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| موضوع: كتاب Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements الجمعة 22 مارس 2013, 9:36 am | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements Fifth Edition Richard S. Figliola Clemson University Donald E. Beasley Clemson University
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
Contents 1 Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 General Measurement System 2 1.3 Experimental Test Plan 6 1.4 Calibration 15 1.5 Standards 23 1.6 Presenting Data 30 1.7 Summary 31 References 31 Nomenclature 32 Problems 32 2 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 41 2.3 Signal Analysis 46 2.4 Signal Amplitude And Frequency 49 2.5 Fourier Transform and The Frequency Spectrum 63 2.6 Summary 71 References 71 Suggested Reading 71 Nomenclature 72 Problems 72 3 Measurement System Behavior 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 79 3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 83 3.4 Transfer Functions 104 3.5 Phase Linearity 106 3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 107 3.7 Coupled Systems 109 3.8 Summary 111 References 111 Nomenclature 111 Problems 112 v4 Probability and Statistics 118 4.1 Introduction 118 4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 119 4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 125 4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 129 4.5 Chi-Squared Distribution 135 4.6 Regression Analysis 139 4.7 Data Outlier Detection 147 4.8 Number of Measurements Required 148 4.9 Monte Carlo Simulations 150 4.10 Summary 152 References 152 Nomenclature 153 Problems 153 5 Uncertainty Analysis 161 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Measurement Errors 162 5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 164 5.4 Identifying Error Sources 168 5.5 Systematic and Random Errors 170 5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation 172 5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 176 5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 182 5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 195 5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval 197 5.11 Summary 198 References 199 Nomenclature 199 Problems 200 6 Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 210 6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 214 6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 219 6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 226 6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 230 6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 234 6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters 239 6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires 250 6.10 Summary 252 References 253 Nomenclature 253 Problems 254 vi Contents7 Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition 260 7.1 Introduction 260 7.2 Sampling Concepts 261 7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 269 7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 271 7.5 Voltage Measurements 271 7.6 Data-Acquisition Systems 283 7.7 Data-Acquisition System Components 284 7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 288 7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication 293 7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing 299 7.11 Summary 303 References 303 Suggested Reading 304 Nomenclature 304 Problems 305 8 Temperature Measurements 309 8.1 Introduction 309 8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 310 8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 313 8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 315 8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 330 8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 351 8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement 356 8.8 Summary 365 References 365 Nomenclature 366 Problems 367 9 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 375 9.1 Introduction 375 9.2 Pressure Concepts 375 9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 378 9.4 Pressure Transducers 386 9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 392 9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 396 9.7 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems 400 9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 401 9.9 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems 405 9.10 Summary 415 References 416 Nomenclature 417 Problems 417 Contents vii10 Flow Measurements 423 10.1 Introduction 423 10.2 Historical Background 423 10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 424 10.4 Volume Flow Rate Through Velocity Determination 425 10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 427 10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 446 10.7 Mass Flow Meters 454 10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 459 10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate 460 10.10 Summary 461 References 461 Nomenclature 462 Problems 462 11 Strain Measurement 466 11.1 Introduction 466 11.2 Stress and Strain 466 11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 469 11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 476 11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 479 11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 482 11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques 492 11.8 Summary 497 References 498 Nomenclature 498 Problems 499 12 Mechatronics: Sensors, Actuators, and Controls 504 12.1 Introduction 504 12.2 Sensors 504 12.3 Actuators 534 12.4 Controls 540 12.5 Summary 557 Nomenclature 558 References 558 Problems 559 viii ContentsAppendix A A Guide for Technical Writing 563 A Guide For Technical Writing 563 References 568 Appendix B Property Data and Conversion Factors 569 Appendix C Laplace Transform Basics 576 C.1 Final Value Theorem 577 C.2 Laplace Transform Pairs 577 References 577 Glossary 578 Index 58
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