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| موضوع: كتاب CAD/CAM/CIM الخميس 16 سبتمبر 2010, 2:40 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب CAD/CAM/CIM (Third Edition) P. Radhakrishnan Vice Chancellor VIT University, Vellore Tamil Nadu S. SUBRAMANYAN Former Principal PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore & Former Vice Chancellor Bharathiar University, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu V. RAJU Dean School of Engineering Technologies Farmingdale State University New York
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface (V) 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Manufacturing 3 1.3 Evolution of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 4 1.4 Cim Hardware and Cim Software 6 1.5 Nature and Role of the Elements of Cim System 7 1.6 Development of Cim 10 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Product Development Cycle 13 2.3 Sequential Engineering 16 2.4 Concurrent Engineering 18 2.5 Comparison of Concurrent Engineering and Sequential Engineering 19 2.6 Implementation of Concurrent Engineering 21 2.7 Concurrent Engineering and Information Technology 23 2.8 Soft and Hard Prototyping 25 2.9 Characteristics of Concurrent Engineering 25 2.10 Key Factors Influencing the Success of Ce 26 2.11 Example of Concurrent Engineering 26 2.12 Techniques to Improve Manufacturability and Reduce Lead Time 27 2.13 Improving the Design 32 2.14 Taguchi Method for Robust Design 34 2.15 Value Engineering 34 2.16 Product Life Cycle Management 35viii Contents 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Graphic Primitives 42 3.3 Point Plotting 43 3.4 Drawing of Lines 43 3.5 Bresenham’s Circle Algorithm 47 3.6 Ellipse 55 3.7 Transformation in Graphics 55 3.8 Co-ordinate Systems Used in Graphics and Windowing 55 3.9 View Port 56 3.10 2-d Transformations 56 3.11 Homogeneous Transformations 60 3.12 Combination Transformations 61 3.13 Clipping 63 3.14 3-dimensional Transformations 63 3.15 Projections 64 3.16 Scan Conversion 66 3.17 Rendering 69 3.18 Rasterizing Polygons 69 3.19 Hidden Surface Removal 70 3.20 Anti Aliasing 72 3.21 Reflection 73 3.22 Shading 75 3.23 Generation of Characters 76 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Computer Fundamentals 78 4.3 Classification of Computers 79 4.4 Data Communications 83 4.5 Design Work Stations 89 4.6 Architecture of a Typical Graphics Workstation 90 4.7 Interactive Display Devices 93 4.8 Input Devices 97 4.9 Output Devices 100 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Operating System (Os) 104 5.3 Comparison of Commands in Popular Operating Systems 106 5.4 Unix - Operating System 108 5.5 Architecture of Unix System 109contents Contents Ix 5.6 Graphical User Interfaces (Windows Environment) 113 5.7 Ms Windows 114 5.8 Windows Nt 115 5.9 Linux 120 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Geometric Modeling 123 6.3 Salient Features of Solid Modeling 128 6.4 Command, Menu and Icon Driven Softwares 136 6.5 Features of a Drafting Package 138 6.6 Drawing Utilities 139 6.7 Entities 142 6.8 Edit Commands 143 6.9 Blocks and Symbols 143 6.10 Display 144 6.11 Cross Hatching and Pattern Filling 144 6.12 Dimensioning 145 6.13 Enquiry Commands 146 6.14 3-d Drawings 147 6.15 Plotting a Drawing 149 6.16 Configuring the Drafting Software 149 6.17 Customisation 149 6.18 Drawing Interchange Files 150 6.19 Drawing Office Management 150 6.20 Surface Modeling 152 6.21 Representation of Curves and Surfaces 154 6.22 Design of Curved Shapes 155 6.23 Cubic Splines 156 6.24 Bezier Curves 159 6.25 B-splines 161 6.26 Nurbs and B-splines 162 6.27 Representation of Surfaces 163 6.28 Design of Surfaces 163 6.29 Parametric Design of Surfaces 163 6.30 Bicubic Polynomial Surface Patches 164 6.31 Bezier Bicubic Surface Patches 165 6.32 Cubic B-spline Surfaces 166 6.33 Surface Modeling in Commercial Drafting and Modeling Software 166 6.34 the Conceptual Design Process 174 6.35 Sketching the Geometry 176 6.36 Understanding Curve and Surface Design 177 6.37 Other Features Useful for Conceptual Design 185 6.38 Data Transfer to Other Softwares 185x Contents 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 General Steps Involved in Finite Element Analysis 191 7.3 Types of Analysis 193 7.4 Degrees of Freedom 195 7.5 Influence Coefficients 196 7.6 Element and Structure Stiffness Equations 196 7.7 Assembly of Elements 212 7.8 Finite Element Analysis Packages 215 7.9 General Structure of a Finite Element Analysis Procedure 216 7.10 Architecture of Finite Element Software 221 7.11 Using a Finite Element Analysis Package for Simple Problems 222 7.12 Elements in a Finite Element Analysis Software 223 7.13 Examples of Solution Using a Software 228 7.14 Manufacturing Applications 242 7.15 Welding Simulation 243 7.16 Finite Element Analysis Applications to Metal Forming 244 7.17 Simulation of Heat Tratment 245 7.18 Plastic Injection Molding 245 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Database Requirements of Cim 249 8.3 Data Base 249 8.4 Database Management 251 8.5 Features of a Database Management System 251 8.6 Database Models 252 8.7 Dbms Architecture 255 8.8 Query Language 255 8.9 Structured Query Language [sql] 256 8.10 Sql as a Knowledge Base Query Language 257 8.11 Product Data Management (Pdm) 258 8.12 Advantages of Pdm 260 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Process Planning 263 9.3 Structure of a Process Planning Software 266 9.4 Information Required for Process Planning 266 9.5 Operation of a Typical Computer Aided Process Planning Software 267 9.6 Cad Based Process Planning - Certain Limitations and Problems 270 9.7 Group Technology 272contents Contents Xi 9.8 Coding Structures 274 9.9 Opitz Classification System 275 9.10 the Miclass System 277 9.11 the Code System 277 9.12 Benefits of Group Technology 277 9.13 Process Selection 279 9.14 Experience-based Planning 279 9.15 Hand Books/data Books/manuals 280 9.16 Decision Tables and Decision Trees 280 9.17 Process Capability 280 9.18 Methods of Computer Aided Process Planning 282 9.19 Variant Process Planning 282 9.20 Generative Process Planning 284 9.21 Implementation Considerations 288 9.22 Process Planning Systems 289 10.1 Introduction 293 10.2 Background 294 10.3 Role of Mrp-ii in a Cim System 295 10.4 Major Modules of a Manufacturing Resources Planning (Mrp) Software 296 10.5 Manufacturing Applications 296 10.6 Engineering Applications 304 10.7 Financial Applications 307 10.8 Marketing Applications 311 10.9 Miscellaneous Applications 313 10.10 Common Acronyms Used in an Mrp-ii Environment 314 10.11 Status of Mrp-ii Software 314 10.12 Dynamic Enterprises 315 10.13 Enterprise Resource Planning (Erp) 316 10.14 Supply Chain Management 320 10.15 Virtual Manufacturing 322 10.16 Selection of an Erp Package 322 10.17 Erp in India 323 10.18 Dynamic Enterprise Modelling (Dem) 323 11.1 Introduction 327 11.2 Types of Automation Systems 328 11.3 Programmable Logic Controllers 329 11.4 Parts of a Typical Plc System 332 11.5 Operation of a Plc 333xii Contents 11.6 Programming of Plc 333 11.7 Example of Application of Plc in a Cnc Machine 335 11.8 Factory Level Control 338 12.1 Introduction 341 12.2 Principle of Operation of a Numerical Controlled Machine 342 12.3 Historical Development 351 12.4 Types of Cnc Machines 353 12.5 Features of Cnc Systems 373 12.6 Direct Numerical Control (Dnc) 379 12.7 Functions Available in a Typical Cnc System 384 12.8 Standard Controllers 386 12.9 Some of the Features Available in Typical High End Cnc System 387 12.10 General Programming Features of Cnc Systems 389 12.11 Programming of Cnc Machine Tools 403 12.12 Hints for Programming 414 12.13 Example of Programming a Vertical Machining Centre 423 12.14 Cnc Turning a Gear Blank 431 12.15 Cnc Turning a Casting 442 12.16 Cnc Program Development and Virtual Machining Using Cam Technology 451 12.17 Technology of Cam 454 12.18 Procedure of Cam 455 12.19 Manufacturing Operations 459 12.20 Tool Motion Parameters 462 12.21 Auxiliary Nc Sequences 463 12.22 Cl Data Files 463 12.23 Nc Post-processing 464 12.24 Virtual Machining 464 12.25 Summary 465 13.1 Introduction 471 13.2 Definition of a Robot 472 13.3 Types of Robots 474 13.4 Performance Capabilities 481 13.5 Programming Robots 484 13.6 Geometric Requirements for the Cad/robot Linkage 493 13.7 Simulation 494 13.8 Adaptive Control 494 13.9 Robot Operation 495contents Contents Xiii 13.10 Ends-of-arm-tooling 496 13.11 Control System Operation 496 13.12 Applications of Industrial Robots 496 13.13 the Integration of the Industrial Robot Into a Cim System 500 13.14 Presentation of Work to Robots 501 13.15 Product Design for Automatic Manufacture by Robots 501 13.16 Manufacturers of Robots 502 14.1 Introduction 505 14.2 Total Quality Management (Tqm) 506 14.3 Qc and Cim 507 14.4 Inspection and Testing 508 14.5 Statistical Process Control (Spc) 509 14.6 Objectives of Caqc 509 14.7 Role of Computer in Qc 509 14.8 Coordinate Measuring Machine 510 14.9 Non-contact Inspection Methods 512 14.10 Post Process Metrology 516 14.11 Computer Aided Inspection Using Robots 517 14.12 Integrated Computer Aided Inspection Systems 518 14.13 Flexible Inspection System (Fis) 520 15.1 Introduction 523 15.2 Principles of Networking 523 15.3 Network Techniques 526 15.4 Local Area Network (Lan) 526 15.5 Components of a Small Local Area Network 528 15.6 Network Wiring Methods 529 15.7 Network Interface Cards 532 15.8 Networking Standards and Their Development 533 15.9 Examples of Network Standards 536 15.10 Ethernet 537 15.11 Issues in Inter-system Communication 538 15.12 Network Operating Systems 540 15.13 System Security 541 15.14 Managing Remote Systems in a Network 541 15.15 Design Activity in a Networked Environment 542 15.16 Engineering Change Control 542 15.17 Networking in a Manufacturing Company 542 15.18 Network File System (Nfs) 543xiv Contents 15.19 Internet 548 15.20 Hardware Elements of a Network 551 15.21 Atm (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Networks 554 15.22 Enterprise Wide Network 555 15.23 Document and Workflow Management System 557 15.24 a Case Study of Application of Global Networking 562 16.1 Introduction 565 16.2 Faster Design Thruoghput 566 16.3 Web Based Design 567 16.4 Changing Design Approaches 568 16.5 Extended Enterprises 571 16.6 Software for Collaborative Design and Enterprise-wide Product Visualization 572 17.1 Introduction 575 17.2 Standards for Graphics Programming 576 17.3 Features of Gks 576 17.4 Other Graphics Standards 578 17.5 Phigs 578 17.6 Opengl 580 17.7 Parasolid 581 17.8 Acis 583 17.9 Exchange of Cad Data Between Software Packages 584 17.10 Dxf Files 585 17.11 Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (Iges) Graphics Standard 587 17.12 Product Data Exchange Specification (Pdes) 590 17.13 Other Data Exchange Formats 590 17.1.4 Product Data Technology Support for Computer Aided Concurrent Engineering 590 18.1 Introduction 597 18.2 Esprit - Cim Osa Model 599 18.3 the Nist - Amrf Hierarchical Model 601 18.4 the Siemens Model of Cim 602 18.5 the Cim Model of Digital Equipment Corporation 603 18.6 the Ibm Concept of Cim 604 18.7 Present Scenario 607contents Contents Xv 19.1 Introduction 609 19.2 Subsystems of Fms 610 19.3 Scope of Fms 611 19.4 Fms Compared to Other Types of Manufacturing Approaches 611 19.5 Types of Fms 612 19.6 Benefits of Fms 620 19.7 Major Elements of Fms 622 19.8 Optimisation of Fms 627 19.9 Operational Elements of a Typical Flexible Manufacturing Cell 628 19.10 Typical Fms Layout 638 19.11 Fms Development in India 639 20.1 Introduction 641 20.2 Shop Floor Control 643 20.3 Shop Floor Data Collection 646 20.4 Types of Data Collection Systems 646 20.5 Data Input Techniques 647 20.6 Automatic Data Collection System 648 20.7 Bar Code Technology 648 20.8 Optical Character Recognition 650 20.9 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition 651 20.10 Voice Recognition 651 20.11 Smart Cards 651 20.12 Data Acquisition Systems (Das) 652 21.1 Introduction 653 21.2 Types of Simulation 654 21.3 Techniques of Simulation 655 21.4 Simulation Process for Manufacturing Systems Analysis 656 21.5 Simulation Software Packages 656 21.6 Application of Simulation 657 21.7 Procedure for Simulation Using Software 659 A CIM Model 597 Accounts Payable 307 Accounts Receivable 308 ACIS 583 Across the Wall Approach 17 Active Edge List 67 Analysis 220 Anti Aliasing 72 APPAS and CADCAM 290 Application Layer 536 Applications of Industrial Robots 496 Arc Net Cards 532 Artificial Intelligence 287 Assembly Design 169 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) NETWORKS 554 AUTAP 290 Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems 624 Automatic Guided Vehicles 623 Automatic Positioning of Tools 351 Automatic Tool Change Systems 614 Automating Workflow 560 Automation 327 Autoplan 290 Banded Matrix 213 Bar Code Technology 648 Base Band 528 Batch Production (Discrete Manufacturing) 4 Beam 203 Behaviour Modeling 135 Benefits of FMS 620 Bezier 159 Bezier Bicubic Surface Patches 165 Bicubic Polynomial Surface 164 Bill of Material 304 Bill of Materials 150 Blocks 143 Boundary Representation 127 Bresenham’s Algorithm 47 Broad Band 528 Brushless A.C. Servomotors 359 B-SPLINES 161 Bus Networks: 530 Bus Topology 88 Business Plan 296 CAD BASED PROCESS PLANNING 270 CAD/CAM-CMM Interface 519 CAM Technology 451 CAM-I CAPP 289 Canned Cycles 396 Canned Cycles (Fixed Cycles) 377 Capacity Requirements Planning 299 CAPP based on CAD Models 286 CAPP based on Decision Logic 287 668 CAD/CAM/CIM Casting Simulation 242 Categories of AS/RS 625 Cell Encoding 68 Cell Magazine Management 636 Central Projection 65 Challenges in Manufacturing 2 Chucking Machines 362 CIM Data Base 248 CIM Hardware 6 CIM Model of Digital Equipment Corporation 603 CIM software 6 Circuit Switching 554 CL Data Files 463 Classification of computers 79 Classification of robots 475 Client/Server 549 Clipping 63 Closed Loop System 349 CNC 341 CNC CMM 511 CNC Drilling 366 CNC Grinding 366 CNC Lathes 361 CNC Machining 173 CNC Press Brakes 371 CNC Servo system 344 CODE system 277 Coding Structures 274 Collaborative Design 572 Collaborative Engineering 565 Collaborative Product Development 566 Computer Aided Manufacturing 453 Computer Graphics. 41 Computer Hardware 77 Computer Software 77 Computer to Computer Communications 87 Conceptual Design 174 Concurrent Engineering 18 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) 126 Continuous Process Industries 3 Control System Features 374 Coordinate Measuring Machine 510 CORBA 569 Cost Accounting 304 CPPP 291 Cross Hatching 144 CRT 93 Cubic Splines 156 Curvature Plot 178 Curve Design 178 Curve on Surface 184 Curves and Surfaces 154 Customer Order Processing 311 Cutting Conditions 416 Cylindrical Grinding 367 Data Acquisition Systems 652 Data Communications 83 Data Exchange Using Neutral Files 585 Data Link Layer 534 Database Administrator 251 Datum Points 403 Datum Setting 413 DBMS Architecture 255 DECNET 536 Depreciation 310 Design and Redesign Path 17 Design Changes 19 Design for X 27 Design of Curves 177 Design Work Stations 89 Detection of Direction 347 Diagnostic Features 377 Digital Differential Analyzer 43 Digitizer 99 Dimensioning 145 Direct Data Translation 584 DIRECT Numerical Control 379 Displacement Function 192 Displacement Functions 211 Display 144 Display Subsystem 92 Distributed numerical control 384 Distribution Planning 313 Drafting Package 138 Drawing Interchange Files 150 Drawing of Circles 46 DXF Files 585 Dynamic Enterprise Modelling 323 Dynamic Enterprises 315Index 669 Index Edge Surface 168 EDIT Commands 143 Electrical Discharge Machining 369 Electronic Spindle Orientation 360 Element Shapes 211 Element Stiffness Matrix 192 Elements 223 Elements of a Robotic System 472 Elements of FMS 622 Encoder, 345 End-of-Arm Movements 477 Enquiry C 146 Enterprise Optimization 607 Enterprise Resource Planning 316 Enterprise-wide Network 556 ENTITIES 142 ESPRIT - CIM OSA MODEL 599 ETHERNET 537 Ethernet Cards 532 Ethernet Switch 551 Ethernet Workgroup Hubs 552 Evolution of CIM 10 Experience-based Planning 279 Extended Enterprises 571 Extrusion 147 Factory Level Control 338 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 32 FDDI Adapters 552 Feature-based Design 128 Features of a Database Management System 251 Features of CNC Systems 373 Feedback Signal 345 File Transfer Protocol 549 File Utilities 142 Finite Element Analysis Packages 215 Finite Element Modeling 173 Finite Element Modeling (FEM) and Finite Element 189 Fixed Beam Reader 649 Flexible Inspection System 520 Flexible Machining Systems 619 Flexible Manufacturing Cells 612 Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) 609 Flexible Transfer Lines 619 Flexible Turning Cells 613 FMC Software 629 Forward and Backward Planning 286 Frame Buffer 95 Frame Buffers 68 Frontal Solver Technique 214 Functions Available in a Typical CNC System 384 G Functions 407 Gantry Robot 476 GARI 291 Gauraud Shading 75 Gear Cutting Machines 370 General Ledger 309 General Purpose Simulation System 655 Generative process Planning 284 Geometric modeling 121 Geometry Engine 91 GKS 576 Global Stiffness Matrix 193, 212 Graphic Primitives 42 Graphic Standards 575 Graphical User Interfaces 113 Grid 140 Group Technology 272 GUI 113 Heat Tratment 245 Hidden Surface Removal 70 Hierarchical Database 252 High Speed Machining Centres 360 High-Level Simulators 655 Homogeneous Transformations 60 Horizontal Spindle Machining Centres 355 Hybrid Networks: 530 Hybrid Schemes 88670 CAD/CAM/CIM IBM Concept of CIM 604 IGES 587 Input Format 286 Inspection Machines 373 Interactive Graphic Terminals 93 INTERNET 548 Interpolation 394 Intranet 550 Inventory Management 302 Isometric Projection 66 Job Costing 306 Job Scheduling 631 Joysticks 97 Keyboard 82, 97 Labour Performance 313 Ladder Logic 334 LAN Adapters 551 Laser Interferometer 513 Laser Telemetric Measuring Systems 513 Layers 141 Levels of Integration 10, 605 Life of a Product 14 LINUX 120 Local Area Network (LAN) 526 Machining Centres 354 Main Frame Computer 82 Manual Part Programming 404 Manufacturing Automation 328 Manufacturing Automation Protocol 536 Manufacturing Model 457 Manufacturing resource planning 293 Manufacturing Simulation 195, 653 Mass Production Industries 3 Master Production Schedule 297 Materials Requirements Planning 298 M-Codes 410 Mechanism Design 171 Mesh Refinement 191 MICLASS Classification 277 Mini Computers 82 MIPLAN 289 Miscellaneous Codes 392 Modems 87, 531 Mother Board 81 Mouse 98 Moving Beam Reader 649 MRP 294 MRP-II SOFTWARE 314 MS WINDOWS 114 MULTICAPP 289 Multitasking Machines 364 NC POST-PROCESSING 464 Network Database 253 Network File System (NFS) 543 Network Layer 535 Network Operating Systems 540 Network Techniques 526 Network Topologies 530 Network Wiring Methods 529 Networking 523 Non-contact CNC CMM 515 Numerical Control 341 NURBS 162 Objectives of Database 250 Off-line (batch) Data Collection Systems 647 Oil Hydraulic Systems 329 On-line Data Collection 646 OpenGL 580 Operating Systems 103 Opitz Classification System 275 Optical Character Recognition 650 Order Progress 645 Order Release 644 Order Scheduling 645Index 671 Index OSI Model 533 Outsourcing 37 Overview of Pentium PC 80 Packet Switching 554 Paperless Office 557 Parallel Interface 84 Parallel Projection 64 Parallel/Serial Conversion 85 Parametric Design 132 Parasolid 581 Part Families 272 Parts Classification and Coding Systems 272 Payroll 310 Personal Computers 79 Perspective projection 65 PHIGS 578 Phong Technique 75 Physical Layer 534 Plane Stress/Plane Strain 205 Plastic Injection Molding 245 PLC applications 331 PLM softwares 36 Plotters 101 Pneumatic Systems 328 Post Process Metrology 516 Postprocessor 221 Preparatory Codes 392 Preparatory Functions 407 Preprocessing 217 Presentation Layer 536 Principal Stresses 206 Printers 102 Procedure for Simulation 659 Process Boundaries. 281 Process Boundary Table 281 Process Capability 280 Process Control: 330 Process Family Matrix 282 Process Planning 263 Process Selection 279 Product Data Management 258 Product Development Cycle 13 Product Development Spiral 16 Product Life Cycle Management 35 Production Plan 297 Programmable Logic controller 377 Programmable Logic Controllers 329 Programming Codes 412 Programming Features 376, 389 Programming of PLC 333 Projections 64 Public Switched Data Networks 525 Purchase Order and Receiving 302 Quality Control 505 Query Language 255 Raster Sca 94 Raster Subsystem 92 Rasterizing Polygons 69 Real time Scan Conversion 67 Reflection 73 Rendering 69 Retrieval of Plans 268 Revolution 148 Ring Network 88, 530 Robot Programming 486 Robot Programming Languages 489 Robots 471 Robust Design 34 Rotation 58 Router 553 RPO 290 RS-232 Interface 86 Ruled Surface 167 Run Length Encoding 68 Sales History 312 Scaling 140 Scaling 57 Scan Conversion 66, 91 Scan Converting Polygons 69 Scan Line Z-Buffer Algo 72 SCARA Robot 476 Seed Fill Algorithm 70 Sequencing: 330672 CAD/CAM/CIM Sequential Engineering 16 Session Layer 535 Shading 75 Shearing 59 Shop Floor Control 643 Shop Floor Data Collection 641 Siemens Model of CIM 602 Simulation in Automotive Industry 657 Simulation Languages 655 Simulation Software Packages 656 Simultaneous Engineering 18 Singularity 179 Smart Cards 651 Smoothness of surfaces 184 Snap 140 Solar Cells 346 Solid Modeling 125 Spar 199 Spindle Cooling 359 Splines 156 Spring Element 197 Standard Product Costing 306 Standard Product Routing 305 Star Network: 530 Star Topology 88 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 509 STEP architecture 591 Steps in FEA 217 Structural Analysis 193 Structured Query Language 256 Subroutine Programming 376 Super Computers 83 Supply Chain Management 320 Surface Grinding 366 Surface Modeling 124, 152 Surface Patch 164 Switching: 330 System Network Architecture 536 Tabulated Surface 167 Taguchi Method 34 Technical Document Management 558 Technical Office Protocol 537 Technology of CAM 454 THE NIST - AMRF Hierarchical Model 601 Thumb Wheel 100 TIPPS 291 Token-Ring Adapters 553 Tool Nose Radius Compensation 403 Tool Offset/Tool Compensation 402 Total Quality Management (TQM) 506 Touch Screens 97 Toyota Production System 32 Track Balls 98 Transformation 55 Translation 58 Transmission Media 531 Transport Layer 535 Turning Centres 361 Turret Punch Press 369 Turret Slide 363 Types of CNC Machines 353 Types of Production Systems 612 Typical FMS Layout 638 Units 140 Universal Lathes 362 Universal Machining Centres 358 Universal Serial Bus 87 UNIX 108 Unix Kernel 108 User Co-ordinate Systems 148 Value Engineering 34 Value Stream Mapping 32 Variant Process Planning 282 Vector Spindle Drive 359 vertical CNC Lathes 364 Vertical Spindle Machining Centres 357 View Port 56 Virtual Machining 451, 464 Virtual Manufacturing 322 Virtual Private Network 525 Vision System 514Index 673 Index Voice Recognition 651 VSAT 556 Wave Front 214 Welding Simulation 243 Wire Frame Modeling 123 Wireless LAN (WLAN) 89 Wireless LAN Adapters 552 Work Envelope of a Robot 478 Workflow Management Systems 561 World Wide Web 549 Z-Buffer Algorithm 71
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Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 18961 التقييم : 35389 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 18961 التقييم : 35389 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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