Piecepart tolerance. See Tolerance, piecepart Pin diamond - parallel-flats - Pins. See Alignment pins Pitch cylinder - Pitch diameter rule comparison of US and ISO - Placement datum feature symbol. See Datum symbol placement feature control frame. See Feature control frame placement Plane center. See Center plane datum. See Datum plane derived median. See Derived median plane feature center. See Feature center plane median comparison of US and ISO - mutually perpendicular - , tangent. See Tangent plane tolerance. See Tolerance plane, sweeping PLTZF. See Pattern Locating Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF) Plus and minus tolerance - , . See also Angle plus and minus tolerance; Linear tolerance comparison with GD&T - , Point center. See Center point datum. See Datum point Poisson distribution - , Polar coordinate system - , Population - parameter zone - Portable Document Format (PDF) - Positional control. See Positional tolerance Positional tolerance - analysis of - comparison of US and ISO - , , - datum application - I- Index for a bounded feature - , for coaxiality to a datum - , how to apply - pattern control coaxial/coplanar features - composite - single-segment - stacked segments - , symbol - true position. See True position with implied datums - with projected tolerance zone - at LMC - at MMC - at RFS - zero. See Zero tolerance at MMC/LMC positional Precedence, datum. See Datum precedence switchable. See Datum target switchable precedence Principle Envelope (Taylor). See Taylor Principle extended/extension. See Extension of principle of Independency comparison of US and ISO - Probabilities additive - Probability distribution function - Probe - Process analysis - capability - data - , . See also Manufacturing process capability data defined by industry - for generating holes - index (Cp) - , relative to process centering (Cpk) - indices - long-term - , matrix - models - short-term - , changes to the design or manufacturing - driven design - manufacturing. See Manufacturing process selection - shift - variation - Product - Data Management (PDM) - development process - documentation - financial success - performance - product feature - product satisfaction - vault - Profile basic. See Basic profile control. See Profile tolerance outline. See Basic profile Profile tolerance - , abutting zones - analysis of - application - basic profile. See Basic profile bilateral - comparison of US and ISO - , composite - analysis of - for a pattern of features - , for a single feature - controlling the extent of - datum application - disposition of zone - , equal bilateral analysis of - equal-bilateral - extent of. See Extent of profile tolerance for a combination of attributes - for coplanarity - for form control - , for math-defined surfaces - for stepped surfaces - how to apply - of a line - of a surface - , symbol - unequal bilateral - analysis of - unilateral - analysis of - Projected tolerance zone - application - , Index I- comparison of US and ISO - comparison with no projection - comparison without projected zone - symbol - , Projection view - Proportional scaling - Push pin versus fixed pin gaging - Q Quality - control - Crosby Quality College - evolution of - improvement - organize for - is free - planning - prediction models - Six Sigma approach - Quantitative measure of manufacturability - Question (Frequently Asked Question). See FAQ R Radial feature pattern - Radius - controlled. See Controlled radius spherical. See Spherical radius symbol - , comparison of US and ISO - tolerance - zone - Rapid prototypes - Receiver Gages - Rectangular coordinate system - Reference dimension - application - comparison of US and ISO - symbol - , frame (DRF) multiple - Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) - comparison of US and ISO - for feature control - , when to apply - , Release procedures - Removed section - Repeatability - Requirements. See Performance requirements functional. See Functional requirements simultaneous/separate. See Simultaneous/ separate requirements Research - Resize. See Tolerance allocation by scaling/ resizing/weight factor factor. See Tolerance allocation by scaling/ resizing/weight factor Restraint of minimum material envelope. See Actual minimum material envelope, restraint of of nonrigid part - using a note - Restrictive tolerance comparison of US and ISO - Resultant condition - boundary - LMC - MMC - , using in a tolerance analysis - , Revision blocks - Revolute - , control with circularity - with concentricity - , with runout - datum targets applied to - Revolved section - RFS. See Regardless of feature size (RFS) RMS (root-mean-square) deviation index - Rocking. See Datum feature, unstable (rocking) Root Sum of the Squares (RSS) - , , - allocation by cost minimization - by manufacturing processes - , , - by scaling/resizing/weight factor - analysis - , expression - Rotation - Rotational shift tolerance - Roughness - Roundness. See Circularity RSS. See Root Sum of the Squares (RSS)I- Index Rules # - , comparison of US and ISO - exceptions. See Boundary of perfect form not required; Independency principle # comparison of US and ISO - a comparison of US and ISO - assembly tolerance models. See Assembly tolerance models, modeling; Assembly tolerance models, modeling rules Five Sigma rule of thumb. See Five sigma rule of thumb for pattern control composite - stacked single segment - fundamental. See Fundamental rules pitch diameter comparison of US and ISO - Runout control. See Runout tolerance Runout tolerance - analysis of - circular - . See also Circular runout tolerance datum application
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