Ahmed Hagag مهندس تحت الاختبار
عدد المساهمات : 34 التقييم : 70 تاريخ التسجيل : 26/05/2014 العمر : 30 الدولة : مصر العمل : طالب الجامعة : المنوفية
| موضوع: حل كتاب Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications Solution Manual الجمعة 13 مارس 2015, 5:56 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم حل كتاب Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications Solution Manual Fourth Edition Yunus a. Qengel, John M. Cimbala
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface Xv Chapter O N E Introduction and Basic Concepts 1 1–1 Introduction 2 What is a Fluid? 2 Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 1–2 a Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 6 1–3 the No-slip Condition 8 1–4 Classification of Fluid Flows 9 Viscous Versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 10 Internal Versus External Flow 10 Compressible Versus Incompressible Flow 10 Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow 11 Natural (or Unforced) Versus Forced Flow 11 Steady Versus Unsteady Flow 12 One-, Two-, and Three-dimensional Flows 13 Uniform Versus Nonuniform Flow 14 1–5 System and Control Volume 15 1–6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 16 Some Si and English Units 17 Dimensional Homogeneity 19 Unity Conversion Ratios 21 1–7 Modeling in Engineering 22 1–8 Problem-solving Technique 24 Step 1: Problem Statement 24 Step 2: Schematic 24 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 24 Step 4: Physical Laws 24 Step 5: Properties 25 Step 6: Calculations 25 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 25 1–9 Engineering Software Packages 26 Equation Solvers 27 Cfd Software 28 1–10 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 28 Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Raindrops Have in Common 32 Summary 33 References and Suggested Reading 33 Problems 33 Chapter T W O Properties of Fluids 37 2–1 Introduction 38 Continuum 38 2–2 Density and Specific Gravity 39 Density of Ideal Gases 40 2–3 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 41 2–4 Energy and Specific Heats 43 2–5 Compressibility and Speed of Sound 45 Coefficient of Compressibility 45 Coefficient of Volume Expansion 46 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 49 2–6 Viscosity 51 2–7 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 56 Capillary Effect 59 Summary 62 Application Spotlight: Cavitation 63 References and Suggested Reading 64 Problems 64 Chapter T H R E E Pressure and Fluid Statics 77 3–1 Pressure 78 Pressure at a Point 79 Variation of Pressure With Depth 80 3–2 Pressure Measurement Devices 84 The Barometer 84 The Manometer 87 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 90 3–3 Introduction to Fluid Statics 91 3–4 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces 92 Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 95 3–5 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 97 3–6 Buoyancy and Stability 100 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 104contents Ix 3–7 Fluids in Rigid-body Motion 106 Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest 108 Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body 108 Acceleration on a Straight Path 108 Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 110 Summary 114 References and Suggested Reading 115 Problems 115 Chapter F O U R Fluid Kinematics 137 4–1 Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 138 Acceleration Field 140 Material Derivative 143 4–2 Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization 145 Streamlines and Streamtubes 145 Pathlines 146 Streaklines 148 Timelines 150 Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques 151 Surface Flow Visualization Techniques 152 4–3 Plots of Fluid Flow Data 152 Profile Plots 153 Vector Plots 153 Contour Plots 154 4–4 Other Kinematic Descriptions 155 Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid Elements 155 4–5 Vorticity and Rotationality 160 Comparison of Two Circular Flows 163 4–6 the Reynolds Transport Theorem 164 Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 169 Relationship Between Material Derivative and Rtt 172 Summary 172 Application Spotlight: Fluidic Actuators 173 Application Spotlight: Smelling Food; the Human Airway 174 References and Suggested Reading 175 Problems 175 Chapter F I V E Bernoulli and Energy Equations 189 5–1 Introduction 190 Conservation of Mass 190 The Linear Momentum Equation 190 Conservation of Energy 190 5–2 Conservation of Mass 191 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 191 Conservation of Mass Principle 193 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes 195 Mass Balance for Steady-flow Processes 195 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 196 5–3 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 198 5–4 the Bernoulli Equation 203 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 204 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 204 Force Balance Across Streamlines 206 Unsteady, Compressible Flow 207 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures 207 Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 208 Hydraulic Grade Line (Hgl) and Energy Grade Line (Egl) 210 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 212 5–5 General Energy Equation 219 Energy Transfer by Heat, Q 220 Energy Transfer by Work, W 220 5–6 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 223 Special Case: Incompressible Flow With No Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction 226 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, ?? 226 Summary 233 References and Suggested Reading 234 Problems 235 Chapter S I X Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems 249 6–1 Newton’s Laws 250 6–2 Choosing a Control Volume 251 6–3 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 252 6–4 the Linear Momentum Equation 255 Special Cases 257 Momentum-flux Correction Factor, ? 257 Steady Flow 259 Flow With No External Forces 260 6–5 Review of Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 269 6–6 the Angular Momentum Equation 272 Special Cases 274 Flow With No External Moments 275 Radial-flow Devices 275x Fluid Mechanics Application Spotlight: Manta Ray Swimming 280 Summary 282 References and Suggested Reading 282 Problems 283 Chapter S E V E N Dimensional Analysis and Modeling 297 7–1 Dimensions and Units 298 7–2 Dimensional Homogeneity 299 Nondimensionalization of Equations 300 7–3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 305 7–4 the Method of Repeating Variables and the Buckingham Pi Theorem 309 Historical Spotlight: Persons Honored by Nondimensional Parameters 317 7–5 Experimental Testing, Modeling, and Incomplete Similarity 325 Setup of an Experiment and Correlation Of Experimental Data 325 Incomplete Similarity 326 Wind Tunnel Testing 326 Flows With Free Surfaces 329 Application Spotlight: How a Fly Flies 332 Summary 333 References and Suggested Reading 333 Problems 333 Chapter E I G H T Internal Flow 351 8–1 Introduction 352 8–2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 353 Reynolds Number 354 8–3 the Entrance Region 355 Entry Lengths 356 8–4 Laminar Flow in Pipes 357 Pressure Drop and Head Loss 359 Effect of Gravity on Velocity and Flow Rate In Laminar Flow 361 Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes 362 8–5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes 365 Turbulent Shear Stress 366 Turbulent Velocity Profile 368 The Moody Chart and Its Associated Equations 370 Types of Fluid Flow Problems 372 8–6 Minor Losses 379 8–7 Piping Networks and Pump Selection 386 Series and Parallel Pipes 386 Piping Systems With Pumps and Turbines 388 8–8 Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement 396 Pitot and Pitot-static Probes 396 Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi, And Nozzle Meters 398 Positive Displacement Flowmeters 401 Turbine Flowmeters 402 Variable-area Flowmeters (Rotameters) 403 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 404 Electromagnetic Flowmeters 406 Vortex Flowmeters 407 Thermal (Hot-wire and Hot-film) Anemometers 408 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 410 Particle Image Velocimetry 411 Introduction to Biofluid Mechanics 414 Application Spotlight: Piv Applied to Cardiac Flow 420 Application Spotlight: Multicolor Particle Shadow Velocimetry/accelerometry 421 Summary 423 References and Suggested Reading 424 Problems 425 Chapter N I N E Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow 443 9–1 Introduction 444 9–2 Conservation of Mass—the Continuity Equation 444 Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 445 Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control Volume 446 Alternative Form of the Continuity Equation 449 Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates 450 Special Cases of the Continuity Equation 450 9–3 the Stream Function 456 The Stream Function in Cartesian Coordinates 456 The Stream Function in Cylindrical Coordinates 463 The Compressible Stream Function 464contents Xi 9–4 the Differential Linear Momentum Equation— Cauchy’s Equation 465 Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 465 Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control Volume 466 Alternative Form of Cauchy’s Equation 469 Derivation Using Newton’s Second Law 469 9–5 the Navier–stokes Equation 470 Introduction 470 Newtonian Versus Non-newtonian Fluids 471 Derivation of the Navier–stokes Equation For Incompressible, Isothermal Flow 472 Continuity and Navier–stokes Equations In Cartesian Coordinates 474 Continuity and Navier–stokes Equations In Cylindrical Coordinates 475 9–6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow Problems 476 Calculation of the Pressure Field For a Known Velocity Field 476 Exact Solutions of the Continuity And Navier–stokes Equations 481 Differential Analysis of Biofluid Mechanics Flows 499 Summary 502 References and Suggested Reading 502 Application Spotlight: the No-slip Boundary Condition 503 Problems 504 Chapter T E N Approximate Solutions of the Navier–stokes Equation 519 10–1 Introduction 520 10–2 Nondimensionalized Equations of Motion 521 10–3 the Creeping Flow Approximation 524 Drag on a Sphere in Creeping Flow 527 10–4 Approximation for Inviscid Regions of Flow 529 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Inviscid Regions Of Flow 530 10–5 the Irrotational Flow Approximation 533 Continuity Equation 533 Momentum Equation 535 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Irrotational Regions of Flow 535 Two-dimensional Irrotational Regions of Flow 538 Superposition in Irrotational Regions of Flow 542 Elementary Planar Irrotational Flows 542 Irrotational Flows Formed by Superposition 549 10–6 the Boundary Layer Approximation 558 The Boundary Layer Equations 563 The Boundary Layer Procedure 568 Displacement Thickness 572 Momentum Thickness 575 Turbulent Flat Plate Boundary Layer 576 Boundary Layers With Pressure Gradients 582 The Momentum Integral Technique for Boundary Layers 587 Summary 595 References and Suggested Reading 596 Application Spotlight: Droplet Formation 597 Problems 598 Chapter E L E V E N External Flow: Drag and Lift 611 11–1 Introduction 612 11–2 Drag and Lift 614 11–3 Friction and Pressure Drag 618 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 619 Flow Separation 620 11–4 Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries 621 Biological Systems and Drag 622 Drag Coefficients of Vehicles 625 Superposition 627 11–5 Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates 629 Friction Coefficient 631 11–6 Flow Over Cylinders and Spheres 633 Effect of Surface Roughness 636 11–7 Lift 638 Finite-span Wings and Induced Drag 642 Lift Generated by Spinning 643 Flying in Nature! 647 Summary 650 Application Spotlight: Drag Reduction 652 References and Suggested Reading 653 Problems 653 Chapter T W E L V E Compressible Flow 667 12–1 Stagnation Properties 668 12–2 One-dimensional Isentropic Flow 671 Variation of Fluid Velocity With Flow Area 673 Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases 675xii Fluid Mechanics 12–3 Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles 677 Converging Nozzles 678 Converging–diverging Nozzles 682 12–4 Shock Waves and Expansion Waves 685 Normal Shocks 686 Oblique Shocks 691 Prandtl–meyer Expansion Waves 696 12–5 Duct Flow With Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow) 701 Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow 706 Choked Rayleigh Flow 708 12–6 Adiabatic Duct Flow With Friction (Fanno Flow) 710 Property Relations for Fanno Flow 713 Choked Fanno Flow 716 Application Spotlight: Shock-wave/ Boundary-layer Interactions 720 Summary 721 References and Suggested Reading 722 Problems 722 Chapter T H I R T E E N Open-channel Flow 733 13–1 Classification of Open-channel Flows 734 Uniform and Varied Flows 734 Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Channels 735 13–2 Froude Number and Wave Speed 737 Speed of Surface Waves 739 13–3 Specific Energy 741 13–4 Conservation of Mass and Energy Equations 744 13–5 Uniform Flow in Channels 745 Critical Uniform Flow 747 Superposition Method for Nonuniform Perimeters 748 13–6 Best Hydraulic Cross Sections 751 Rectangular Channels 753 Trapezoidal Channels 753 13–7 Gradually Varied Flow 755 Liquid Surface Profiles in Open Channels, Y(X) 757 Some Representative Surface Profiles 760 Numerical Solution of Surface Profile 762 13–8 Rapidly Varied Flow and the Hydraulic Jump 765 13–9 Flow Control and Measurement 769 Underflow Gates 770 Overflow Gates 772 Application Spotlight: Bridge Scour 779 Summary 780 References and Suggested Reading 781 Problems 781 Chapter F O U R T E E N Turbomachinery 793 14–1 Classifications and Terminology 794 14–2 Pumps 796 Pump Performance Curves and Matching A Pump to a Piping System 797 Pump Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 803 Pumps in Series and Parallel 806 Positive-displacement Pumps 809 Dynamic Pumps 812 Centrifugal Pumps 812 Axial Pumps 822 14–3 Pump Scaling Laws 830 Dimensional Analysis 830 Pump Specific Speed 833 Affinity Laws 835 14–4 Turbines 839 Positive-displacement Turbines 840 Dynamic Turbines 840 Impulse Turbines 841 Reaction Turbines 843 Gas and Steam Turbines 853 Wind Turbines 853 14–5 Turbine Scaling Laws 861 Dimensionless Turbine Parameters 861 Turbine Specific Speed 864 Application Spotlight: Rotary Fuel Atomizers 867 Summary 868 References and Suggested Reading 869 Problems 869 Chapter F I F T E E N Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 885 15–1 Introduction and Fundamentals 886 Motivation 886 Equations of Motion 886 Solution Procedure 887 Additional Equations of Motion 889contents Xiii Grid Generation and Grid Independence 889 Boundary Conditions 894 Practice Makes Perfect 899 15–2 Laminar Cfd Calculations 899 Pipe Flow Entrance Region at Re = 500 899 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 150 903 15–3 Turbulent Cfd Calculations 908 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 10,000 911 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 107 913 Design of the Stator for a Vane-axial Flow Fan 913 15–4 Cfd With Heat Transfer 921 Temperature Rise Through a Cross-flow Heat Exchanger 921 Cooling of an Array of Integrated Circuit Chips 923 15–5 Compressible Flow Cfd Calculations 928 Compressible Flow Through a Converging–diverging Nozzle 929 Oblique Shocks Over a Wedge 933 Cfd Methods for Two-phase Flows 934 15–6 Open-channel Flow Cfd Calculations 936 Flow Over a Bump on the Bottom of a Channel 936 Flow Through a Sluice Gate (Hydraulic Jump) 937 Summary 938 Application Spotlight: a Virtual Stomach 939 References and Suggested Reading 940 Problems 940 A P P E N D I X 1 Property Tables and Charts (Si Units) 947 Table a–1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Ideal-gas Specific Heats of Some Substances 948 Table a–2 Boiling and Freezing Point Properties 949 Table a–3 Properties of Saturated Water 950 Table a–4 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant-134a 951 Table a–5 Properties of Saturated Ammonia 952 Table a–6 Properties of Saturated Propane 953 Table a–7 Properties of Liquids 954 Table a–8 Properties of Liquid Metals 955 Table a–9 Properties of Air at 1 Atm Pressure 956 Table a–10 Properties of Gases at 1 Atm Pressure 957 Table a–11 Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude 959 Figure a–12 the Moody Chart for the Friction Factor for Fully Developed Flow in Circular Pipes 960 Table a–13 One-dimensional Isentropic Compressible Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas With K = 1.4 961 Table a–14 One-dimensional Normal Shock Functions for an Ideal Gas With K = 1.4 962 Table a–15 Rayleigh Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas With K = 1.4 963 Table a–16 Fanno Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas With K = 1.4 964 A P P E N D I X 2 Property Tables and Charts (English Units) 965 Table a–1e Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Ideal-gas Specific Heats of Some Substances 966 Table a–2e Boiling and Freezing Point Properties 967 Table a–3e Properties of Saturated Water 968 Table a–4e Properties of Saturated Refrigerant-134a 969 Table a–5e Properties of Saturated Ammonia 970 Table a–6e Properties of Saturated Propane 971 Table a–7e Properties of Liquids 972 Table a–8e Properties of Liquid Metals 973 Table a–9e Properties of Air at 1 Atm Pressure 974 Table a–10e Properties of Gases at 1 Atm Pressure 975 Table a–11e Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude 977 Glossary 979 Index 993 Conversion Factors 1019 Nomenclature 1021
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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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Ahmed Hagag مهندس تحت الاختبار
عدد المساهمات : 34 التقييم : 70 تاريخ التسجيل : 26/05/2014 العمر : 30 الدولة : مصر العمل : طالب الجامعة : المنوفية
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